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THE  ANNALS  OF  ENGLAND. 


riaV 


CY  •    ' 


V 


I  HAVE  read  the  "  Annals  of  England  "  as  it  passed  through 
the  Press  for  this  Edition,  and  am  able  to  testify  to  its  gene- 
ral accuracy  and  great  usefulness.  Without  pledging  myself  to 
every  date  or  every  view  that  is  found  in  it,  I  still  believe  it  to 
be  the  most  valuable  compendium  of  our  history  that  we  possess, 
and  I. know  that  its  use  as  a  handbook  in  lecture  has  been  well 
proved,  both  by  my  predecessor  Mr.  Goldwin  Smith  and  myself. 


W.  STUBBS,  M.A. 


Kettel  Hall,  Oxford. 
October,  1S76, 


-H 


\  • 

THE 


ANNALS  OF  ENGLAND: 


AN 


EPITOME  OF  ENGLISH    HISTORY, 


FROM  CONTEMPORARY  WRITERS,  THE  ROLLS 

OF  PARLIAMENT,  AND  OTHER 

PUBLIC  RECORDS. 

''      1   r<R  ThF.   USf.   ^r--       - 


LIBRARY     EDITION. 


OXFORD  and  LONDON: 

JAMES    PARKER    AND    CO. 

1876. 


v,\S^ 


,v 


THB  NEW  YORK 
PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

295999A 

ASTOR,  LENOX  AND 

TILDEN  FOUNDATIONS 

n  1927  L 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


TTAST  additions  have  been  made  to  our  knowledge  of  the  true  sources 
of  English  history  since  these  "  Annals"  were  compiled,  and  in  pre- 
paring a  new  edition,  this  fact  has  been  steadily  kept  in  view ;  hence 
the  book  is  an  attempt  to  represent  men  and  events  as  seen  in  the 
light  of  the  latest  discoveries  among  the  Public  Records,  and  in  Chron- 
icles and  Histories  now  for  the  first  time  printed  by  the  Government  or 
by  Literary  Societies. 

It  may  be  safely  asserted  that  the  compilation  of  a  complete  and 
tnistworthy  History  of  our  country  is  a  work  yet  to  be  accomplished, 
but  the  throwing  open  of  the  treasures  of  the  Public  Record  Office  to 
all  who  are,  or  choose  to  make  themselves  able  to  use  them,  must  sooner 
or  later  relieve  English  literature  from  this  reproach.  The  Compiler  has 
endeavoured  to  profit  by  the  facilities  now  afforded  to  literary  men,  but 
merely  as  a  "beginner  in  the  good  work.  The  excellent  Calendars  drawn 
up  by  some  of  the  Officers  of  the  Record  Establishment,  and  the  annual 
Reports  of  the  Deputy  Keeper,  are  eminently  suggestive  of  the  new 
light  that  might  be  thrown  on  numberless  doubtful  passages  of  our  his- 
tory, if  the  clues  thus  furnished  were  properly  followed  up  by  writers  not 
afraid  of  labour,  and  seeking  only  to  discover  facts. 

It  has  been  the  desire  of  the  Compiler  to  conduct  his  researches  in 
this  spirit ;  with  what  success  his  readers  must  determine.  If  what  he 
has  attempted  should  induce  others  to  give  increased  attention  to  the 
study  of  our  National  Records  his  end  will  be  answered. 

W.  E.  F. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 


C  O  many  Histones  of  England  already  exist,  that  any  fresh  work  oF 
that  class  may  be  reasonably  required  to  offer  some  new  feature  to 
establish  a  claim  on  public  notice.  An  endeavour  has  been  made 
to  provide  this,  by  devoting  a  larger  stare  of  attention  than  is  usually 
done  to  die  history  of  our  island  before  the  Norman  invasion,  an  event 
which  by  some  writers  seems  to  be  considered  as  almost  the  beginning 
of  authentic  British  histoiy.  They  implicitly  receive  the  necessarily 
hasty  and  imperfect  statements  of  Csesar  as  containing  all  that  need  be 
known  of  our  earlier  state  ;  pervert  a  passage  from  Milton  into  an  autho- 
rity  for  dismissing  the  events  of  the  six  l^undred  years  of  Anglo-Saxon 
rale  as  **  no  more  worthy  of  attention  than  the  combats  of  crows  and 
kites  f  and  are  content  to  see  in  the  victors  of  Hastings  and  their  iron 
iostitatioiis^  the  origjn  of  all  that  is  desirable  in  a  state,  and  the  only 
sources  of  our  country's  elevation. 

In  this  work  different  views  have  been  taLen  of  these  matters,  and  as. 
thqr  are  based  on  the  statements  of  the  mostl  nearly  contemporary 
wzitezsy  they  will  perhaps  be  regarded  as  sound.  The  passages  from 
Greek  and  Latin  writers,  accumulated  with  so^  much'  diligence  by  the 
Editors  of  our  only  National  historical  work*,  aflford  most  valuable  correc- 
tions or  elucidations  of  the  statements  of  Caesar ;  and  the  Anglo-Saxon 
Chronicle  and  Anglo-Saxon  Laws  detail  with  minuteness  and  indisputable 
truth  the  state  of  our  Anglo-Saxon  commonwealth.  These  have  beei> 
carefully  analyzed,  and  the  following  pages  contain  a  summary  of  their 
contents ;  while  from  Northern  soiu*ces  some  brief  notices  have  beea 
drawn  which  may  serve  to  correct  the  ordinary  erroneous  impressions 
regarding  the  Northmen,  who  had  so  great  an  influence  on  the  fortunes 
of  Britain  for  many  centuries,  and  several  of  whose  institutions  still 
prevail  among  us. 

Two  highly  important  documents,  Domesday  Book  and  Magna  Charta,. 
irill  be  found  described  as  fully  as  the  limits  of  the  work  would  permit  } 
valuable  corrections  of  various  kinds,  (particularly  of  dates,)  and  some 
facts  hitherto  little  knomi,  have  been  derived  from  the  Close  and  the 

'  ••  Monumenta  Historica  Britannica,"  j  of  the  historical  publications  since  issued 
edited    by    Messrs.    Petrie,    Sharp,    and  |  by  the  Government,  pp.  570 — 575.] 
Hardy,    [See  a  notice  of  this  work,  and  I 


Vlll 


PREFACE  TO   THE   FIRST  EDITION. 


Patent  Rolls,  from  the  Rolls  of  Parliament  and  Parliamentary  Writs,  but 
especially  from  the  Statutes  of  the  Realm  ^ ;  and,  to  meet  in  some  mea- 
sure a  deficiency  often  felt  in  perusing  history,  brief  biographies  have 
been  given  of  many  eminent  persons. 

The  Illustrations,  mainly  derived  from  the  trustworthy  sources  of  coins, 
great  seals,  and  monuments,  will  be  found  to  present  a  tolerably  complete 
series  of  the  portraits,  arms,  and  devices  of  each  ruler,  and  may  indicate 
the  importance  of  some  acquaintance  with  heraldry  as  an  aid  to  the 
study  of  history. 

The  work,  as  its  name  implies,  is  mainly  devoted  to  the  affiiirs  of  Eng- 
land, but  notices  are  given  at  suitable  times  of  the  covurse  of  events  in 
Scotland  and  the  Isles,  in  Wales,  and  in  Ireland ;  these  are  necessarily 
brief,  but  being  drawn  from  the  contemporary  Annals,  Chronicles,  and 
Laws  of  each  country,  they  may  perhaps  be  sufficient  to  shew  what  de- 
.  gree  of  connexion  formerly  existed  between  the  long  independent  and 
often  hostile  States  which  now  happily  unite  to  form  the  British  Empire. 
Esto  perpetua  / 


^  Since  the  above  was  written  a  volume 
of  Oxford  Essays  has  appeared,  one  of 
which,  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Froude,  is 
'*On  the  best  Means  of  teaching  English 
History  ;'*  the  coincidence  of  its  main  re- 
commendation with  the  plan  that  has  been 
followed  in  this  work  is  both  remarkable 
and  gratifying  : — 

"  We  recommend,"  he  says,  **....  the 
study  of  the  old  Statute-book  ;  in  which, 
notwithstanding  all  that  is  thought  and 
believed  of  the  dependent  position  of  Par- 
liament, the  true  history  of  this  English 
nation  substantially  lies  buried, — a  history, 
different  indeed  from  any  which  has  been 


offered  to  us  as  such.  Every  thing  of 
greatest  consequence  is  to  be  found  there. 
All  great  movements,  political  and  reli- 
gious, are  treated  of  there ;  and  all  those 
questionable  personal  transactions  which 
have  appearea  so  perplexing  are  there.  .  .  . 
We  believe,  for  our  own  part,  that,  for 
a  serviceable  study  of  Englisn  History,  the 
Statutes  are  as  the  skeleton  is  to  the  body ; 
that  in  them  is  contained  the  bone  and 
marrow  of  the  whole  matter,  and  around 
them  as  a  sustaining  and  organising  struc- 
ture the  flesh  and  colour  of  it  can  alone 
effectually  gather  itself." 


ERRATA. 

p.  100,  note  ■,  read  "  bank." 

p.  154,  notes  read" Aug.  6." 

p.  206,  col.  2, 1. 4,  read  "  leads." 

p.  251,  col.  2, 1.  27,  read"  J 3imcs  III." 

p.  3cx>,  note  J,  add  "  Guildford"  as  a  suffragan  bishop. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


of 


of 


of 


Double  Cromlech  at  Plas  Newydd, 

in  Anglesey 
British  Shield,  found  at  Little  Wit 

tenham,  Berks.    . 
The  Roman  Wall :   Mile  Castle  at 

Housesteads 
Kcinains  of  a  Roman  House  in  Bri< 

tain:  Wheatley,  Oxon 
Koman  Sepulchial  Urns  . 
Brass  Coin  of  Severus 
Gold  Coins  of  Tasciovanus  and 

CunobeUn    .... 
Brass  Coins  of  Cunobelin,  found  at 

Chesterford 
Silver  Coin  of  Claudius  . 
Brass  Coin  of  Hadrian     . 
Brass  Coin  of  Antoninus  Pius  . 
Brass  Coin  of  Commodus 
Brass  Coins    of    CaracaUa   and 

GeU 

Gold,  Silver,   and  Brass  Coins 

Caiausius     .        . ,      . 
Gold  and  Brass  Coins  of  AUectus 
Figure  of  St.  Alban,  from  a  brass 

in  St.  Albon's  Abbey   . 
Roman  Masonry,   the  Jewry  Wall, 

Leicester 
Gold  Coin    attributed   to    Edward 

the  Confessor 
Statue  of  St.Cuthbert,  with  St.Os- 

wald'shead. 
Dedication  Stone,  Jarrow   Church, 

A.D.  685        .  .  . 

Northman's  Armlet 

Arms  ascribed  to  Egbert 

Ethclwulfs  Rii«     . 

Edmund  of  East  Anglia  ;  from 
painted  panel  of  the  15th  century 

Alfred's  Jewel,  obverse  and  profile 

Thyri'sCup    .... 

Arms  ascribed  to  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor .... 

Saxon  Sceatta 

Armour  of  the  Norman  era 


Great    Seal    of  William  the    Con- 
I        queror,  85  ;  Arms  ascribed  to 
Great  Seal  of  William  Rufus,  96 

5  Arms  ascribed  to 

Arms    of   the    Kingdom    of  Jem- 

6  salem .... 
;  Great  Seal  of  Henry  I.,  102 ;  Arms 

7  ascribed  to  . 
id.  I  Henry  I.  and  Queen  Maud,  from 

9        Rochester  Cathedral    . 
Badge  of  the  Templars    . 

10  Cross  of  the  Hospitallers 
Great  Seal  of  Stephen,  108  ;  Arms 

1 1  ascribed  to  . 
id.     Arms  of  the  Cinque  Ports 

14  Arms  of  Geoffrey,  earl  of  Anjou 
id.    The  Escarboucle  and  Planta  Genista 

15  Great  Seal  of  Henry  IL  . 
Henry  II.  and  Eleanor  of  Guienne, 

17  from  their  Monuments  at  Fontev 
raud    .... 

18  Arms  of  William  Longespee 

19  Arms  and  Badge  of  Henry  II. 
Great  Seal  of  Richard  I. 

id,     A  rms  and  Badge  of  Richard  I, 

Richard  I.,  from  his  Monument  at 

24  Fontevraud 

BerengariAy  from  her  Monument 

25  Lespan        .... 
Great  Seal  of  John  . 

32    John,  from  his  Monument  in  Wor- 

cester  Cathedral  . 
34    Isabella   of   Angouleme,   from  her 
38        Monument  at  Fontevraud    • 

40  Arms  of  Richard,  earl  of  Cornwall 

41    and  Badge  of  John 

of  Robert  Fitz- Walter     . 

44    Great  Seal  of  Henry  IIL 
46    Arms  of  the  Earl  Marshal 

49    De  Montfort 

Edmund  of  Lancaster  . 

64    Henry  III.,  from  his  Monument  in 
77        Westminster  Abbey     . 
84    Arms  of  Henry  III. 


86 

97 
100 

103 

103 
105 
106 

109 

"3 

114 

id. 

"5 


116 
id. 
117 
126 
127 

128 


at 


id. 
135 

136 

id. 
id. 

137 
139 
143 
id. 
144 

145 

id. 
id. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Aims  of  William  de  Valence,  earl  of 

Pembroke 152 

Mortimer    ,        .        .         .156 

Clare,  earl  of  Gloucester     .       ib, 

—  Earl  Warremie    .        .        .159 

Ferrers,  earl  of  Derby .        .     160 

Gftat  Seal  of  Edward  I.  .        .     164 

Edward  I.,  from  his  coins       .        .     166 
Eleanor  of  Castile,  from  her  Monu- 
ment in  Westminster  Abbey        .      ib. 
Arms  of  Eleanor  of  Castile      .        .       ib, 

Edward  of  Caernarvon         .       ib, 

— - —  Edward  1 167 

Scotland      .        .        .        .171 

■  Bigot,  Earl  Marshal     .        •     173 

•— — Bohun,  earl  of  Hereford      •     174 

■      Lord  Segrave      .        .        •     I7S 

Lord  St,  Jc^      .        .        ,     177 

Banner  of  Anthony  Bek  .  .  .179 
Great  Seal  of  Edward  IL  .  .  180 
Edward  II.,  from  his  Monument  in 

Gloucester  Cathedral  .        -        .181 
Arms  of  Edward  IL        •        .        .      ib. 


AncientJ  Arms  of  France 

Arms  of  Thomas,  earl  of  Lancaster . 

— —  Despenser  .... 

Seal  of  Bohun,  earl  of  Hereford 

Great  Seal  of  Edward  HI.       . 

Edward  III.  and  Philippa  of  Haxn- 
ault,  from  their  Monuments,  West- 
minster Abbey    .... 

Edward  the  Black  Prince,  from  his 
Tomb  at  Canterbury    , 

Armsof  John  of  Gaunt    . 

■  Edward  IIL,  quartered  with 
France         

• Montacute,  earl  of  Salisbury 

of  Xew  College,  Oxford 

Great  Seal  of  Richard  II. 

Arms  of  Dc  Vere,  earl  of  Oxford     . 

Kichard  II.  and  Anne  of  Bohemia, 
from  Monuments,  Westminster 
Abbey         ' 

Arms  and  Badges  of  Richard  II. 

Arms  of  earl  of  Arundel  . 

John  of  Northampton  . 

De  la  Pole,  earl  of  Suffolk 

Badges  of  the  House  of  Lancaster 
^e  Portcullis 

at  Seal  of  Henry  I V . 


ib. 
182 
184 
185 
187 


188 

ib. 
189 


ib. 

197 
199 
200 


201,  202 
.  202 
.  205 
206 
211 
212 
213 


PACE- 

Arms  of  Percy,|earl  of  Northum- 
berland          214 

Henry  IV.  and  Joan  of  Navarre, 
from  their  Monument  at  Canter- 
bury      215 

Arms  of  Heniy  IV.         ...  216 
'          Neville,  earl  of  Westmore- 
land    .           .....  iJL 

-^—  Lord  Bardolf       .         .        .  222 

Great  Seal  of  Henry  V.  .        .        .  224 
Henry    V.,    from  .his    Monument, 

Westminster  Abbey     •        •        •  225 

Arms  and  Badges  of  Henry  V.        •  ib. 

Great  Seal  of  Henry  VL          •        •  230 
Margaret  of  Anjou,  frt>m  a  window, 

Bodleian  Library         •        •        •  231 

Arms  of  Beaufort,  dnke  of  Someiset  ib^ 

Henry  VI 232 

Archbishop  Kempe      •        •  233 

■            Lincoln  College,  Oxford      •  it, 

John  Talbot,  earl  of  Shrewsbuj      .  234 

Arms  of  All  Souls*  College,  Oxford  .  236 

Douglas       •        »        •        •  ib, 

Neville,  earl  of  Salisbury     .  237 

Stafford,  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham      238 

Neville,  earl  of  Warwick     •  240 

Magdalen  College,  Oxford  .  241 

Clifford        .         .         .        •  ib. 

Badges  of  the  House  of  York  .        .  243 

Crest  of  Mortimer  ....  246 

Great  Seal  of  Edward  IV.                .  247 

Arms  of  Woodville,  Earl  Rivers      .  24S 

Edward  IV.         .        •        •  249 

Great  Seal  of  Edward  V.         .        •  256 

Arms  and  Supporters  of  Edward  V.  ib. 
Arms  of  Lord  Hastings   .         .         -257 

Great  Seal  of  Richard  III.       .        •  259 

Arms  and  Badges  of  Richard  III.     .  261 

Arms  of  Howard,  duke  of  Norfolk  -  262 

,with    the    Flodden 

augmentation       ....  /7. 

Badges  of  the  Tudors       .        .        .  267 

Great  Seal  of  Henry  VII.        .         .  2C9 
Henry  VII.  and  Elizabeth  of  York, 
from     their     Monument,     West- 
minster Abbey     .        .         .        .270 

Arms  and  Badge  of  Henry  VII.       .  271 

Great  Seal  of  Henry  VIIL       .        .  282 
Arms  of  Henry  VIIL      .         .         .285 


LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS* 


XI 


Badges    of  Katherine    of  Aragon, 

Anne  Boleyn,  Jane  Seymour,  and 

Katherine  Parr     , 
Arms  of  Seymour    . 

the  Kingdom  of  Ireland 

Christ  Church,  Oxford 

Great  Seal  of  Edward  VI. 

Arms  of  Dudley,   duke  of  North 

omherland  .... 
Anns  and  Badge  of  Edward  VI. 
Great  Seal  of  Philip  and  Mary 
Arms  of  Mary  before  her  Marriage 
Bidges  of  Mary 
Tomb  of  Sir  Thomas  Pope,  in  Tri 

nity  Collie  Chapel 
Araib  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford 

St.  John's  College,  Oxford 

Great  Seal  of  Elizabeth   . 
Arms  of  Dudley,  earl  of  Leicester 
Anns  and  Badges  of  Elizabeth 
Arms  of  Radclift,  earl  of  Sussex 

Jesus  College,  Oxford  . 

Devereux,  earl  of  Essex 

Badges  of  the  Stuarts       . 

Great  Seal  of  James  I.     • 

Arms  of  James  I.     .         • 

National  Flag  of  Great  Britain 

Anns  of  Wadham  College        • 

The  Baronets'  Badge 

Arms  of  Pembroke  College,  Oxford 


285 
3CI 
307 

33 


315 

322 

324 
332 

//;. 
333 
335 
337 
339 
347 
349 

367 
369 
371 
377 
379 

383 


Great  Seal  of  Charies  I.  . 
Arms  of  Archbishop  Laud 
Charles  I.    . 


Crest  of  Hamilton  •        •        • 
Oxford  Si^e  Piece 
Arms  of  the  Lord  Protector  Crom- 
well, from  his  Great  Seal     • 
Great  Seal  of  Charles  II. 
Arms  of  Charles  II. 

Osborne,  earl  of  Danby 

Great  Seal  of  James  II.    ,        , 
Arms  of  James  II.  •  • 
Great  Seal  of  William  and  Mary 
Arms  of  Bentinck,  earl  of  Portland 

William  and  Mary 

the  earl  of  Marlborough 

Russell,  earl  of  Orford . 

William  III. 

Harley,  earl  of  Oxford 


Great  Seal  of  Anne 

Arms  of  Anne,  before  the  Union 

Arms  and  Badge  of  Anne,  after  the 

Union  .... 

Collar  and  Badge  of  the  Order  of 

the  Thistle  .... 
Arms  of  St  John,  Viscount  Boling- 

broke  

Mordaunt,    earl    of    Peter- 


borough      .... 
National  Flag  of  Great  Britain 


384 
385 
396 
403 
42s 

438 
457 

459 
474 
481 

484 
494 
495 
497 
499 
506 

513 

522 

525 
527 

530 

/^ 

532 
535 


NOTES. 


Vague  Knowledge  of  Britain 

Anglo-Saxon  Laws  and  Government 

The  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle 

The  Cinque  Ports      . 

The  Siege  of  Acre     . 

The  Jews  in  England 

The  Siege  of  Carlavcrock     . 

Character  of  Richard  III.     . 

Richard,  otherwise  Perkin  Warbeck 

The  Beauchamp  Tower 

The  Gunpowder  Plot 

Puritan  Ascendancy 

Fines  for  declining  Knighthood 

The  Establishment  of  the  Ferrars  at  Little 

Piracy  and  the  Ship-money  Writs 

The  Foreign  Congregations 

The  Universities 

The  High  Court  of  Justice   . 

The  Silenced  Church 

The  Regicides 

The  Act  of  Uniformity 

Louis  XIV.,  his  Ministers,  Generals, 

"  Rabbling  the  Ministers  "    . 

The  Nonjurors 

The  Glencoe  Massacre 

The  Darien  Settlement 


Gidding 


and  Admirals 


APPENDIX. 


No.  I.  The  Materials  of  English  History 

$  I.  Alphabetical  List  of  Writers  and  Chronicles 
§  II.  Government  Series     . 
§  III.  Societies'  Series 
§  IV.  Editors'  Series 
§  V.  Record  Reports,  &c.  . 
No.  II.  Regal  Table 
No.  III.  Index  of  Statutes  . 
No.  IV.  Hierarchy  of  the  Reformation 
No.  V.  Hierarchy  of  the  Civil  War 
No.  VI.  The  Scottish  Hierarchy  expelled  in  1689 


',  M^:,;,:T..^l'iBtl^l\•<' 


..j" 


Doable  Cromlech  at  Flas  Vewydd,  in  AngleBsy- 

INTRODUCTION. 


THE  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle,  fol- 
lowing the  Venerable  Bede,  the 
earliest  English  writer  who  deserves 
the  name  of  historian,  commences  its 
narrative  with  a  brief  description  of  Bri- 
tain, and  a  legend  of  its  first  peopling. 
"The  island  of  Britain  is  eight  hun- 
dred miles  long,  and  two  hundred 
miles  broad:  and  here  in  this  island 
are  five  tongues,  English,  British, 
Scottish,  Pictish,  and  Latin.  The  first 
inhabitants  of  this  land  were  Britons  ; 
they  came  from  Armenia  (Armorica, 
now  Britanny),  and  first  settled  in  the 
south  of  Britain.  Then  befel  it  that 
Picts  came  from  the  south,  from  Scy- 
thia,  with  long  ships,  not  many,  and 
first  landed  in  North  Hibemia,  and 
they  entreated  the  Scots  that  they 
might  there  abide.  But  they  would 
not  permit  them,  for  they  said  that 
they  could  not  all  abide  there  together. 
And  then  the  Scots  said,  *We  may 
nevertheless  give  you  counsel.  We 
know  another  island  eastward  of  this, 
where  ye  may  dwell,  if  ye  will,  and  if 
any  one  withstand  you,  we  wiU  assist 
you,  so  that  you  may  subdue  it.'  Then 
went  the  Picts,  and  subdued  this  land 
northwards  ;  the  southern  part  the 
Britons  had,  as  we  before  have  said. 
And  the  Picts  obtained  wives  for  them- 
selves of  the  Scots,  on  this  condition, 
that  they  should  always  choose  their 
royal  lineage  on  the  woman's  side ; 
which  they  have  held  ever  since.  And 
then  befel  it  in  the  course  of  years, 


that  some  part  of  the  Scots  departed! 
from  Hibemia  into  Britain,  and  con- 
ouered  some  portion  of  the  land.  And 
tneir  leader  was  called  Reoda,  from 
whom  they  are  named  Dalreodi  •." 

That  Britain  was  inhabited  in  pre- 
historic times  has  been  abundantly 
proved,  by  the  opening  of  the  burial- 
places  of  people  to  whom  the  use  of 
metals  was  unknown,  on  the  moors  of 
Cleveland  for  instance ;  but  it  is  only 
after  the  coming  of  the  Belgse  and 
other  tribes,  in  a  comparatively  ad- 
vanced state  of  civilization,  from  the 
continent  of  Europe  that  the  history 
of  our  island  can  be  said  to  begin. 
This,  the  research  of  modem  writers 
has  failed  to  carry  beyond  the  year 
57  before  the  Christian  era,  when,  as 
we  are  informed  by  Ccesar,  Divitiacus, 
a  Gaulish  king,  exercised  a  kind  of 
feudal  superiority  not  only  over  the 
north-eastern  part  of  modem  France, 
but  also  over  at  least  a  portion  of 
Britain.  Thus  connected  with  the 
affairs  of  the  Gauls,  and  in  part,  as 
we  learn  from  Tacitus,  of  kindred  race, 
the  islanders  were  easily  led  to  afford 
succour  to  them  when  assailed  by  the 
Romans ;  and  this  succour,  added  to 
the  report  of  pearls  and  other  riches 
to  be  acquired,  sufficed  to  attract  to 
Britain  the  legions  of  the  conqueror. 

In  narrating  his  two  campaigns, 
Cssar  asserts  that  he  was  the  first  to 
carry  the  arms  of  Rome  into  an  un- 
known world,  which  is  merely  a  vain- 


•  Ptopeiiy  Dal-Riada,  the  tribe  or  tribe-land  of 
Riada.  From  Irish  historians  it  appears  that  the 
chiefs  appellation  was  Carbry  Riada  (Carbry  of 
the  kng  arm),  and  that  the  settlement  was  made 

v/,  B 


in  the  region  now  called  Argyle,  a  name  cor- 
rupted from  Aircr  Gaedhil,  pronounced  Gaeil,) 
"  the  land  of  the  foreigner."  The  date  given  is 
about  A.D.  350. 


INTRODUCTION. 


:glorious  boast  that  admits  of  easy  dis- 
proof. Four  centuries  before  his  time, 
Herodotus  had  made  mention  of  the 
Cassiterides  and  their  tin  mines* ;  Aris- 
totle also  alludes  to  them',  and  Poly- 
bius  says  that  in  his  day  (260  B.C.)  wri- 
ters discoursed  largely  on  the  subject 
Diodorus  Siculus  and  Strabo,  shortly 
zifter  Caesar's  invasion,  speak  of  the 
triangular  fonn  of  the  island,  and  give 
some  vague  idea  of  its  size ;  and  Pto- 
lemy, early  in  the  second  century  of 
the  Christian  era,  furnishes  a  table  of 
the  positions  of  many  of  its  promon- 
tories and  rivers,  and  of  its  tribes  and 
cities ;  to  which  Marcianus  Heracleota, 
in  the  third,  adds  further  particulars 
of  the  "Pretannic  islands,"  Ibemia 
{Ireland)  and  Albion.  He  describes 
the  first  as  containing  "sixteen  nations, 
eleven  celebrated  towns,  fifteen  prin- 
cipal rivers,  five  remarkable  promon- 
tories, six  distinguished  islands ;"  and 
the  latter, — which  he  says  is  by  far 
the  greater,  not  contracted  like  other 
islands,  but  drawn  out  and  extended 
over  a  great  part  of  the  northern  ocean, 
with  two  particularly  extensive  isth- 
muses, one  greater  than  the  other,  in 
the  form  of  feet,  of  which  the  lesser 
stretches  out  towards  Aquitania, — has 
**  thirty-three  nations,  fifty-nine  cde- 
brated  towns,  forty  noble  rivers,  four- 
teen lofty  promontories,  one  notable 
ohersonesus,  five  spacious  bays,  three 
commodious  harbours.  The  whole  cur- 
cumnavigation  of  the  island  of  Albion 
is  not  more  than  28,604,  nor  less  than 
20,526  stadia*."    At  a  later,  but  un- 


certain date,  the  Itinerary  of  Antoni- 
nus supplies  detailed  information  as  to 
the  topography  of  Britain,  to  which 
some  addition  may  be  made  from  the 
Peutingerian  Table,  a  document  pro- 
bably belonging  to  the  fourth  century, 
though  only  kiKram  to  us  from  a  tran- 
script of  much  l^ter  date. 

The  generally  received  ideas  of  the 
stale  of  Britain  at  the  time  of  its  in- 
vasi(Hi  by  the  Romans,  are  almost  ex- 
clusively derived  from  the  statements 
of  Julius  Ciesar,  and  it  should  excite  no 
surprise  to  learn  that  many  of  them 
are  erroneous,  when  it  is  remembered 
that  Caesar's  stay  here  was  but  brief,  and 
that  only  a  very  small  part  of  the 
country  tell  under  his  own  observation. 
His  account  is  shortly,  that  the  people 
on  the  coast  where  he  landed  much 
resembled  the  Gauls,  though  they  had 
no  coinage,  but  used  instead  brass  or 
iron  rings  as  money ;  and  that  the  rest 
of  the  natives,  who  were  reputed  abori- 
gines, were  mere  savages,  clad  in  skins, 
and  dyeing  their  bcxlies  with  woad, 
which  gave  them  a  terrible  appear- 
ance ;  they  had  vast  herds  of  cattle 
and  lived  on  milk  and  fiesh,  not  cul- 
tivating com  ;  they  wore  long  hair,  but 
no  beards ;  and  they  dwelt  together  in 
parties  of  ten  or  twelve,  who  had  wives 
in  common*.  Some  of  these  state- 
ments are  confirmed  by  Dio  Cassius, 
(as  preserved  to  us  by  Xiphilinus ',)  and 
Herodian  »,  when  speakmg  of  the  un- 
subdued tribes  in  the  time  of  Severus  ; 
but  others  are  quite  contrary  to  fact. 
The  coins  of  many  British  rulers  exist  \ 


^  The  name  is  often  confined  to  the  ScHly  isles, 
Init  in  this  instance  and  others  it  probably  includes 
also  much  of  the  modem  counties  of  Cornwall  and 
Devon. 

•  De  Mundo,  c.  3 ;  but  the  genuineness  of  this 
^ork  has  been  questioned.  See  Dr.  Smith's  Clas- 
sical Diet,  art.  "Aristotle." 

^  Equal  to  3,178  and  3,980  English  miles. 

•  This  custom,  which  is  probably  to  be  r^arded 
as  a  pure  invention  of  Cesar's  informants,  is  not 
mentioned  by  Diodorus. 

'  Xiphilinus  was  a  Greek  monk  of  the  eleventh 
-  century,  who  has  left  an  epitome  of  several  of  the 
lost  books  of  the  Roman  History  of  Dio  Cassius, 
•  written  early  in  the  third  century. 

s  Herodian  lived  about  a.d.  250^  and  WTX>te  a 
Taluable  History  of  his  own  times. 

^  The  opinion  of  the  learned  Editors  of  the  Mo- 
numenta  on  this  point  is  thus  stated  (p.  di.) :  "The 
French  numismatists  have  claimed  as  Gallic  the 
coins  which  are  called  British,  though  they  have 
not  made  out  any  title  to  their  appropriation.  It 
has  been  broadly  stated  that  the  Britons  were  too 
barbarous  to  need  a  coinage ;  but  if  that  were  the 
case,  surely  the  GauU  could  have  had  just  as  little 
need  of  a  metallic  currency,  as  they  were  at  that 
time  little,  if  at  all,  more  advanced  in  civilization 


than  their  British  neighbours.  It  b  absurd  to  sup- 
pose that  one  only  of  two  nations,  so  nearly  allied 
to  each  other  in  religion  and  manners  as  were  the 
Gauls  and  Britons,  and  carrying  on  together  an 
extenave  commerce,  should  have  known  tne  use  of 
money.  It  may  therefore  be  assumed,  that  if  the 
GauLt  had  a  metallic  currency  before  the  time  of 
Julius  Caesar's  invasion  of  tnis  island,  which  to 

a  certainty  they  had,  so  also  had  the  Bntons 

It  must  be  remembered  that  there  are  extant  coins 
peculiar  to  this  island ;  or  rather,  coins  have  been 
discovered  here  unlike  anv  which  are  found  in  anv 
other  country,  such  as  those,  for  instance,  which 
have  inscriptions  on  tablets.  There  is  undoubtcdlv 
a  great  resemblance  between  some  of  the  British 
and  Gallic  coins;  both  are  thick  and  dished,  and 
appear  to  have  been  rudely  formed  after  the  model 

of  the  Giecian  coins Uamdenwas  the  first  v/ho 

claimed  and  established  a  coinage  for  the  uihabit- 
ants  of  his  country ;  he  has  assigned  about  eighteen 
different  types  to  Cunobelin,  Boadicea,  Caractacus^ 
&c. ;  but  there  are  as  many  as  seventy-two  other 
types  still  extant.'*  Many  of  these  are  fipired  in 
Cvans'  "  Coins  of  the  Ancient  Britons,"  and  that 
writer  considers  that  a  Britbh  gold  coinage  existed 
at  least  a  century  before  the  invasion  of  CsBMr. 


INTRODUCTION. 


some  of  which  are  of  gold,  and  bear 
an  ear  of  com  on  the  reverse,  thus 
testifying  both  knowledge  and  esteem 
of  agriculturey  (see  coins  of  Tasciovanus 
and  Cunobelin,  pp.  lo,  ii,)  and  Diodo- 
nis  Siculus  says,  **  They  who  dwell  near 
the  promontory  of  Britain  which  is 
called  Bderimn  (now  the  Land's  end,) 
are  singularly  fond  of  strangers,  and 
from  their  intercourse  with  foreign 
merchants^  civilized  in  their  habits." 
Strabo  too  says,  '*  The  Cassiterides  are 
inhabited  by  men  in  black  cloaks,  clad 
in  tunics  reaching  to  the  feet,  and  girt 
about  the  breast,  walking  with  staves, 
and  bearded  like  goats.^  Caesar  de- 
scribes the  inland  r^ons  as  producing 
tin^  and  the  maritime,  iron ;  but  other 
writers  more  accuratdy  tell  us  that  tin 
was  produced  near  the  sea  shore,  that 
it  was  skilfuUy  worked  and  fused  by 
the  natives,  and  by  them  conveyed  in 
waggons  in  great  abundance,  to  ''a 
certain  island  named  Ictis,  lying  off 
Britain;  for  a  singular  circumstance 
happens  with  respect  to  the  neigh- 
bouring islands  lying  between  Europe 
and  Britain  ;  for  at  the  high  tides,  the 
intervening  passage  being  flooded,  they 
seem  islands  ;  but  at  the  low  tides,  the 
sea  retreating  and  leaving  much  space 
dry,  they  appear  peninsulas  f  a  state- 
ment of  Diodorus  Siculus,  which  is 
usuaUy  considered  to  identify  Ictis  as 
tiie  Mount  St.  Michael,  in  Cornwall,  of 
our  own  day.  Beside  tin,  lead  and 
skins  are  mentioned  as  exchanged  with' 
foreign  merchants  for  earthenware, 
glass  beads,  salt,  and  brazen  vessels. 
To  British  exports  were  afterwards 
added  slaves  and  fierce  himting  dogs, 
and  in  the  fourth  century,  if  not  be- 
fore, wheat  in  large  quantity. 

Tacitus,  in  narrating  the  campaigns 
of  Agricola,  informs  us  that  the  na- 
tives of  Britain  were  of  several  distinct 
races,  as  evidenced  by  their  differences 
of  personal  appearance.  The  height 
ana  the  yellow  locks  of  the  geople  on 
the  north-east  coast  shewed  tneir  Ger^ 
roan  origin,  while  the  shorter  stature 
and  swarthy  complexion  of  those  in 
the  west  rendered  it  probable  that  they 
were  a  colony  from  Iberia.  To  all,  the 
praise  of  desperate  valour  is  due  ;  Cas- 
sar  acknowledges  that  their  horsemen 
and  charioteers  contended  vigorously 
with  him ;  and  to  the  last  period  of 
Roman  occupation,  there  were  numer- 
ous tribes  that  had  never  been  sub- 


dued. Xiphilinus  describes  (from  their 
contemporary,  Dio  Cassius)  the  state 
of  these  about  the  close  of  the  second 
century  of  the  Christian  era. 

"  The  Mseatae  and  the  Caledonians 
inhabit  mountains  wild  and  waterless, 
and  plains  desert  and  marshy,  having 
neither  walls  nor  cities  nor  tilth,  but 
living  by  pasturage,  by  the  chase,  and 
on  certain  berries;  for  of  their  fish, 
though  abundant  and  ineidiaustible, 
they  never  taste.  They  live  in  tents 
naked  and  bare-footed,  having  wives  in 
common,  and  rearing  the  whole  of  their 
progeny.  Their  state  is  chiefly  demo- 
cratical,  and  they  are  above  all  things 
delighted  by  pillage ;  they  fight  from 
chariots,  having  small  swift  horses ; 
they  fight  also  on  foot,  are  very  fleet 
when  running,  and  most  resolute  when 
compelled  to  stand ;  their  arms  con- 
sist of  a  shield  and  a  short  spear, 
having  a  brazen  knob  at  the  extremity 
of  the  shaft,  that  when  shaken  it  may 
terrify  the  enemy  by  its  noise ;  they 
use  daggers  also  ;  they  are  capable  of 
enduring  hunger,  thirst,  and  hardships 
of  every  description ;  for  when  plunged 
in  the  marshes  they  abide  there  many 
days  with  their  heads  only  out  of 
water ;  and  in  the  woods  they  subsist 
on  bark  and  roots;  they  prepare  for 
all  emergencies  a  certain  kind  of  food, 
of  which  if  they  eat  only  so  much  as 
the  size  of  a  bean  they  neither  hunger 
nor  thirst.  Such  then  is  the  island  of 
Britannia,  and  such  the  inhabitants  of 
that  part  of  it  which  is  hostile  to  us." 

Herodian  gives  a  very  similar  ac- 
count, and  adds,  "  They  encircle  their 
loins  and  necks  with  iron,  deeming 
this  an  ornament  and  mark  of  opu- 
lence, in  like  manner  as  other  barba- 
rians esteem  gold.  They  puncture 
their  bodies  with  pictured  forms  of 
every  sort  of  animals,  on  which  ac- 
count they  wear  no  clothing,  lest  they 
should  hide  the  figures  on  their  body." 

The  kingly  form  of  government  pre- 
vailed among  the  Britons  before  the 
coming  of  Uaesar, — ^and  it  was  con- 
tinued long  after,  though  in  subor- 
dination to  the  Roman  governors, — 
but  the  most  influential  persons 
among  them  were  the  Druids.  These 
men,  Cassar  informs  us,  were  the  de- 
positories of  all  the  learning  of  the  Bri- 
tons, and  they  had  numerous  schools 
where  they  taught  "many  things  re- 
specting the  stars  and  their  motion. 


B2 


INTRODUCTION. 


respecting  the  extent  of  the  world  and 
of  our  earth,  respecting  the  nature  of 
things,  respecting  the  power  and  the 
majesty  of  the  immortal  gods."  These 
doctrines  were  supposed  to  have  ori- 
ginated in  Britain,  and  in  Caesar's  time 
those  Gauls  who  wished  to  study  them 
visited  our  island  for  the  purpose. 

But  th^  Druids  were  not  merely 
teachers.  On  the  contrary,  they  were 
rulers,  who  imposed  ordinances  on  all 
classes,  and  enforced  them  by  terrible 
penalties ;  they  were  the  arbiters  of 
peace  and  war ;  they  had  sacred  groves 
and  rude  stone  temples,  in  which  they 
offered  human  sacrifices ;  and  so  power- 
ful was  their  influence  over  their  coun- 
trymen, that  the  Romans  forsook  their 
usual  policy  of  leaving  untouched  the 
superstitions  and  priesthoods  of  con- 
quered nations,  and  laboured  zealously 
to  destroy  both  the  priests  and  the 
altars  of  Britain.  Tacitus  gives  a  lively 
account  of  the  assault  for  this  pur- 
pose on  the  stronghold  of  Druidism 
(A.D.  6i). 

Suetonius  '^prepared  to  fall  upon 
Mona  (Anglesey*),  a  country  power- 
ful in  inhabitants,  and  a  common  place 
of  refuge  to  the  revolters  and  fugitives  ; 
he  built,  for  that  end,  boats  with  broad 
flat  bottoms,  the  easier  to  approach  a 
shore  full  of  shallows  and  uncertain 
landings ;  in  these  the  foot  were  em- 
barked ;  the  horse  followed,  partly  by 
fording,  partly  by  swinmiing. 

"On  the  opposite  shore  stood  the 
enemy's  army,  m  thick  array  compact 
with  men  and  arms;  amongst  them 
were  women  running  franticsdly  every 
where,  to  and  fro,  representing  the 
wild  manner  and  transports  of  furies  ; 
dismally  clad  in  funersu  apparel,  with 
their  hair  dishevelled  and  torches  in 
their  hands ;  round  the  host  also  ap- 
peared their  priests  the  Druids,  with 
their  hands  lifted  up  to  heaven,  utter- 
ing direful  imprecations,  and  invoking 
celestial  vengeance ;  insomuch,  that  at 
the  amazing  novelty  of  the  spectacle, 
the  spirit  of  the  Roman  soldiers  was 
struck  with  dismay ;  and,  as  if  all  their 
limbs  had  been  benumbed,  they  stood 
motionless,  their  bodies  exposed,  like 


fixed  marks,  to  wounds  and  darts ; 
till,  by  the  repeated  exhortations  of 
the  general,  as  well  as  by  mutual  in- 
citements from  one  another,  they  were 
at  last  roused  to  shake  off  the  scan- 
dalous terror  inspired  by  a  band  of 
raving  women  and  fanatic  priests  ;  and 
thus  advancing  their  ensi^s,  they  dis- 
comfited all  that  resisted,  and  involved 
them  in  their  own  fires," 

The  aboriginal  Britons  are  described 
as  dwelling  in  slight  cabins  of  reeds 
and  wattles,  and  in  some  instances  in 
caverns  in  the  earth,  many  sets  of 
which,  arranged  with  some  degree  of 
symmetry,  antiquaries  have  recognized, 
in  various  parts  of  the  country ;  but 
Caesar  tells  us  that  the  maritime  tribes 
had  buildings  in  the  fashion  of  the 
Gauls,  that  is,  of  wood,  of  a  circular 
figure,  and  thatched.  They  had,  how- 
ever, public  edifices  for  the  purposes 
of  rehgion,  of  which  we  have  an  ex- 
ample in  the  stupendous  fabric  of 
Stonehenge^.  Such  of  their  towns  as 
came  under  his  observation  were  clus- 
ters of  huts  erected  on  a  cleared  por- 
tion of  the  forests  which  covered  the 
greater  part  of  the  island,  and  they 
were  invariably  surrounded  by  a  ram- 
part constructwi  of  felled  trees  strongly 
mterlaced  and  wattled,  and  a  deep 
foss,  which  together  constituted  a  for- 
tification that  we  may  believe  even  the 
veteran  legionaries  often  found  it  diffi- 
cult to  stornL  The  site  of  the  modem 
city  of  London,  with  the  river  Thames 
in  front,  the  river  Fleet  on  the  west, 
and  an  almost  impenetrable  forest  in 
the  rear,  may  be  taken  as  a  fair  speci- 
men of  the  nature  of  the  locality 
usually  selected  for  the  residence  of 
a  British  chief. 

At  the  time  that  the  Roman  supre- 
macy had  its  greatest  extent,  we  dis- 
tinguish the  two  great  districts  of 
Britannia  Superior  and  Inferior  (in  a 
general  way,  England  and  Wales,  and 
Scotland)  divided  into  the  five  pro- 
vinces of  Britannia  Prima,  Britannia 
Secunda,  Flavia  Csesariensis,  Maxima 
Caesariensis,  and  Valentia. 

I.  Britannia  Prima  contained  the 
country  south  of  the  Thames  and  the 


<  The  name  Mona  is  often  given  to  the  Isle  of 
Man,  but  it  is  certain  that  ^glesey  is  meant  in 
this  instance. 

i  The  cromlechs  which  are  found  in  various  parts 
of  our  island  were  formerly  regarded  as  temples. 


but  recent  investigation  has  convinced  the  gene- 
rality of  antiquaries  that  they  are  in  reality  sepul- 
chral monuments.  One  of  the  finest  examples  is 
the  double  cromlech  at  Plas  Newydd,  in  Anglesey, 
figured  at  the  head  of  this  Introduction. 


nmiODucTioN. 


Brltiih  ahlaU.  flmnd  at  litUe  Wittenham.  Berki. 


Severn,  and,  proceeding  westward,  we 
find  tribes  known  to  us  by  their  Ro- 
manized names  of  the  Cantii,  Regni, 
BelgsB,  Atrebates,  Durotriges,  and 
Dumnonii. 

2.  Britannia  Secunda  may  be  called 
Wales,  and  contained  the  Silures  in 
the  south  and  south-east,  the  Demetse 
on  the  western  coast,  and  the  Ordo- 
>ices  in  the  north. 

3.  Flavia  Casariensis^  the  country 
between  the  Thames,  the  Severn  and 
the  Himiber,  contained  the  Trino- 
bantes  in  the  south,  north  of  them  the 
Catyeuchlani  and  Iceni,  and  in  the 
central  and  western  parts  the  Dobuni, 
Coritavi,  and  Comavii. 

4.  Maxima  Casariensis,  between  the 
H umber  and  the  Tyne,  contained  the 
Parisii  on  the  Yorkshire  coast,  and 
the  Brigantes,  who  occupied  the  rest 
of  the  north  of  England. 

5.  VaUntia^  between  the  Tyne  and 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  was  occupied  by 
the  Ottadeni  on  the  east  coast,  the 
Gadeni  in  the  centre,  and  the  Sel- 
govae,  Novantse,  and  Damnii  to  the 
west  and  north.  This  province  con- 
tained the  Roman  walls  known  as, 
(i)  the  Wall  of  Agricola  (or  of  Lollius 


Urbicus,  or  Antoninus,  from  its  re- 
storers), which  was  the  most  northern, 
and  (2)  the  Wall  of  Hadrian,  to  the 
south  ;  this  last  being  re-edified  in  the 
third  century,  or  rather  replaced  by' 
a  wall  of  stone,  the  new  structure  is 
commonly  spoken  of  as  (3)  the  Wall 
of  Severus ''.  A  wall,  or  rather  chain 
of  forts,  also  existed  in  the  central 
part  of  the  country,  stretching  from 
the  Nen  to  the  Severn  ;  few  traces  of 
this  remain,  but  of  the  other  walls 
most  of  the  stations  have  been  iden- 
tified, and  many  portions  are  still  in 
a  good  state  of  preservation. 

Beside  these  walls  strong  fortresses 
were  erected  in  many  places,  parti- 
cularly on  the  coast,  of  which  the  re- 
mains at  Burgh  castle,  in  Suffolk,  Re- 
culver,  Richborough  and  Lympne,  in 
Kent,  and  near  Pevensey,  in  Sussex 
(probably  Anderida),  are  especially  in- 
teresting. 

Our  early  historians  mention  four 
great  roads  by  which  South  Britain 
was  traversed,  and  these  have  usually 
been  considered  the  work  of  its  con- 
querors, but  recent  research  has  led 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  Romans 
only  kept  in  repair,  and  perhaps  im- 


,  ^  This  Wall  has  been  closely  investigated  by  an- 
uiaanes,  and  its  whole  course  satisfactorily  traced. 
From  the  researches  of  Dr.  Collingwood  Bruce  in 
particular,  we  learn  that  the  WaU  was  about  73 
Bules  long  and  probably  so  feet  high.     It  had  a 


deep  ditch  on  its  northeni  front,  and  on  its  touthem 
side  a  triple  rampart  of  earth  and  stones,  with  fos^ 
ran  paraUel  to  it,  at  a  distance  generally  of  60  or 
80  yards.  The  included  Kpace  was  traversed  by 
a  military  road  along  which  were  disposed  nearlj 


INTRODUCTION. 


proved,  the  roads  which  they  found  in 
use  on  their  settlemefit  in  the  island. 
These  great  roads,  under  their  modem 
names,  are,  the  Watling  Street,  the 
Hermin  Street,  the  Foss  Way,  and 
the  Ikenild  Street*,  and  along  their 
course,  or  in  their  immediate  vicinity, 
are  found  the  principal  towns  which, 
in  pursuance  of  their  usual  policy,  the 
Komans  either  founded  or  re-€dified, 
and  to  which,  according  to  the  privi- 
leges bestowed,  the  various  names  were 
given  of  colonies,  municipalities,  sti- 
pendiary, and  Latian  cities'". 

Many  other  Roman  roads  exist,  one 


of  which  stretches  beyond  the  Wall  of 
Agricola  to  the  foot  of  the  Grampians, 
and  a  Roman  camp  is  found  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Spey,  on  the  Murray 
Frith,  which  may  probably  be  taken 
as  the  most  advanced  post  of  the  Im» 
perial  rule.  The  names  of  several 
tribes  beyond  the  Roman  limits  occur 
in  Ptolemy  and  other  writers,  but  be- 
fore the  time  of  Severus  they  appear 
to  have  been  all  merged  in  the  gene- 
ral appellations  of  Caledonians  and 
Maeatae,  as  these  in  their  turn  in  after 
days  are  known  only  as  Picts  and 
Scots. 


twen^  Stadones  0>enxument  camps),  linked  toge- 
ther by  Castella  (see  eneraving)  at  less  than  a 
Roman  mile  distant,  and  these  connected  by  watch- 
towers,  ("little  more  than  stone  sentry-boxes,"  says 
Dr.  Bruce,)  within  hail  of  each  other.    Even  in  its 


present  state  the  Wsdl  is  one  of  the  most  remark 
able  works  in  Europe,  and  it  furnishes  a  proof  of 
the  difficulty  with  which  the  Romans  maintained 
their  position  in  the  north  of  England.  It  b  in 
fact  one  vast  intrenched  camp  from  end  to  end. 


The  Roman  Wall :  Xile  Gastle  at  Horuesteads. 


and  seems  to  have  been  intended  as  much  to  meet 
a  rising  uf  the  tribes  to  the  south  as  to  guard  against 
an  invasion  from  the  north. 

*  The  courses  usually  ascribed  to  these  highways 
are,  the  Watling  Street  from  Kent  to  Cardigan  Bay ; 
the  Hermin  Street  from  St.  David's  to  Southamp- 
ton ;  the  Foss  Way  from  Cornwall  to  Lincoln  ;  and 
the  Ikenild  Street  from  St.  David's  to  Tynemouth. 
'Iliere  appears  reason  for  supposing  that  these  state- 
ments are  incorrect,  and  that  the  Walling  Street  ex- 
tended from  Kent  to  the  Frith  of  Forth  ;  the  Her- 
min Street  from  the  Sussex  coast  to  the  H umber  ; 
the  Foss  Way  from  Cornwall  to  Lincolnshire  ;  and 
the  Ikenild  Street  from  (^aister  to  Dorcliester. 


•"  There  have  been  identified  amonjr  the  colonies 
(using  modem  names),  Bath,  Cambn«ij;c,  Caerlecn. 
Chester.  Colchester,  Gloucester,  Lincoln,  London, 
and  Ricnborough ;  among  the  municipia,  Si.  .A.lban's 
and  York  :  among  the  Lati.in  cities,  Carlisle,  Ci- 
rencester, Dumbarton,  Old  Sarum  ;  and  among  the 
stipendiariae,  Canterbury,  Dorchester,  Elxeler,  Lei- 
cester, Rochester,  and  Winchester.  A  much  longer 
list  is  given  in  "  De  Situ  Britanniae,"  a  book  as- 
cribed to  Richard  of  Cirenccsier,  but  thai  ihis  is  a 
forgery  of  the  last  century,  has  been  conclusively 
shewn  by  Mr.  Mayor,  in  nis  preface  to  Richard's 
genuine  work,  *'  Speculum  Historialc." 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  towns,  and  forts,  and  roads, 
already  enumerated,  are,  however,  very 
far  from  being  the  only  traces  of  Ro- 
man occupation  that  remain  in  our 
country.  Camps,  occupying  well-cho- 
sen positions,  occur  in  numbers  which 
attest  the  difficulty  with  which  the 
subjugation  of  the  island  was  accom- 

glished  ;  while  the  remains  of  stately 
uildings,  ornamented  with  baths,  tes- 
sellated pavements,  fresco  paintings 
and  statuary,  and  articles  of  personal 
ornament,  which  are  discovered  almost 
every  time  that  the  earth  is  disturbed 


to  any  considerable  depth,  prove  the 
eventual  wide  diftusion  of  the  elegant 
and  luxurious  mode  of  life  ^diich  it 
was  the  aim  of  the  conquerors  to 
introduce  ". 

Roman  glass  and  pottery,  in  great 
variety,  and  frequently  of  most  elegant 
shape,  abounds,  but  the  most  valuable 
are  the  sepulchral  urns,  which  betoken 
the  neighbourhood  of  towns  of  which 
perhaps  no  other  traces  now  remain. 
A  few  specimens  are  here  engraved^ 
which  were  discovered  at  Felminghanv 
in  Suffolk". 


Bomaa  BepnlfltanlTTnu. 


When  first  conquered,  Britain  was 
considered  so  important,  that  it  was 
made  a  province  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire, and  was  governed  by  an  officer 
of  high  rank,  who  was  called  the  pro- 
m-aetor,  and  vicegerent  of  the  emperor. 
The  five  departments,  as  they  may  be 


termed,  (Britannia  Prima,  &c.,)  had 
each  a  president,  and  there  was  a 
large  establishment  of  subordinates, 
the  names  and  offices  of  many  of 
whom  have  been  preserved  to  us  by 
inscriptions.  Afterwards,  but  at  a 
date  that  is  somewhat  uncertain,  Bri*> 


•  Upwards  of  one  hundred  Roman  riHas  hare 
"been  discovered,  mainly  in  the  south  and  west  of 
England.  Many  of  them  contain  pavements  of  ex- 
treme beauty,  as  those  at  Bignor,  in  Sussex,  and 
at  Woodchester,  near  Stroud,  in  Gloucestershire. 


The  subjoined  cut  shews  the  hypocaust  of  a  Roman 
dwclline. 

o  In  the  neighbourhood  is  Brampton,  the  Roman 
remains  of  which  occasioned  Sir  Thomas  Browne 
to  write  his  Hydriotaphia,  or  Urn  Burial. 


£cmal2is  of  a  Eom&n  Eonse  in  Britain :  WlieatleT)  Oxen. 


s 


INTRODUCTION. 


tain  was  reduced  to  a  dependence  on 
the  prefect  of  Gaul,  and  the  resident 
governor  was  then  termed  only  vicar 
(or  lieutenant).  In  pursuance  of  their 
ordinary  policy,  which  made  each  con- 
quered nation  assist  in  keeping  down 
tne  rest,  the  Romans  sent  tne  British 
youth  in  large  numbers  to  garrison 
distant  coimtries,  and  brought  to  Bri- 
tain Gauls,  Germans,  Spaniards,  Thra- 
cians  and  others  as  auxiliaries  to  the 
two  (sometimes  three)  legions,  that 
were  deemed  necessary  to  hold  it 
The  ordinary  amount  ot  their  military 
force  is  estimated  at  30,000  foot  and 
6,000  horse,  and  they  had  a  reserve  in 
the  veterans  on  whom  they  bestowed 
lands  instead  of  pensions,  and  who 
with  their  families  formed  the  bulk  of 
the  popplation  in  the  towns  that  were 
styled  colonies. 

Independently  of  a  rather  doubtful 
passage  in  Gildas,  there  seems  suffi- 
cient groimd  for  the  belief  that  the 
light  of  Christianity  was  diffused  in 
our  island  as  early  as  the  apostolic 
age.  Qement  of  Rome  says  that  St. 
Paul  carried  the  Gospel  to  the  extreme 
boimds  of  the  West,  a  phrase  used  by 
other  writers  where  Bntain  is  unques- 
tionably intended ;  St.  Peter,  St  Joseph 
of  Arimathea',  Aristobulus,  and  others, 
are  also  named,  but  with  less  proba- 
bility, as  agents  in  the  conversion  of 
Britain.  The  British  Church  is  often 
spoken  of  by  writers  of  the  third  and 
succeeding  centuries ;  although,  from 
the  destruction  of  documents,  no  list  of 
sees  can  be  given  on  anything  more 


than  conjecture,  and  no  names  of  Bri- 
tish prelates  have  come  down  to  us 
preceding  those  of  the  signers  of  the 
decrees  of  the  council  of  Aries  (a.d. 
314).  The  Christian  population  of  Bri- 
tain, evidently  numerous  at  the  time  of 
the  Diocletian  persecution,  appears  to 
have  steadily  increased,  and  when  the 
Romans  withdrew  from  the  island  they 
left  behind  them  a  people  professing 
the  truths  of  the  Gospel,  but  corrupt- 
ing them  by  the  rash  and  dangerous 
speculations  of  die  Pelagian  and  other 
heresies,  and  soon  to  be  driven  into  the 
more  remote  (quarters  of  the  country, 
where  their  faith,  purified  by  affliction, 
shone  more  brightly  than  it  had  done 
in  the  days  of  their  prosperity.  They 
were  visited  by  many  noly  persons 
from  Ireland,  (which  had  early  re- 
ceived the  Gospel,  and  had  as  yet  es- 
caped the  ravages  of  the  northern  na- 
tions,) such  as  St  Piran,  St  la,  St 
Gwythian,  and  others,  who,  inflamed 
by  missionary  zeal,  in  the  fifth  and 
sixth  centuries,  proceeded  to  the  coast 
of  Cornwall,  and  have  left  numerous 
memorials  of  their  labours,  not  only 
in  the  names  of  villages,  but  in  the 
sculptured  crosses  and  humble  orato- 
ries still  found  there  ^.  To  this  period, 
prior  to  the  coming  of  Augustine,  also 
belongs  the  origin  of  the  Welsh  sees', 
which,  as  they  gathered  the  scattered 
sheep  to  the  fold,  may  be  regarded 
as  the  living  representatives  of  the 
Churches  planted  among  us  in  the  very 
earliest  age  of  Christianity. 


p  This  was  fully  believed  in  the  middle  ages ;  and 
we  find  that  Edward  III.  granted  a  licence  dated 
June  xo.  2315,  aUowinf  Tolm  Blome,  of  London,  to 
search  tor  tne  body  of  St.  Joseph  in  the  abbey  of 
Glastonbury,  about  which,  it  sa.^  he  had  received 
a  divine  revdation.    The  result  is  not  recorded. 

4  One  of  the  most  interestina:  of  these  is  the 
church'  of  St.  Piran,  near  St  Ives,  which,  after 
being  for  ages  buried  in  the  sand,  (hence  the  name 
of  the  hamlet^  P9nui*«Bbu]oe,)  was  brought  to  light 


by  its  removal  in  1835.    It  is  of  very  small  siM 
(about  30  feet  by  z6)  and  simple  architecture. 

'  Caerleon  is  by  some  writers  said  to  have  been 
founded  in  the  Roman  period,  and  Llandaffto  have 
been  established  bv  King  Lucius;  but  these  are 
mere  traditions,  and  the  succession  of  bishops  can- 
not  be  traced  higher  than  to  Dubritius,  who  appa- 
rently held  both  sees,  and  is  said  to  have  died  A.D. 
59a.  Kentigem  of  St.  Asaph  and  Daniel  of  Bangor, 
the  first  bishops  there,  lived  somewhat  later. 


Bran  Coin  of  Seranu. 

THE   ROMAN    ERA. 


B.C.  57.— A.D.  418. 


B.C.  57. 
DiviTlACUS,  king  of  the  Suessones 
(in  north-eastern  Gaul),  has  the  su- 
premacy in  Britain. 

B.C  56. 
The  Veneti'  obtain  assistance  from 
the  Britons  against  the  Romans. 

B.C  55. 

Caius  Julius  Caesar  prepares  for  an 
expedition  into  Britain. 

The  Britons,  hearing  of  his  pre- 
parations, dispatch  ambassadors  to 
Cxsar,  who  sends  them  back  accom- 
panied by  Commius,  king  of  the  Atre- 

Commius,  counselling  submission, 
is  imprisoned  by  the  Britons. 

Caius  Volusenus  is  sent  to  the  coast 
of  Britain  to  announce  the  coming  of 
Cesar  and  procure  information,  but 
returns  on  the  fifth  day  without  having 
ventured  to  land. 

CsBsar  sails  from  Gessoriacimi  (now 
Boulogne),  at  midnight  of  August  26, 
and  effects  a  landing  after  a  severe 
contest  near  the  Soum  Foreland,  Au- 
gust 27.  His  force  consisted  of  the 
7th  and  loth  legions,  about  10,000 
men  ;  a  body  of  horse  was  to  have 
followed,  but  was  delayed  by  bad 
weather. 

Ambassadors  come  from  the  Britons 
to  Cesar  and  a  peace  is  concluded, 
August  30. 

The  Roman  fleet  greatly  damaged 
by  the  high  tides,  on  the  same  night. 


The  foraging  parties  of  the  Romans 
are  assailed,  and  their  camp  unsuc- 
cessfully attacked  by  the  Britons. 

Cssar,  after  losing  many  men  in 
action  with  the  Britons,  accepts  a 
promise  of  hostages,  and  retires  to 
Gaul  about  September  20. 

Ccesar  having  sent  an  account  of 
his  expedition  to  Rome,  a  twenty  days' 
festival  is  in  consequence  decreed. 

Two  only  of  the  British  states  send 
the  promised  hostages. 

Caesar  would  appear  to  have  retired 
somewhat  precipitately  from  the  island, 
as  Xiphilinus,  in  recording  the  speech 
which  Dio  Cassius  ascribes  to  Bun- 
duica  (Boudicea)  makes  her  speak  of 
their  ancestors  having  "driven  far 
away  that  Jidius  Caesar." 
B.C.  54. 

Caesar  builds  a  fleet  of  light  vessels, 
which  he  employs  in  a  second  inva- 
sion of  Britain. 

Sails  from  Itius  Portus  (near  Wis- 
sant)  in  May,  having  been  detained 
23  days  by  bad  weather,  and  lands 
unopposed  in  Britain.  His  army  now 
comprised  25,000  foot  and  2,000  horse, 
and  required  a  fleet  of  800  ships  for  its 
transport 

Cassivellaunus,  as  generalissimo  of 
the  Britons,  collects  a  force  to  oppose 
the  Romans. 

The  Roman  fleet  damaged  by  a 
storm. 

A  party  of  the  Romans  defeated, 
and  the  tribune  Laberius  killed  near 


*  The  Veiled  inhalnted  the  southern  coast  of 
Callia  Celtka,  m  the  modem  department  of  Mor- 
bihan. 

*  The  Airebates  inhabited  northern  Gaul,  in 


Artois,  and  the  modem  department  Pas  de  Calais* 
on  their  subjection  by  the  Romans,  Conunius  was 
appointed  their  Kins.  There  was  also  a  tribe  of 
iUrebates  in  the  south  of  Britain. 


lO 


THE   ROMAN   ERA. 


[b.c.  54—34. 


the  river  Stour,  in  Kent.  The  Britons 
harass  Ceesar's  march. 

Caesar  crosses  the  Tamesis  (Thames). 

"  Caesar  attempting  to  pass  a  large 
river  of  Britain,**  says  Polyeenus  *^,  "  Cas- 
olaulus,  king  of  the  Britons,  obstruct- 
ed him  with  many  horsemen  and  cha- 
riots. Caesar  had  in  his  train  a  very 
large  elephant,  an  animal  hitherto  un- 
seen by  the  Britons.  Having  armed 
him  with  scales  of  iron,  and  put  a 
large  tower  upon  him,  and  placed 
therein  archers  and  slingers,  he  or- 
dered them  to  enter  the  stream.  The 
Britons  were  amazed  on  beholding  a 
beast  till  then  unseen,  and  of  an  ex- 
traordinary nature.  As  to  the  horses 
what  need  we  write  of  them,  since  even 
among  the  Greeks  horses  flee  at  seeing 
an  elephant  though  without  harness ; 
but  thus  towered  and  armed,  and  cast- 
ing darts  and  slinging,  they  could  not 
endure  even  to  look  upon  the  sight : 
the  Britons  therefore  fled  with  their 
horses  and  chariots.  Thus  the  Ro- 
msms  passed  the  river  without  moles- 
tation, having  terrified  the  enemy  by 
a  single  animal.** 

The  tribes  of  the  eastern  and  cen- 
tral parts,  of  Britain  come  to  terms 
with  Caesar*. 

Caesar  takes  the  capital  of  Cassivel- 
launus,  (afterwards  Verulamium,  now 
St.  Alban*s). 

Cassivellaunus  incites  the  tribes  in 
Cantium  (Kent)  to  attack  the  Roman 
camp. 


Cassivellaunus  is  defeated,  and  sur- 
renders. 

Caesar  returns  to  Gaul  before  the 
end  of  September. 

B.a  51. 

Commius,  the  former  dependant  of 
Caesar,  having  taken  arms  against  the 
Romans  and  been  defeated,  flees  for 
refuge  to  Britain. 

RC.  44. 

Caesar  is  slain  in  the  Senate-house, 
March  15.  Octavianus,  his  nephew, 
succeeds  to  his  power,  and,  after  a 
tim^,  takes  the  st}'le  of  Augustus  and 
Fmperor. 

The  written  history  of  Britain  ceases 
with  the  second  withdrawal  of  Caesar, 
and  only  recommences  with  the  pre- 
parations of  Augustus  for  a  fresh  in- 
vasion about  20  years  after ;  but  the 
want  is  partially  supplied  by  the  in- 
formation afforded  by  coins  that  have 
been  discovered.  From  these  we  learn 
the  names  of  several  British  princes  in 
the  interval,  of  whom  the  one  with  the 
widest  rule  appears  to  have  been  Tas- 
ciovanus.  He  governed  the  central 
and  the  eastern  districts ;  and  it  is 
conjectured  that  his  son  was  Cunobelin, 
whose  capital  occupied  the  site  on 
which  was  afterwards  planted  the  Ro- 
man colony  of  Camulodunum  (Col- 
chester). 

The  coins  of  these  rulers  are  of  gold, 
and  both  in  their  devices  and  style  of 


Gold  OolnB  of  TaadOTanos  and  of  C!Tmol}cll!i. 


art  evidence  a  degree  of  civilization 
very  unlike  what  might  be  expected  if 
Caesar's  description  of  Britain  were  con- 
sidered to  apply  to  the  whole  country, 
instead  of  bemg  restricted  to  the  small 
part  that  fell  under  his  personal  ob- 
servation.    Some  brass  coins  of  Cu- 


nobelin,  found  in  Essex,  are  also  sub- 
joined. 

B.C.  34. 
Augustus  proceeds  to  Gaul  with  the 
view  of  invading  Britain,  but  is  stopped 
by  a  revolt  of  some  of  the  Gaulish 
tribes. 


•  A  Greek  auAor  of  the  second  century,  who  ;  westward  as  lar  as  Hampshire,    Berkshire,  and 
rote  a  book  on     Stratagems  in  War."  Oxfordshire.    The  Trinobantes,  whose  king  Ima^ 


*  These  were  the  Trinobantcs,  Cenimagni,  An- 
calites,  Bibroci.  Segontiaci,  and  Cassi,  dwelling  in 
the  district  from  the  Thames  to  the  Wash,  and 


nuantius  had  been  killed  by  Cassivellaunos,  were 
the  first  to  abandon  the  confederacy. 


B.C.  26 A.D.  50.] 


THE   ROMAN   ERA. 


TI 


Brass  Colzis  of  GnnoMin,  fousd  at  Gbesterfoid. 


B.C.  26. 
Augustus  having  resumed  his  pre- 
parations, the  Britons  send  him  am- 
bassadors and  tribute. 

A.D.  I. 

The  received  commencement  oi  the 
Christian  era*. 

A.D.  14. 

Augustus  dies,  August  19.  He  is 
succeeded  by  Tiberius. 

A.D.  16. 
Some  Roman  soldiers,  shipwrecked 
on  the  shore  of  Britain,  are  protected 
and  sent  back  by  the  chiefs. 

A.D.  32. 
Our  Lord  is  crucified. 

A.D.  37. 

Death  of  Tiberius,  March  26.  Ca- 
ligula succeeds. 

A.D.  40. 

Calieula,  prevailed  on  by  a  fugitive 
Briton',  prepares  to  invade  the  island, 
but  proceeds  no  further  than  the  coast 
of  GkuiL 

"  Caius,  arriving  at  the  ocean,"  says 
Dio  Cassius,  "  as  though  intending  to 
war  in  Britain,  and  drawing  up  all  his 
troops  along  the  beach,  went  on  board 
a  trireme,  and  having  launched  out 
a  little  distance  from  the  land,  returned 
again.  And  shortly  after  this,  sitting 
on  a  lofty  throne,  and  giving  a  signal 
to  the  soldiers  as  if  for  battle,  and  ex- 
citing them  by  his  trumpeters,  he  then 
suddenly  ordered  them  to  gather  up  sea 
shells.  And  having  taken  such  booty, 
for  it  would  seem  that  he  wanted  spoils 
for  the  pomp  of  triumphal  honours,  he 
was  as  highly  elated  as  though  he  had 
subdued  the  very  ocean,  gave  consider- 
able laigesses  to  his  soldiers,  and  car- 


ried these  shells  to  Rome  that  he  might 
exhibit  his  spoils  to  the  citizens." 
A.D.  41. 

Caligula  is  assassinated,  January  24. 
Claudius  succeeds. 

A.D.  43. 

Bericus,  a  fugitive  whose  surrender 
had  been  demanded,  persuades  Clau- 
dius to  undertake  the  conquest  of 
Britain. 

Aulus  Plautius  invades  the  island, 
and  defeats  the  Britons. 

Vespasian  (afterwards  emperor)  sent 
to  Britain. 

Claudius  visits  the  island,  captures 
the  principal  town  of  Cunobelin,  (after- 
wards Camulodunum,  now  Colchester, 
in  Essex,)  and  after  sixteen  days'  resi- 
dence in  Britain  returns  to  Rome. 
A.D.  44. 

Claudius  celebrates  the  '^  conquest 
of  Britain"  by  a  triumph  at  Rome, 
and,  with  his  son,  assumes  the  sur- 
name of  Britannicus. 


BllTer  Coin  of  Claudius. 
A.D.  47. 
Aulus  Plautius  and  Vespasian  re- 
duce the  southern  part  of  Britain,  and 
obtain  tribute  from  the  more  distant 
tribes  ^. 
The  Picts  are  subdued. 
Apocryphal  date  of  the  martyrdom 
of  Simon  Zelotes  in  Britain  "*. 
A.D.  50. 
Ostorius  Scapula  extends  the  con- 


Us-i 


•  Aooordins  to  the  ordinary  computation. 
shcr  and  otlier  writen  place  the  birth  of  Our  Lord 
kmrytan  earlier. 

'  This  man's  name  is  variously  g[iven :  Adminius, 
aoQ  of  Cinobellinus,  king  of  Bntain,  by  Suetonius, 
and  Minocynobellinus,  son  of  the  king  of  the  firi- 
taos,  by  Paiiliu  Orosius,  a  much  later  writer. 


f  The  Orcades  were  among  the  number,  accord- 
ing to  Eutropius  (a  comparatively  late  wntcr),  but 
Tacitus  asserts  on  the  contrary  that  they  were  first 
discovered  and  subjugated  by  Agricola.  See  a . u.  84 . 

^  Given  in  the  spi-rlous  SyTto^sis  of  Dorotheus, 
a  6th  century  production. 


17 


THE  ROMAN  ERA. 


[a.d.  so— ^7- 


quests  of  his  predecessors,  builds  a 
chain  of  forts  between  the  rivers  Nen 
and  Severn,  ravages  both  the  west  and 
the  north  >,  and  defeats  Caractacus, 
the  king  of  the  Silures  \ 

Caractacus  is  treacherously  delivered 
up  to  the  Romans,  but  being  sent  to 
the  emperor  is  by  him  set  at  liberty. 

Ostorius  is  unsuccessful  against  the 
Silures,  and  dies. 

Valens  and  a  Roman  legion  defeated 
by  the  Silures. 

A.D.  51. 

Aulus  Didius  sent  to  command  in 
Britain. 

Venusius,  at  the  head  of  the  Bri- 
gantes,  maintains  the  war. 
A.D.  54. 

Claudius  dies,  Oct  13.  Nero  suc- 
ceeds. 

A.D.  57. 

Veranius  succeeds  Aulus  Didius  as 
propraetor,  but  dies  shortly  after. 
A.D.  58. 

Suetonius  Paulinus  sent  to  govern 
Britain ;  Agricola  serves  under  him. 
A.D.  61. 

The  Britons,  oppressed  by  Catus 
Decianus,  the  procurator,  and  by  Se- 
neca *,  revolt. 

Boudicea,  the  widow  of  Prasutagus, 
king  of  the  Iceni,  heads  the  Britons. 

Aiphilinus,  after  recounting  certain 
prodigies  by  which  he  says  this  event 
was  heralded,  adds,  "She,  however, 
who  chiefly  excited  and  urged  them  to 
fight  against  the  Romans  was  Bun- 
duica,  who  was  deemed  worthy  to 
command  them,  and  who  led  them  in 
every  battle ;  a  Briton  of  royal  race, 
and  breathing  more  than  female  spirit 
Having  collected,  therefore,  an  army 
to  the  number  of  about  120,000,  she, 
after  the  Roman  custom,  ascended  a 
tribunal  made  of  marshy  earth.  She 
was  of  the  largest  size,  most  terrible  of 
aspect,  most  savage  of  countenance, 
and  harsh  of  voice :  having  a  profusion 


of  yellow  hair  which  fell  down  to  her 
hips,  and  wearing  a  laige  golden  col- 
lar ;  she  had  on  a  parti-coloured  float- 
ing vest  drawn  close  about  her  bosom, 
and  over  this  she  wore  a  thick  mantle 
connected  by  a  clasp.  Such  was  her 
usual  dress ;  but  at  this  time  she  also 
bore  a  spear,  that  thus  she  might  ap- 
pear more  formidable  to  all,  and  she 
spake  after  this  manner,**  &c.  The 
speech,  beside  being  imaginary,  is  too 
long  for  quotation.  "  Having  thus 
harangued,  Bunduica  led  her  army 
against  the  Romans,  who  were  at  that 
time  without  a  chief,  because  Paulinus, 
then  commander,  was  warring  against 
Mona." 

Verulamium,  Camulodunum,  and 
other  Roman  posts,  captured,  and  a 
great  slaughter  made  of  the  Romans 
and  their  allies. 

Suetonius  reduces  Mona(Anglesey)", 
but  is  recalled  by  the  news  of  the 
revolt 

Londinium  (London),  already,  ac- 
cording to  Tacitus  "  famed  for  the  vast 
conflux  of  traders,  and  her  abundant 
commerce  and  plenty,"  destroyed  by 
the  Britons. 

Petilius  Cerealis  and  the  Ninth  Le- 
gion routed. 

Catus  Decianus  escapes  to  GauL 

The  Britons  are  defeated  with  ter- 
rible slaughter  near  Londinium  by 
Suetonius. 

Boudicea  dies',  and  the  Britons 
abandon  the  contest. 

A.D.  62. 
Suetonius  recalled,  and  succeeded 
by  Petronius  Turpilianus. 

A.D.  65. 

Trebellius  Maximus  is  propraetor  in 
Britain. 

Apocryphal  date  of  St  Peter's  visit 
to  Britain  ^ 

A.D.  67. 
Aristobulus,  one  of  the  seventy  dis- 
ciples, said  to  have  died  in  Britain  ^ 


*  The  country  of  the  Canrai  and  the  Brigantes, 
now  Somenetctaire  and  Yorkshire,  and  the  more 
northern  counties. 

^  The  people  of  South  Wales,  Herefordshire,  and 
Monmouthshire.  Caractacus  is  believed  to  have 
been  a  son  of  Cunobelin.  driven  out  from  Essex  by 
the  Romans,  and  then  chosen  as  their  leader  by  the 
Silures.  Welsh  tradition,  however,  claims  him  for 
a  Silurian,  and  ascribes  to  his  father  Bran  the  in- 
troduction of  Christianity  into  Britain,  he  having 
been  carried  prisoner  with  his  son  to  Rome,  and 
there  converted  by  the  preaching  of  St  Paul 

1  "Seneca,  havug  lent  them,  againu  their  will. 


a  thousand  myriads  of  money  in  expectation  of  in- 
terest,  suddenly  and  violently  called  in  his  loan." 
(Xiphilinus.)  There  seems  little  doubt  that  this 
was  Lucius  Annaea^  Seneca,  the  philosopher,  who 
was  put  to  death  by  Nero  in  the  year  following 
thu  revolt 

«  Seep.  4. 

■  She  committed  suicide  accoidmg  Co  Tadtus ; 
but  according  to  Dio  Cassius  she  died  a  natural 
death,  and  was  interred  with  great  hanereal  splen- 
dour. 

•  According  to  Simeon  Metaphrastes,  zoCh  cent 

9  Sjmopsis  Dorothei,  6th  cent 


A.D.  68—84.] 


THE  ROMAN  ERA. 


13 


A.D.  68. 

Nero  put  to  death,  June  9.  He  is 
succeeded  by  Galba. 

A.D.  69. 

Galba  is  killed,  January  16.  Otho 
succeeds,  and  VitelHus  also  is  chosen 
emperor ;  great  dissension  among  the 
Roman  legions  in  Britain  in  con- 
sequence. 

venusius  again  heads  the  Britons. 

Trebellius  Maximus,  the  Roman 
lieutenant,  abandons  his  post. 

Vettius  Bolanus  sent  as  lieutenant 
to  Britain  by  Vitellius. 

Agricola  succeeds  to  the  military 
command. 

Vespasian  becomes  emperor. 

A.D.  70. 
Petilius  Cerealis,  lieutenant  in  Bri- 
tain ;  Agricola  serves  under  him,  and 
the  Fourteenth  Legion  is  designated 
the  "  Conquerors  of  Britain." 

A.D.  75. 
Julius  Frontinus,  propraetor  in  Bri- 
tain. 

A.D."  78. 
Agricola  appointed  to  the  command. 
In  his  first   campaign   he   conquers 
Mona. 

A.D.  79. 

Vespasian  dies,  June  24*  He  is  suc- 
ceeded by  Titus. 

Agricola's  second  campaign.  He 
overruns  the  whole  country,  and  in- 
duces many  of  the  chiefs  to  give  hos- 
tages and  to  allow  their  sons  to  re- 
ceive a  Roman  education. 

"To  the  end,**  says  Tacitus,  "that 
these  oeople,  thus  wild  and  dispersed 
over  Uie  country,  and  thence  easily 
instigated  to  war,  might  by  a  taste  of 
pleasures  be  reconcSed  to  inactivity 
and  repose,  he  first  privately  exhorted 
them,  then  publicly  assisted  them,  to 
build  temples,  houses,  and  places  of 
assembling.  Upon  such  as  were  will- 
ing and  assiduous  in  these  pursuits  he 
heaped  conmiendations,  and  reproofs 
upon  the  lifeless  and  slow;  so  that 
a  competition  for  this  distinction  and 
honour  had  all  the  force  of  necessity. 
He  was  already  taking  care  to  have 
the  sons  of  their  chiefs  taught  the 
liberal  sciences,  preferring  the  natural 
capacity  of  the  Britons  to  the  studied 
su:quirements  of  the  Gauls  ;  and  such 
was  his  success,  that  they  who  had 
lately  scorned  to  learn  the  Roman  lan- 


guage, were  become  fond  of  acquiring 
the  Roman  eloquence.  Thus  they 
began  to  honour  our  apparel,  and  the 
use  of  the  Roman  gown  grew  frequent 
among  them.  By  degrees  they  pro- 
ceeded to  the  incitements  and  charms 
of  vice  and  dissoluteness,  to  magnifi- 
cent galleries,  sumptuous  baths,  and 
all  the  stimulations  and  elegance  of 
banaueting.  Nay,  all  this  innovation 
was  by  the  inexperienced  styled  polite- 
ness and  humanitv,  when  it  was  in- 
deed part  of  their  bondage." 

A.D.  80. 
Agricola's  third  campaign,  in  which 
he  advances  as  far  as  Tava>(the  Frith 
ofTay). 

A.D.  81. 

Agricola's  fourth  campaign.  He  builds 
a  chain  of  forts  between  Gota  and 
Bodotria  (the  Friths  of  Clyde  and 
Forth). 

Titus  dies,  September  13,  and  is 
succeeded  by  Domitian. 

A.D.  82. 

Agricola's  fifth  campaign,  in  which 
he  visits  the  north-western  coast  of 
Britain  :  a  fugitive  chief  from  I  erne 
(Ireland)  is  received  by  him. 

"Agricola,"  sajrs  Tacitus,  "placed 
forces  in  that  part  of  Britain  which 
fronts  Ireland,  more  from  future  views 
than  from  any  present  fear.  In  truth, 
Ireland,  as  it  lies  just  between  Britain 
and  Spain,  and  is  capable  of  an  easv 
conmiunication  with  tne  coast  of  Gaul, 
would  have  proved  of  infinite  use  in 
linking  together  these  limbs  of  the 
empire.  In  size  it  is  inferior  to  Britain, 
but  surpasses  the  islands  in  our  sea. 
In  soil  and  climate,  as  also  in  the 
temper  and  manners  of  the  natives,  it 
varies  little  from  Britain.  Its  ports  and 
landings  are  better  known,  through 
the  frequency  of  commerce  and  mer- 
chants." 

A.D.  83. 

Agricola's  sixth  campaign,  beyond 
the  Frith  of  Forth, 

The  Caledonians  attack  the  Romans, 
but  are  defeated. 

A  cohort  of  Germans,  attempting  to 
desert,  sail  round  the  extremity  of  the 
island,  are  wrecked,  and  sold  into 
slavery. 

A.D.  84. 

Agricola's    seventh    campaign,    in 


M 


THE  ROMAN   ERA. 


[a.d.  84—138. 


which  he  defeats  the  Caledonians 
under  Galgacus. 

The  Horesti  *»  obliged  to  give  hos- 
tages. 

Agricola  sails  round  Britain,  and 
discovers  the  Orcades,  according  to 
Tacitus. 

A  triumph  is  decreed  to  Agricola, 
who  resigns  his  command. 

A.D.  85. 
Sallustius    LucuUus,   propraetor  in 
Britain,  killed  by  order  of  Domitian. 

A.D.  86. 
Arviragus  heads  a  revolt  against  the 
Romans. 

A.D.  96. 
Domitian  is  killed,  September  18. 
Nerva  succeeds. 


A.D.  98. 
Nerva  dies,  January  21.    He  is  suc- 
ceeded by  Trajan. 

A.D.  106. 
Neratius  Marcellus  praefect  in  Bri- 
tain. 

A.D.  1 17. 

Trajan  dies  about  August  la  Ha- 
drian succeeds. 

The  Britons  endeavour  to  throw  off 
the  Roman  yoke. 

A.D.  120. 

Hadrian  visits  Britain. 

A.D.  121. 
Hadrian  builds  a  wall  from  Tinna 
to  Ituna  (the  Tyne  and  Solway  Frith), 
to  separate  the  Roman  province  from 


firasB  Ooin  of  EadrlaiL 


the  unsubdued  tribes ' ;  now  known  as 
the  Picts*  Wall. 

A.D.  124. 

Aulus  Platorius  Nepos,  propraetor. 

A.D.  130. 
Maenius  Agrippa,  praefect  of  the  fleet 
on  the  British  snore. 


A.D.  133. 
Licinius  Italicus,  propraetor. 

A.D.  138. 
Hadrian  dies,  July  la    He  is  suc- 
ceeded by  Antoninus. 


Bntt  Ooin  of  Antoninos  Ffoi. 


«  A  tribe  on  the  north  of  the  Fridk  of  Tay. 


»Seep.$. 


A.D.  133— 197-] 


THE  ROMAN  ERA. 


15 


The  Brigantes  despoiled   of  great 
part  of  their  land^ 

A.D.  139. 
Lollius  Urbicus,  propraetor,  con- 
structs a  rampart  between  the  Forth 
and  Cyde,  on  the  site  of  the  forts  of 
Agricoia ;  now  known  as  Graham's 
Dyke*. 

A.D.  140. 

Valerius   Pansa,  proconsul ;    Seius 
SatommuSy  praefect  of  the  fleet. 

A.D.  161. 
Antoninus  dies,  March  7.  He  is  suc- 
ceeded by  Marcus  Aurelius,  who  takes 
for  his  colleague  Lucius  Verus. 

A.D.  162. 
Calphumius    Agricoia,    in    conse- 
quence of  a  threatened  revolt,  is  sent 
to  Britain  as  lieutenant. 


A.D.  169. 
Lucius  Verus  dies,  about  the  end  of 
the  year. 

A.D.  178  (circa). 
Lucius,  king  of  the  Britons ',  sends 
an  embassy  to  Pope  Eleutherus  on  re- 
ligious affairs. 

A.D.  180. 
Marcus  Aurelius  dies,  March  17  ;  is 
succeeded  by  Conmiodus. 
A.D.  181. 
The  northern  Britons  pass  the  ram- 
part, and  kill  a  Roman  general   They 
are  defeated  by  Ulpius  Marcellus,  sent 
by  Conunodus  against  them. 
A.D.  183. 
Ulpius  Marcellus  concludes  the  war. 

AJ).  184. 
Commodus  takes  in  consequence  the 
title  of  Britannicus. 


BrasBOofii  of  Cornxnodofl. 


A.D.  185. 
The  troops  in  Britain  rise  in  mutiny, 
and   Perennis,  praetorian  praefect,  is 
slain,  as  the  enemy  of  the  soldiers. 

A.D.  187. 
Hdvius  Pertinax  quells  the  revolt 

A.D.  192. 
Godius  Albinus,  the  commander  of 
the  Roman  forces  in  Britain,  is  sus- 
pected by  the  emperor,  and  a  successor 
named.  " 

Death  of  Conmiodus,  December  31. 

A.D.  193. 
Severus  becomes  emperor,  after  the 
deaths  of  Pertinax  and  Didius ;  he 


confers  the  title  of  Caesar  on  Albinus, 
who  has  possession  of  Britain. 

Albinus  is  proclaimed  emperor  in 
GauL 

A.D.  196. 

Virius  Lupus,  propraetor. 
A.D.  197. 

Albinus,  who  had  crossed  into  Gaul, 
is  defeated  and  killed  by  Severus,  near 
Lugdunum  (Lyons). 

The  account  given  by  Herodian  of 
this,  the  first  recorded  battle  fought  by 
a  British  army  on  the  continent,  may 
be  interesting. 

"When  the  army  of  Severus  had 
arrived  in  Gaul,  there  was  some  skir- 
mishing in  different  places ;  but  the 


'  Also  called  the  Wall  of  Antoninus,  in  honour  of 

t  retffninff  emperor. 

I  This  title  is  given  him  by  Nennius,  who  also 


the 

This  title  is  givi 
informs  us  that  his  native  name  was  Liever-maur 


(Great  li^t).  Nennius  ascribes  the  transaction  to 
the  year  164,  and  the  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle  to 
Z67.  Archbishop  Ussher  has  collected  from  vari- 
t  no  fewer  than  twenty-three  different 


dates,  ranging  from  137  to  199,  to  which  it  has  been 
referred :  that  given  m  the  text  is  the  one  esteemed 
the  most  probable,  but  some  writers  consider  the 
whole  apocryphal.  Lucius  is  traditionally  said  to 
have  foundea  several  bishops'  sees,  as  at  London 
and  Llandaff.  A  brass  plate  in  the  church  of  St. 
Peter,  Cornhill,  London,  professes  to  point  out  his 
place  of  sepulture. 


i6 


THE  ROMAN  ERA. 


[a,d.  197— an. 


decisive  battle  was  near  Lugdunum, 
a  great  and  opulent  city,  in  which 
having  shut  himself  up,  Albinus  re- 
mained, but  sent  forth  his  forces  to 
the  fight.  A  severe  conflict  ensuing, 
the  fate  of  victory  on  either  side  for 
a  long  time  continued  dubious ;  for 
the  Britons  yield  nothing  either  in 
courage  or  sanguinary  spirit  to  the 
Illyrians.  Such  noble  armies,  there- 
fore, encountering,  the  overthrow  of 
neither  was  easy;  and,  as  some  of 
the  historians  of  that  time  who  write 
for  truth's  sake  and  not  for  favour  re- 
late, that  division  of  Albinus's  army 
to  which  Severus  with  his  army  was 
opposed,  had  greatly  the  advantage  ; 
insomuch  that  he  was  put  to  flight, 
fell  from  his  horse,  and  threw  off  his 
imperial  robe  to  conceal  himself. 

"The  Britons  now  pursuing,  and 
shouting  as  though  already  victorious, 
they  say  that  Laetus,  one  of  Severus's 
commanders,  came  in  sight  with  the 
army  he  commanded  fresh  and  un- 
touched from  not  having  yet  been  in 
action Severus's  party  took  cour- 
age, placed  him  on  his  horse,  and 
again  clad  him  in  his  imperial  robe. 
Albinus's  troops  supposing  themselves 
already  victorious,  and,  in  consequence, 
having  their  ranks  somewhat  disor- 
dered, when  this  noble  and  fresh  army 
fell  suddenly  upon  them,  gave  way 
after  but  little  resistance.  A  desperate 
rout  ensuing,  the  soldiers  of  Severus 
pursued,  and  slew  them  until  they 
threw  themselves  into  the  city.  The 
number  of  the  slain  and  captive  on 
either  side  is  differently  recorded,  as 
the  inclination  of  the  several  historians 
of  those  times  dictated. 

"Severus's  army  having  plundered 
and  burnt  the  city  Lugdunum,  and 
captured  Albinus,  they  cut  off  his 
head,  and  brought  it  to  Severus .... 
Such  was  the  end  of  Albinus,  who  for 
a  little  time  had  partaken  of  honours 
which  led  to  his  own  destruction." 
A.D.  201. 

Virius  Lupus  purchases  peace  from 
the  Meata:  ■,  who  had  joined  the  Ca- 
ledonians. 

A.D.  204. 

Southern  Britain,  now  considered  as 


conouered,  is  by  the  emperor's  order 
divided  into  two  provinces ;  Virius 
Lupus  being  still  propraetor. 

A.D.  205  or  206. 
Alfenus    Senecio    appointed    pro- 
praetor. 

A.D.  207. 
The  wall  of  Severus  in  progress  of 
construction  '. 

An  insurrection  of  the  Britons.  The 
propraetor  requests  further  forces  or 
the  presence  of  the  emperor. 

A.D.  208. 
Severus  repairs  to  Britain. 

A.D.  209. 

Severus,  leaving  Geta,  his  younger 
son,  in  the  southern  part  of  Britain, 
advances  into  Caledonia,  refuses  all 
treaty  with  the  natives,  and  subdues 
them^,  not,  however,  without  severe 
loss  to  his  army. 

"Severus,"  says  Xiphllinus,  "ad- 
vanced into  Caledonia,  and  in  traversing 
the  country  underwent  indescribable 
labour  in  cutting  down  woods,  levell- 
ing hills,  making  marshes  passable, 
and  constructing  bridjg;es  over  rivers  : 
for  he  fought  not  a  single  battle,  nor 
did  he  see  any  army  in  array.  The 
enemy  moreover  threw  sheep  and  oxen 
in  our  track,  on  purpose  that  the  sol- 
diers might  seize  them,  and  thus  being 
enticed  farther  onward,  might  be  worn 
out  by  their  sufferings.  From  the 
waters  too  they  suffered  dreadfully, 
and  ambuscades  were  laid  for  them 
when  dispersed.  And  if  no  longer 
able  to  proceed  they  were  dispatched 
by  their  very  comrades  lest  they  shoidd 
be  taken :  so  that  by  this  means  50,000 
of  them  perished." 

A.D.  210. 

The  wall  of  Severus  finished. 

Severus  assumes  the  surname  of 
Britannicus. 

Caracalla,  the  emperor's  son,  at- 
tempts his  father's  life. 

A.D.  21  r. 
Death    of  Severus   at    Eboracum 
(York),  February  4.    His  sons  Cara- 
calla and  Geta  succeed  him. 


>  The  Meatae  occupied  the  countxy  in  the  imme- 
diate neighbourhood  of  the  Wall  of  Antoninus.  See 
A.D.  rjQ. 

"  This,  which  was  merely  a  strenethening  of  the 
Wall  of  Hadrian,  is  an  evicience  of  me  unconquered 


spirit  of  the  Britons,  and  is  not  to  be  taken  as  indi- 
cating any  advance  of  the  Roman  power,  which  on 
the  contzaiy  was  giving  way,  as  is  shewn  by  tho 
conduct  of  Virius  Lup 


'  See  Coin,  p.  9. 


UpUS,  A.D.  90X. 


A.D.  an — 267.] 


THE  ROMAN   ERA. 


17 


BraflB  OQin  of  Ganoalla. 


CaracaHa  appoints  Papianus  prae-   tain  by  historians  for  a  period  of  more 


feet  of  Britain,  makes  a  treaty  with 
the  natives,  and  leaves  the  island. 
Very  slight  mention  is  made  of  Bri- 


than  60  years  after  this  time.  The 
names  of  a  few  of  its  governors  (given 
hereafter)  have  been  preserved  to  us 


Brass  Ooln  of  Geta. 


by  inscriptions,  but  nothing  is  cer- 
tainly known  of  the  part  taken  by 
them,  or  by  the  legions  in  Britain,  in 
the  struggles  which  for  the  greater 
part  of  the  time  convulsed  almost 
every  other  part  of  Uie  empire,  where 
aspirants  to  the  purple  rose  and  fell 
in  rapid  succession.  It  is  probable 
that  the  governors  were  in  reality  al- 
most independent ;  and  it  is  not  till  the 
year  276  that  any  act  of  sovereignty 
over  Britain  is  ascribed  to  a  Roman 
emperor. 

A.D.  212. 
Geta  is  put  to  death,  February  17. 

A.D.  217. 
Caracalla  assassinated,  April  8.  Ma- 
crinus  succeeds. 

A.D.  218. 
Macrinus  killed,  June  8.  He  is  suc- 
ceeded by  Heliogabalus. 
A.D.  219. 
M.  D.  Junius,  proprietor. 

A.D.  221. 
Marius  Valerianus,  propraetor. 

A.D.  222. 
Heliogabalus  killed,  March  1 1.  Alex- 
ander Sevenis  succeeds. 
A.D.  235. 
Alexander     Sevenis     assassinated, 
March  19.    Maximinus  succeeds. 


A.D. 


238. 

Claudius  Paulinus,  propraetor. 
Maximinus  assassinated,  in  March. 
Gordian  the  Younger  succeeds. 

A.D.  240. 
Gn.  Lucilianus,  propraetor. 

A.D.  244. 
Gordian   assassinated,    in    March. 
Philip  succeeds,  and  takes  his  son  as 
colleague. 

A.D.  249. 
Philip  and  his  son  slain  in  October. 
Decius  proclaimed  emperor. 
A.D.  251. 
Decius  dies,  in  November.     He  is 
succeeded  by  Gallus  Hostilianus. 

A.D.  252. 
Volusianus  associated  to  the  empire. 

A.D.  253. 
Gallus  and  Volusianus  slain,  in  May. 
Valerian  and  Gallienus  emperors. 

A.D.  255. 
Desticius  Juba,  propraetor. 

A.D.  260. 

Valerian  being  taken  by  Sapor,  Gal- 
lienus becomes  sole  emperor. 

A.D.  267. 
Gallienus  assassinated,  March  20. 
Claudius  becomes  emperor. 


.eS 


THE  ROHAN  ERA. 


[a.d.  ayo — 192» 


A.D.  270. 
Claudius  dies  of  the  plagne,  in  May. 
Aurdian  succeeds.  , 

A.D.  273. 
Constantius  Chlorus  (afterwards  em- 
peror) marries  Helena,  a  British  prin- 
cess '.   Their  son  Constantine  is  bom  ^ 
Feb.  27,  274. 

A.D.  275. 
Aurelian  assassinated,  in  January. 
Tacitus  succeeds. 

A.D.  276- 

Tacitus  assassinated,  in  April  His 
l>rother  Florianus  holds  the  empire  for 
^3  days,  ruling  in  Britain  amcn^  other 
countries. 

Florianus  is  killed,  in  Jidy.  Probus 
succeeds. 

A  revolt  in  Britain  queDed  by  Vic- 
^torinus,  a  Moor. 

A.D.  277. 
Probus  having  conquered  the  Bur- 
^^ndians  and  Vandals,  settles  colonies 
^  them  in  the  eastern  part  of  Britain. 

A.IX282. 
Probus  is  slain,  in  November.    He 
is  succeeded  by  Cams,  who  associates 
his  sons  Carinus  and  Numerianus,  as- 
signing Britain  to  the  former. 

A.D.  283. 
Cams  dies,  in  December. 

A.D.  284. 
Numerianus  is  killed,  in  September. 
IDiocletian  chosen  emperor. 

AJD.  285. 
Carinus  is  killed. 

A.D.  286w 

Maximian  is  associated  in  the  em- 
^pire  with  Diocletian. 

The  Franks  and  Saxons  infest  the 

^ coast  of  GauL     Carausius,'  a  Mena- 

pian",   to    whom   the    command   of 

■a  fleet  against  them  had   been  in- 

.trusted,  being  suspected  of  conniving 


at  their  ravages,  is  ordered  to  be  put 
to  death.  He  retires  to  Britain,  taking^ 
the  fleet  with  him,  and  assumes  the 
porple. 


AJD.  287. 
Maximian  prepares  a  fleet  and  army 
for  the  redaction  of  Britain. 


81l7er  Ooln  of  Gannsfau*. 
AJ>.  289. 

Caransius  repulses  Maximian,  wto 
is  obliged  to  make  peace  with  htm. 


Bzaa  Ooin  of  Ousuiu,  xopmenting  liit  t 


AJ>.292. 

Diocletian  associates  Constantins 
and  Maximinus  with  him  in  the  em- 
pire. 

Constantius,  who  now  rules  over 
Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain,  divorces 
Helena. 

Constantius  reduces  Gessoriacum, 
which  belonged  to  Carausius. 


*  She  is  said  by  Henry  of  Huntingdon  to  have 
1>een  the  danshter  of  Cod.  whom  he  stvlcs  long  of 
Colecestre  (Colchester);  William  of  Makneabuiy, 
on  what  ground  b  unVnown,  asserts  that  she  was 
a  tender  of  cattle  (stabolariaX 

y  His  birth  u  placed  by  many  early  writers 
Id  Bntab;  but  it  really  ooconed  at  Hr '- 


■  The  Menapii  inhabited  the  country  on  the 
south  of  the  Scheldt,  in  the  modem  kingdom  of 
Belsium. 

'  These  coins  of  Carausius  are  interesting ;  par* 
dcularly  the  one  which  shews  by  its  proud  wscrip- 
tion,  "  Romano  renova,'*  the  lofty  hopes  that  tae 
of  Britain  inspired. 


AJ5.  294— 3J«-] 


THE  ROMAN  SRA. 


19 


Caransitis  is  slain  by  his  admiral 
Allectusy  who  assumes  the  purple  in 
Britain* 


Sold  GUa  of  AUfiotoa. 

AJD.  296. 
Constantius,  passing  in  a  mist  by 
the  British  fl^  lands  in  Britain  and 
bmns  his  ships. 


Ooia  «f  lUflotDS. 


Defeats  and  Idlls  AJlectus,  and  re- 
covers Britain  for  the  empire* 

A.D.  304. 
Alban^  and  other  Christhms  suffer 
martyrdom.   According  to  Bade  17,000 
Christians  are  martyred  in  one  month 
in  different  parts  of  the  empire  ^ 

A.IX505* 
By  the  abdication  of  Diocletian  and 


Ufaan,  aooQffding  to  tk«  legend,  WM  api^jui  I 
tofVeralain,  who 

to  a  Chnstian  vrieatg 
tamed  AmphAwlus, 
aofd  wa»  000  verted  by 
hnn.  Amphibalus  havw 
ItnrAlban'a 
the  latter 


scoiuged 
id.  Ontbe 
spoC  wneiv  hftsnfferea 
■ortyraofli  Adnwca 
Ink,  off  v«nd«rf«l 
»■  M  111  m««»^i>ip  atxeT' 
wards  arose,  to  which 
a  monastic  uistitutioB 
was  added  by  Offii 
abooi  7S7,  the  abbot 
ec  whidk  ancrwaraa 
leccived  firooi  Popa 
Adrian  IV.  precedence 
over  all  others,  on  ac- 
count of  its  patroa 
saint  being  regarded 
MM  pcotcvflsartyr  01 
The  saint 


Maximian  \  Constantius  and  Galerius 
become  emperors. 

Constantius  chiefly  resides  in  Bri* 
tain,  and  makes  a  successful  expedi* 
tion  against  the  Caledonians. 

A.D.  306. 

Constantius  dies  at  Eboracum,  July 
2C  ;  is  buried  at  Cair  Segeint  (probs^ 
bly  near  Caernarvon),  accordmg  to 
Nennius. 

Constantine,  his  son,  being  in  Bri- 
tain, is  proclaimed  emperor. 

Maxentius,  son  of  Maximian,  takes 
the  title  of  Augustus  at  Rome. 

A.D.  307. 
Licinius,  brother-in-law  of  Constan* 
tine,  is  declared  emperor. 

A.D.  312. 

Constantine  marches  a^inst  Max- 
entius, having  with  him  levies  from 
Britain. 

Death  of  Maxentius. 

A.D.  313. 

Constantine  embraces  Christianity  •. 

L^ds  an  army  against  the  Britons 
beyond  the  wall  of  Severus,  and  sub- 
dues t^f"*! 

A.D.  314. 
Certain  British  bishops  are  presesyt 
at  the  council  at  Aries '. 

A.D.  319. 
Pacatianus,  propraetor. 

A.D.  325. 
The  council  of  Nice,  at  which  Bri- 
tish bishops  are  believed  to  have  been 
present 

A.D.  332. 

Constantine  makes  a  new  division 
of  the  empire,  which  assigns  Britain, 
Gaul,  and  Iberia  to  one  praefect 


is  thus  depicted  on  die  brass  of  Abbot  Delamere 
(who  died  i^^  in  St.  Alban's  Abbe^. 

•  This  was  in  the  tenth  persecution,  under  Dio- 
cletian and  Maximian  ;  the  former  penecutions  are 
not  mentioned  as  extending  to  Britain,  nor  is  there 
any  certain  evidence  diat  that  of  Diocletian  did  so. 

•  Maamiaa  survived  until  3x0^  and  Diocletian 
till  3x6. 

•  Bede  states  that  Constantine  was  baptised  at 
Rome  by  Pope  Sylvester,  but  other  writers  assert 
that  he  only  received  baptifln  a  short  time  before 
his  death,  in  337. 

'  From  the  siiniatures  to  the  canons  it  appears 
that  they  were  Eborius  of  York,  Restitutus  of  L^xk- 
don,  and  Adelfius  "  de  civitate  Colonia  Londinen- 
sium,"  which  is  probably  a  mistake  for  "  1 
sium"  (Caerleon). 


C2 


20 


THE  ROMAN  ERA. 


[A.D.  337—384- 


A.D.  337. 
Constantine  dies.    In  the  division  of 
tihe  empire,  his  son  Constantine  re- 
ceives Britain,  Gaul,  and  Iberia. 

A.D.  340. 
Constans  acquires  jpossession  of  Bri- 
tain, on  the  death  of  Constantine  the 
Younger. 

A.D.  343. 
Constans  visits  Britain,  and  restores 
tranquillity  there. 

A.D.  35a 

Magnentius,  whose  father  was  a 
Briton,  kills  Constans,  and  possesses 
himself  of  part  of  his  dominions. 

The  army  in  Britain  favour  Mag- 
nentius. 

A.D.  353. 

Magnentius  is  defeated  and  killed 
by  Constantius,  who  thus  secures  the 
whole  empire. 

Martinus,  prxfect  in  Britain,  kills 
himself,  having  failed  to  stab  Paulus, 
who  had  been  sent  to  inquire  into  his 
conduct  in  the  time  of  Magnentius. 

A.D.  357. 
Julian,  nephew  of  the  emperor,  builds 
800  vessels  of  small  size  to  import  com 
froni  Britain  for  the  supply  of  the  Roman 
garrisons  in  Germany. 

A.D.  359. 
Julian  builds  warehouses  for  the  com 
received  from  Britain. 

The  council  of  Ariminium  (Rimini), 
at  which  several  bishops  from  Britain 
are  present 

A.D.  360. 

Alypius,  vicar  (or  lieutenant)  in  Bri- 
tain. 

The  Scots  and  Picts  invade  Roman 
Britain. 

Lupicinus  is  despatched  to  oppose 
them. 

A.D.  361. 

Constantius  dies.  Julian,  sumamed 
the  Apostate,  succeeds. 

A.D.  362. 
Julian  reforms  the  fiscal  abuses  of 
th«  pnefects  in  Britain. 

A.D.  363. 
Julian  is  killed,  June  26.     Jovian 
succeeds. 

A.D.  364. 
Jovian  dies,  Feb.  17.     He  is  suc- 


ceeded by  Valentinian,  who  associates 
with  himself  his  brother  Valens. 

Roman  Britain  harassed  by  the 
Saxons  by  sea,  and  the  Picts  and 
Scots  by  land. 

A.D.  367. 

Revolt  in  Britain,  in  which  Fullofau- 
des  and  Nectaridus,  the  commanders 
of  the  army  and  fleet,  are  slain. 

Severus  sent  by  the  emperor  into 
Britain,  but  soon  recalled.  Jovinus 
a|)pointed  praefect,  who  sends  Prover- 
tuides  thither  before  him. 

Theodosius  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand in  Britain. 

The  Picts  at  this  time  divided  into 
two  tribes,  the  Dicalidonae  and  Vec- 
turiones. 

A.D.  368. 

Theodosius  routs  the  Picts  and  Scots, 
and  establishes  peace. 

Valentinus,  brother-in-law  of  Maxi- 
minus,  having  been  banished  to  Bri- 
tain, conspires  against  Theodosius. 
Is  detected,  and  put  to  death. 

Theodosius  restores  the  cities  and 
fortifies  the  borders ;  he  recovers  the 
country  between  the  walls  of  Severus 
and  Agricola,  and  forms  it  into  a  pro- 
vince called  Valentia,  in  honour  of  the 
emperor.    Is  recalled. 

A.D.  372. 
Fresh  disturbances  in  Britain;  Frao- 
marius  is  sent  thither  by  Valentinian. 

A.D.  375. 
Valentinian  dies,  November  17.    He 
is  succeeded  by  his  sons  Gratian  and 
Valentinian  the  vounger.   Gratian  has 
Gaul,  Iberia  ana  Britain. 

A.D.  379. 
Theodosius  (son  of  the  pacificator  of 
Britain)  is  associated  in  the  empire  by 
Gratian. 

A.D.  382. 
Clemens  Maximus  repels  the  Picts 
and  Scots  who  had  made  incursions 
on  Britain. 

A.D.  383. 
The  army  in  Britain  revolt,  and  make 
Maximus  emperor,  who  passing  into 
Gaul,  puts  Gratian  to  death,  August  23. 

A.D.  384. 

Maximus  fixes  his  seat  of  govern- 
ment at  Treveri  (Treves). 


A.D.  387—411.] 


THE  ROMAN  £RA« 


21 


A.D.  387. 

Maximus,  with  a  large  army  of  Bri- 
tons and  Gauls,  invades  Italy,  and  ex- 
pels Valentinian. 

A.D.  388. 
Maximus  defeated  and  killed  in  Italy, 
and  his  son  Victor  in  GauL 

The  Britons  of  the  army  of  Maximus 
establish  themselves  in  Armorica  (Bri- 
tanny). 

A.D.  392. 
Valentinian  killed  by  Arbogastes, 
a  Gaul,  May  15. 

A.D.  393. 
Chrysanthus,  vicar  (or  lieutenant)  of 
Britain. 

A.D.  394. 
Ninias,  a  Briton  educated  at  Rome, 
is  ordained  to  the  bishopric  of  the 
Southern  Picts  by  Pope  Siricius. 

A.D.  395. 

Theodosius  dies,  January  17.    His 

sons  Arcadius  and  Honorius  succeed, 

and  the  Roman  empire  is  henceforth 

divided  into  the  Eastern  and  Western. 

A.D.  396. 

The  Britons,  harassed  by  the  Picts 
and  Scots,  apply  to  Honorius,  the  em- 
peror of  the  West,  for  aid. 

A  legion  is  despatched  to  their  as- 
sistance by  Stilicho,  the  general  of  Ho- 
norius, and  the  invaders  are  repulsed. 

A.D.  400. 
The  wall  of  Severus  repaired. 
Pelagius,  a  Briton,  begins  to  spread 
his  hereticad  doctrines  about  this  time'. 

A.D.  402. 
The  Roman  legion  being  withdrawn, 
the  Picts  and  Scots  resume  theu:  in- 
roads. 

A.D.  403. 
The  Goths  invade  Italy. 


A.D.  407. 

The  Vandals  penetrate  into  Gaul, 
and  threaten  Britain. 

The  army  in  Britain  revolts,  and 
declares  Marcus  emperor. 

Marcus  is  killed,  and  Gratian,  a  na- 
tive of  Britain,  assumes  the  purple. 

Gratian  is  deposed  and  killed,  four 
months  after  his  elevation. 

Constantine  usurps  the  empire  in 
Britain,  and   collecting  a  fleet  and 
army  invades  Gaul  and  Iberia. 
A.D.  408. 

Sams,  despatched  against  Constan- 
tine, besieges  him  in  Valentia,  but  is 
himself  obliged  to  flee  into  Italy. 

Constantine  makes  his  son  Con- 
stans  Caesar. 

Honorius  recognises  Constantine  as 
his  partner  in  the  empire. 

Arcadius  dies,  and  is  succeeded  by 
his  son  Theodosius  II. 
A.D.  409. 

Gerontius,  a  Briton,  revolts  against 
Constantine. 

The  Britons  arm  themselves  against 
the  invading  barbarians,  and  also  ex- 
pel the  Roman  magistrates. 
A.D.  410. 

Rome  captured  and  sacked  by  the 
Goths,  under  Alaric,  August  24,  in  the 
1 163rd  year  of  its  foundation  \ 

Honorius  writes  letters  to  the  British 
cities  absolving  them  from  their  alle- 
giance, and  urging  them  to  provide  for 
their  own  security. 

A.D.  411. 

Gerontius  kills  Constans  Caesar,  and 
causes  Maximus  to  be  elected  emperor. 

Constantius,  the  general  of  Hono- 
rius, defeats  and  kills  Constantine  and 
his  son  Julian. 

Gerontius  is  killed  by  his  own  sol- 
diers, and  Maximus  deprived  of  the 
purple. 


Events  in  General  History. 


Jolins  Caesar  completes  the  conquest 
ofGaul 51 


The  Roman  Empire  estahlished  hy 
Octavianus  (Augustus) 


31 


'  He  denied  the  doctrine  of  original  sin,  and  the 
Mcesaiity  of  grace,  and  asserted  t)»t  man  could  at- 
tjin  to  perfection.  Nearly  thirty  councils  were 
called,  at  all  of  which  his  opuiions  were  condemned. 
tii&  chief  disciple  was  Ccelestius,  an  Irishman. 

^  This  it  according  to  the  Dionysian  oomputatioii. 


Bede  says  the  ii&Ath  year,  and  the  Saxon  Chronicle 
"about  the  iizotn."  Some  authorities  assign  tha 
year  409,  others  410.  on  which  Muratori  remarics, 
It  is  strange  that  tne  precise  year  of  so  great  a  ca- 
tasfirophe  should  be  so  uncertain." 


S9 


BRITAnt  IKDEPENDENT. 


[a.d.  41& 


Jerusalem  taken  by  the  Romans 

The  Emperor  Hadrian  makes  the  Eu- 
phrates the  limit  of  the  Roman 
Empire    .        •        .        •        . 

The  Persian  Empire  founded  by  Aidi- 
sheer 

Constantinople  made  the  capital  of 
the  Eastern  Empire  . 


A.D. 

70 


117 
226 
324 


The  Franks  commence  the  conquest 
ofGanl 

The  Goths  cross  the  Danube  and 
make  war  on  the  Roman  Em- 
pire •        •...• 

The  Vandals  establish  themselTes  in 
Gaul        ...... 

The  Gothic  kingdom  of  Spainfounded    414 


354^ 


37T 
406 


BRITAIN  INDEPENDENT. 


A.D.418. 

"This  year  the  Romans  collected 
an  the  treasures  that  were  in  Britain, 
and  some  th^  hid  in  the  earth,  so 
that  no  one  has  since  been  able  to 
find  them;  and  some  they  carried 
with  them  into  Gaul*." 

With  this  passage  from  the  Saxon 
Chronicle  the  authentic  history  of 
Britain  ceases  for  a  period  of  nearly 
sixty  years.  In  the  interval  are  usually 
placed  certain  events  mentioned  in  the 
writings  of  Gildas  and  Nennius,  but 
nothing  is  to  be  drawn  from  their 
statements  that  can  be  reduced  to 
chronological  accuracy;  for  &e  first 
gives  no  dates,  and  the  few  found  in 
the  latter  are  contradictory.  Though 
some,  perhaps  several,  of  the  events 
may  be  true,  it  is  impossible  to  assign 
dates  to  the  reputed  marriage  of  Guor- 
thigirn  (Vortigem)  to  the  (Su^hter  of 
Hengist;  the  murder  of  the  British 
nobles  ;  the  numerous  battles  said  to 
have  been  fought  with  various  success 
by  Guorthemir  (Vortimer)  and  Am- 
brosius  against  the  invaders ;  die  death 
of  Horsa,  or  die  foundation  of  the  fiirat 
Saxon  kingdom. 

By  comparing,  however,  these  state- 
ments with  the  few  scattered  notices 
to  be  found  in  Zosimus  and  other 
writers  of  the  period,  we  learn  that, 
the  Roman  power  being  finally  with- 
drawn, the  British  cities  formed  them- 
selves into  a  varying  number  of  inde- 
pendent states,  usually  at  war  with 
each  other,  but  occasionally  united  by 
some  common  danger  into  a  confed- 
eracy, with  an  elective  chieftain  whose 


power  lasted  no  longer  than  the  emer- 
gency. Such  a  ruler  probably  was 
Vortigem,  who, — ^pressed  at  once  by 
the  northern  tribes  and  the  sea  rovers, 
and  bv  rivals  for  power,  of  whom  one 
named  Ambrosius,  of  Roman  extrac- 
don,  was  the  most  formidable, — ^bears 
the  reproach  of  having  called  in  the 
aid  of  the  Saxons  against  both  his 
foreign  and  domesdc  foes.  Recent 
inquirers  have  attempted  to  shew 
that  the  well-known  names  of  Hengist 
and  Horsa ^,  ascribed  to  their  leaders, 
are  not  pr(^>er  names,  but  rather  ddes 
of  honour,  (signifying  war-horse  and 
mare,}  bestow^  on  many  daring  lead- 
ers of  bands,  and  that  the  first  employ- 
ment of  mercenaries,  who  soon  leagued 
with  the  enemy,  and  at  length  became 
numerous  enough  to  rule  the  country 
they  were  hired  to  guard,  should  be 
placed  at  least  as  early  as  the  year 
429,  or  twenty  years  before  the  era 
usually  assigned. 

It  seems  hopeless  to  attempt  to 
identify  the  sites  of  the  numerous 
battles  that  ensued,  or  to  assign  satis- 
factory dates  to  them;  indeed,  the 
whole  sum  of  our  knowledge  on  the 
matter  may  be  said  to  be  comprised 
in  the  statement  of  the  Saxon  Chro- 
nicle under  the  year  473 :  "  Hengest 
and  JEsc  fought  against  the  Welsh 
(Walas  or  Wealas),  and  took  spoils 
innumerable  ;  and  the  Welsh  fied  from 
the  Angles  (Englan)  like  fire." 

Several  applications  for  aid  are  stated 
by  Nennius  to  have  been  made  to  the 
Romans,  particularly  one  addressed 
to  '^iEdus  thrice  consul*,''  which  is 


>  Pasnges  thus  marked,  during  the  Saxon  Era, 
leas  aome  other  woric  ia  dted,  are  taken  from  the 
English  vernon  of  the  Angk>-Sa3n»i  Chronide,  pab- 
Hahed  in  the  Bf  omunenta :  and  ahhoagh  1  nave 
foond  it  neoeasary,  eapeddlyintlie poetical  portions, 
jlightly  to  condense,  I  have  the  authority  of  the 


surviving  Editor  of  that  invaluable  woric  for  sar. 
ing  duit  the  sense  of  the  original  has  heen  careliilly 


k  In  the  original,  Hengst  or  HengesL  and  Hors. 
1  Therafere,  if  made  at  alL  between  the  yearn  446 
•ad  454,  when  he  wu  comui  far  the  fourth  time. 


XD.  418.] 


BRITAIN  INDEPENDENT. 


«T 


coMclied  in  most  abject  termSy  and  is 
known  in  Idstoiy  by  the  title  of  the 
^groans  cf  die  Britons  f  scMne  suc- 
cour seems  occasionany  to  luive  been 
afforded,  but  it  had  no  pennanent 
efibct  on  the  contesL 

In  addition  to  the  miseries  of  war 
the  Britons  suffered  at  this  time  from 
xdigioiis  dissensions,  until  the  spread 
of  the  Pdagian  heresy  induced  them 
to  apply  to  the  bishops  of  Gaul  for 
spiritnai  aid.  Germanus,  bishop  of 
Anzenrey  twice  visited  the  island  for 
the  purpose  (probably  in  428  and  446), 
and  on  one  occasion  he  also  gave  them 
military  assistance,  by  leading  a  body 
of  newly  baptized  Britons  against  their 
enemies,  and  gaining  a  victory  known 
as  the  '^  Hallelujah,"  from  the  cry  with 
which  his  converts  fell  upon  their 
heathen  foes. 

Meantime  die  western  division  of 
the  mighty  empire  of  Rome,  of  which 
Britain  had  so  long  formed  a  part,  was 
falling  into  utter  ruin.  Rome  was 
abandoned  by  the  emperors  (A.D.404}, 
who,  surrounded  by  barbarian  mer- 
cenaries, sought  ignoble  safety  amid 
the  marshes  of  Ravenna,  where  they 


were  in  reality  little  moretiian  puppets- 
in  the  hands  of  their  ministers.  Iberia, 
was  occupied  by  the  Vandals  as  early 
as  410 ;  Gaul  was  about  the  same  time 
partitioned  among  the  Visigoths,  the 
Burgundians,  the  Germans,  and  the 
Roman  settlers,  and  ere  long  became 
a  Frankish  kingdom  (A.D.  418}.  The 
movements  of  the  various  German 
tribes  in  Germany  itself,  and  the  en- 
croachments of  bu-barian  races,  drove 
the  Goths  and  other  nations  into  Italy^ 
where  they  took  firm  root,  and  it  is 
a  Gothic  historian*  who  relates  how, 
after  the  death  of  Valentinian  III., . 
Rome  was  in  the  course  of  twenty 
years  occupied  by  eight  "tyrants"  in 
succession.  The  last  of  them,  con- 
temptuously styled  Augustulus,  was 
in  476  deposed  by  Odoacer,  the  cap- 
tain of  the  HeruUan  guard,  who,  de- 
spising the  empty  name  of  emperor, 
governed  the  country  for  a  while  with 
wisdom  and  success  under  the  modest 
title  of  Patrician,  tmtil  he  in  his  turn 
was  defeated  and  soon  after  treacher- 
ously slain  by  Theodoric,  the  founder 
of  the  Gothic  dynasty  in  Italy  (A.D. 
493). 


NOTE. 


Vague  Knowledge  op  Britain. 


Considering  the  lig^t  estimation  in 
which  all  the  countries'  that  they  termed 
barfaaioos  were  hekl  by  the  Greeks  and 
Romans,  it  is  not  sorpriang  to  find  even 
their  best  writers  aborniding  in  fables  and 
idle  Cuicies,  when  mentioning  a  r^;ion  so 
remote  as  Britain.  They  speak  of  the 
comitry  of  "the  painted  Britons,"  "the 
hoirid  Britons,"  as  adjoining  Thule,  the 
r^ion  of  enchantments ;  and  both  Strabo 
and  Diodoms  Sicuhis  gravely  afi&rm  that 
men  live  in  the  neighbouring  isle  of  leroe 
with  difficulty  on  accoont  of  the  coM,  and 
aie  r*""**^^g-  Bat  perhaps  the  most  re- 
markable instance  ot  how  little  was  really 
known  of  Britain  after  ages  of  Roman  oc- 
cnpation  is  to  be  found  in  the  following 
passage  fiom  Procopins,  who  lived  in  the 
sixth  century,  was  a  man  of  action,  an  ex- 
tensive traveller,  and  a  senator,  yet  felt  it 
necessary,  "  lest  he  should  be  charged  with 
ignoiance,"  though  evidently  not  a  believer 
hunself,  to  mix  with  his  History  of  the 


Gothic   War"  so  wild  a  fiction  as   the 
following : — 

"In  the  northern  ocean  lies  the  island  Brittiay 
not  fax  from  the  continent,  but  as  much  as  aoo 
stadia,  right  opposite  to  the  outlets  of  the  Rhine, 
and  is  between  Britannia  and  the  island  Thule. 
For  Britannia  lies  somewhere  to«rards  the  setting 
sun,  at  the  extremity  of  th«  country  of  the  Spa- 
niards, distant  from  the  continent  not  less  than  > 
^000  stadia. 

"  In  this  isle  of  Brittia,  men  of  ancient  time  built 
a  long  wallf  cutting  off  a  great  portion  of  it :  for  tho 
soil,  and  the  men,  and  alTother  thin^  are  not  alike 
on  both  sides :  for  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  wall 
there  is  a  wholesomeness  of  air  in  conformity  with 
the  seasons,  moderately  warm  in  summer,  and  cool 
in  winter.  Men  inhabit  here,  living  much  as  other 
men.  The  trees  with  their  appropriate  fruits  flourish 
in  season,  and  their  com-lands  are  as  productive  as 
others,  and  the  distria  appears  sufficiently  fertilised 
by  streams.  But  on  the  western  side  all  is  different, 
insomuch  indeed  that  it  would  be  impossible  for  a  < 
man  to  live  there  even  half  an  hour.  Vipers  and 
serpents  innumerable,  with  all  other  kinds  of  wild 
bcasta,  iaiest  that  place ;  and  what  is  most  strange, 
the  natives  affirm  that  if  any  one,  passing  the  wall, 
should  proceed  to  the  other  side,  he  would  die  im< 
r,  unable  to  endure  the  unwholesomeness. 


■  Jonandcs,  Inshop  of  Ravenna,  in  the  sixth  century. 


>  De  BeU.  Gothic.,  lib.  iv.  a  1 


24 


NOTE. 


<of  die  atmomhere.  Death  also  attacking  such 
beasts  as  go  thither,  forthwith  destroys  them.  But 
•as  I  have  arrived  at  this  point  of  my  history,  it  is 
incumbent  on  me  to  record  a  tradition  very  nearly 
lalUed  to  &ble,  which  has  never  appeared  to  me  true 
•in  all  remect&f  though  constantly  spread  abroad  by 
|jnen  without  numbor,  who  assert  that  themselves 
ibave  been  agents  in  the  transactions,  and  also 
ybearers  of  the  words.  ^  I  must  not,  however,  jpass 
'it  by  altogether  unnoticed^  lest  when  thus  writing 
concerning  the  island  of  Bnttia  I  should  brin^  upon 
myself  an  imputation  of  ignorance  of  certam  dr- 
-cumstances  perpetually  happening  there. 

'*  They  say  men  that  the  souls  of  men  departed 
4axe  always  conducted  to  this  place ;  but  in  what 
manner  I  will  explain  immediately,  having  fre- 
quently heard  it  firem  men  of  that  region  rdating 
it  most  seriously,  although  I  would  rather  ascribe 
their  asseverations  to  a  certain  dreamy  fiunilty  which 
possesses  them.  On  the  coast  of  the  land  over 
,  against  tlus  island  Bnttia,  in  the  ocean,  are  many 
•vulages,  inhabited  by  men  employed  in  fishing  and 
in  agriculture ;  who  for  the  sake  of  merchandize  pass 
over  to  this  island.  In  other  respects  they  are  sub- 
ject to  the  Franks,  but  they  never  render  them  tri- 
bute ;  this  burden,  as  they  relate,  having  been  of 
old  remitted  to  them  for  a  certain  service,  which  I 
shall  immediately  describe.  The  inhabitants  de- 
clare that  the  conducting  of  souls  devolves  on  them 
in  turn.  Such  of  them,  therefore,  as  on  the  ensu- 
injg  night  are  to  go  on  this  occupation  in  their  turn 
oTservice,  retiring  to  their  dwellings  as  soon  as  it 
grows  dark,  compose  themselves  to  sleep,  awaiting 
the  conductor  of  the  expedition.  -  All  at  once,  at 
night,  they  perceive  that  their  doors  are  shaken, 
and  they  hear  a  certain  indistinct  voice  summoning 
them  to  their  work.  Without  delay  arising  from 
.their  beds  they  proceed  to  the  shore,  nol  under- 


standing the  necessity  Mrhich  thus  ooostzaias  diem, 
yet  nevertheless  compelled  by  its  ini9uence.  A^ 
here  they  perceive  vessels  in  readiness,  wholly  void 
of  men,  not,  however,  their  own,  but  certain  strange 
vessels,  in  which  embarking  they  lay  hold  on  the 
oars,  and  feel  their  burden  made  heavier  by  a  mul- 
titude of  passengers,  the  boats  being  sunlc  to  the 
gunwale  and  rowlodc,  and  floating  scarce  a  finger 
above  the  water.  Tliey  see  not  a  single  person, 
but  having  rowed  for  one  hour  only,  they  arrive  at 
Brittia:  whereas  when  they  navigate  their  own 
vesseb,  not  making  use  of  sails,  but  rowing,  they 
arrive  Uiere  with  difficulty  even  in  a  ni^t  and  a  day. 
Having  reached  the  island  and  beoi  released  frtmi 
their  burden,  they  depart  immediately;  the  boats 

auickly  becoming  Hs^^  suddenly  emoging  from 
le  stream^^d  sinking  m  the  water  no  deeper  dian 
the  keeL  These  people  see  no  htiman  bttng,  either 
while  navigating  with  them,  nor  when  released  finun 
the  ship.  But  they  say  that  they  hear  a  certain 
voice  there,  which  seems  to  annoimce  to  such  as  re- 
ceive them  the  names  of  all  who  have  crossed  over 
with  them,  describing  the  dignities  which  they  for- 
merly possiessed,  and  calling  them  over  by  dieir  he- 
reditaiy  titles.  And  also  if  women  hsqipen  to  cross 
over  with  them,  they  call  over  the  names  of  the  hus- 
bands with  whom  they  lived.** 


In  spite  of  the  historian's  distinction  in 
this  passage  of  Brittia  and  Britain,  he  after- 
wards mentions  many  circumstances  wluch 
shew  conclusively  they  are  in  reality  one 
and  the  same,  and  that  it  is  Britain  which 
he  speaks  of»  as  the  place  of  disembodied 
spirits. 


H'.-^r 


BoBuui  ibionxy,  Jewry  WaU,  Leloester. 


QM  (Un  ftttriboted  to  Idwftid  fhe  OonliBflKir. 

THE   SAXON    ERA. 


PROM  THE  FIFTH  TO  THE  ELEVENTH   CENTURY. 


The  original  country  of  the  Saxons 
cannot  be  regarded  as  fully  ascertained 
A  tale  accepted  as  authentic  by  Witi- 
kind  of  Corbie,  in  the  tenth  century, 
represents  them  as  arriving  in  ships, 
and  settling  themselves  by  force  among 
the  Tburingians,  in  the  time  of  the 
emperor  Vespasian,  and  from  the  idol- 
atrous estimation  in  which  they  are 
known  to  have  held  the  war-horse,  it 
has  been  conjectured  that  they  pro- 
bably came  from  the  country  eastward 
of  the  Baltic,  that  form  of  paganism  pre- 
vailing in  those  regions  even  to  com- 
paratively recent  times.  The  first  di- 
rect mention  of  them,  however,  is  that 
by  Ptolemy,  who,  before  the  close  of 
the  second  century,  speaks  of  the  tribes 
on  the  shore  and  the  islands  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Elbe,  as  Saxons,  and 
pirates. 

Of  the  form  of  government  prevail- 
ing at  that  time  among  them,  we  know 
little  more  than  that,  as  with  other 
barbarous  nations,  it  was  based  on 
their  idolatry.  Their  chiefs  claimed 
descent  from  Woden,  the  god  of  war  ', 
and  they  had  many  other  deities,  the 
names  of  some  of  whom  are  still  pre- 
served in  our  English  tongue,  little 
altered,  in  those  of  the  days  of  the 
week.  War  being  the  only  honourable 
occupation,  each  chief  habitually  set 
forth  to  plunder  the  richer  nations 
which  bad  fallen  under  the  Roman 
sway;  and  although  when  they  first 
appeared  on  the  coasts  of  the  pro- 
vinces their  vessels  were  mere  boats, 
and  their  arms  were  rude  and  scanty 


in  supply,  their  daring  courage  com- 
pensated these  disadvantages. 

Each  chief  appears  to  have  been 
wholly  independent,  acknowledging  no 
superior,  but  we  may  fairly  conclude 
from  what  is  recorded  of  other  nations, 
that  confederacies  were  formed  among 
them  under  some  distinguished  leader 
when  any  rich  prize  was  in  prospect ; 
and  thus,  and  by  the  junction  of  other 
tribes  whom  the  Romans  had  not  been 
able  fully  to  subdue,  as  well  as  by 
actual  colonization  in  many  quarters, 
the  Saxons  so  extended  themselves 
that  their  name  became,  before  the 
close  of  the  third  century,  a  general 
one  for  the  sea  rovers  of  the  North, 
without  implying  any  national  affinity, 
being,  according  to  one  theory,  derived 
from  the  long  knife  ("seax")  which 
at  first  formed  their  principal  weapon. 
Soon,  however,  either  from  the  spoUs  of 
the  vanquished  or  their  own  industry, 
or  both,  they  were  provided  also  witii 
long  spears  and  ponderous  battle-axes, 
and  their  vessels,  now  denominated 
chiules,  or  war-ships,  were  of  sufficient 
size  to  convey  a  body  of  several  hun- 
dred men  each.  Such  a  number  of 
hardy  pirates  suddenly  landing  in 
countries  disarmed  by  the  jealous 
policy  of  their  rulers,  had  little  to  fear 
from  the  comparatively  unwarlike  pro- 
vincials, and  what  had  been  at  first 
a  mere  plundering  incursion  often  gave 
birth  to  a  fixed  settlement,  which 
steadily  grew  in  importance  as  the 
Roman  power  declined ;  and  it  is  the 
opinion    of  many  writers  that  scat- 


•  A  chief  of  priestly  as  well  as  warlike  character, 
styled  Si^xe  Fridulfsen,  came  from  the  region  near 
the  Caspian  sea  into  the  north  of  Europe,  probably 
not  long  before  the  Christian  era.    The  Northern 


Sagas  describe  him  as  the  wisest  and  best  of  men, 
and  he  was  after  death  confounded  with  their  deity 
b^  the  rude  natives,  grateful  for  some  degree  of 
aviliration  imparted 


26 


THE  SAXON   ERA. 


tered  bodies  of  Saxons  were  thus  es- 
tablished on  various  parts  of  our  coast 
long  before  the  period  usually  assigned 
for  the  first  coming  of  their  nation  to 
Britain. 

There  is  abundant  evidence  that 
these  people  rapidly  extended  them- 
selves along  the  coast  of  the  German 
ocean  as  far  as.  the  Rhine,  and  before 
the  year  300  their  ravages  had  become 
so  frequent  and  so  formidable  that 
the  whole  district  from  the  Elbe  to 
the  British  channel  was  known  as  the 
Saxon  Shore,  and  officers  were  ap- 
pointed both  in  Britain  and  in  Gaul 
to  whom  the  task  of  guarding  the  sea- 
board of  the  Roman  possessions  was 
assi^ed.  One  of  the  earliest  of  these 
maritime  prefects  (who  afterwards  bore 
the  title  ot  Counts  of  the  Sea  Shore  or 
Saxon  Shore)  was  Carausius,  who  took 
advantage  of  the  fleet  entrusted  to  hun 
for  the  purpose  of  his  office  to  esta- 
blish himsdf  as  an  independent  ruler 
in  Britain**. 

Meantime  the  Saxons  pursued  their 
ravages  with  little  check,  and  spread 
such  terror  of  their  name  that  the  em- 
peror Jtdian  and  the  historian  Proco- 
pius,  equally  with  Ammianus  Marcelli- 
iius  and  Zosimus,  speak  of  them  as 
more  fierce  and  formidable  than  any 
other  of  the  barbarous  nations.  By 
land  as  well  as  by  sea  they  appeared 
irresistible.  When  they  hsid  ravs^ged 
the  coast,  tfaey  ascended  the  rivers ; 
when  their  chiules,  or  their  smaller 
vessels,  could  penetrate  no  fiarther, 
they  were  abandoned,  and  the  rovers, 
seizing  on  such  horses  as  the^  could 
And,  pushed  fearlessly  into  the  mterior, 
as  a  mixed  force  of  horse  and  foot,  and 
wasted  with  fire  and  sword  every  dis- 
trict they  approached,  until  at  length 
some  river  was  reached,  descending 
which  with  such  rude  barks  as  they 
could  hastily  construct,  they  again 
'aunched  on  the  ocean,  to  pursue 
another  career  of  devastation. 

"  We  have  not,*  says  Sidonius  Apol- 
linaris,  a  Gaulish  bishop  of  the  fifth 
:entury,  "  a  more  cruel  and  more  dan- 
gerous enemy  than  the  Saxons :  they 
jvercome  all  who  have  the  courage  to 
)ppose  them ;  they  surprise  all  who 
ire  so  imprudent  as  not  to  be  prepared 
or  their  attack.    When  they  pursue. 


th^  infallibly  overtake ;  when  they 
are  pursued,  their  escape  is  certain. 
They  despise  danger ;  they  are  inured 
to  shipwreck ;  they  are  eager  to  pur- 
chase booty  with  the  penl  of  meir 
lives.  Tempests,  which  to  others  are 
so  dreadful,  to  diem  are  subjects  of 
joy ;  the  storm  is  their  protection  when 
they  are  pressed  by  the  enemy,  and 
a  covfr  for  their  operations  when  they 
meditate  an  attack.  Before  they  quit 
their  own  shores,  they  devote  to  the 
altars  of  their  gods  the  tenth  part  of 
the  principal  captives ;  and  when  they 
are  on  the  point  of  returning,  the  lots 
are  cast  witn  an  affectation  of  equity, 
and  the  impious  vow  is  fulfilled." 

This  picture,  in  which  fear  and  ha- 
tred are  alike  apparent,  might  be  sus- 
pected of  exaggeration,  but  its  main 
features  are  fuUy  justifield  by  the  whole 
tenor  of  the  Icelandic  Sagas,  the 
earliest  accounts  on  the  side  of  the 
ravagers  that  have  come  down  to 
us;  for  though  immediately  relating 
to  the  Northmen  of  the  eighth  and 
Sttcceedii^  centuries,  no  reasonable 
doubt  can  be  entertained  that  they 
are  also  fairly  applicable  to  their  Saxon 
precursors.  In  these  writings  we  find 
It  constantly  affirmed,  that  *^the  gods 
are  with  the  strongest ;"  that  human 
sacrifices  are  absolutely  necessary  to 
gain  and  preserve  their  favour ;  that 
war  is  the  only  fitting  occupation  of 
free  men ;  and  that  the  only  desirable 
death  is  that  on  the  field  of  battle,  or 
its  substitute  suicide  *.  Those  who  fell 
by  the  sword  were  Uius  marked  out  as 
the  especial  favourites  of  their  fierce 
divinities,  and  were  alone  admitted  to 
the  hall  of  Woden  (Valhalla),  where 
their  time  passed  in  alternate  fighting 
and  feasting;  vrhUst  for  cowards  (for 
such  seem  to  have  existed  among  them) 
and  those  who  died  a  natural  death, 
were  reserved  all  the  pains  of  Niflheini 
(literally,  Evil  Home),  a  shadowy  re- 
gion of  torment. 

Men  holding  such  ideas  would  natu- 
rally be  at  least  as  regardless  of  the 
lives  of  others  as  of  meir  own,  and 
being  also,  after  their  barbarous  £a- 
shion,  devout,  they  thought  they  did 
their  gods  service  by  wreaking  especial 
vengeance  on  the  most  sacr^  objects 
of  the  Christian  communities  that  they 


^  See  A.D.  986.  I  suppoted  to  have  killed  himself  ii^en  he  found  the 

'  Sigge,  or  Woden,  their  great  exemplar,  was  |  infirmities  of  age  coming  on. 


SCOTLAND. 


n 


mvaded.  Hence  the  destniction  of 
chniches  and  murder  of  priests  which 
the  Saxon  Chronide  xelates  as  part  of 
every  ravage  committed  by  the  North- 
men, and  wbick  had  been  before  prac- 
tised by  the  Saxons  themsehfes,  as 
Gikks  informs  us,  whose  testimony 
may  in  this  case  weU  be  believed,  for 
if  they  had  not  been  actuated  by  a 
fierce  hatred  of  Christianity,  their  re- 
cepdan  of  its  saving  doctrines,  we  may 
presume,  would  not  have  been  so  long 
delayed  as  it  actually  was. 

Yet  these  people  had  even  in  their 
rudest  state  qualities  which  shew  that 


they  deserve  a  more  fovourable  judg* 
ment  than  is  often  formed  of  them. 
Their  free  spirit,  their  active,  adven- 
turous character,  the  lofty  sense  of 
personal  honour  shewn  in  their  earliest 
codes  of  laws^  and  above  aQ,  that 
base  of  true  civilization,  their  high 
estimate  of  woman,  are  noble  features 
in  themselves,  but  doubly  interesting 
to  us  as  shewing  that  our  country  owes 
her  proud  place  among  the  nations 
mainly  to  the  development  of  the  feel- 
ings, the  principles,  and  the  institutes 
of  our  Saxon  forefathers. 


THE  HEPTARCHY  •. 


When  the  acqui^tions  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  invaders  asstmied  something  of 
a  settled  form,  they  are  found  to  bear 
the  following  relation  to  the  old  Roman 
provinces. 

The  Jutish  kingdom  of  Kent,  and  the 
South  Saxon  kingdom,  may  be  repre- 
sented by  the  modem  counties  of  Kent, 
Surrey  and  Sussex  ;  while  Wessex  oc- 
cujned  the  remainder  of  the  tract  be- 
tween the  Channel  and  the  Thames 
(Britannia  Prima),  having,  however, 
for  a  very  long  period  an  unconquered 
British  population  beyond  the  Tamar 
(the  West-Welsh). 

Immediately  north-east  of  the 
Thames  lay  the  small  East  Saxon  state 
(Essex),  but  the  Anriian  kingdoms  oc- 
cupied the  rest  of  the  east  coast  and 


the  interior  (Flavia  Casariensis),  the 
East  Angles  holding  Suffolk  and  Nor- 
folk, the  Mid  Angles  or  Mercians  ex- 
tending from  the  Thames  to  the  Hum- 
ber,  and  from  the  fen  districts  to  the 
Severn;  while  the  two  Northumbrian 
kingdoms  (also  Anglian)  occupied 
Maxima  Casariensis  and  Valentia,  or 
North  England  and  South  Scotland, 
but  were  bounded  by  independent 
British  tribes  in  Cumberland  and 
Strathclyde. 

Westward  of  Mercia  extended  Wales 
{Britannia  Secundd),  divided  intomany 
small  states,  the  independence  of  a 
part  of  which  survived  for  more  than 
200  years  the  ovetthrow  of  the  Saxon 
power. 


SCOTLAND. 


The  whole  country  north  of  the 
Fcnth  and  west  of  the  Solway  was  in 
the  sixth  century  occupied  by  the  two 
great  tribes  of  the  Picts  and  the  Scots'. 
The  former,  representing  the  abori- 
gines, occupied  Uie  plains  between  the 
Fovth  and  the  Grampians ;  the  latter, 
who  were  setders  from  Ireland,  and 
still  maintained  a  close  union  with 
that  country',  were  scattered  over  the 
west  and  the  north,  among  the  islands 
and  mountains. 


Christianity  had  been  introduced 
among  the  Southern  Picts  bythelabours 
of  Ninias,  late  in  the  fourth  century*' ; 
but  the  Scots  received  it  from  their 
kindred  in  Irelandjjprobably  early  in 
the  following  age.  The  Scottish  teach- 
ers were  indefatigable  in  spreading  the 
Gospel.  Not  onlv  did  they  impart  its 
light  to  their  heathen  countrymen,  but,, 
with  true  missionary  zeal,  they  laboured 
alike  among  the  fugitive  Britons  of  the 
west*,  and  the  triumphant  Saxons  of 


'  See  secdoB  on  Ang^o-Saxon  Laws. 

*  Tibe  number  of  indqiendeiiC  states  founded  by 
^  tnvaden  was  at  least  nine,  if  not  ten  ;  but  as 
Ae  MiaU  Mid  Saxon  kingdom  (now  Middlesex) 
very  soon  ceased  to  exist,  and  die  two  Northum- 
brian states  of  Bemida  and  Deixa  were  frequently 
rwetucd  by  one  niler,  it  is  customary,  though  not 
Mxicdy  correct,  to  speak  of  the  whole  at  the  VLtpi- 
archy. 


'Sec  p.  6.  ,    ^ 

K  Two  jpeat  inyasions  of  Caledonia  from  Ireland 
are  mentioned  in  the  Irish  Annals:  one,  n.the 
middle  of  the  third  century,  led  by  Carbnr  Kiadn 
(the  Reoda  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Chronide  —  see 
p.  iX  and  another  in  the  early  part  of  the  sural, 
to  support  the  earlier  colony,  then  throntaaed  by 
the  Picts. 
k  See  A.D.  394.  <  See  p.  & 


28 


THE  SAXON  ERA. 


[A.D.  455—492. 


the  north.  The  see  of  Lindisfame  (the 
mother  church  of  Durham)  was  founded 
by  Aidan,  one  of  their  number  (a.d.  635), 
and  was  ruled  by  Scottish  prelates 
until  the  middle  of  the  seventh  cen- 
tury, when  the  Roman  system  obtained 
the  supremacy,  mainly  trough  the  in- 
fluence and  address  of  Wilfrid  J. 

Little  is  accurately  known  of  the  re- 
lations between  the  Picts  and  the 
Northtmibrians,  but  it  would  seem  to 
have  been  much  like  what  prevailed 
in  South  Britain  with  the  Saxons  and 


the  Britons.  The  Northumbrian  kings 
frequentlv  ravaged  the  districts  of  the 
Picts,  wno  were  at  the  same  time 
pressed  on  by  the  Scots.  At  length 
the  Picts  were  entirely  subdued,  (some 
writers  say  eictirpated,  but  this  is  doubt- 
less an  exaggeration,)  and  early  in  the 
ninth  century  they  disappear  from  his- 
tory. Though  the  Scots  then  became 
supreme,  nearly  three  centuries  elapsed 
ere  they  gave  their  name,  and  some- 
thing like  its  present  limits^  to  the 
ancient  Scottish  monarchy. 


IRELAND. 


This  country,  which  was  not  at- 
tacked by  the  Romans  ^  also  escaped 
the  ravages  of  the  Saxons  at  their 
first  coming,  and  long  afforded  a  re- 
fuge to  the  distressed  Britons.  Chris- 
tianity had  been  introduced  probably 
in  the  fourth  century,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing one  it  was  very  generally  dif- 
fused by  the  preaching  of  St.  Patrick. 
Dathi,  the  last  pagan  king,  is  said  to 
have  died  a.d.  428.  By  the  close  of 
that  age,  churches  and  monasteries' 
abounded,  and,  without  crediting  all 
that  national  writers  of  comparatively 
recent  date  have  affirmed,  we  may 
well  believe  that,  until  the  arrival  of 
the  Ostmen,  the  island  enjoyed  a  much 
greater  share  of  peace  and  civilization 
than  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  states  of  the 
Heptarchy. 


A.D.  455. 
The  kingdom  of  Kent  said  to  be 
founded". 

A.D.  477. 
Ella  and  his  three  sons  land  on  the 
south  coast  and  commence  the  foun- 
dation of  the  South  Saxon  kingdom 
(Sussex). 

A.D.  488. 

Esc,  son  of  Hengist,  succeeds  him 
as  king  of  Kent. 

A.D.  491. 
Ella  storms  and  destroys  Andreds- 
cester,  (probably  the  Roman  Anderida, 
near  Pevensey",)  and  assumes  the  title 
of  king. 

A.D.  492. 
Ella  is  chosen  Bretwalda. 


THE  BRETWALDAS. 


Bede"  enumerates  seven  early  Saxon 
chiefs,  who,  he  states,  in  succession 
ruled  aH  Britain  south  of  the  Humber ; 
"  Ella,  king  of  the  South  Saxons,"  says 
the  Saxon  Chronicle,  "was  the  first 
who  had  thus  much  dominion,"  and  it 
mentions  that  their  title  was  that  of 
"Bretwalda."  Various  theories  have 
been  suggested  as  to  the  power  im- 


plied by  the  term,  but  it  is  most  pro- 
bable that  this  differed  at  different 
times'.  Ella,  the  first  who  bore  the 
title,  was  a  chief  of  warlike  renown  in 
his  own  country,  and  it  is  most  likely 
that  he  was  chosen  as  the  leader  of 
the  rest  when  it  was  found  that  the 
Britons  made  a  more  stubborn  defence 
than  had  been  expected  ;  it  is  in  tlus 


J  See  A.D.  664. 

k  See  A.D.  8a. 

»  *•  The  lands  given  by  the  piety  of  St.  Patrick's 
converts  for  the  foundation  of  these  establishments, 
often  conveyed  the  rights  of  chieftainship,  and  so 

secured  the  alleciance  of  the  clan This  was 

the  real  cause  ofthe  great  extension  of  Uie  monas- 
tic life  in  Ireland. Every  such  society  be- 
came a  school  for  the  education  of  the  clergy." 
Todd's  "  St.  Patrick,  Apostle  of  Ireland,"  p.  506. 

■  This  date  is  probably  too  late  by  so  years. 

■  Some  writers  believe  that  the  Andreds<ester 


destroyed  by  ElU  was  a  British  settlement,  in  the 
forest  of  Andred,  near  Newenden,  in  Kent 

«  A  priest  of  Jarrow,  in  NorthumberUnd,  who 
flourished  in  the  eighth  century,  and  is  usually 
known  as  the  Venerable  Bede,  and  the  Father  of 
English  History.  His  Ecclesiastical  History  was 
translated  from  the  Latin  by  Ring  Alfred,  and  it 
apparently  furnished  the  basis  of  tbe  Anglo-Saxon 
Cnronicle. 

p  The  tenn  is  often  understood  to  mean  "  widder 
of  the  stren^  of  Britain."  but  seems  rather  to  iai- 
ply  "the  widely-ruling  coief." 


A.D.  495—560] 


THE  HEPTARCHY. 


29 


senses  for  military  purposes,  that  the 
others  are  said  to  have  been  under  his 
sovereignty ;  he  was  their  war-king 
against  the  common  enemy.  This 
idea  is  supported  by  the  statement  of 
Nennius,  that  the  Saxons  when  pressed 
by  the  Britons  drew  kings  from  Ger- 
many to  rule  over  them  in  Britain. 
Afterwards  the  title  was  assumed  by 
Ceawlin,  and  others,  and  it  then  im- 
plied a  sort  of  honorary  or  imperial 
supremacy  both  in  peace  and  war  over 
their  fellow  kings;  but  it  is  remark- 
able that  it  was  not  taken  by  any  of 
the  Mercian  rulers,  though  they  were 
unquestionably  the  most  potent  princes 
of  the  Heptarchy. 

Bede's  list  comprises  Ella  of  Sussex, 
Ceawlin  of  Wessex,  Ethelbert  of  Kent, 
Redwald  of  East  Anglia,  and  Edwin, 
Oswald,  and  Oswy  of  Northumbria. 

The  appellation  Bretwalda  was  re- 
vived by  Egbert,  as  a  glorious  ancient 
title,  but  it  does  not  appear  to  have 
been  bestowed  on  any  of  his  suc- 
cessors. 

A.D.  495. 

Cerdic  and  his  son  Cynric  establish 
themselves  in  the  west. 

A.D.  $01. 
Port  4  and  his  sons  Bieda  and  Maegla 
land  on  the  south  coast. 

A.D.  514. 

Stuf  and  Wihtgar,  the  nephews  of 
Ceidic,  land  in  Britain. 

AJ>.  516. 
The    see   of  Bangor   said   to   be 
founded  '• 

A.D.  519. 

Cerdic  and  Cynric  defeat  the  Bri- 
tons at  Cerdic's  ford  (probably  Char- 
ford,    on  the  Avon,  Hampshire),  and 


establish  the   West   Saxon  kingdom 
(Wessex). 

To  this  period  belongs  whatever 
may  be  real  of  the  achievements  as- 
cribed to  the  famous  Arthur.  Cara- 
doc  of  Uancarvan  mentions  him  as 
a  petty  prince  in  Somersetshire,  whilst 
Nennius  attributes  to  him  triumphs 
over  the  Saxons  in  every  quarter  of 
the  island ;  but  it  is  only  in  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth'  that  we  read  of  his 
conquests  abroad,  which  are  so  ex- 
travagant as  to  have  caused  some 
doubt  as  to  his  actual  existence.  It 
seems,  however,  not  improbable  that 
he  gained  a  victory  over  the  Saxons  at 
Caer  Badon  (Bath,  or  Badbury)  in  520, 
and  that  he  met  his  death  in  the  field 
at  Camelon  in  542. 

A.D.  526. 
Erkenwin  founds  the  East  Saxon 
kingdom  (Essex). 

Uffa  lands  on  the  east  coast '. 

A.D.  $30. 
The  isle  of  Wight  conquered  by  the 
West  Saxons,  and  granted  to  Stuf  and 
Wihtgar. 

A.D.  534. 
Cerdic  dies,  and  is  succeeded  by 
Cynric. 

A.D.  544- 
Death  of  Wihtgar. 

A.D.  547. 
Ida  founds  the  kingdom  of  North* 

UMBRIA. 

A.D.  $50  (circa). 
Kentigern,  a  Scot,  founds  a  bishop's 
see  at  St.  Asaph. 

A.D.  $6a 
Ceawlin   (Bretwalda)   succeeds   in 
Wessex. 

Ella  succeeds  in  the  southern  part 
of  Northumbria". 


«  His  memory  was  traditiomdly  preserved 
nme  of  the  great  naval  arsenal,  Portimouth,  (Port's 
■oath,  or  haren). 

'  Dofaritius,  styled  the  first  archbishop  of  Wales, 
is  suuposed  to  nave  lived  about  this  time,  and  to 
ba«e  bdd  the  see  of  LlandaflT,  as  well  as  that  of 
Caerleoo  (paw  St.  David'sX  He  resigned  both,  and 
'  o  Bardsey  island,  where  he  died.  He  was 
I  in  the  old  Enj^iih  Calendar  on  No- 


■  One  of  the  latest  investigators  of  Enf:lish  his- 
tmj.  Dr.  Lappenberg,  treats  Geoffrey  with  more 

" V»  than  he  usually  meets  with.    "We 

re,"  he  says,  "  to  express  a  hope  of  one 

;  what  is  historical  m  Geofirey  of  Men- 

i  firom  that  which  Is  fabulous :  the 


hitter  honoured  as  a  pleasing  relic  of  the  times  of 
old,  and  the  rest  exalted  into  useful  matter  for  V» 
national  history." 

<  The  conquests  of  this  chief  laid  the  foundatioa 
of  the  kingdom  of  East  AnffUa,  but  the  title  of  king 
was  not  assumed  till  571,  by  another  leader  of  the 

"  The  conquests  of  Ida  extended  from  the  Hum- 
ber  to  the  Frith  of  Forth,  but  on  his  death  Aey 
were  divided  into  the  two  sUtes  of  Deira  and  Ber^ 
nida.  EUa,  the  son  of  Yffa.  a  Saxon  prince,  seixwl 
on  the  former,  and  only  the  latter,  which  lajr  be- 
tween the  Tweed  and  the  Frith  of  ^orih,T^a»aoi 
to  Adda,  the  son  of  Ida.  ,  His  nephew  Ethelfath, 
however,  recovered  Deira  in  593. 


30 


THE  SAXON  SRA. 


[A.D.  565—615. 


A.D.  565. 

.  Columba,  a  priest  from  Ireland,  con- 
verts the  Northern  Picts,  and  builds 
a  monastery  in  Hii^ 

Ethdbert  (Bretwalda)  succeeds  in 
Kent". 

A.D.  568. 
The  West   Saxons   make  war  on 
Ethelbert,  and  drive  him  into  Kent 

A.D.  571. 
The  kingdom  of  East    Anglia 
lounded 

A.D.  i7i  (circa>. 
Ethelbert  marries  Bertha,  a  Christian 
princess ;  Luidhard,  a  Gallic  bishop, 
accompanies  her. 

A.D.  577. 
Gloucester,  Cirencester,  and  Bath 
captured  by  the  West  Saxons. 

A.D.  584. 

Cutha,  the  brother  of  Ctewlin^  kffled 
in  battle  at  Frethem  (neax  Stroud,  in 
Gloucestershire):  ^and  Ceawlin  took 
many  towns,  and  spoils  innumerable ; 
and  wrathful  he  thence  returned  to  his 
own." 

CridafoundsthekingdomofMERClA. 

A.D.  588. 
Death  of  EllaofNorthumbria.  He  is 
succeeded  by  Ethel&ith  of  Bexnicia^ 

A.D.  59Z. 

Ceawlin  defeated  at  Woddesbeoig 
(Woodborough,  or  Wanboroi^h,  in 
Wiltshire),  by  his  brother  Ceo^  and 
driven  from  lus  IdngdonL 

A.D.  593. 

Ceawlin  and  his  brother  Cwichelm, 
and  Crida  of  Mercia,  killed. 

Ethelfrith  of  Bemicia  succeeds  to 
the  whole  of  Northumbrian 

A.D.  597. 
Augustine,  the  prior  of  a  Roman 
monastery,  despatched  by  Pope  Gre- 
gory the  Great  to  attempt  the  coa- 


versioft  of  the  Saxons,  amves  with  a 
few  companions  in  Kent  Ethelbert 
receives  them  with  kindness,  and  is 
baptised  on  Whitsunday,  June  2. 

Ceolwulf  succeeds  in  Wessex.  ^He 
fought  and  contended  incessantly 
against  either  the  Angles,  or  the 
Welsh,  or  the  Picts,  or  the  Scots." 

A.D.  599- 
Redwald  (Bretwalda)  succeeds   in 
East  Anglia, 

A.D.  600  (circa). 
^  Ethelbert  of  Kent  issues  ^e  ear- 
liest collection  of  laws  now  remaining 
to  us*. 

A.D.  602. 
Augustine  fixes  his  archiepiscopal 
seat  at  Canterbury. 

A.D.  603. 

The  Scots  invade  Northumbria,  but 
are  defeated  at  Degsastan  (probably 
Dalston,  near  Carlisle). 

Augustine  holds  two  conferences 
with  the  British  bishops ;  they  decline 
communion  with  him\ 

A.D.  604. 

The  East  Saxons  converted  by  Melr 
litus.  The  sees  of 'London  and  Ro- 
chester established. 

Death  of  Augustine,  May  36b 

A.D.  611. 
Ceolwulf  of  Wessex  dies.   Cyn^;ilsy 
his  nephewy  succeeds. 

A.D.  613. 

''Ethelfrith  of  Northumbria  led  his 
aimy  to  Chester,  and  there  slew  num- 
berless Welshmen^  ;  and  so  was  ful- 
filled the  prophecy  of  Augustine,  where- 
in he  saith,  ^If  the  Welsh  wiU  not  be 
at  peace  with  us,  they  shaUperish  at 
the  nands  of  the  Saxons.'  There  also 
were  slain  200  priests,  who  came  ta 
pray  for  the  anny  of  the  Welsh ;  their 
'  ealdor'  was  called  Brocmail,  who  with 
some  fifky  escaped  thence  *.* 


*  Now  loDa,  one  of  the  Inner  Hebrides. 

*  £thelbert's  kingdom  wis  originally  krgcr  fSttan 
die  modem  county  of  the  leme  nam^  hot  it  wu 
afterwanUUmited  Dy  the  West  SsuBona.  Hiaacoei- 
•ion  is  sometimes  ascribed  to  the  year  560,  but  this 
would  ajppear  to  be  a  mistake,  as  oe  was  Oien  only 
cightyears  of  age. 

r  Ella  left  a  child,  Edwin,  only  thxee  yean  old, 
who^  after  many  years  of  exile,  became  the  first 
ChnsUan  king  of  Northumbria. 

■  See  section  on  Anglo-Saxon  Laws. 


^  •  The  dates  S99»  601, 6ee,  604  hatve  tSao  bstB  a^ 
signed  tor  tnese  conferences,  but  OaC  in  ule  text  s 
cmsidered  the  best  supported.  The  place  is  fa»> 
liered  to  have  been  Aust,  on  the  Severn. 

^  The  place  was  Bangor  on  Dee,  near  Wrtabam^ 
and  le  nules  torn  Chester. 

•  One  MS.  of  the  Saxon  Chronide  plaees  dkii 
battle  in  60s ;  the  Cambrian  Annals  and  the  Aanali 
of  Tigemadi  in  613.  The  "prophecy^  (or  nth«r, 
denunciation)  was  uttered  at  the  aeoood  OMiito  iWBi 
of  Augustine  with  the  British  Uahopik 


JLD.  614 — 640.] 


THE  HXFTARCHY. 


31 


A.D.  614. 
Cynegils  defeats  the  Britons  at  Bean- 
dune  (Bampton,  in  Devonshire). 

A.D.  6id 

Dcadi  of  Ethelbert  of  Kent,  Feb- 
ruary 34'. 

Eadbald  succeeds  him,  and  after 
some  lapse  of  time  is  baptized. 

AJ>.  617. 
Ethelfrith  of  Northumbria  killed  by 
Redwald  of  East  Anglic.  Edwin,  son 
of  Ella  (Bretwalda),  succeeds,  ''and 
subdues  all  Britain,  the  Kentish-men 
excepted  •.* 

A^.  619. 
Death  of  Laurentius^  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  Feb.  2. 

A.D.  624. 
Death   of  Mellitus,  archbishop   of 
Canterbury,  April  24. 

A.D.  625. 

Edwin  marries  Ethelburga,  the 
daughter  of  Ethelbert  of  Kent'.  She 
is  accompanied  by  Paulinus,  who  is  or- 
dained bishop  of  the  Northumbrians  S 
July  21. 

A.D.  626. 

Kanfleda,  daughter  of  Edwin,  is 
baptised  by  Paulinus,  at  Pentecost, 
June  8. 

Edwin  wars  successfully  against  the 
West  Saxons. 

A*D.  627. 

''King  Edwin  and  his  people  are 
baptized  by  Paulinus  on  Easter-Day,'' 
Apiil  12.  "This  was  done  at  York, 
where  he  first  ordered  a  church  to  be 
built  of  wood,  which  was  consecrated 
in  the  name  of  St  Peter.  There  the 
king  gave  Paulinus  a  bishop's  see,  and 
there  he  afterwards  commanded  a 
larger  church  to  be  built  of  stone." 

Penda  succeeds  in  Mercia. 


A.D.  628. 

Battle  between  the  West  Saxons  and 
Mercians,  at  Cirencester. 

A.D.  632. 

Eorpwaldt  king  of  East  Anglia,  is 
baptized 

A.D.  633. 

Edwin  is  killed  in  battle  by  Penda 
of  Mercia,  and  his  ally  Cadwallader, 
a  British  chie^  at  Hatfield  chase^  in 
Yoritshir^  October  14*. 

Paulinus  retires  to  Kent,  with  Ed« 
win's  queen  and  daughter '• 

A.D.  634. 

Osric,  a  cousin  of  Edwin,  succeeds 
in  Deira,  and  Eanfrith,  the  son  of 
Ethelfnth,  in  Bemida,  but  both  are 
soon  expelled  by  Oswald  (Bretwalda), 
another  son  of  Ethelfnth,  who  reigns 
over  the  whole  of  Northtmibria. 

Aidan,  a  Scot,  establishes  a  bishop's 
see  at  Lindisfame^  under  his  pro- 
tection. 

Birinus*  commences  the  conversion 
of  the  West  Saxons. 

A.I>.  635. 

Cynegils  of  Wessex  is  baptized  by 
Birinus  ;  as  is  Cwichdm,  his  son,  in 
the  following  year. 

AJ>.  636W 
Fdix  preaches  to  the  East  Angles. 

A.D.  639^ 
Cuthred  of  Wessex,  son  of  Cwichelm, 
baptized  by  Birinus. 

A.D.  64a 

Death  of  Eadbald  of  Kent.  ^  He 
overthrew  all  idolatry  in  his  kingdcxn, 
and  was  the  first  of  the  English  kings 
who  established  the  Easter  fost." 

Ercombert  succeeds  in  Kent 


'  Etbdbeit  was  commemonted  in  tlie  old  Esg- 
Eib  Ckmth  on  the  94th  of  Febniary.  Ethelbert 
o(  EMt  Aoglia,  killed  by  Offii  (see  a.d.  793!  was 
ako  aimed,  and  coounemorated  on  the  aoUi  May. 
Sevcal  duvches  exist  dedicated  to  the  monory  of 
cne  or  die  other  of  these  longs. 

•  The  conquest  of  the  Picts  and  of  the  Mevanian 
faksflfan  and  Anglesey) is  also  ascribed  to  him ; 
\m  ifaBbdned*  the  Ficls  reoorered  their  independ- 
ence soon  after. 

'  She  was  his  second  wile :  his  fint  was  Quen- 
Rnga  of  Mercia. 

f  A  bishop's  see  had  esdsted  in  the  time  of  the 
lUmMBBsat  Yoric,  but  the  naaMs  of  only  three  of  the 
■oMcKs  have  been  pmacfvcdf  and  thme  aie  of  very 
Utile       '     * 


^  Edwin  was  canonized,  and  w 
on  the  4th  October  in  the  aadeat  English  Church. 
A  churai  exists  at  ConiscliflRe,  in  the 


Durham,  dedicated  to  him. 

'  Eadbald  ^are  his  park  of  Lyminse  near  Foflce- 
stone  to  his  sister,  who  there  founded  a  nnanery,  in 
which  she  died,  and  where  her  grave  is  still  poinced 
out.  Faulinus  was  made  bishop  of  Rochester,  and 
died  A.D.  64^ 

k  Since  called  Holy  IshuuL  It  is  on  die  coast  of 
Northumberland,  not  far  fraos  Bambocougb  Castle. 

>  He  was  a  Benedictine  monk,  and  became  the 
fint  bishop  o(  the  West  Saxons  ;  his  4    ' 
was  at  Dorchester,  in  Oxfordshiie. 


32 


THE  SAXON  ERA. 


[A.D.  642—655. 


WALES. 


About  this  time  "  Dynwal  Moelmud, 
a  descendant  of  the  British  settlers  in 
Armorica  ",  is  said,  in  the  Welsh  triads, 
to  have  come  from  that  country,  and 
having  established  his  authority  west  of 
the  Tamar  and  the  Severn,  to  have  been 
recognised  as  "king  of  the  Cymry." 
He  is  described  as  "  the  best  legislator 
that  ever  appeared,  and  the  best  in 
securing  privilege  and  protection  both 
to  native  and  alien,  lest  any  one  should 
act  wrongly  and  uniawfully."  The  laws 
ascribed  to  him,  which  are  avowedly 
the  basis  of  the  legislation  of  Howd 
Dda,  some  three  centuries  later,  mi- 
nutely define  the  rights  and  duties  of 
each  class  of  the  community,  and  ex- 
hibit the  plan  of  an  enlightened  and 
orderly  government  such  as  it  is  his- 
torically certain  never  prevailed,  either 
in  Armorica  or  Britain.  Their  origin 
is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  the  su- 
preme dignity  and  privileges  of  the 
bardic  order  are  dwelt  on  at  length, 
and  it  seems  probable  that  what  we 
now  possess  is  a  mere  poetic  para- 
phrase, in  which  some  traces  of  laws 
that  had  existed  prior  to  the  time  of 
Howel  Dda  are  preserved  among  a 
mass  of  fanciful  rules,  of  which  neither 
the  age  nor  the  authority  can  be  satis- 
£aictorily  determined. 


■•  This  is  the  en  aligned  by  Mr.  Aneurin  Owen; 
earlier  writers  place  him  far  before  the  Christian  era. 

■  See  A.D.  383. 

•  Perhaps  near  Winwick,  in  Lancashire,  but  more 
probabljr  near  Oswestry,  in 
Shropshire.  Oswald^  who 
had  been  baptised  m  his 
youth,  while  an  exile  in 
Scotluui.  was  esteemed  a 
saint  ana  martyr,  and  com- 
memorated in  the  early  Eng- 
lish Church  on  the  5th  of 
August.  **  His  sanctity  and 
his  miracles  were  afterwards 
manifested  in  various  wajrs 
beyond  his  island,  and  his 
hands  are  at  Bamborough 
uncorrupted."  His  head 
being  taken  firom  the  stake 
on  which  it  had  been  fixed, 
was  kept  as  a  relic  for  a 
while,  and  then  placed  in 
the  arms  of  St  Cuthbert.  the 
bishop  of  Lindisfame,  which 
is  commemorated  by  a  sculp- 
ture in  Durham  ouhedral. 
Meariy  sixty  churches  are 
to  be  found  m  England  de- 
dicated to  St  Oswald,  but 
aome  probablv  belong  to 
the  bishop  of  nTorcester  of 
the  same  uuat  in  the  tenth  8t»Ctothb6Tt,  wlfli  St. 
oeatury.  Onndd'l  hBftd. 


A.D.  642. 
Oswald  of  Northumberland  lolled 
by  Penda,  at  Maserfield  %  Aug.  5. 
Oswy,  his  brother,  succeeds  in  Ber- 
nicia  ;  and  afterwards  marries  £an- 
fleda,  the  daughter  of  Edwin. 

A.D.  643. 
Cenwalch,  son  of  Cynegils,  succeeds 
in  Wessex,  and  conunences  the  min- 
ster at  Winchester;  it  is  finished  in 
648. 

A.D.  644. 
Death  of  Paulinus,  Oct  10. 
Oswine  succeeds  in  Deira. 

A.D.  645. 
Penda  drives  Cenwalch  from   the 
kingdom  of  Wessex. 

A.D.  646. 
Cenwalch  of  Wessex  is  baptized. 

A.D.  6$  I. 

Oswine  of  Deira  is  slain  by  Oswy  of 
Bemicia,  August  2a  Adelwald  suc- 
ceeds. 

Death  of  Aidan,  bishop  of  Lindis- 
fame,  Aug.  31.  Finan,  his  successor, 
builds  a  church ''  in  the  Scottish  mode," 
of  wood 

A.D.  653. 

Conversion  of  the  Middle  Angles  or 
Mercians,  conmienced. 

A.D.  654. 
King  Anna,  of  East  Anglia,  slain. 
Death  of  Honorius,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  Sept.  3a 

A.D.  655. 

Penda  is  defeated  and  killed  at  Win- 
widfield,  (probably  Winmoor,  near 
Leeds)  bv  Oswy  of  Northumberland 
(Bretwalda^.  "Thirty  men  of  royal 
race  fell  with  him,  and  some  of  them 
were  kings." 

Peada,  son  of  Penda,  succeeds  in 
Mercia,  under  the  auspices  of  Oswy. 
By  their  joint  exertions,  the  Mercians 
become  Christians  '. 

Oswy  and  Peada  in  concert  b^n 
to  build  the  abbey  of  Medeshamstede 


f  The  conversion  of  the  people  made  little  pro- 
gress whilst  Penda  reined,  but  in  656  Diuma  ««ras 
consecrated  bishop  of  Mercia ;  he  was  a  Scottish 
priest  brought  in  by  Oswy,  and  died  in  638. 


jLa  655—678.] 


THE  HEPTARCHY. 


3S 


(afterwards  Peterborough)  ''to  the  glory 
of  God  and  the  honour  of  St.  Peter  V 
Oswy  unites  Deira  to  Bemicia,  on 
the  death  of  Addwald.         .  ^ 

A.D.  657.  -- 

Peada  of  Merda  is  killed  at  Easter. 
Wulfhere,  his  brother,  succeeds. 

A.D.  658. 

Cenwalch  defeats  the  Britons  at 
Pemu 

A.D.  661. 

Wulfhere  of  Mercia  ravages  Wessex 
and  the  isle  of  Wight  "And  Eoppa, 
the  mass-priest  (chaplain),  by  the  com- 
mand of  Wilferth '  and  King  Wulfhere, 
first  of  men  brought  baptism  to  Uie 
people  of  Wight" 

A.D.  664. 

Egbert  succeeds  in  Kent» 

A  great  pestilence  in  Britam. 

A  synod  held  at  Streoneshealh  (now 
Whitby),  at  which  Wilfrid  advocates 
the  Roman  Easter ;  Colman,  the  Scot- 
tish bisho|),  retires. 

Wilfrid  is  appointed  to  the  see  of 
York. 

A.D.  667. 

Wigheard,  a  priest,  sent  to  Rome  by 
Kings  Oswy  and  Egbert,  to  be  conse- 
crated archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He 
died  soon  after  nis  arrival,  and  Theo- 
dore of  Tarsus  was  ordained  in  his 
stead,  March  26,  668. 

A.D.  668. 
Theodore  arrives  in  Britain.    He  is 
enthroned  at  Canterbury,  May  27,  669. 


A.D.  67a 
Death    of  Oswy  of  Northumbrian 
Feb.  1$.   Egfrid,  his  son,  succeeds. 

A.D.  672. 

Death  of  Cenwalch  of  Wessex ;  Sex- 
buiga,  his  queen,  reigns  for  a  year 
after  him. 

A.D.  673, 

Egbert  of  Kent  dies,  in  July. 

The  synod  of  Hertford  held.  Sept  24,. 
at  which  canons  are  made  for  the 
English  Church.  Winfrid,  bishop  of 
Mercia,  is  deposed,  jprobably  for  resist- 
ing the  division  of  his  vast  diocese '. 

Bishops'  sees  established  at  Domnoc 
(Dunwich)  and  Elmham,  in  East 
Anglia. 

A.D.  674. 

Escwin,  a  kinsman  of  Cenwalch, 
succeeds  in  Wessex. 

A.D.  675. 
Death    of   Wulfhere    of    Mercia ; 
Ethehred  succeeds. 

A.D.  676. 
Escwin  of  Wessex  dies ;  Centwine. 
son  of  Cynegils,  succeeds. 
Ethelr^  of  Mercia  ravages  Kent 

A.D.  677. 
Egfrid  takes  Lincoln  from  the  Mer- 


A.D.  678. 
Wilfrid  driven  from  his  bishopric  * 


t  A  very  long  and  questionable  account  of  this 
tnouction  is  to  be  found  in  a  copy  of  the  Saxon 
Cfaroindey  which  appears  to  have  belonged  to  the 
>bbey  of  Peterborough ;  in  the  same  manuscript 
tlitre  are  several  other  notices  of  Medeshamstede, 
or  Burh,  and  chazters  are  dted,  some  of  which  are 
of  doabtful  authority. 

'  Or  Wilfrid,  then  abbot  of  Ripon,  afterwards  the 
«dl4mo«n  archbishop  of  York.  See  A.D.  678. 
/  The  proiect,  however,  was  only  gradually  ear- 
ned out  Seaxwulf,  abbot  of  Peterborough,  who 
accecded  Winlzid,  agreed  to  the  partition,  con- 
Itttiog  himself  with  Lichfield,  the  capital  of  Mer- 
d^  and  sees  were  founded  at  Hereford  in  676,  at 
lAdiasein  67B,  and  at  Worcester  and  Leicester  in 
tto.  The  see  of  Leicester  was  removed  to  Dor- 
^oto'  (near  Oxford)  about  aoo  years  after,  and 
jjAdissewas  absorbed  by  the  united  sees  about  956. 
The  first  Norman  bishop,  Remigius,  removed  the 
see  to  Uaoofai  (probably  m  1078),  where  it  still  con- 
gtoes.^  Lindisae  is  believed  to  be  represented  bv 
S«mr  la  Lindacy,  Lincolnshire,  where  a  church 
*uhtraoes  of  Saxon  architecture  remains. 
.  *  WBfrid,  the  introducer  of  the  practice  of  carry- 
Of  appeals  to  Rome,  bom  about  030,  was  educated 
at  tte  conxt  of  Northumbria,  and,  adopting  the 


priestly  profession,  went  to  Rome  in  654,  and  on 
nis  return  became  tutor  to  the  son  of  Oswy ;  he 
received  from  his  royal  patron  the  monastery  of 


Ripon,  and  having  at  the  synod  of  Whitby  power- 
fuliv  supported  the  Roman  views,  he  was  appointed 
to  the  archbishopric  of  York,  which  had  remained 


(appointed 

,     dremained 

.  the  withdrawal  of  Paulinus.    He 

then  passed  over  into  Gaul,  to  .£|albert.  bishop 
of  Paris  (formerlv  bishop  of  the  West  Saxons) ; 
but  during  his  absence  Chad  was  appointed  ta 
York,  and  WiUrid,  on  his  return,  after  assuming 
the  power  to  appoint  priests  and  deacons  in  Kent, 
in  the  vacancV  of  the  see  of  C!anterbury.  before 
the  arrival  of  Theodore,  found  himself  obliged  to 
retire  to  Ripon.  In  66a  however.  Chad  resigned 
York  to  him,  and  Wilfrid  held  it  till  678,  but  having 

S'ven  offence  by  hu  pompous  style  ot  living,  he  was 
en  driven  out,  ana  his  vast  atocese,  which  com- 
prised the  whole  Northumbrian  kingdom,  was  di- 
vided into  the  dioceses  of  York,  Lindisfiune.  and 
Hexham.  Wilind  now  appealed  to  Rome,  (pass- 
ing the  winter  among  the  pagans  of  Friesland  on 
hb  journey),  and  obtained  a  papal  decree  in  his 
favour,  but  it  was  disregarded ;  he  then  visited  the 
heathen  South  Saxons,  and  converted  them.  At 
length,  in  687,  a  portion  of  his  diocese  was  restored. 


34 


THE  SAXON   ERA. 


[a.d.  679 — 69b. 


A.D.  679. 

Battle  near  the  Trent  between  the 
Mercians  and  Northumbrians ;  Elf- 
wine,  brother  of  Egfrid,  is  killed.  Theo- 
dore, archbishop  of  Canterbury,  me- 
diates a  peace. 

A.D.  68a 

A  synod  at  HeathReld  (Hatfield,  in 
Hertfordshire),  Sept.  17,  against  the 
Monothelites  ;  at  which  also  the  divi- 
sion of  the  Mercian  diocese  was  pro- 
l>ably  completed. 

A.D.  680  (circa). 

A  code  regulating  legal  proceed- 
ings, issued  by  Loth^re  and  Edric  in 
Kent". 

A.D.  68r. 

The  Picts  subject  to  the  Northum- 
brians, and  Trumwine  appointed  their 
bishop. 

Wilfrid  converts  the  South  Saxons. 

A.D.  682. 
Centwine  of  Wessex  has  much  suc- 
cess against  the  Britons. 

A.D.  684. 
The  Northumbrians  ravage  the  east- 


em  part  of  Ireland  ;  '^and  miseraUy 
they  plundered  and  burned  the  churches 
of  God." 

A.D.  685. 
Egfrid   of  Northumbria    is    killed. 
May  20,  in  war  against  the  Picts,  who 
in  part  recover  &eir  lands.    Aldfrith, 
his  brother,  succeeds. 

A.D.  686. 
Ceadwalla  of  Wessex,  and  his  bro- 
ther Mul*,  ravage  Kent. 

A.D.  687. 
Lothaire  of  Kent  is  killed,  FeK 
Cuthbert,  bishop  of  Lindis^me,  dies, 

March  20  ^ 
Mul  with  twelve  comrades  is  burned 

in  his  quarters  in  Kent,  and  Ceadwalla 

again  ravages  the  country. 

A.D.  688. 
Ceadwalla  goes  to  Rome,  is  baptized 
by  the  name  of  Peter,  and  dies  seven 
days  after,  April  2a     Ina,  a  distant 
kinsman,  succeeds  in  Wessex. 

A.D.  690. 
Benedict  Biscop  dies ",  Feb. 


and  he  was  established  at  Hexham,  but  was  again 
<lnveii  out  in  691,  and  spent  several  years  in  Mer- 
•cia.  In  703  or  703  he  again  repaired  to  Rome, 
•obtained  another  dexaee  in  his  favour  in  7051  and 
passed  the  few  remaining  years  of  his  life  as  bishop 
of  Hexham;  dying  at  Oundle,  in  709^  he  was 
buried  in  the  monastery  of  Ripon.  Bem^  after- 
-wards  canonized,  he  became  a  popular  saint  in 
the  north  of  England,  where  about  thirty  churches 
are  still  found  dedicated  to  his  memory. 

■  See  section  on  Anglo-Saxon  Laws. 

*  The  meaning  is  doubtful,  but  Mr.  K^ble,  the 
'eminent  Saxon  scholar,  takes  it  to  imply  that  he 
was  of  mixed  blood,  a  "mule'* — i,e,  havmg  a  Bri- 
tish mother. 

7  Cuthbert,  originally  a  shepherd  boy,  became 
a  m<uik  of  Melrose,  then  prior  of  Lindisfiame,  and 
afterwards  long  led  the  life  of  a  hermit  on  an  islet  on 
the  Northumbrian  coast.  In  685  he  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Lindisfarae,  but  he  resigned  the  see  soon 
after,  and  again  retired  to  his  hennitag^  where  he 
<!ied  March  aoth,  687.  His  remains  were  buried  at 
liindisfame,  m^nce,  in  consequence  of  the  ravages 
of  the  Northmen,  they  were  removed  in  875,  and 
■  after  various  wanderings  they  found  a  resting-place 
•on  the  hill  where  now  stands  the  cathedral  of  Dur- 
liam.  In  1x04  the^  were  solemnly  translated  to  the 
present  edifice,  bonf  ,  it  is  afiinned,  found  uncoc^ 
nipt,  and  the  splendid  shrine  that  was  raised  ovcx 
'« them  continued  to  attract  its  crowds  of  pUgrims  until 
its  destruction  in  the  year  1537.  The  body,  still  un- 
<changed  it  is  sud,  was  after  the  lapse  of  five  years 
Tc^inteired  on  the  site  of  the  shrine,  and  now  re> 
poses  under  a  plain  blue  marble  slab  in  the  chapel 
of  the  Nine  Altars,  as  was  ascertained  by  an  anti- 
■  quarian  examination  made  in  the  year  1837.  Dry^ 
•  bones  only,  swathed  in  a  number  of  richly  embroi- 
-  dered  garments,  were  found  on  the  latter  occasion, 
instead  of  the  perfect  body  said  to  have  been  seen 
i-by  former  exploren ;   the  coffin  abo  contained 


a  golden  cross  and  some  other  articles  whose  con- 
nexion with  the  saint  is  uncertain. 

St.  Cuthbert  was  an  exceedingly  popular  saint  in 
the  north  of  England,  and  miracles  without  number 
were  ascribed  to  him,  so  that  he  was  commonly 
known  by  the  name  of  the  Wonder-worker ;  his  fes- 
tival was  celebrated  on  the  aoth  of  March.  More 
than  sixty  churches  exbt  dedicated  to  him ;  he  was 
indeed  regarded  as  the  patron  of  the  North,  and  the 
banner  of  St.  Cuthbert  (of  red  velvet  emlKOtdered 
with  green  silk  and  gold,  and  inclosing  relics.)  was 
borne  not  only  at  solemn  ceremonials  (as  before 
Richard  III.  at  York)  but  also  to  war,  at  least  as 
late  as  the  battle  of  Flodden  field. 

■  Benedict,  the  founder  of  the  celebrated  monas- 
teries of  Weamoath  and  Janrow,  was  a  NaithuB»- 


f^  DEDICATIOBASIUC 
SCIEWUVIWKI.MAF 

ANNO;(VECrR(DlRrG 
CEOUFRIOIABBE 

iCCieSDOAYCTOF 
CqMplTORIS/ 

IMioatisB  Stone,  Zvaam  CbTnolL,  A.D.  685. 

brian  noble,  who  at  an  eaily  age  devoted  luandT 
and  all  hia  poasesaioDa  to  the  tenrice  of  th»  Cfamclfe 


A.D.  690-73S-] 


THE  HEPTARCHY. 


35 


Theodore  of  Tarsus  dies,  Sept.  29. 
Berhtwald  succeeds  in  692  in  the  see 
of  Canterbury.  ''Before  this  the  bishops 
had  been  Romans  *,  but  from  this  time 
they  were  Engiish." 

A.D.  692. 
Two  kings,  Wihtred  and  Webheard 
or  Suaebhard,  reign  in  Kent. 

A.IX  694. 

The  Kentish  men  compound  with 
Ina  of  Wessex  for  the  death  of  Mul\ 

Wihtred  becomes  sole  king  in  Kent, 
and  at  the  council  of  Baccancdde 
(6apchi]d)  he  grants  a  charter  secur- 
ing many  immunities  to  the  chuxx±es 
and  monasteries  of  his  kingdom. 

A.D.  696. 
Wihtred  of  Kent  forbids  idolatry, 
and  Sunday  labour*. 

A.D.  697. 
Ostrith,  queen  of  Ethelred  of  Mercia, 
and  sister  of  Egfrid  of  Northumlxia,  is 
slain  by  the  Mercians. 

A.D.  699; 
The  Picts   revolt,  and  kill  Beorht, 
their  ealdorman. 

A.D.  704. 
Ethelred  of  Mercia  becomes  a  monk. 
Cocnred  succeeds,  before  June  13. 

A.D.  705. 
Aldfrith  of  Northumbria  dies,  Dec 
14.    Osred  his  son  succeeds. 

The  West  Saxon  diocese  divided 
into  the  two  sees  of  Winchester  and 
Sherborne. 

A.D.  709. 

Coenred  of  Mercia  retires  to  Rome^ 
and  dies  there.     Ceolred  succeeds. 
Offa  of  East  Angli'i  goes  to  Rome. 
Death  of  Wilfnd^t  Oundle^ 


A.D.  71a 

Ina  of  Wessex  defeats  the  Britons. 
A.D.  715. 

War  between  Wessex  and  Merda. 
A.D.  716. 

Osred  of  Northumbria  slain.  Cen- 
red  succeeds. 

Ceolred  of  Mercia  dies.  Ethelbald 
succeeds. 

Egbert,  a  priest,  "converted  the 
monks  in  the  island,  of  Hii  (lona)  to 
right*,  so  that  they  observed  Easter 
duly,  and  the  ecclesiastical  tonsure." 

A.D.  721.  "^ 

Ina  of  Wessex  kills  Cynewulf  the 
atheling'. 

Three  victories  of  the  Britons  over 
the  Saxons,  in  Cornwall  and  in  Gla- 
morganshire, recorded  in  the  Chronicle 
of  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

A.D.  722. 

Ina  drives  out  Aldbriht  the  athel- 
ing,  who  finds  refuge  in  Sussex.  Ina^ 
in  consequence,  makes  war  on  the 
South  Saxons. 

A.D.  725. 

Death  of  Wihtred  of  Kent,  April  23. 
Eadbert  succeeds. 

Ina  defeats  the  South  Saxons,  and 
kills  Aldbriht  the  atheling. 

A.D.  728. 
Ina  dies  at  Rome.    Ethelheard  suc- 
ceeds in  Wessex. 

A.D.  729. 
Egbert   the    priest   dies    in    lona, 
April  25. 

Osric  of  Northumbria  dies.  May  9. 
Ceolwulf  succeeds. 

A.D.  735. 
Death  of  the  Venerable  Bede,  May  26. 


He  oude  several  journeys  abn»d,  and  brought  back 
•itbbB  not  only  books  and  pictures  and  relics,  but 
wfaacn  m  stooe  and  in  glass,  so  that  the  edifices 
t^  he  niaed,  and  over  which  he  presided,  sur- 
paaed  anything  diat  had  before  been  accomplished 
m  chaich  arcUtectnie  in  Britain.  He  also  brought 
widn  him  John  the  Precentor,  to  instruct  his  com- 
amnty  in  the  Roman  mode  of  celebrating  divine 
scTfice,  and  be  Uniaelf  became  the  tutor  of  Bede. 
He  was  formerly  commemorated  in  the  English 
Chordi  on  the  xath  of  January,  and  many  chnrehes 
«»t  dedicated  to  St  Benedict,  but  whetiier  Bene- 
^-'ct  Bisoop  or  Benedict  of  Nursia  is  ment,  io  any 
Patkaku*  caee.  it  seems  impoasibk  to  decide,  though 
jre  may  weH  beUev«  thnt  the  ennaenc  Northmn- 
sriaa  was  not  neglected  in  his  own  coontrr. 
'  So  says  the  Saami  Chronkic ;  but  this  fs  an 


error,  as  Frithona,  a  native,  who  took  the  name  of 
Deusdedit,  held  the  see  from  655  to  664. 

h  The  various  MSS.  of  the  Saxon  Chrooide  differ 
as  to  the  amount  of  this  composition,  some  naming; 

Spounds»  others  30*000,  without  sayina;  what, 
r.  Kemble  considexs  30,000  sceats,  equal  to  xao 
pounds,  the  real  sum,  such  being  the  weregild. 
or  money  compensation^  for  the  death  of  a  royal 
person. 

•  See  section  on  Anglo-Saxon  Laws. 

'  The  exact  date  is  somewhat  uncertain ;  Apri! 
34  is  given  by  one  authority,  October  za  by  an* 
other, 

•  See  A.DL  565: 
f  A  general  tide  for  members  of  the  royal  i 

like  "prince  of  the  blood"  in  modera  times. 


D  2 


36 


THE  SAXON  ERA. 


[A.D.  737—779- 


A.D.  737. 

Queen  Frythogith  of  Wessex  goes 
to  Rome. 

Ceolwulf  of  Northumbria  receives 
the  tonsure.  Eadbert,  his  cousin,  suc- 
ceeds. 

Ethdbald  of  Mercia  ravages  North- 
umbria. 

A.D.  739  or  740. 
Ethelheard  of  Wessex  dies.    Cuth- 
red  succeeds. 

A.D.  741. 
The  minster  at  York  burnt,  April  23. 

A.D.  743. 
The    Mercians  and  West    Saxons 
make  a  joint  attack  on  the  Welsh. 
A.D.  746. 
Selred  of  Mercia  is  slain. 

A.D.  747. 
The  synod  of  Cloveshoo  '  held,  early 
in  September. 

A.D.  748. 
Eadbert  of  Kent  dies.   Ethelbert  XL 
succeeds. 

Cynric,  the  atheling  of  Wessex,  is 
slain. 

A.D.  749\ 
Aelfwald  of  East  Anglia  dies. 

A.D.  752. 
Cuthred  of  Wessex  defeats  Ethelbald 
of  Mercia  at  Burford. 

A.D.  753. 
Cuthred  also  defeats  the  Welsh. 

A.D.  754  or  755. 
Cuthred  of  Mercia  dies.     Sigebert 
succeeds. 
Canterbury  burnt 

A.D.  755- 
Sigebert  is  deprived  of  the  whole  of 
his  kingdom  except  Hampshire,  by  his 
kinsman  Cynewulf  and  the  witan. 
A.D.  757. 
Ethelbald  of  Mercia  is  killed.    Offa 
II.  succeeds,  driving  out  Beomred  who 
had  ''obtained  the  kingdom,  and  held 
it  a  little  while  and  unhisippily.'' 


A.D.  758. 
Eadbert   of  Northumbria  becomes 
a  monk.    Oswulf  succeeds. 

Oswulf  of  Northumbria  is  slain  by 
his  household,  July  25. 
A.D.  759. 
Ethelwald  (also  styled  Moll*)  after 
a  time  succeeds  in  Northumbria. 
A.D.  760. 
Ethelbert  II.  of  Kent  dies. 

A.D.  761. 
Ethelwald  kills  Oswine,  one  of  his 
great  men,  at  Edwin's  cliflf^  Aug.  6. 

Ceolwulf  of  Northumbria,  who  had 
received  the  tonsure,  dies.  "\  t  M^ 
A.D.  765. 
Ethelwald    resigns   the   crown    of 
Northumbria.    Alchred  succeeds. 
A.D.  768. 
Eadbert  of  Northumbria,  who.  had 
become  a  monk,  dies  Aug.  20. 

"The  Easter  of  the  Britons  was 
altered  by  the  command  of  Elbot,  a 
man  of  God  ^"  ^  ,  ,     O 

A.D.  771.  -^-^  V. 
Offa  of  Mercia  makes  war  on  Kent. 

A.D.774. 
Alchred  of  Northumbria  expelled  by 
his  subjects.    Ethelred,  son  of  Ethel- 
wald, succeeds. 

The  Kentish  men  defeated  by  Offa 
at  Otford. 

A.D.  776. 
South  Wales  ravaged  by  Offa. 

A.D.  777. 

Offa  makes  war  on  Wessex,  and  de- 
feats Cynewulf  at  Bensington,  in  Ox- 
fordshire. 

A.D.  779' 

Alfwold  expels  Ethelred  from  North- 
umbria, and  reigns  in  his  stead. 

"In  the  summer  the  Welsh  devas- 
tated the  territoiy  of  Offa,  and  Offa 
caused  a  dike  to  be  made  as  a  bound- 
ary between  him  and  Wales,  to  enable 
him  the  more  easily  to  withstand  the 
attack  of  his  enemies "  ;  and  that  is 


t  The  place  is  unknown,  but  it  was  some- 
vihtre  under  Mercian  influence,  and  probably  near 
London. 

^  From  about  a.ix  750  to  850,  there  is  a  diflfer- 
ence  generally  of  two  or  three  years  between  the 
chronology  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle  and  that 
of  Simeon  of  Durham.  The  latter  appearing  to 
agree  better  with  existing  duuters.  has  been  pre- 
ferred. The  points  in  question  will  be  found  ably 
discussed  in  the  Introdnctioa  to  "  Moaumenta,"  and 


in  the  Preface  to  the  Master  of  the  Rolls'  edition  of 
"Hoveden." 

1  See  A.D.  687. 

k  Perhaps  Edwinstowe,  in  Nottinghamdiire,  but 
moreprobably  Edinburgh. 

1  Chronicle  of  the  Princes  of  Wales.  That  is, 
made  conformable  to  the  Roman  usage. 

■  Some  modem  writers  represent  the  dike  as 
made  to  secure  a  tract  of  land  that  Offa  had  con- 
quered from  the  Welsh,  and  so  a  mark  of  his  powor. 


A.D.  779—794.] 


THE  NORTHMEN. 


37 


called  Offa's  dike  from  that  time  to 
this  day.  And  it  extends  from  one 
sea  to  the  other,  from  the  south  near 
Bristol  towards  the  north  above  Flint, 
between  the  monastery  of  Basingwerk 
andColeshill"." 

A.D.  786.  y 
Cynewulf  of  Wessex  is  killed  at  Me- 
rantim  (Merdon,  in  Hampshire,)  by  the 
brother  of  Sigebert",  Cyneheard,  who 
is  himself  killed  shortly  after.  Brith- 
lic,  the  son  of  Cynewulf  succeeds,  and 
drives  his  kinsman  Egbert,  the  rightful 
heir,  into  exile. 

A.D.  787. 

A  synod  held  at  Calchythe',  when 
Lichfield  is  raised  to  the  dignity  of  an 
archbishopric. 

Brihtric  of  Wessex  marries  Edburga, 
daughter  of  Offa  of  Mercia. 


The  Northmen  commence  their  ra- 
vages in  England  ^. 

A  synod  held  at  Pincanh^ale,  in 
Northimibria,  (probably  Finchale,  near 
Durham),  September  2. 

A.D.  788. 
Alfwold   of  Northumbria  is    slain, 
Sept.  24.    Osred,  son  of  Alchred,  suc- 
ceeds. 

A.D.  79a 
Osred  of  Northumbria  driven  out ; 
Ethelred  resumes  the  government 

A.D.  791. 
Alfwold's  sons  put  to  death. 

A.D.  792. 

Ethelbert  of  East  Anglia  slain,  and 
his  dominions  seized  by  Offa  of  Mercia. 

Osred,  attempting  to  regain  the 
Northumbrian  crown,  is  slain,  Sept.  14. 


THE  NORTHMEN. 


A.D.  794. 

The  church  at  Lindisfame  destroyed 
h)'  the  Northmen,  Jan.  8. 

^'The  heathens  ravaged  among  the 
Northumbrians,  and  plundered  E^rid's 
monastery  at  Donemouth  (Jarrow), 
and  there  one  of  their  leaders  was 
slain,  and  also  some  of  their  ships 
vere  wrecked  by  a  tempest,  and 
many  of  them  were  there  drowned, 
and  some  came  on  shore  alive,  and 
they  were  soon  slain  at  the  river's 
mouth.'' 

These  acts  of  mutual  atrocity  were 
the  conmiencement  of  the  deadly  strug- 
gle which  convulsed  England  for  the 
remainder  of  the  Saxon  rule  ;  a  strug- 
gle, however,  which  is  often  misunder- 
stood. There  seems  no  good  reason 
for  supposing  that  the  Northmen  com- 
mitted greater  devastation  than  the 
heathen  Saxons  had  done  three  cen- 


turies before;  but  as  Anglo-Saxon 
literature  survived  the  tempest,  whilst 
the  British  generally  speaking  did 
not,  a  more  detailed  account  of  the 
Northmen's  excesses  has  come  down 
to  us.  Indeed,  an  inference  directly 
contrary  to  the  received  opinion  has 
been  drawn  by  a  distinguished  Danish 
writer,  from  the  fact  that  very  many  of 
the  rovers  not  only  embraced  Chris- 
tianity in  England,  but  laboured  to 
diffuse  its  light  on  their  return  to  their 
own  countries '. 

The  contemporary  accounts  of  the 
appearance,  the  arms,  and  equipments 
of  the  men  who  now  began  so  signally 
to  influence  the  fortunes  of  England ' 
are  but  few,  and  antiquaries  are  by  no 
means  agreed  in  their  interpretation 
of  them.  Anglo-Saxon  MSS.  abound 
with  illuminations  in  which  figures  of 
armed  men  appear,  but  it  is  often  not 


■  Chrooide  of  the  Princes  of  Wales. 

•  See  A.D.  755. 
,  i>  Whese  this  was  is  somewhat  uncertain :  Chalk, 
io  Kent,  and  Culcheth,  in  Lancashire,  have  heen 
Bamed,  but  it  is  considered  most  probable  that 
Qtdsea  was  the  place. 

^  The  expression  in  the  Saxon  Chronicle  u  merely, 
"in  bis  (Brihtric's)  days  first  came  three  shins  of 
Nodhmen,  out  of  Haeretha-land"  (Western  Nor- 
^"ayX  bnt  as  the  event  is  mentioned  under  the  year 
787,  writers  are  generally  agreed  in  assigning  it  to 
that  date. 

'  Among  diem  may  be  mentioned  Hacon.  who 
^  dwelt  in  the  court  of  Athelstan,  and  who  re- 
tnniing  to  Norway  laboured  uiuiucoessfully  to  in> 
tmduce  Christiamty,  but  was  killed  in  960;  and 


Anlaf  Tryggvesoo.  who  applied  himself  to  the  same 
end  with  more  zeal  than  discretion,  and  also  lost  his 
life  in  the  attempt  Anlafs  great  counsellor  was 
lliangbrand,  who,  calling  himself  a  Christian  priest, 
went  about  with  a  shield  on  which  was  embcosed  a 
representation  of  the  crucifixion,  and  repaid  the 
taunts  of  the  idolaters  by  killing  several  of  their 
number.  He  sold  his  shield  to  Anlaf,  bv  whom  it 
was  regarded  as  a  kind  of  talisman,  and  also  im- 
parted some  knowledge  of  Christianity  to  that  king 
before  his  expedition  to  England  in  the  year  904. 

•  They  also  established  themselves  m  Ireland, 
and  in  the  Orkneys,  Shetlands,  Hebrides,  and  Man, 
but  their  frequent  attempts  on  the  mainland  ot 
Scotland  were  less  successful,  though  they  gained 
a  footing  in  Caithness  and  Sutherland. 


38 


THE  SAXON   ERA. 


[A.D.  794,  795. 


'>r 


dear  whether  Saxons  or  Northmen  are 
meant,  and  the  reference  sometimes 
xnade  to  the  Bayeax  tapestry  is  beside 
the  qaestion,  the  woik  being  centuries 
too  late.  The  Irish  Chronicles  (much 
nearer  in  point  of  time  than  the  Ice- 
landic Sagas)  contain  many  notices  of 
the  invaders,  and  speak  of  those  who 
came  to  Ireland  as  consisting  of  two  dis- 
tinct classes,  Finngalls  (Fair  strangers, 
Swedes  and  Norwegians),  and  Dubh- 
galls  (Dark  strangers,  Danes),  the  lat- 
ter being  the  latest  to  arrive,  and  then 
establishing  a  superiority  over  their 
precursors.  The  reference  is  proba- 
bly to  the  different  complexions  of  the 
peoples,  but  this  is  not  certain. 

There  are  to  be  found  in  most  of 
oar  early  writers  passages  which  shew 
that  the  Northmen  were  supposed  to 
owe  much  of  their  success  to  the  su- 
periority of  their  weapons,  and  such 
would  appear  really  to  have  been  the 
case '.  It  was,  in  heathen  times  espe- 
cially, a  very  common  castom  to  bury 
his  arms  with  the  warrior;  and  as 
numberiess  graves  have  been  opened 
of  which  the  nation  and  era  can  from 
various  circumstances  be  accurately 
ascertained,  we  thus  get  unimpeachable 
evidence  as  to  the  arms  of  the  vikings. 

In  England  the  vikings'  tombs  are 
with  difficulty  to  be  distinguished  from 
those  of  their  opponents,  but  they  are 
readily  recognised  in  Ireland.  Con- 
fining our  attention  to  recent  dis- 
coveries in  the  latter  country,  we  learn 


that  the  vikings  carried  heavy  axes, 
spears  and  swords  of  large  size,  as 
well  as  daggers,  bows  and  arrows  ; 
the  swords  are  furnished  with  a  guard, 
often  inlaid  with  gold,  and  sometimes 
have  runic  inscriptions ;  shields  too 
are  found  of  wood  strengthened  with 
an  iron  boss,  often  ornamented  with 
lines  curved  and  curiously  interlaced, 
but  of  defensive  armour  there  appears 
little  trace  ".  It  is  stated  in  the  Sagas 
that  the  chiefs  had  coats  of  chain-mail 
sewn  on  leather,  and  helmets  with 
nose-pieces  ;  the  common  men  seem 
to  have  been  protected  only  by  pieces 
of  hide  sewn  on  their  ordinary  coarse 
clothing. 

The  ships  of  the  vikings  were  pro- 
bably at  first  not  at  all  superior  to 
those  of  the  eariy  Saxons,  but  before 
the  time  that  the  Northmen  established 
their  sway  in  England  they  were  pos- 
sessed of  vessels  in  which  certainly  Ice- 
land and  Greenland,  and  probably  the 
American  continent,  could  be  reached 
in  safety.  Their  kings,  too,  if  we  could 
trust  the  glowii^  descriptions  of  the 
Sagas,  had  their  Long  Snakes  and 
Dragons  adorned  with  carving,  and 
magnificently  ornamented  with  gilded 
masts,  embroidered  sails,  and  purple 
cordage;  but  it  is  probable  that  this 
rather  represents  the  royal  vessels  of 
more  southern  nations  some  three  cen- 
turies later,  than  any  thing  that  was 
seen  in  the  North  before  the  abandon- 
ment of  tlie  vikings'  expeditions. 


IRELAND. 


A.D.  795- 
_  __    pagans,"  repulsed  from 
Wales,  sail  to  Ireland,  and  de- 
stroy Rechreyn '. 


This  is  the  first  recorded  hostile  visit 
of  the  Northmen  to  Ireland,  but  it  is 
probable  that  their  merchants  had  es- 
tablished themselves  in  the  country 


pressed 
GaiU/'i 
lated 


Nowhere,  perhaps,  is  this  more  strongly  ex- 

— 'I  than  m  the  ''Wars  of  the  Gaedhil  with  the 

aa  Irish  MS.  of  the  eleventh  century,  trans- 

the  late  Dr.  Todd,  and  published  among 

onides  and  If  emonals  of  Great  Britain  and 

aDder  the  care  of  the  Master  of  the  RoUs. 


"  In  tombs  in  Denmark  are  also  found  bronze 
annlets  of  a  spiral  form  a  foot  long,  which  appear 
strong  enough  to  resist  a  sword  cut,  and  are  b<Q- 
lieved  to  have  been  worn  coiled  round  the  arm  for 
that  purpose. 


Vart]miaa*8  Annlet 

>  Lunhay,  aa  island  near  Dublin,  and  not  Ragh-  l  of  Adamnan'*  dean  up  many  doubtful  points  of 
ra,  on  the  north-cast  coast,  as  usually  supposed,     early  Irish  history  and  topography. 
This  correction  is  due  to  Dr.  Reeves,  whose  ^'  life  I 


A.D.  79S— 8o2.] 


EGBERT. 


3^ 


before.  Certain  it  is,  that  many  Ost- 
man^  settlements  existed  along  the 
coast  a  few  years  after,  which  seem  to 
have  been  independent  of  each  other, 
and  sometimes  hostile*,  but  the  na- 
tives, from  the  inferiority  of  their  arms, 
were  unable  to  expel  them.  After  a 
time,  Anlaf  the  White,  a  Dane,  who 
arrived  with  a  powerful  fleet  at  Dublin, 
was  acknowledged  as  chief  by  all  the 
Ostmen.  He  so  firmly  established 
their  power,  that  from  that  period  to 
the  time  of  the  English  conquest,  not 
only  from  Irish  authorities,  but  by 
their  coins,  a  constant  succession  of 
Danish  kings  can  be  traced  in  Dub- 
lin, and  for  a  great  part  of  the  time 
also  in  Waterford,  Cork,  and  limer- 
ick. They  eventually  became  Chris- 
tian, and  had  bishops  of  their  own, 
who  received  consecration  at  Canter- 
bury*, while  the  native  Irish  prelates 
acknowledged  the  supremacy  of  the 
archbishop  of  Armagh. 

The  Ostman  settlements  are  still  the 
most  important  and  commercial  cities 
of  Ireland,  and  indeed  they  would  seem 
to  have  been  selected  quite  as  much  with 
mercantile  as  political  views.  Each 
^kingdom"  sippcars  to  have  consbted 
in  reality  of  but  a  single  strongly  for- 
tified town  and  a  small  surrounding 
district,  and  its  power  was  chiefly  ma- 
ritime ;  but  from  being  better  furnished 
with  ships  and  arms,  and  more  skilled 
in  their  use,  its  people  possessed  a  pre- 
ponderating influence  over  the  adjacent 
country  somewhat  similar  to  that  of 


European  colonies  in  the  East  in  mor& 
recent  times. 


f 


A.D.  796. 

Edbert,  sumamed  Praen^  becomes- 
king  in  Kent. 

Ethelred  of  Northumbria  is  killed 
by  Wada  and  others,  April  19.  Eard- 
wulf  succeeds  to  the  king^Rh,  May 
14  * ;  is  crowned  at  York,  May  26. 

OfiaofMercia dies,  July  29.  Egfertlv 
his  successor,  dies  shortly  after.  %Cy- 
nulf  becomes  king.(  ij  /^c  )  ,        ^  ^ti^  1  hf 

A  J).  797.  ^ 

Siric,  tributary  king  of  East  Anglia^ 
goes  to  Rome. 

A.D.  798. 

Cynulf  ravages  Kent ;  he  takes  Tasa.. 
prisoner,  and  mutilates  him. 

Wada,  having  rebelled  against  Eard- 
wulf,  is  defeated  and  put  to  flight  at 
Hwealleage  or  Billingahoth  (Whalley,, 
in  Lancashire,)  April  2. 

London  burnt. 

Man  and  the  Hebrides  ravaged  ty 
the  Northmen. 

A.D.  800. 
The  Empire  of  the  West  re-esta- 
blished by  the  coronation  of  Char- 
lemagne, Dec  25. 

A.D.  802. 

Brihtric  of  Wessex  dies '' ;  Egbert  is- 
chosen  to  succeed  him. 


EGBERT. 


Egbert,  the  fourth  in  descent  from 
Ii^[ils,  brother  of  Ina,  and  the  son  of 
Ealhninnd,  sub-king  of  Kent,  being 
banished  by  Brihtric,  sought  refuge 
at  the  court  of  Charlemagne,  and  was 
in  his  company  at  Rome  when  the 


emperor  of  the  West  On  the  deatl» 
of  Brihtric  Egbert  was  recalled  to 
Wessex,  and  ascended  the  throne* 
He  warred  successfully  with  the  Bri- 
tons, and  thus  increased  the  power 
of  his  kingdom  while  the  other  Saxon 


French  king  received  the  dignity  of '  states  were  falling  into  ruin  from  their 


y  Ostman,  or  Eastman,  probably  as  coining  from 
tkc  opposite  coasts  of  EngUnd  and  Scotland,  rather 
tfaan  direct  from  the  North. 

*  An  Irish  Chronicle  mentions,  under  the  year 
Ssa,  that  the  Dark  strangers  came  to  Dublin,  de- 
siioycd  the  colony  of  the  Fair  strangers,  and  carried 
ansT  of  cfaem  into  captivity. 

•  Patrick  was  consecrated  to  Dublin  in  1074  by 
Laofrnnc,  as  was  his  successor  Donagh  in  108^. 
Hie  consecrations  of  Samuel  of  Dublin  (1006X 
Malchus  of  Waterford  (10^),  Gregory  of  Dublin 
(ixax>»  and  Patrick  of  Limerick  (1140),  all  took 


place  at  Canterbuiy  before  the  invamm  of  Irdanit 
by  De  CUre  and  his  associates. 

i>  A  priest.  He  had  been  ordained,  bnt  beinf^ 
of  the  royal  blood,  was  chosen  to  succeed  on  the 
death  of  Ealhmund,  whose  son  Egbert  had  been 
driven  into  exile  by  Brihtric. 

•  In  the  interval.  Osbald,  a  noble,  had  usurped 
the  throne,  but  after  a  reign  of  27  days  he  was. 
driven  out,  and  obliged  to  submit  to  the  tonsure. 

'  He  was  poisoned  by  his  wife  Edbw^a.  She- 
retired  first  to  France,  then  to  Italy,  and  diedr 
miserably  at  Pa  via. 


40 


THE  SAXON  ERA. 


[a.d.  802 — 830. 


ceaseless  dissensions.  At  length  in  82 1  * 
he  commenced  a  formal  course  of  con- 
quest, which  in  the  course  of  eight 
vears  made  him  sole  monarch,  when 
he  granted  Kent  to  his  son  Ethel- 
wulf,  but  allowed  the  more  remote 
states  of  Mercia,  East  Anglia,  and 
Northtmibria  to  be  ruled  by  tributary 
kings. 

This  change  being  accomplished  in 
the  year  827,  the  ancient  title  of  "Bret- 
walda"  seems  to  have  been  revived,  but 
Egbert  dates  the  years  of  his  duccUus 
from  816.  He  mamed  Redbuiga,  a  lady 
whose  parentage  is  not  ascertained,  and 
left  by  ner, — Ethelwul^  his  successor  in 
the  monarchy ;  Athelstan,  who  is  styled 
king  of  Kent ;  and  Ethelbald.  Egbert 
died  most  probably  in  the  year  839, 
but  different  MSS.  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
Chronicle  ascribe  the  length  of  36,  37, 
and  38  years  to  his 
reign. 

The  arms  in  the 
margin,  "Azure,  a 
cross  patonce  or," 
have  been  ascribed 
to  Egbert  ;  but  it 
is  now  generally 
agreed    that     any 

!».««««.*.«,,«..  ;,Snal"rS 
bearings  was  unknown  till  the  twelfth 
•century. 


A.D.  802. 


The  Hwiccians',  a  people  of  Mercia, 
invade  Wessex,  but  are  defeated  by 
the  men  of  Wiltshire  at  Kempsford. 

A.D..807. 
Cuthred  of  Kent  dies. 

A.D.  808. 

Eardwulf  of  Northumbria,  driven 
from  bis  kingdom,  retires  to  the  court 
of  Charlemagne. 

The  Northmen  plunder  Hii,  and 
murder  the  monks.  They  repair  to 
Ireland  the  next  year,  and  advance  far 
inland,  plundering  the  churches  and 
monasteries. 


A.D.  815. 
"Egbert  laid  waste  West  Wales 
(Devon  and  Cornwall)  from  eastward 
to  westward." 

A.D.  817. 
The  English  school '  at  Rome  burnt. 

A.D.  821.  \h\'^ 
Cenwulf  of  Mercia  dies.  \  Ceolwulf 
succeeds.  L ,  ■       ,  ^ 

A.D.823.      '"'^ 

Ceolwulf  of  Mercia  deprived  of  his 
kingdom.    Beomwulf  succeeds. 

A.D.  825. 

Egbert  defeats  Beomwulf  of  Mercia 
at  Ellendune  (near  Wilton). 

Ethelwulf,  son  of  Egbert,  drives 
Baldred  of  Kent  beyond  3ie  Tbames. 

A.D.  826. 

"The  men  of  Kent,  and  the  men 
of  Surrey,  and  the  South  Saxons  and 
the  East  Saxons,  submitted  to  Egbert ; 
for  formerly  they  had  been  unjustly 
forced  from  him.  And  the  same  year 
the  king  of  the  East  Angles  and  the 
people  sought  the  alliance  and  pro- 
tection of  King  Egbert  for  dread  of 
the  Mercians ;  and  the  same  year  the 
East  Angles  slew  Beomwulf,  king  of 
Mercia." 

A.D.  828. 

Ludeca  of  Mercia  is  slain.  Wiglaf 
succeeds. , 

"King  Egbert  conquered  the  king- 
dom of  the  Mercians,  and  all  that  was 
south  of  the  Humber ;  and  he  was  the 
eighth  king  who  was  Bretwalda  .... 
And  Egbert  led  an  army  to  Dore  (near 
Dronfield,  Derbyshire,)  against  the 
Northumbrians,  and  there  they  offered 
him  obedience  and  allegiance,  and  with 
that  they  separated." 

A.D.  830. 

Wiglaf  re-obtains  Mercia,  as  a  tribu- 
tary to  Egbert 

Egbert  makes  war  successfully  on 
the  North  Welsh. 

A  Northman,  called  Turgesius  (pro- 
bably Thorkill)',  comes  to  Ireland.   He 


•  According  to  ^e  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle  8x9  ; 
but  there  seems  reason  to  believe  that  there  is  an 
error  of  two  or  three  yean  in  some  of  its  entries 
about  this  time. 

f  Inhabiting  the  modem  counties  of  Gloucester 
and  Monmouth. 


K  This  served  not  only  as  a  school,  but  as  a  place 
of  entertainment  for  the  English  pilgrims ;  it  was 
situate  near  St  Peter's,  but  had  its  own  church, 
dedicated  to  St  Mary. 


A.D.  830 — 840.]       ETHELWULF — ^SCOTLAND  AND  WALES. 


41 


conquers  both  the  natives  and  the 
Stxangers,  and  establishes  himself  at 
Armagh  \  where  he  endeavours  to  in- 
troduce paganism. 

r  ^      ^ 

A.D.  832.      b  -^  H    * 

The  Northmen  ravage  Shepey, 

A.D.  836. 
The  Northmen   defeat   Egbert  at 
CaiTum  (Charmouth  in  Dorsetshire). 


A.D.  837. 
The  Northmen  unite  with  the  West 
Welsh  (the  Britons  in  Cornwall  and 
Devon),  but  are  defeated  at  Hengest- 
down,  in  Cornwall,  by  Egbert 

A.D.  838  (circa). 
The  Northmen  establish  themselves 
in  Dublin. 

A.D.  839. 

Egbert  dies.    Ethelwulf  succeeds. 


ETHELWULF. 


Ethelwulf  is  said,  though  on  very 
doubtfid  authority,  to  have  been  de- 
signed for  the  Church,  but  at  his 
Other's  death  he  succeeded  to  the 
kingdom,  and  granted  the  administra- 
tion of  the  southern  and  eastern  por- 
tions to  his  brother  Athelstan.  Etnel- 
wulf s  reign  is  chiefly  remarkable  for 
the  ceaseless  ravages  of  the  Northmen, 
and  his  own  journey  to  Rome,  and 


SthfilwiarB  Blng. 

liberal  benefactions  to  the  Church.   By 
his  first  wife^  Osburga,  the  daughter  of 


Oslac,  of  the  stem  of  Cerdic,  he  left 
four  sons,  who  all  became  kings,  and 
two  daughters.  His  second  marriage, 
and  the  coronation  of  his  young  queen, 
Judith,  gave  deep  offence  to  his  sub- 
jects, and  he  was  obliged  to  cede  the 
greater  part  of  his  dominions  to  his 
eldest  son.  Ethelwulf  died  shortly 
after,  and  was  buried  at  Winchester  K 


A.D.  839. 


Athelstan,  brother  of  Ethelwulf,  rules 
the  country  of  Sussex,  Surrey,  Kent, 
and  Essex. 

"  This  year  there  was  great  slaughter 
at  London,  and  at  Cwantawic  (pro- 
bably Canterbury)  and  Rochester." 

The  Northmen  defeated  at  South- 
ampton; they  are  successfid  at  Port- 
land. 

A.D.  840. 

Wiglaf  of  Mercia  dies.  Beorhtwulf 
succeeds. 

Kent,  East  Anglia,  and  Lincolnshire 
ravaged  by  the  Northmen. 

Emelwulf  defeated  at  Carrum  (Char- 
mouth)  by  the  Northmen. 


ii 


SCOTLAND  AND  WALES. 


About  the  time  that  the  states  of  the 
Heptarchy  were  brought  under  one 
head  bv  Egbert,  similar  changes  were 
effected  among  the  other  nations  of 
the  island.  The  Scots  closed  a  long 
struggle  by  the  total  subjugation  of  the 
Picts,  and  thus  laid  the  foundation  of 


lands  occupied  bv 
Britons  beyond  the 


the  North  British  monarchy.  The 
the  unconquered 
Severn  and  the 
Wye  had  long  been  in  a  state  of  an- 
archy, there  being  as  many  kings  as 
distncts,  but  in  the  year  840,  Roderic 
(afterwards  known  as  the  Great),  the 


^  Annagh  was  then,  as  it  is  now,  the  ecclesias- 
tical aetropoUs  of  Irettnd. 

*  la  the  medal  room  of  the  British  Museum  is 
pitwrwed  an  interesting  memento  of  this  king.    It 


is  a  gold  ring  bearing  his  name,  and  having  tho 
cavitws  filled  with  a  Uuish-Uack  enamel.  It  was 
found  in  a  cart-rut  in  the  parish  of  Laverstock,  ta 
Hampshire,  and  its  weight  u  xi  dwts.  14  grains. 


42 


THE  SAXON  ERA. 


[a.d.  842 — 858. 


descendant  of  the  last  chief  rulers  of 
the  northern  and  eastern  districts^  suc- 
ceeded to  power,  and  manying  the 
heiress  of  the  south  he  brought  the 
-whole  country  under  his  hand  He, 
howeverj  undid  his  own  work  by  again 
dividing  it  among  his  three  sons,  giving 
Gwynneth  (North  Wales)  to  Anarawd, 
Dynevor  (South  Wales)  to  Cadel,  and 
Powys  (the  eastern  portion,  then  ex- 
tending far  into  what  is  now  reckoned 
England)  to  Mendn'*.  Roderic  or- 
dained that  Gwynneth  should  be  the 
paramount  state,  to  which  the  others 
should  pay  tribute,  but  this  arrange- 
ment did  not  long  endure.  Mervin 
being  killed  by  the  Northmen,  Powys 
was  seized  by  the  ruler  of  Dynevor, 
and  that  state,  under  Howel  Dda, 
about  910  became  the  chief  kingdom. 


A.D.  842  (circa). 
The  Scots,  under  Keimeth  II.,  sub- 
due the  Picts. 

A.D.  845. 
The  Northmen  defeated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Parret  by  the  bishop  Ealstan  of 
Sherborne  and  Osric  the  ealdorman. 
Turgesius  is  killed  in  Ireland. 

A.D.  851. 

The  Northmen  defeated  in  Devon- 
shire ;  Athelstan  also  defeats  them  at 
$ea,  near  Sandwich. 

"This  year  the  heathen  men,  for 
the  first  time,  remained  over  winter  in 
Thanet. 

**  And  the  same  year  came  350  ships 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  and  tne 
crews  landed  and  took  Canterbury  and 
London  by  storm,  and  put  to  flight 
Beorhtwulf,  king  of  the  Mercians,  with 
his  army,  and  then  went  south  over 
the  Thames  into  Surrey ;  and  there 
King  Ethelwulf  and  his  son  Ethdbald, 
with  the  army  of  the  West  Saxons, 
fought  against  them  at  Ocldey,  and 


there  made  the  greatest  slangfater 
among  the  heathen  army  that  we  have 
heard  tell  of  unto  the  present  day,  and 
there  got  the  victory." 

Athelstan  of  Kent  dies. 

Anlaf  *  the  White  attempts  in  vain 
to  levy  tribute  on  the  Northmen  in 
Irelano. 

A.D.  852. 

Beorhtwulf  of  Mercia  dies  ;  Borgred 
succeeds. 

A.D.  853  or  854. 

Ethelwulf  assists  the  Mercians  a- 
gainst  the  North  Welsh. 

The  Northmen  in  Thanet  imsuc- 
cessfully  attacked  by  Ealhere  and 
Huda,  the  ealdormen  of  Kent  and 
Surrey,  who  are  both  killed. 

Buigred  marries  Athelswith,  the 
daughter  of  Ethelwul£ 

A.D.  855. 

"This  year  the  heathen  men,  for 
the  first  time,  remained  over  winter 
in  Shepey." 

"King  Ethelwulf  gave  by  charter 
the  tenth  part  of  his  land  throughout 
his  realm  for  the  glory  of  God  and 
his  own  eternal  salvation ".  And  the 
same  year  he  went  to  Rome  in  great 
state,  and  dwelt  there  twelve  months, 
and  then  returned  homewards." 

A.D.  8$6. 

Ethelwulf  marries  Judith,  daughter 
of  Charles,  king  of  the  Franks  (Charles 
the  Bald),  Oct.  i. 

Anlaf  establishes  his  supremacy, 
and  is  styled  king  of  Dublin. 

A.D.  857. 
Ethelwulf  parts  his  kingdom  with 
his  son. 

A.D.  858. 
Ethelwulf  dies,  January  13,  and  is 
buried  at  Winchester. 


^  Tbese  princes  and  thetr  successors  are  often 
styled  in  the  Wckh  Chronicles,  from  the  names  of 
^^uar  capitak,  the  kines  of  Aberfraw  (in  An^esey), 
of  Car^gan,  and  of  Mathraval  (near  Meivod,  m 
Montgomerjrshire),  in  the  same  way  as  their  co- 
temponuries,  the  English  kings,  are  called  the  kings 
of  London.  The  South  Wales  state  was  the  largest ; 
but  the  greater  part  of  its  territory  was  held  by  the 
lords  of  Dyved(Pembroke),  Morganwg  (Glamorgan) 
and  Gwent  (the  district  on  the  Severn  and  Wye), 
vho  were  ouy  nominal  depcadents  on  the  king  of 
Cardigan. 

*  TEe  same  name  as  Olaf  or  Olaus.  It  was 
irciy  common  in  tlie  North,  and  for  that  reason  i 


great  confusion  has  hitherto  prevailed  concerainc^ 
several  of  the  Northman  invaders  of  Britain  and 
Ireland.  The  reseanrhes  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Todd,  in 
his  translation  of  the  Wars  of  the  Gael,  have 
however  thrown  much  light  on  the  subject,  and 
Anlafis  who  lived  a  century  «>art  from  each  other 
need  no  longer  be  confounded. 

•»  This  grant,  which  is  only  to  be  taken  as  a  proof 
of  the  personal  piety  of  Ethelwulf,  in  bestowing  a 
tenth  of  his  private  estate  on  the  Church,  is  often 
incorrectly  spoken- of  as  if  it  were  the  origin  of 
tithes  in  England.  Sec  notice  of  Angfc>-Saxon. 
Laws,  p.  73. 


A.D.  B$S — 870.]  ETHELBALD  AND  ETHELBERT — ETHELRED. 


45 


ETHELBALD  and  ETHELBERT. 


The  two  elder  sons  of  Ethelwulf 
shared  his  dominions  between  them. 
Ethelbald,  who  only  survived  two  years, 
is  chiefly  remarkable  for  his  incest- 
uous marriage  with  Judith,  his  father's 
widow,  by  whom,  however,  he  left  no 
issue.  Ethelbert  contended  vigorously 
widi  the  Northmen  until  his  death  in 
S66,  and  left  two  sons:  Ethelwald, 
who  afterwards  by  leaguing  with  the 
invaders  made  himself  for  a  short  time 
king  in  Northumbria";  and  Adhelm, 
of  the  events  of  whose  Ufc  no  record 
has  been  preserved. 


A.D.  858. 
Ethelbald  succeeds  in  Wessex,  and 
Ethelbert  in   the  rest  of  EthelwulTs 
dominions. 


A.D.  86a 

Ethelbald  dies,  and  is  buried  at 
Sherborne ;  "  and  Ethelbert  succeeded 
to  all  the  realm  of  his  brother,  and  he 
held  it  in  godly  concord  and  in  great 
tranquillity." 

The  Northmen  storm  Winchester, 
but  are  shortly  after  defeated. 

A.D.  864. 
The    Northmen    again   winter   in 
Thanet 

A.D.  865. 

Kent  ravaged  by  the  Northmen. 
Anlaf  ravages  the  west  of  Scotland. 

A.D.  866. 
Ethelbert  dies  early  in  the  year  and 
is  buried  at  Sherborne.     Ethelred  suc- 
ceeds. 


ETHELRED. 


Ethelred,  the  third  son  of  Ethel- 
wulf; succeeded,  to  the  prejudice  of  his 
brother's  children,  but  this  was  not 
contrary  to  the  practice  of  early  ages 
in  regard  to  minors.  He  fought  nine 
battles  with  various  success  against 
the  Northmen,  and  died  shortly  after 
Easter,  871.  His  brother  Alfred  was 
appointed  to  succeed  him,  as  he  left 
only  yoong  children,  from  one  of  whom 
Etheiwerd  the  historian  traced  his 
descent 

A.D.  866. 
Anlaf  joins  the  Northmen  in  East 
Anglia;  they  make  a  truce  with  the 
peopl^  and  obtain  horses  from  them. 

A.D.  867. 
The  Northmen  pass  from  East  An- 
^  and  capture  York.    The  North- 
umbrians, Who  had  expelled  Osbert 
and  chosen  a  king,  Ella,  not  of  the 


I  royal  blood,  attempt   to  drive  them 
j  from  York,  but  are  defeated.     Osbert 
!  and  Ella  are  both  slain,  and  a  truce  is 
made. 

A.D.  868. 
The  Northmen  pass  into  Mercia, 
and  possess  themselves  of  Notting- 
ham, where  they  are  ineffectually  be- 
sieged by  Ethelred  and  his  brother 
Alfred ;  the  Mercians  at  length  make 
a  truce  with  them. 

Anlaf  returns  to  Ireland,  and  bums 
Armagh. 

AJ>.  869. 

The  Northmen  retire  to  York,  and 
remain  there  during  the  year. 

A.D.  870. 

The  Northmen  pass  again  into  East 
Anglia,  and  take  up  their  winter  quar- 
ters at  Thetford. 

''And  the  same  winter  King  Ed'- 
mund*  fought  against  them,  and  the 


las 


*  See  A.D.  901,  904,  905. 

*  The  tribotaiiy  king  of  East  Anglta.    He  began 


orer  the  E^  Angles  in  855,  and  is  de- 
bjr  Simeon  of  Durham  as  a  just  and  holy 
Hinag  been  defeated  by  the  pagans,  and 
ed,  he  was  offered  his  life  on  conditio 


__.  ^      .  i  condition  of 

spQrtaqr,  bitt  firmly  refusing,  he  was  first  cruelly 
scoorgcd,  then  pieKied  with  arrows,  and  his  head 


being  stricken  olT  was  cast  into  a  thicket  Hence 
he  was  reverenced  as  a  saint  and  martirr,  and 
is  still  retained  in  the  Church  Calendar.  The  an- 
dent  service  contains  the  following  l^end  of  the 
discovery  of  his  remains.  A  party  of  his  friends 
having  Tentured  in  search  of  them,  "they  went 
seeking  all  together,  and  oonstautly  calling,  as  is- 
the  wont  of  Uiose  who  oft  go  into  woods,  .... 


44 


THE  SAXON  ERA. 


[a.d.  870,  871. 


Danes  got  the  victory  and  slew  the 
king,  [Nov.  20,]  and  subdued  all  the 
land,  and  destroyed  all  the  minsters 
which  they  came  to.  The  names  of 
their  chiefs  who  slew  the  king  were 
Ingwair  and  Ubba.  At  that  same  time 
they  came  to  Medeshamstede  (Peter- 
borough), and  burned  and  beat  it 
down,  slew  abbot  and  monks,  and  all 
that  they  found  there  ;  and  that  place, 
which  before  was  full  rich,  they  re- 
duced to  nothing." 

Ethelred,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
endeavours  to  expel  the  secular  priests 
from  his  cathedral 

Anlaf  again  invades  Scotland,  where 
he  captures  Alcluid  (Dumbarton). 

A.D.  871. 
The  Northmen  pass  into  Wessex. 
They 'are  defeated  at  Englefield,  but 


gain  the  victory  three  days  later  at 
Reading.  They  are  defeated  four 
days  sSter  at  Ashdown,  in  Berk- 
shire, and  fourteen  days  after  are 
victorious  at  Basin|^.  "About  two 
months  after  this,  Kmg  Ethelred  and 
Alfred  his  brother  fought  against  the 
army  at  Meretun  (probably  Marden, 
Wiltshire)  and  they  were  in  two 
bodies,  and  they  put  both  to  flight, 
and  during  a  great  part  of  the  day 
were  victorious,  and  there  was  great 
slaughter  on  either  hand ;  but  the 
Danes  had  possession  of  the  place  of 
carnage  ;  and  there  Bishop  Heah- 
mund  (of  Sherborne)  was  slain,  and 
many  good  men." 

Ethelred,  being  mortally  wounded 
in  the  battle,  dies,  "over  Easter i'," 
and  is  buried  at  Wimbome.  His 
brother  Alfred  succeeds. 


ALFRED  THE  GREAT. 


Alfred,  the  fourth  son  of  Ethel- 
wulf,  was  bom  at  Wantage,  in  Berk- 
shire, in  849.  In  his  fifth  year  he  was 
sent  to  Rome,  and  was  there  "con- 
secrated king"  by  the  Pope,  and  again 
visited  that  city  in  company  with  his 
father  in  the  year  855.  In  868  he 
married  Elswitha,  the  daughter  of 
Ethelred,  an  East  Anglian  chief,  and 
for  the  next  three  years  he  was  actively 
engaged  in  seconding  the  efforts  of  his 
brother  Ethelred  against  the  North- 


'  Where  art  thou,  comrade  ?'  and  to  them  answered 
the  head,  '  Here,  here, 
here.'  They  all  were 
answered  as  often  as 
any  of  them  called, 
until  thev  all  came 
throueh  the  calling  to 
it  "niere  lay  the  gray 
wolf  that  guarded  the 
head,  and  with  his  two 
feet  nad  the  head  em- 
braced, greedy  and  hun- 
gry, and  for  God  durst 
not  taste  the  head,  and 
held  it  against  wild 
beasts.  Then  were  thev 
astonished  at  the  wolf  s 
^ardianship.  and  car- 
ried the  holy  nead  home 
with  them,  thanking  the 
Almiehty  for  all  His 
wonders.  But  the  wolf 
followed  forth  with  the 
head  imtil  they  came  to 
the  town,  as  if  he  were 
tame,  and  after  thatBdmond  of  East  Isglia; 
turned  into  the  woods     f^oQ  g  painted  panel  of 

place,  since  called  in  consequence,  Burv  St.  Ed- 
mund's, and  many  churches  still  exist  dedicated  to 
St.  Edmund,  king  and  martyr. 


men.  In  871  his  brother's  death  placed 
him  on  the  throne, — ^his  young  nephews 
being  passed  over — and  he  continued 
the  contest  with  various  fortune  for 
seven  years,  when  the  overpowering 
force  of  the  enemy  compelled  him  to 
withdraw  to  the  isle  of  Athelney,  where 
he  passed  the  early  months  of  878. 
Soon  issuing  from  his  retreat,  he  de- 
feated the  Northmen,  and  at  length 
concluded  a  peace  by  which  their  most 
powerful  chief  became  in  fact  king  of 
the  eastern  part  of  the  country,  but 
also  adopted  Christianity,  and  swore 
to  assist  in  the  defence  of  the  land 
against  all  new  assailants  ;  an  engage- 
ment which  was  but  indifferentljr  ob- 
served. The  main  body  of  the  spoilers, 
however,  withdrew,  and  although  he 
had  to  repel  another  attack  in  885, 
Alfred  now  found  leisure  not  only  for 
valuable  literary  labours'*,  but  to  re- 

p  As  he  met  his  death  from  idolaters,  Kin^ 
Ethelred  was  considered  a  martyr,  and  was  ca* 
nonized.  His  commemoration  in  the  ancient  Eng. 
lish  Church  was  on  April  aa,  which  is  therefore 
most  probably  the  day  of  his  death,  though  Flo- 
rence of  Worcester  says  April  23.  A  church  at 
Norwich  is  still  fotmd  dedicated  to  him. 

4  Among  these  may  be  mentioned,  Bede's  Ec- 
clesiastical History,  the  Geography  of  OrosiuSy 
Boetius  on  the  Consolations  of  Fhilosc^hy,  Pope 
Gregory's  Pastoral,  and  some  portions  at  least  of 
the  Holy  Scriptures.  His  works,  however,  are 
rather  of  the  nature  of  paraphrases  than  transla- 
tions, as  he  did  not  scruple  to  abridge,  add  to,  or 
alter,  as  he  fotmd  occasion.  To  hun,  with  the 
assistance  of  Archbishop  Plegmund,  b  also  ascribed* 
with  much  probability,  the  beginning  of  the  sys* 
tematic  compilation  of  uie  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle* 


A.D.  8; I — 876.] 


ALFRED  THE  GREAT. 


4S 


pair  the  ravages  of  war,  and  to  form  or 
remodel  those  admirable  political  in- 
stitutions for  which  his  name  is  still 
reverenced'. 

The  vear893  witnessed  a  fresh  re- 
turn of  the  Northmen,  but  they  were 
vigorously  withstood,  and  at  length  ex- 
pelled. To  secure  his  coasts  the  king 
now  constructed  ships  better  able  to 
cope  with  those  of  the  enemy  than  an  v 
that  had  been  before  seen  in  England, 
and  he  is  thus  regarded  as  the  founder 
of  the  royal  navy.  Alfred^s  few  re- 
maining years  were  apparently  passed 
in  tranquillity,  and  he  died  on  the  26th 
October,  901. 

Beside  other  children,  who  require 
no  particular  mention,  Alfred  left, — 
Edward,  bis  successor ;  Ethelfleda, 
who  as  "lady  of  the  Mercians'*  acted 
a  conspicuous  part ;  Elfrida,  married 
to  Baldwin  II.  count  of  Flanders*; 
and  Ethelgiva,  who  became  abbess 
of  Shaftesbury. 


A.D.  871. 

Alfred  defeated  by  the  Northmen  at 
Wilton.  Nine  other  battles  are  fought 
in  the  country  south  of  the  Thames, 
in  which  the  mvaders  appear  to  have 
been  victorious,  as  the  West  Saxons 
make  peace  with  them. 

Anlaf  returns  to  Ireland  with  many 
captives.    He  is  killed  the  next  year. 

A.D.  872. 

The  Northmen  take  up  their  winter 
quarters  in  London ;  the  Mercians 
make  peace  with  them. 

Cameleac  consecrated  bishop  of 
Llanda£f  by  the  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. 

We  see  from  this  that  the  spiritual 
supremacy  of  England  extended  at  this 
period  at  least  over  the  south-eastern 
wrt  of  Wales  (Gwent),  and  it  is  pro- 
bable that  political  power  accompanied 
it|  as  when  this  bishop  was  captured 
by  the  Northmen,  he  was,  we  are  told 
by  the  Saxon  Chronicle,  ransomed  by 
Edward  the  Elder,  for  40  pounds  of 
silver*. 


The  Northmen  from  Ireland  ravage 
the  west  of  Scotland,  but  are  defeated 
near  the  Clyde  by  Constantine  II. 
A.D.  873. 

The  Northmen  penetrate  into  North- 
umbria,  and  take  up  their  winter  quar- 
ters at  Torksey,  in  Lincolnshire ;  the 
people  make  peace  with  them. 

A.D.  874. 

The  Northmen  drive  out  Burgred  of 
Mercia,  and  make  Ceolwulf,  ''an  un- 
wise king's  thane,"  king  in  his  place. 
''And  he  swore  oaths  to  them,  and 
gave  hostages,  that  it  should  be  ready 
for  them,  on  whatever  day  they  would 
have  it ;  and  that  he  would  be  ready 
in  his  own  person,  and  with  all  who 
would  follow  him,  for  the  behoof  of 
the  army  ■." 

Burgred  goes  to  Rome,  and  dies 
there.  "  His  body  lies  in  St.  Mary's 
church  in  the  school  of  the  Angle 
race." 

A.D.  875. 

Halfdane,  a  Northman,  ravages 
Northumbria,  and  also  spoils  the 
Picts  and  the  Strathclyde  Britons. 

The  bishop's  see  and  the  body  of  St 
Cuthbert  removed  to  Chester-le-Street. 

Guthrum,  a  Northman,  besieges 
Grantabridge  (Cambridge). 

Alfred  defeats  a  fleet  of  seven  ships, 
capturing  one,  and  putting  the  rest  to 
flight. 

Many  of  the  Northmen  leave  Ire- 
land to  ravage  England,  France  and 
Germany.  The  land  has  thus  what  the 
Irish  aimalists  term  "the  forty  years' 
rest"  until  about  ajd.  915,  from  fresh 
invasions ;  but  the  foreigners  maintain 
themselves  in  their  possessions,  and 
form  alliances  with  the  native  princes. 

A.D.  876. 

The  Northmen  besiege  Wareham. 

Alfred  makes  peace  with  them,  when 
they  "  swear  oaths  to  him  on  the  holy 
ring^  which  they  never  before  would 
do  to  any  nation,"  to  leave  the  king- 
dom. Their  horsemen,  however,  take 
possession  of  Exeter. 


'Seep.  73. 

*  Bakiwin  was  the  son  of  Judith,  the  step-mother 
JjAIfred,  and  he  was  the  ancestor  of  Matilda,  the 
snt  Noman  qneen  of  England. 

'  SeeA.]>.  9x8. 
VTborpe'stranslatioo.  He  was,  however,  only  al- 
IJPBd  to  retain  a  portion,  as  we  read.  a.d.  877,  '*  In 
tbe  aotoma,  the  army  went  into  the  Mercians^  land, 
«M  divided  toau  of  it,  and  gave  some  to  CeoIwulU" 


*  Antiquaries  differ  as  to  the  meanins:  of  this 
passage.  It  seems  probable  that  the  Northmen,  in 
their  oath,  referred  to  a  great  ring  of  silver  or  ori- 
chalc,  which  Amgrim  Jonas  (Rer.  Islandic.  L  7)  says 
was  preserved  in  a  temple  in  Iceland,  and  which 
was  smeared  with  blood  of  victims  when  they  swore 
to  the  observance  of  matters  of  reUgion  or  public 
law.  For  illustrative  passages  see  Thoipe's  tzans- 
latioD,  p.  63. 


46 


THE  SAXON   ERA. 


[a.d.  876—878. 


Halfdane  app>ortions  the  lands  of 
Northumbria  among  his  followers. 

Anglesey  ravaged  by  the  Northmen 
from  Ireland,  and  Roderic  the  Great 
slain. 

Rollo  and  the  Northmen  overrun 
Neustria  (Normandy). 

A.D.  877. 
The  Northman  fleet  is  wrecked  at 
Swanawic  (Swanage). 
Alfred  captures  Exeter. 
The  NorUimen  apportion  Mercia. 

A.D.  878. 
The  Northmen  suddenly  invade 
Wessex,  in  January,  and  take  posses- 
sion of  the  country.  "Many  of  the 
people  they  drove  beyond  sea,  and  of 
the  remainder  the  greater  part  they 
subdued  and  forced  to  obey  them,  ex- 
cept King  Alfred  ;  and  he,  with  a  small 
band,  with  difficulty  retreated  to  the 


woods  and  to  the  fastnesses  of  the 
moors." 

Hubba,  the  brother  of  Halfdane^ 
lands  in  Devonshire,  but  is  defeated 
and  killed,  "and  there  was  taken  the 
war  flag  which  they  called  Raven  •." 

"And  after  this,  at  Easter,  [March 
23]  King  Alfred,  with  a  small  band, 
constructed  a  fortress  at  Athdncy*, 
and  from  this  fortress,  with  that  part 
of  the  men  of  Somerset  which  was 
nearest  to  it,  from  time  to  time  they 
fought  against  the  army  '." 

The  Saxon  Chronicle  gives  no  par- 
ticulars of  Alfred^s  residence  in  Athel- 
ney,  but  Asser,  his  biographer,  relates 
the  well-known  tale  of  the  cakes  suf- 
fered to  bum  whilst  he  prepared  his 
weapons,  and  also  tells  us  that  it  was 
in  consequence  of  tyrannical  conduct 
on  his  part,  and  neglect  of  the  reproof 
of  his  kinsman  St.  Neot,  that  the  king 
was  so  utterly  forsaken  by  his  sub- 
jects*. 


*  It  is  remarkable  that  the  Northcni  sagas  do 
not  mention  this  celebrated  flag,  to  which  magical 
powers  were  ascribed.  Professor  Worsaae,  from 
a  laborious  investigation  of  all  the  available  autho- 
rities, is  of  opinion  that  it  was  a  small  trianffular 
banner,  fringed,  bearing  a  black  raven  on  a  brood- 
red  fiekL 


*  Athelncy,  once  an  isbnd— the  name  means  the 
Isle  of  Nobles— is  now  a  marshy  tract  between  the 
rivers  Tone  and  Parret,  near  Langport,  in  the 
southern  part  of  Somersetshire. 

7  A  very  beautiful  specimen  of  gold  enamelled 
work  is  preserved  in  tne  A^molean  Museum  at 
Oxford,  which  is  commonly  known  by  the  name 


Alflred'i  Jtvel.  olirene. 

of  Alfred's  jewd,  as  it  bears  his  name,  and  was 
lound  in  1693  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of 
his  retreat.  It  b  of  filagree  work^  inck)sing  a  piece 
of  rock-cr>rstaI :  underneath  appears  a  figure  in 
enamel,  which  has  not  been  satisfactorily  explained. 
The  ground  is  of  a  ridi  blue,  the  face  and  arms  of 


Prafilt. 


tne  figure  white,  the  dress  principtdly  _ 
■  lisn  bvown. 


the 

lower  i>ortion  partly  of  a  reddish  bvown.  The 
inscription  is  **  +  AeHred  mec  heht  gevvican" 
(  +  Alfred  ordered  me  to  be  made). 

■  The  passage,  however,  is  not  ispcobiMy  an 
iBterpoIabon. 


A.D.  878 882.] 


Tits  ANGLO-DANES. 


47 


THE  ,ANGLO-DANES. 


Alfred  leaves  his  retreat  in  May. 
He  defeats  the  Northmen  at  Ethan- 
dun  (Edington,  near  Wcstbury),  and 
besieges  them  in  their  fortress. 

The  Northmen  surrender  after  a 
fourteen  days'  siege^  and  give  hostages. 
Gnthnim  "and  some  thirty  men,  who 
were  of  the  most  distinguished  in  the 
army,"  are  baptized  ;  Guthrum  has 
Alfred  for  his  godfather,  and  receives 
the  name  of  Athdstan. 

Alfred  makes  a  peace  with  the  North- 
men, ceding  to  them  a  large  portion  of 
territory,  thus  limited  :  "  first,  concern- 
ing our  land  boundaries :  up  on  the 
Thames,  and  then  up  on  the  Lea,  and 
along  the  Lea  unto  its  source,  then  right 
to  Bedford,  and  then  up  the  Ouse  into 
Watting  Street-." 

By  this  fonnal  cession  of  so  lai^e 
a  tract,  as  well  as  the  loss  of  what 
Halfdane  already  possessed,  and  held 
apparently  only  by  the  sword,  the  sole 
monarchy  establishedby  Egbert  scarce- 
ly fifty  years  before  may  be  regarded 
as  broken  up.  The  Anglo-Danes,  as 
they  are  now  to  be  called,  it  is  true, 
professed  alliance  to  Alfred  and  his 
successors,  but  they  seem  never  to 
have  yielded  it  unless  to  princes  who 
were  able  to  enforce  the  claim,  and 
they  were  ruled  by  chiefs  whose 
coins  prove  them  to  have  assumed  the 
style  of  independent  kings  K  They  re- 
ceived constant  accessions  to  their 
numbers  in  consequence  of  the  at- 
tempts made  by  the  kings  of  Norway 
eariy  in  the  tenth  century  to  render 
themsdves  absolute  monarchs,  many 
of  the  chiefs  preferring  voluntary  exile 
to  submission,  and  they  thus  speedily 
became  in  some  districts,  what  the 
Normans  afterwards  were  in  the  whole 
country,  a  fierce  military  aristocracy 
governing  without  mercy  or  discretion 
a  herd  of  serfs,  it  being  recorded  as 
a  glorious  achievement  of  Edmund  L 


that  he  freed  the  English  inhabitants 
of  certain  districts  "who  had  dwelt 
long  in  captive  chains  to  heathen 
men*."  They  also  extended  them- 
selves over  Mercia,  and  as  that  state 
as  well  as  their  own  district  had  its 
pecuhar  laws,  the  country  was  rather 
three  separate  kingdoms*,  of  which 
Wessex  had  occasionally  a  supremacy 
over  the  others,  than  one  united  mo- 
narchy, as  it  is  usually  represented. 
It  appears,  too,  from  the  names  of  the 
witnesses  to  contemporary  documents, 
that  the  Anglo- Danes  soon  became 
possessed  of  important  posts  both  in 
the  Church  and  at  the  court  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  kings.  The  divisions 
thus  introduced  into  its  councils,  and 
the  help  they  constantly  gave  to  their 
invading  countrymen,  reduced  the 
country  to  a  state  of  weakness  which 
left  it  a  comparatively  easy  prey,  first 
to  Canute,  and  next  to  William  the 
Norman. 

A.D.  879. 

Guthrum  and  his  forces  withdraw 
to  Cirencester,  and  remain  there  during 
the  year. 

A  fresh  body  of  Northmen  take  np 
their  quarters  on  the  Thames  at 
Fulham. 

A.D.  880. 

Guthrum  and  his  forces  settle  in 
East  Anglia.  The  Northmen  at  Ful- 
ham leave  the  Thames,  and  besiege 
Ghent. 

A.D.  881. 

The  Northmen  penetrate  into  France. 

The  Northmen  land  in  Scotland, 
and  defeat  and  kill  Constantine  II. 
at  Crail,  in  Fifeshire. 

A.D.  882. 

Alfred  goes  to  sea,  and  captures 
four  vessels  of  the  enemy. 


•  The  other  prcmslons  of  this  treaty  declare :  **  if 
a  man  be  slain,  we  estimate  all  eoually  dear,  Eng- 
lish and  Damish,  at  eight  half  marks  of  pure  gold," 
and  at  aoo  shflUags  each  for  the  Saxon  ceori  and 
the  Danish  liesing  or  freeman ;  setde  modes  of  trial, 
and  the  warranty  "  for  men,  for  horses,  and  for 
cattle,*  and  regnlate  the  intercourse  between  the 
two  annies  and  their  followers. 

^  In  x8^  a  hoard  of  about  7>ooo  sNer  coins  (be- 
side many  sihrcr  ornaments]  was  discovered  al 
Cucidale,  near  Preston,  in  Lancashire,  3,000  of 
which  bore  such  inscriptions  as  "Cnut  Rex,"  "  Alf- 


den  Rex,"  "  Sitric  Comes ;"  they  are  by  the  best 
informed  numismatists  considered  indisputably  to 
belong  to  the  chiefs  of  the  Danish  invaders  in  the 
ninth  century,  and  &eir  immediate  successors. 

•  See  A.D.941. 

*  Even  in  the  laws  of  Henry  I.  England  m  re- 
cognised as  divided,  so  far  as  customary  law  is 
concerned,  into  the  three  states  of  Weascx,  Mer- 
cia, and  the  province  of  the  Danes;  the  latter 
province,  sometimes  styled  the  Danelagh,  appears 
to  have  comprised  the  whole  txatit  north  and  east 
of  the  Watling  Street. 


48 


THE  SAXON  ERA« 


[a.d.  883—894. 


A.D.  883. 

The  Northmen  ascend  the  Scheldt, 
and  besiege  Condd 

Alfred  sends  alms  to  Rome,  and  also 
to  India,  "which  he  had  vowed  to 
send,  when  they  sat  down  against  the 
army  at  London." 

A.D.  884. 

The  Northmen  besiege  Amiens. 
A.D.  885. 

The  Northmen  again  land  in  Eng- 
lan<^  and  besiege  Rochester.  Alfred 
relieves  the  city,  and  drives  the  be- 
siegers beyond  sea. 

"This  year  the  army  in  East  An- 
glia  •  broke  the  peace  with  King 
Alfred." 

Alfred  sends  a  fleet  against  them, 
which  captures  sixteen  of  their  ships  ; 
but  his  fleet  is  defeated  on  its  return. 

A.D.  886. 

"King  Alfred  repaired  London,  and 
all  the  English  suomitted  to  him,  ex- 
cept those  who  were  under  the  bond- 
age of  the  Danishmen ;  and  then  he 
committed  the  town  to  the  keeping  of 
Ethelred,  the  ealdorman." 

The  Northmen  besiege  Paris. 

England  now  seems  to  have  had 
peace  for  a  while,  for  the  Saxon  Chro- 
nicle for  the  next  seven  years  only  re- 
cords offerings  sent  to  Rome,  which 
became  so  customary  that  it  is  thought 
worthy  of  special  remark,  that  in  889 
"  there  was  no  journey  to  Rome,  ex- 
cept that  King  Alfred  sent  two  couriers 
with  letters." 

The  bishops  of  Leicester,  on  the 
conquest  of  Mercia  by  the  Northmen, 
remove  to  Dorchester',  in  Oxfordshire. 
A.D.  887. 

The  Northmen  pass  the  bridge  at 
Paris,  and  ravage  the  interior  of 
France. 

Alfred  founds  the  monasteries  of 
Shaftesbury  and  Athelney. 

A.D.  888. 

Athelswith  (Alfred's  sister,  and  relict 


of  Burgred  of  Mercia)  dies  on  her  way 
to  Rome,  and  is  buried  at  Pavia. 

A.D.  890. 
Guthrum  dies. 

The  Northmen  in  France  defeated 
by  the  Bretons. 

A.D.  891. 

The  Northmen,  being  defeated  in 
the  east  of  France,  near  Louvaine, 
Sept  I,  begin  to  retrace  their  steps 
to  the  coast 

A.D.  893. 

The  Northmen,  having  crossed 
France,  embark  at  Boulogne,  and 
land  at  Limenemouth'.  "  They  came 
over,  horses  and  all,  at  one  passage^ 
with  250  ships."  They  fortify  them- 
selves at  Appledore  \ 

Hasting  enters  the  Thames,  and 
builds  a  fort  at  Middleton  (Milton, 
on  the  East  Swale  of  the  Medway). 

The  Northumbrians  and  East  An- 
gles favour  the  invaders. 

A.D.  894. 

Alfred  places  himself  between  the 
two  armies  of  Northmen. 

The  Northmen  leave  their  forts  for 
the  purpose  of  passing  into  Essex,  but 
are  defeated  at  Famham.  At  length 
they  reach  the  Colne,  and  are  besieged 
there. 

The  Northumbrians  and  East  An- 
gles attack  Devonshire. 

The  Northmen  defeated  at  Benfleet, 
their  shipping  destroyed,  and  the  wife 
and  sons  of  Hasting  captured. 

The  Northmen  re-assemble  at  Shoe- 
bury,  are  joined  by  the  Northvmibrians 
and  East  Angles,  and  pass  up  the 
Thames  to  the  Severn.  They  are  be- 
sieged at  Buttington,  in  Shropshire, 
and  obliged  to  surrender,  "  after  having 
eaten  a  great  part  of  their  horses." 

The  fugitives  reach  Essex,  and  as- 
semble another  army.  They  commit 
"their  wives,  and  their  ships,  and 
their  wealth"  to  the  East  Angles,  and 
cross  England  to  Chester,  where  they 
are  again  besieged. 


•  That  is,  Guthrum  and  his  adherents. 

'  The  West  Saxon  see  founded  here  by  Birinus 
(see  A.D.  62s},  was  removed  to  VHnchester  in  676. 

c  The  ancient  mouth  of  the  Rother,  in  Kent : 
now  Romney  Sound. 

^  The  nature  of  their  ordinary  fortifications  ap- 
pears from  a  cotemporary  notice  in  the  Annals  of 
Fulda :  "The  Ncurttmien,  havbg  made  their  forti- 
fication with  hedges  according  to  their  custom,  se- 


curely encamped."  The  annalist  of  Metz,  however, 
points  out  an  improved  mode  of  proceeding :  "  The 
Northmen  protected  themselves  according  to  cus> 
tom  with  wood  and  a  heap  of  earth  ;"  and  such  we 
may  conclude  was  their  fashion  fifty  years  later, 
from  a  passage  in  the  Saxon  Chronide  relating  to 
the  battle  of  Brunanbuzg— "The  board-wall  they 
clove,  they  hewed  the  war-lindens." 


A.D.  895—9^'-]  EDWARD  I.,  CALLED  THE  ELDER. 


49 


A.D.  895  (circa). 

The  Northmen  permanently  esta- 
blish themselves  in  the  Orkneys  and 
Hebrides*. 

The  Northmen  from  Chester  rav- 
age North  Wales,  and  then  return  to 
Northumbria  and  East  Anglia. 

Sussex  ravaged  by  the  Northmen 
from  Northumbria  and  East  Anglia. 

The  Northmen  reassemble  in  Mer- 
sey island,  and  thence  proceed  up  the 
Thames  and  the  Lea. 
A.D.  896. 

The  Northmen  build  afort  on  the  Lea, 
probably  near  Ware,  which  is  imsuc- 
cessfiiUy  attacked  by  the  Londoners. 

Alfred  encamps  in  the  neighbour- 
hood, and  by  cutting  fresh  channels 
leaves  the  ravagers'  ships  aground. 

The  Northmen  retire  to  Shropshire, 
and  pass  the  winter  there. 
A.D.  897. 

The  Northmen  break  up  their  army. 
"Some  went  for  East  Anglia,  some 
for  Northumbria ;  and  they  who  were 
moneyless  procured  themselves  ships 


there,  and  went  southwards  over  sea 
to  the  Seine.  Thanks  be  to  God,  the 
army  had  not  utterly  broken  down  the 
English  nation ;  but  during  the  three 
years  it  was  much  more  broken  down 
by  the  mortality  among  cattle,  and 
among  men,  and  most  of  all  by  this, 
that  many  of  the  most  eminent  king's 
thanes  in  the  land  died  during  the 
three  years." 

The  south  coast  of  England  harassed 
by  plundering  parties.  Alfred  builds 
ships  of  a  new  model  to  contend  with 
them. 

Some  of  the  pirate  vessels  are  cap- 
tured, and  their  crews  put  to  death. 
Twenty  more  are  wrecked  on  the  south 
coast 

A.D.  900. 

Wales  ravaged  by  the  Northmen,  and 
Mervin,  prince  of  Powys,  killed.  His 
state  is  seized  by  Cadel  of  Dynevor. 

A.D.  901. 
Alfred  dies,  Oct.  26^,  and  is  buried 
at  Winchester.      He  is  succeeded  by 
Edward. 


EDWARD  I.,  CALLED  THE  ELDER. 


Edward,  the  eldest  surviving  son 
of  Alfred,  was  bom  about  870,  and 
as  early  as  894  he  distinguished 
himself  against  the  Northmen  at 
Famham. 

His  accession  to  the  throne  was  un- 
successfully opposed  by  Ethelwald,  his 
cousin,  who  obtained  aid  from  the  An- 
glo-Danes, and  the  greater  part  of  his 
reign  was  passed  in  repelling  the  at- 
tadLS  of  the  insurgents  and  their  allies 
from  the  North  and  from  Ireland.  Ed- 
ward, however,  several  times  defeated 
them^,  and  by  taking  the  precaution  to 
erect  forts  as  he  proceeded,  in  which 
he  was  powerfully  aided  by  his  sister 
Ethelfleda,  the  "lady  of  the  Mercians," 
he  at  length  succeeded  in  putting  down 
all  opponents  ;  so  that,  snortly  before 
his  death,  in  925,  he  was  acknowledged 
as  "father  and  lord,"  not  only  by  all 
the  Danish  chiefs  in  England,  out  also 


by  the  kings  of  the  Scots  and  of  the 
Strathclyde  Britons. 

Edward  left  a  numerous  family,  of 
whom  three  (Athelstan,  Edmund,  and 
Edred)  became  kings  of  England ;  his 
other  children  were,  —  Edwin,  who 
perished  at  sea  ;  Edgiva,  married  to 
Charles  the  Simple  ofFrance  ;  Edith, 
to  Otho  the  Great 
of  Germany;  an- 
other Edgiva,  to 
Louis,  king  of 
Aries ;  and  several 
daughters  who  em- 
braced a  religious 
life,  or  whose  alli- 
ances have  not  been 
satisfactorily  deter- 
mined. Thy^^wife 
of  Gormo  HL,  of  Denmarl^  is  by 
some  writers  stated  to  be  one  of  them, 
but  the  fact  is  doubtful  \ 


Thyia'BCap. 


'  Tbcy  bad  ravaged  these  islands  at  intervab  for 
aearly  a  oentoiy ;  but  they  now  settled  there^  and 
a  lam  tK^tioa  of  the  population  at  this  day  is  de- 
scended frooi  then, 
i  *'Six  mirhu  before  All- Hallow-mass." 
^  The  White  Leaf  cross,  near  Prince's  Ris- 
boroa|^  is  r^arded  as  a  memorial  of  one  of  his 


'  The  sepuldirc  of  this  princess,  who  died  in  935, 


still  exists,  at  Jellinge,  in  Jutland ;  it  is  a  chamber 
formed  of  beams  of  oak,  covered  with  woollen 
cloth,  and  inclosed  in  a  vast  tumulus.  It  has 
more  than  once  been  opened,  and  in  it  were  found 
a  round  coffer,  and  the  figure  oi  a  bird  formed  of 
thin  plates  of  sold,  as  well  as  the  cup  here  en- 
graved ;  it  is  ofsilver,  plated  with  gold,  is  of  very 
small  axze,  and  is  remarkable  as  an  example  of  the 
sute  of  the  decorative  arts  in  the  tenth  century. 


^5o 


Tmr  9xxa»  era. 


[ajx  90f— 9ro, 


iLO*  9Dr;. 
Etheiwald  tli«  atheling  »,  attcmpts^  tb 
make  himself  king  in  Wessex;     Fail- 
ing, he  joins  the  Northmen  in  Nozth^ 
^  lunbria. 

AwD.  902. 

Edi;rard  is  crowned,  KTay  r6. 

A  great  battle  at  the  Holm,  in  Kent, 
tetween  the  Kentish  men  and  the 
Northmen  ;  the  latter  defeated". 

Elswitha,  the  widow  of  Alfred,  dTes  ". 

The  Northmen  dHven  from  Dublin 
l)y  the  Irish. 

A.D.  904. 

Etheiwald  obtains  possession  of 
J^ssex. 

A.D.  905. 

Etheiwald  and  the  Northmen  ravage 
l^rda. 

Edward  in  return  invades  "all  their 
land  between  the  cUkes  and  the  Ouse, 
as  far  north  as  the  fens."  The  Kentish 
men,  against  his  ovders,  remain  behind, 
:amd  are  defeated  by  the  NoKthroien. 
^  There  was  great  slaughter  made  on 
cither  hand ;  and  of  the  Danish  men 
there  were  more  slain,  though  they  had 
possession  of  the  place  of  carnage." .... 
**And  on  the  Danish  side  were  slain 
£ohric  their  king,  and  Ethdmrald  the 


atheling,  who  had  enticed  him  to  break 
the  peace ....  and  likewise  very  many 
with  them,  whom  we  ase  now  nnable 
to  name." 
The  Noithmen  ravag;^  Ii^dandb 

AJX  9od 
'^Thia  year  King  Edwaxd,  from,  ne- 
cesuty,  condudeda  peace  bath  with  tbe 
am^of  East^digUaandNaBtfaimibria.'' 

A.D.  907. 
Chester  rebuilt  by  Ethelfieda. 

AJ3.  909* 
The  great  diocese  of  Winshttstor 
divided,  and^  new  sees  established  in. 
Wilts,  Somerset,  Dev^ov  and  ConmialL 

jLlx^xa. 

^  King  Edward'  sent  ont  a  fbrce  both 
of  West  Saxons  and  of  Mercians,  and 
they  greatly  spoifed  the  army  of  the 
noith,  a&  well  of  men  as  of  cs^ery 
kind  o£  oattle,  and  ^w  many  of  tlie 
Danish  men  ;  and.  they  wesr  tbtrart 
^e  weeks." 

The  Northmen  defeated'  at  Teoten- 
heal,  (probably  Tettenhall,  in  Stafford- 
shire,} Aug.  6. 


WALES: 


Howel  Dda,  havmg  about  tfiis  tone 

~fccome  ruler  of  die  whole  of  Wales', 

summoned  a  nmnerous  assembly  to 

the  White  House  on  the  Tav  (near 

Whitland,  in  Carmarthenahiae,)'  two- 

thfrds  being  laymen^  and;  one^dtini 

.  clergy,  to  examine  Ac  aacienir  fiiws 

^ose   ascribed   to    T^jvmsntL  Mael- 

i  mtid^) ;  ''some  they  snAsed  tv  con- 

X  tmue  unaltered,  some  tbey  amended, 

^^Cbezs  they  entirely    i§wi|i|tfiid,   and 

:Some  new  laws  they  enactcdL*  These 

laws  being  submitted   tt»  tike  ?ope, 

^Anastasias    III.)   and   approved   by 

jftiiB,  were   ordered   to   bt   observed 

'  t&rou^ont  Wales  ;:  but  numerous  mo- 

^  difications  were  soon  made  in  iftem, 

.  and,  as  now  known  to  us,  they  are  in 

the  form  of  separate  codes  for  each  of 

.  the  three  states  (Gwynneth,  Dynevor, 


and  Gwent),  into  which  Wales'  was  In 
the  tenth  century  divided 

Each  code  presents  the  lears  of  tbe 
court,  and  the  laws  of  the  coontry. 
The  first  contain  most  minixte  regular 
tlons  for  every  member  of  Ae  royal 
household,  from  the  king  to  the  door- 
keeper, and  state  their  various  duties, 
privities,  and  emolument^  some  ox 
which  are  of  a  smgtdar  nature ;  tbe 
second  give  the  rules  appficahfe  to  aH 
offences  against  person  or  property, 
which  are  carried  ta  the  exlieme  of 
defining-  the  fegal  worth  of  most  ani** 
mals,  whether  wild  or  tame^  Ae  price 
of  a  blind  kitten  even  being  duly  laid 
down,  as  well  as  the  sums  to  be  paul 
for  wounds  of  murder ;  the  principle  of 
money  payment,  rather  thsm  of  blood 
for  bloody  prevailing  in   the  Welsh 


•  Most  iMobobly  the  Ma  •£  Ethelbart^  Albedos 
-sredecessor  (sae  A.J9.  SsftX  but  9onmliiBa»  nid  to 
se  his  nephew. 

■  This  tatde  is  ascribed  t»  the  Tear  904.  by  Flo* 
-scace  of  Worcester. 


•  Her  death  is  aacrifaed  to  Ijhe  year  935^  i 
IfSS.  of  the  Saaoa  Chroaida. 
F  See  A.x>.  840. 
«  See  A.D.  640. 


JLD.  911 — 923.]  EDWARD  I.,  CALLED  THS  ELDER. 


5x 


as  fully  as  in  the  Anglo-Sajoon  comr 
mimity. 

After  the  death  of  Howel  Dda  osur- 
padon  and  dvil  war  ensued.  At  length 
Cwynneth  was  recovered  by  the  descen- 
dants of  Anarawd,  and  under  Llewelyn 
ap  Sitsylht '  it  became  the  ruling  state^ 
Dynevor  having  lost  much  of  the 
eastern  put  of  its  territory.  Llewelyii 
was  killed  in  1031,  when  lago,  his 
brother-in-law,  obtained  Gwynneth, 
and  Rytherch,  Dynevor ;  they  were;, 
howevei^  subdued  by  Griffin^  the  son 
of  Llewelyn,  who  hdd  the  supremacy 
tin  1065,  when  he  being  defeated  by 
£arl  Harold,  and  Idlled  by  his  own 
people  as  the  price  of  peace,  the  whole 
of  Wales  was  reduced  to  a  nominal 
dependence  on  England.  Meredith, 
a  descendant  of  Howel  Dda,  was  ap- 
pointed prince  of  Dynevor,  and  Blethm 
and  Rywallon  (the  brothers  of  Griffin) 
princes  of  Gwynneth  and  Powys,  by 
the  victors. 

A.D.  911. 

The  Northmen  overrun  Mercia,  but 
are  overtaken  and  defeated  on  their 
retreat. 

The  Northmen  from  Dublin  ravage 
South  Wales. 

AJX9T2. 

^  Kmg  Edward  obtains  possession  of 
London,  and  of  all  the  lands  which 
owed  obedience  thereto.'' 

A.D.  913. 

Edward  advances  into  Hertford  and 
Essea^  and  builds  several  forts  there. 

Etlielifeda  builds  forts  at  Tamwoith 
and  at  Stafford,  and  at  Warwick  and 
other  places  in  the  next  year. 

A.D.915. 
The   Northmen  recommence  their 
invasioti  of  Irdand. 

A.D.  916. 
Ethelfleda's  forces  defeat  the  Welsh 
at  Brecenan-mere  (Brecknock).  . 

A.D.  917. 
Derby  captured  from  the  Northmen. 

A.D.  918. 

Leicester  surrendered  by  treaty  to 
Ethdfleda.  "^  And  the  pneople  of  York 
had  also  covenanted  with  her,  some 


having  given  a  pledge,  and  some 
having  bound  themselves  by  oath,  that 
they  would  be  at  her  command." 

Ethelfleda  dies,  June  12.  Edward 
takes  possession  of  Mercia,  "and  all 
the  people  there,  as  well  Danish  as 
Engnsh,  submitted  to  him.** 

The  coasts  of  Wales  and  the  Severn 
ravaged  by  a  Northman  fleet  from 
Britanny.  The  invaders  are  driven  ofl^ 
and  retire  to  Ireland. 

Cameleac,  bishop  of  LlandafT,  having 
been  captured  by  them,  is  ransomed 
by  Edward. 

The  Northmen  re-establidi  them* 
selves  in  DubUn. 

A.D.  919. 

Edward  continues  his  prog^ress,  and 
captures  Bedford. 

The  Northmen  give  a  signal  defeat 
to  the  Irish  at  Kilmashogue,  near 
Dublin,  Sept.  15.  King  Niall  and  four* 
teen  other  princes  are  killed  there. 

A.D.93a 
Thurkytel,  the  Northman,  and  his 
followers,  are  allowed  to  withdraw  to 
France. 

A.D.  921. 

Towcester  ineffectually  besieged  by 
the  Northmen. 

Edward  relieves  his  towns,  and 
strengthens  some  with  stone  waU^ 
"and  much  people  submitted  to  him, 
as  well  among  die  East  Anglians  as 
among  the  East  Saxons,  who  before 
were  under  the  dominion  of  the  DaAe& 
And  all  the  army  anaoug  the  East 
An^ians  swore  oneness  with  him,  that 
they  would  observe  peace  towards  aH 
to  which  the  king  should  grant  his 
peaces  both  by  sea  and  land." 

Annagh  plundered  by  the  Northmen. 

AJ).  922. 

''King  Edward  went  with  his  forces 
to  Stamford,  and  commanded  the  fort 
(burh)  to  be  built  upon  the  south  side 
of  the  river  ;  and  all  the  people  which 
owed  obedience  to  the  northern  towns 
submitted  to  him,  and  sought  him  to 
be  their  lord." 

The  North-Welsh  kings  seek  him 
for  lord. 

A.D.  923. 

Edward  advances  into  Nortfaombriay 


From  UuspriDce,  Cecfl,  the  1 


s^ 


THE  SAXON   ERA, 


[A.D.  923—937- 


and  builds  forts  at  Thelwall,  in  Che- 
shire, and  at  Manchester. 

Regnold,  a  Danish  king,  captures 
York. 

A.D.  924. 

Edward  builds  other  forts,  as  at 
Nottingham  and  in  the  Peak.  ''Then 
chose  him  for  father  and  for  lord,  the 
king  of  the  Scots  and  the  whole  nation 


of  the  Scots',  and  Regnold  and  the 
son  of  Eadulf,  and  all  those  who  dwell 
in  Northumbria,  as  well  English  as 
Danes,  and  Northmen  and  others,  and 
also  the  king  of  the  Strathclyde  Bri- 
tons, and  all  the  Strathclyde  Britons." 

A.D.  925.    \  cr^ 
Edward  dies,  and  is  buried  at  Win- 
chester.   AUielstan  succeeds. 


ATHELSTAN. 


Athelstan,  the  eldest,  and  perhaps 
the  natural,  son  of  Edward,  succeeded 
him,  and  shewed  great  vigour  and 
ability  in  contending  with  the  Anglo- 
Danes  and  their  confederates,  to  whom 
he  gave  a  signal  overthrow  at  Brunan- 
burg.  He  also  protected  his  young 
nephew  Louis,  the  son  of  Charles  the 
Simple,  and  assisted  in  placing  him 
on  the  throne  of  France.  He  added 
many  valuable  provisions  to  the  laws 
promulgated  by  Alfred,  like  him  was 
liberal  to  monasteries,  and  favoured 
both  literature  and  commerce.  He 
was  never  married,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  brother  Edmund,  in  the  year 
940. 


A.D, 
Athelstan  gives 
riage  to  Sihtric  of  Northumbria 


925. 

his  sister  in  mar- 


A.D.  926. 
"  Sihtric  perished  ",  and  King  Athel- 
stan obtained  the  kingdom  of  the 
Northumbrians.  And  he  ruled  sdl  the 
kings  who  were  in  this  island:  first, 
v/<  t^t^i  Huwal,  king  of  the  )^t- Welsh  (Corn- 
wall) ;  and  Constantme,  king  of  the 
Scots  ;  and  Uwen,  king  of  the  Gwen- 
tian  people  (on  the  lower  course  of  the 
Severn) ;  and  Ealdred,  son  of  Ealdulf 
of  Bamborough  :  and  they  confirmed 
the  peace  by  pledge  and  by  oaths,  at 
the  place  which  is  called  Eamot,  on 


the  4th  of  the  ides  of  July  (July  12)  r 
and  they  renounced  all  idolatry,  and 
after  that  submitted  to  him  in  peace." 

A.D.  929. 
Anlaf  Cuaran  (Anlaf  of  the  Sandal)^ 
son  of  Sihtric,  becomes  the  leader  of 
the  Northmen  of  Waterford. 

A.D.  933. 

"  This  year  Edwin  the  atheling  [the 
half-brother  of  Athebtan]  was  drowned 
at  sea  V  /t^lf-f 

Scotland  ravaged  by  Athelstan  with 
a  fleet  and  army.  lie  also  imposes 
a  tribute  on  Wales *.  \  (.-)  i^ 

A.D.  937. 

Anlaf  Cuaran,  with  an  army  of  North- 
men from  Ireland,  and  Constantine 
III.,  king  of  the  Scots  (his  father-in- 
law),  land  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hum- 
ber.  They  are  defeated  by  Athelstan 
and  Edmund  the  atheling,  at  Bruna^- 
burgy. 

"  Five  youthful  kings  and  seven  earls 
were  laid  in  slumber  by  the  sword, 
and  of  their  army  countless  shipmen 
and  Scots.  The  West  Saxons  onward 
throughout  the  day,  in  bands,  pursued 
the  footsteps  of  the  loathed  nations. 
Carnage  greater  has  not  been  in  this 
island,  of  people  slain  by  the  edge  of 
the  sword,  since  from  the  east  hither 
came  the  Angles  and  Saxons." 


■  ThiSf  and  some  similar  transactions  in  Anglo- 
Saxon  times,  formed  the  ground  for  the  claim  of 
feudal  subjection  of  the  crown  of  Scotland  to  that 
of  Ensland,  which  was  urged  by  the  Norman  kings 
and  their  successors.  The  cai>ture  of  William  the 
Lion  and  the  disputed  succession  on  the  death  of 
Alexander  II  I.  occasioned  its  temporary  admission  ; 
but  Wallace  and  Bruce,  aided  at  first  rather  by  the 
people  than  the  nobles  of  Scotland,  (many  of  whom 
were  of  the  English  party,  having  lands  in  both 
kingdoms,)  successfully  resisted  the  foe,  and  esta- 
blished the  independence  of  their  country. 

'  Sihtric  had  long  reigned  in  Dublin,  but  was 
driven  from  thence  about  a.d.  920. 


"  His  two  sons,  Anlaf  and  Guthferth  (Godfrey), 
sought  refuge  with  the  Scots,  but  soon  retired  to 
the  Ostmen  in  Ireland. 

*  Some  writers,  as  Simeon  of  Durham,  chai]ge 
Athelstan  with  his  murder ;  but  this  earlier  notice 
leaves  the  matter  doubtful. 

>  This  tribute  is  stated  in  the  North  Welsh 
Code  as  three  score  and  three  pounds  }n  money, 
when  the  king  of  Aberfraw  received  hb  land 
from  the  king  of  London,  beside  dogs,  hawks, 
and  horses. 

7  The  site  of  this  celebrated  battle  has  not  beea 
ascertained. 


A.D.  939—947.] 


EDRED. 


53 


A.D.  939. 

Athdstan  ravages  Comwalli  and  con- 
quers the  isles  of  Scilly  *. 


A.D.  940. 
Athelstan  dies  at  Gloucester,  Oct  27, 
and  is  buried  at  Malmesbury.   Edmund 
the  atheling,  his  half-brother,  succeeds. 


EDMUND   I. 


The  short  reign  of  Edmund  was 
almost  entirely  occupied  in  an  attempt 
to  reduce  the  Anglo-Danes  to  some- 
thing like  real  submission  to  the  Saxon 
monarchs.  He  was  killed  in  his  own 
court  in  the  year  946^  in  the  25th  year 
of  his  age.  His  two  sons,  Edwy  and 
Edgar,  being  minors,  he  was  succeeded 
by  his  brother  Edred. 

I 

A.D.  941. 

The  Northumbrians  choose  Anlaf  of 
Ireland  (Anlaf  Cuaran)  for  their  king. 

Edmund  recaptures  the  Five  Burghs  * 
from  the  Danes. 

A.D.  943. 

Anlaf*  captures  Tamworth  in  Mercia. 
He  is  besieged  in  Leicester  by  Ed- 
mund, but  escapes. 

Anlaf  submits  to  King  Edmund,  is 
baptized,  and  is  "royally  gifted"  by 
him. 


Regnold  of  York  also  submits,  and  is 
baptized,  near  the  close  of  the  year. 

A.D.  944. 

Northumbria  entirely  subdued,  and 
Anlaf  Cuaran  expelled. 

Dublin  captured  from  the  Northmen 
by  the  Irish. 

A.D.  945. 

Cumberland  ravaged  by  Edmund  % 
and  granted  to  Malcolm,  king  of  the 
Scots, ''  on  the  condition  that  he  should 
be  his  fellow-worker,  as  well  by  sea  as 
by  land." 

The  Northmen  retake  Dubhn. 

A.D.  946. 
King  Edmund  is  killed  in  his  own 
hall  by  Liofa,  an  outlaw,  at  Puckle- 
church,  (in  Gloucestershire,  not  far 
from  Bristol,)  May  26.  His  brother 
Edred  succeeds. 


EDRED. 


Edred,  the  son  of  Edward  I.,  was 
more  successful  than  Edmund  had 
be^  and,  though  they  more  than  once 
rose  against  him,  he  finally  reduced  the 
Anglo- Danes  to  subjection.  He  then 
gave  himself  up  mainly  to  a  religious 
course  of  life,  and  entrusted  the  direc- 
tion of  public  affairs  to  the  celebrated 
Dunstan**.  He  died  in  955,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  nephew  Edwy. 

A.D.  946. 
Edred  crowned,  Sunday,  August  16. 


The  Northumbrians  revolt,  but  are 
defeated  by  Edred;  ''and  the  Scots 
gave  him  oaths,  that  they  would  that 
he  would." 

A.D.  947. 

"King  Edred  came  to  Taddenes- 
scylf,  (Tanshelf,  near  Pontefract,)  and 
there  Wuktan  the  archbishop  [of  Yorkl 
and  all  the  Nordiumbrianwitan  plighted 
their  troth  to  the  king  ;  and  widiin  a 
little  while  they  belied  all,  both  pledge 
and  all  oaths." 


*  The  isles  are  viable  from  St.  Buryan,  near  the 
Land's  End,  and  Athektan  b  said  to  have  rebuilt 
the  church,  in  performance  of  a  vow,  in  token  of 
his  victory. 

*  Tlwse  were  Leicester,  Lincoln,  Nottingham, 
Stamford,  and  Derby,  the  inhabitants  of  which, 
"by  need  constrained,  had  ere  while  a  long  time 
dwelt  in  captive  chains  to  heathen  men." 

^  Probably  the  son  of  Godfrey  the  brother  of 
Sihtric.  and  consequently  cousin  of  Anlaf  Cuaran, 
with  whom  he  has  been  confounded  by  many  wri* 
ten.    See  Todd's  "War  of  the  Gael." 

«  It  had  been  not  long  before  seized  1^  the  North- 
men. It  was  ruled  as  a  separate  principality  by 
the  Scottish  heir-apparent,  and  was  not  re-annexed 
to  England  till  the  tune  of  Edward  I. 

*  Duttstan,  one  of  the  most  prominent  names  in 
Aaglo-Saxoa  history,  was  bom  of  noble  parents  in 


Wessex,  about  gao.  He  became  a  recluse  in  Glas- 
tonbury whilst  still  a  youth,  but  was  brought  to  the 
court  by  his  uncle,  Athelm,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury. Gaining  the  favour  of  King  Edmtmd,  he 
was  made  by  that  prince  abbot  c?  Glastonbury. 
Dunstan,  though  abbot^  remained  at  court,  be- 
came, in  effect,  the  pnme  minbter  of  Edmund, 
Edred,  and  Eogar,  and  eventually  archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  He  devoted  himself  zealously  to  ec- 
clesiastical and  monastic  reforms,  and  hence  he  has 
been  described  in  very  unfavourable  colours  by 
many  modem  writers.  He  was  canonized  shortly 
after  hb  death  in  988.  Hb  skill  in  music  and  me- 
chanics was  remarkable,  but  his  monkbh  biogra- 
phers have  so  exaggerated  these  and  other  matters 
conceming  him,  as  to  produce  the  very  contrary 
effect  to  that  intended. 


54 


THE  SAXON  ERA. 


[a.i>.  948—959. 


A.D.  948. 

The  Northumbrians  choose  Eric,  a 
Dane,  for  iheir  king.  Edred  ravages 
fheir  country,  and  the  great  minster  at 
Sipon,  built  by  Wilfrid,  is  burnt 

The  Northumbrians  abandon  Eric, 
mnd  submit. 

''King  Howel  the  Good,  son  of 
Cadel,  the  chief  and  glory  of  all  the 
Britons,  died*. 

AJ>.  949. 

Anlaf  Cuaran  comes  to  Northum- 
bria,  and  is  received  as  king. 


A.D.  952. 

Wulstan,  archbishop  of  Yodc,  im- 
prisoned, '' because  he  had  been  ofit 
accused  to  the  king'." 

The  Northumbrians  expel  Anlaf 
Cuaian,  who  returns  to  Ireland,  and 
recall  Eric. 

A.D.  954. 

The  Northumbrians  again  expeX 
Eric,  and  submit  to  King  Edred'. 

A.D.  955. 

King  Edred  dies  at  Frome,  Nov.  23, 
and  is  buried  at  Winchester.  Edwy, 
his  brother's  son,  succeeds. 


EDWY. 


The  chief  events  of  the  short,  un- 
happy reign  of  Edwy  were  the  bsuiish- 
ment  of  Dunstan,  his  imcle's  minister, 
and  the  revolt  of  the  Mercian  and 
Northumbrian  provinces.  His  mar- 
riage with  Elgiva,  who  was  "too  nearly 
related"  to  him,  called  down  the  cen- 
sures of  the  Church ;  and  he  died  in 
958,  or  959,  before  he  had  attained  his 
19th  year.      

A.D.  955. 
Edwy  is  crowned  at  Kingston  by 
archbishop  Odo. 

A.D.  956. 
The  abbot  Dunstan  is  banished. 


A.D.  957. 
The  Mercians  and  Northmnbrians 
choose  Edgar  for  their  king.    He  re- 
calls Dunstan,  and  soon  after  makes 
him  bishop  of  Worcester. 

A.D.  958. 

"This  year  archbishop  Odo  sepa- 
nited  king  Edwy  and  Elgiva,  because 
they  were  too  nearly  related." 

"Odo   the   Good',"  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  dies,  June  2. 
A.D.  958  or  959. 

Edwy  dies,  Oct.  i,  and  is  buried 
at  Winchester.  His  brother  Edgar 
succeeds. 


EDGAR. 


Edgar,  the  second  son  of  Edmund, 
had  so  much  more  peaceable  a  reign 
than  any  of  his  predecessors,  that  he 
has  received  the  title  of  the  Pacific. 
Acting  mainly  by  the  direction  of  Dun- 
stan, archbishop  of  Canterbury,  he 
preserved  his  states  from  war  by  ever 
shewing  himself  prepared  for  it,  fa- 
voured the  restoration  of  religious 
houses  ruined  in  the  troubled  times  of 
preceding  kings,  and  greatly  patronized 
the  monastic  rule ;  whence  he  is  much 
praised  by  some  writers,  although  his 


private  conduct  was  deeply  maiked  by 
vice  and  cruelty.  He  died  in  975, 
leaving  by  Ethelfleda,  his  first  wife, 
Edward,  who  succeeded  him,  and  a 
daughter,  Edith  ;  and  by  Elfritha,  his 
second  wife,  Ethelred,  who  also  became 
king. 

A.D.  959. 

Dunstan,  who  is  the  royal  treasurer, 
is  made  bishop  of  London  ;  and  soon 
after  is  removed  to  Canterbury. 


•  Chranide  of  the  Princes  of  Wales. 

'  He  was  rdeaaed  in  954,  and  retired  to  Oondle 
(the  monastery  fotinded  by  Wilfrid),  where  he  died, 
in  955  or  956. 

c  From  this  time,  Simeon  of  Durham  remarks, 
there  were  no  more  kings  in  Northumbria;  its 
mien,  though  licarly  imupendent,  only  had  the 
title  of  duke,  or  count,  or  earl. 

^  Such  was  the  title  among  his  contemporaries  of 
one  whom  comparatively  recent  writers  describe  as 


a  monster.  He  aiipean  only  to  have  carried  out 
the  recognised  rule  m  separating  Edwy  and  Elgiva ; 
and  though  Osbem  ascribes  the  death  of  the  prin- 
cess to  him,  Eadmer  says  that  it  was  the  act  of 
the  Mercian  partisans  of  Edgar.  Odo  was  the  son 
of  a  Danish  chieft  and  had  been  banished  from  his 
home  in  boyhood  tor  freouenting  a  Christian  church. 
Some  canons  of  his  and  a  synodical  epistle,  which 
remain  to  us,  have  been  pronounced  '*  grave  and 
pious  compositions,  very  craditable  to  his  memory.'* 


A.©.  961 — 979.]       EDWARD  U^  CMJ^D  TSE  MARTYR. 


5S 


961. 

Tbb  1^111  tlmeii  land  in  Sootiasd^ 
and  kill  Indulf,  the  king,  at  Fortsidot 
A.D.  962. 

St.  Paul's  minster^  in  London,  burnt. 
A.D.  963. 

The  abbot  Ethdwold  becomes  bishop 
of  Winchester,  and  expels  the  secular 
priests.  ''Afterwards,  then  came  he 
to  the  king,  Edgar,  and  bc^ed  of 
him  that  he  would  give  him  all  the 
minsters  that  heathen  men  had  for- 
medjr  broken  down,  because  he  would 
restore  them;  and  the  king  blithely 
granted  it."  Ely  and  Medeshamstede 
(PetBEboEOugh),  ''where  were  notlung 
hnt  old  walls  and  wild  WDod^*  ace  ac- 
CDidiqgly  nstored. 

A.D.  964. 

Edgar  expels  the  secular  priests 
from  many  minsters,  and  recces 
them  with  monks. 

A.D.  965. 

Edgar  marries  EHntha,  the  daughter 
of  Or^gar,  the  ealdorman  of  I>nron- 
sbire. 


Ajft.966. 

Thoredy-a  No!rdunan,TavBges  West- 
moreland. 

Oslac  obtains  the  earldom  of  North- 
umberland. 

A.D.  968. 

"  King  Edgar  ordered  all  Thanet* 
land  to  be  javs^god  L" 

AJ).  970. 

Aidaf  Cvaxan  defeats  ihe  maeSkent 
Irish,  and  phinders  iCeUs. 

AJ3.973. 

Edgar  is  crowned  at  Bath,  May  11. 

"And  soon  after  that,  the  king  led 
an  his  ship-forces  to  Otester;  and 
there  came  to  meet  him  six  longs  ^^ 
and  they  all  plighted  llheir  troth  to 
him,  that  they  would  be  his  fellow- 
workers  by  sea  and  by  land.* 

A.D.  975. 

Edgar  dies,  July  8,  and  is  buried  at 
Glastonbury.  His  son  Edward  suc> 
oeeds. 


EDWARD  II.,  CALLED  THE  MARTYR. 


After  a  reign  of  less  than  four 
yeaxs,  in  which  much  that  his  father 
had  done  to  establish  the  monastic 
rule  was  set  aside,  this  imfortunate 
young  prince  was  assassinated  b^  the 
order  01  his  step-mother,  and  he  is  re- 
tained in  the  calendar  of  the  Anglican 
Chnrch  as  a  saint  and  martyr;  his 
feast  is  celebrated  on  the  i8th  of 
March,  and  the  translation  of  his  re- 
mains from  their  private  resting-place 
at  Wareham  to  Shaftesbury  on  the 
30Ch  of  June.  His  half-brother  Ethel- 
red  succeeded  him. 


AJ).  975. 

"Oslac,  the  great  earl  [of  Noitii- 
umberlandl  is  banished  from  Eng- 
land." 

"The  monastic  rule  was  quashed, 
and  minsters  dissolved,  and  monks 


driven  out,  and  God's  servants  put 
down,  ^om  King  Edgar  ordered  the 
holy  bishop  Ethehrold  to  establish." 

A.D.  976. 
"This  year  was  the  great  famine 
among  the  Enghsh  nation." 

AJ).  978. 
"  In  this  year  all  the  chief  witan  of 
the  English  nation  fell  at  Calne  from 
an  upper  chamber,  except  the  holy 
archbishop  Dunstan,  who  alone  sup- 
ported Imnself  upon  a  beam;  and 
there  were  some  grievously  maimed, 
and  some  did  not  escape  it  with  life." 

A.D.  979. 
"King  Edward  was  slain  at  even- 
tide at  Corfes-geat*  on  the    15th  of 
the  calends  of  April  (March  18,)  and 
then  was  he  buried  at  Wareham,  with- 


I  llie  inliabttantslud  plundered  some  Northman 
traden  from  Yoflc,  who  vrere  under  the  king's  pro- 


A  The  Aa^o-Saaon  Qronicle  does  not  name 
tibcB ;  hnt  later  wxitcn,  as  Florence  of  Wor- 
cester, mentioa  eight,  and  specify  Kenneth,  king 


of  the  Scots,  Malcolm,  long  of  CambeHand,  Mao 
cus,  king  of  the  Isles,  and  five  Northman  and 
British  chidb. 

>  Corfe,  m  Donetsfaire,  die  xcndenoe  of  his  sie^ 
mother,  Elixitha. 


56 


THE  SAXON  ERA. 


[A.D.  979—991. 


out  any  Idnd  of  kingly  honoiirs.  There 
has  not  been  done  among  the  Angles 
a  worse  deed  than  this,  since  they  first 


sought  Britain.  He  was  in  life  an 
earuly  king;  he  is  now  after  death 
a  heavenly  saint** 


ETHELRED  11. 


The  long  reign  of  this  prince,  con- 
temptuously stjded  "the  Unready"/' 
was  little  else  than  a  series  of  vain 
struggles  with  the  Northmen,  whom 
he  ^tematdy  met  in  the  fidd,  bribed 
to  retire,  or  attempted  to  cut  ofif  by 
assassination,  but  in  all  with  eauaL 
want  of  success.  He  was  obliged  to 
take  refuge  in  Normandy  in  1013,  and 
he  only  returned  to  die  m  England  at 
the  time  that  Canute  was  preparing 
die  formidable  armament  with  which 
he  shortly  after  made  himself  master 
of  the  countiy.  By  his  first  wife,  El- 
giva,  he  left  £dmund,  who  succeeded 
him  j  Edwy,  put  to  death  by  Canute ; 
Elfgma,  mamed  to  Uhtred  of  North- 
umberland ;  Edgith,  married  to  Edric 
Streona;  and  several  other  children. 
By  his  second  wife,  Emma,  he  had 
Edward  ^afterwards  king),  and  Alfred, 
murderea  in  1036  by  Godwin;  and 
Goda,  first  married  to  Drogo,  coimt 
of  Mantes,  and  afterwards  to  Eustace, 
count  of  Boulogne,  whose  visit  to  Eng- 
land in  105 1  was  attended  by  a  fatal 
result  to  many  of  his  party. 


A.D.  979. 
Ethelred  is  crowned  at  Kingston,  on 
Sunday,  May  4th  ". 

A.D.  980. 

Southampton,  Thanet,  and  Cheshire 
ravaged  by  the  Northmen. 

The  Northmen  in  Ireland  sustain 
a  great  defeat  at  Tara.  Anlaf  Cuaran 
goes  on  a  pilgrimage  to  Hii,  and  dies 
there. 

A.D.  981. 

The  coasts  of  Wales,  Cornwall  and 
Devon  ravaged ;  Padstow  is  destroyed. 


A.D.  982. 
Portland  ravaged  by  three  ships  of 
pirates. 
London  burnt 

A.D.  983. 
Elfric   is  appointed  ealdorman  of 
Mercian 

A.D.  984. 
"This   year   died   the   benevolent 
bishop  of  Winchester,  Ethelwold,  fa- 
ther of  monks,  on  the  calends  of  Au- 
gust (Aug.  i). 

A.D.  985. 

Elfric  is  banished. 

A.D.  986. 

"  This  year  the  king  laid  waste  the 
bishopric  of  Rochester  p." 

"Tnis  year  first  came  the  great 
murrain  among  cattle  in  the  English 
nation." 

A.D.  988. 

"This  year  was  Watchet  ravaged, 
and  Goda,  the  Devonshire  thane,  slain, 
and  with  him  much  slaughter  made." 

The  Northmen  from  Ireland  levy 
a  tribute  on  Walesa 

Archbishop  Dunstan  dies.  May  19'. 

A.D.  989. 
The  Northmen  in  Dublin  said  to 
pay  tribute  to  Melaghlin  (Malachy), 
king  of  Ireland. 

A.D.  991. 

"  This  year  was  Ipswich  ravaged  ; 
and  after  that  very  shortly  was  Briht- 
noth,  the  ealdorman,  slain. 

"And  in  that  year  it  was  decreed 
that  tribute,  for  the  first  time*,  should 
be  given  to  the  Danish-men,  on  ac- 
count of  the  great  terror  which  they 


■  Etlielred  means  "  noble  counsel ;"  so  that  the 
appellation  is  literally,  **  The  noble  counsellor  who 
cannot  advise." 

■  Florence  of  Worcester  says,  14th  April,  978. 

»  Hb  father,  Elfhere,  had  long  held  the  office, 
but  Elfric  was  in  league  with  the  Northmen.  He 
now  made  his  peace,  and  thus  obtained  the  post, 
which  enabled  him  to  do  much  mischief. 

p  The  cause  of  this  is  not  known. 

•I  This  is  called  the  tribute  of  the  black  Pagans, 
in  the  Chronicle  of  the  Princes  of  Wales. 


'  Dunstan  is  retamed  in  the  Anglican  calendar, 
his  feast  occurring  on  May  19,  and  ei^teea 
churches  exist  dedicated  to  him. 

•  This  fatal  expedient  had  been  proposed  in  865, 
but  whilst  the  matter  was  in  debate  the  Northmen 
"stole  away  by  night,  and  ravaged  all  Kent  to 
the  eastward  ;'*  and  even  Alfred,  in  the  early  part 
of  his  reign,  paid  money  to  induce  the  invadexs 
to  withdraw. 


A.D.  99^ 1002.] 


ETHELRED   II. 


57 


caused  the  sea-coast ;  that  was  at  first 
ten  thousand  pounds :  this  counsel  ad- 
vised first  archbishop  Sigeric"  (of  Can- 
terbury). 

A.D.  992. 

A  fleet  assembled  at  London  to  re- 
sist the  Northmen. 

ElfriCy  who  had  returned  and  re- 
ceived a  command,  joins  the  enemy. 

A.D.  993. 

The  Lincolnshire  and  Northumbrian 
coasts  ravaged ;  Bamborough  taken  by 
storm.  The  army  raised  against  the 
Northmen  disperses,  Frena,  Godwin, 
and  other  Anglo-Danes,  setting  the 
example  of  flight 

Elfgar,  the  son  of  Elfric,  is  blinded 
by  the  king's  order. 

A.D.994. 

Aniaf  and  Sweyn ',  from  Norway,  at- 
tack London,  but  are  repulsed,  Sept  8. 

They  ravage  Kent  and  the  south 
coast,  ''and  at  last  they  took  to  them- 
selves horses,  and  rode  as  far  as  they 
would,  doing  unspeakable  eviL" 

They  take  up  their  winter  quarters 
at  Southampton,  where  a  peace  is 
made  with  mem,  receiving  food  and 
sixteen  thousand  pounds  of  money. 

**  Then  the  king  sent  bishop  Elphege 
and  Ethelward  the  ealdorman  after 
king  Anlaf,  and  the  while,  hostages 
were  delivered  to  the  ships ;  and  they 
then  led  Anlaf  with  much  worship  to 
the  king  at  Andover.  And  king  Etnel- 
red  received  him  at  the  bishop's  hands, 
and  royally  gifted  him.  And  then  An- 
laf made  a  covenant  with  him,  even  as 
he  also  ftilfilled,  that  he  never  again 
would  come  hostilely  to  the  English 
nation"." 

A.D.  995. 
Elfric,  bishop  of  Wiltshire,  is  ap- 
pointed   archbishop    of   Canterbury, 
April  21. 

The  bishop's  see  and  the  body  of 
St  Cuthbert  removed  from  Chester-le- 
Street,  and  after  a  while  settled  on  the 
bank  of  the  Wear,  where  Durham  now 
stands. 


A.D.  996. 
Elfric,  having  journeyed  to  Rome  to 
consult  the  Pope  (John  XVI.),  expels 
the  secular  priests  from  the  minster  at 
Canterbury. 

A.D.  997. 
Devon,  Cornwall,  and  the  coasts  of 
the  Bristol  Channel,  ravaged  by  the 
Northmen;  the  monastery  of  Tavis- 
tock burnt  by  them. 

A.D.  998. 
The  Northmen  ravage  Dorset  and 
Hampshire,  and  establiish  themselves 
in  the  Isle  of  Wight 

A.D.999. 
The  Northmen  ravage  Kent 

A.D.  1000. 
Ethelred  ravages  Cumberland,  while 
his  ships  attack  Anglesey  \ 

The  Northmen  land  in  Scotland, 
and  capture  Kinloss. 

Morgan,  bishop  of  St  David's,  killed 
by  the  Northmen. 

The  Northmen  withdraw  to  Nor- 
mandy. 

Brien  Boru,  king  of  Mimster,  cap- 
tures Dublin  ^ 

A.D.  looi. 
The  Northmen  return  to  England, 
and  ravage  the  western  counties.  They 
eain  victories  at  Ethelingdene  (per- 
haps Alton),  and  at  Penhoe,  in  De- 
vonshire. 

"And  thence  they  went  into  Wiht- 
land  (the  Isle  of  wight),  and  there 
they  roved  about,  even  as  they  them- 
selves would,  and  nothing  withstood 
them ;  nor  any  fleet  by  sea  durst  meet 
them ;  nor  land  for^e  either,  went  they 
ever  so  far  up.  Then  was  it  in  every 
wise  a  heavy  time,  because  they  never 
ceased  from  their  evil  doings." 
A.D.  1002. 
"  Twenty-four  thousand  pounds  was 
paid  as  tribute  to  the  fleet,  and  peace 
made  with  them,  on  condition  that 
they  should  cease  from  their  evil 
doings." 


*  Swcyn,  snrnamed  Tveskjaeg,  or  Forked  Beard, 
was  the  father  of  Canute,  who  conquered  England, 
and  he  himself  had  possession  of  a  portion  of  it  a 
sfaon  time  before  his  death,  so  that  he  is  sometimes 
coasidered  as  the  first  Danish  king. 

•  Aalaf  (also  called  Olaf,  or  Olaus)  returned  to 
Norwmy,  iidiere  he  cealously  laboured  to  introduce 
ChiistiauutT,  which  occasioned  a  quarrel  with  his 
hrodier-in4aw  amd  former  ally,  Swejrn,  by  whom 
he  was  driven  out  and  killed  in  the  year  zooo.  His 


kinsman,  known  as  Olaf  the  Saint,  reconquered 
Norway,  but  was  slain  through  the  intrigues  of 
Canute ;  another  kinsman  of  Anlaf  was  Harold 
Hardrada,  who  fell  at  Stamford-bridge.  See  a.d. 
1066. 

>  Cumberland  was  then  po^essed  by  the  Scots 
fsee  A.D.  945X  and  Anglesey  in  league  with  the 
I  Northmen. 

j      r  He  abandoned  the  city  after  plundering  it^ 
!  and  occupying  it  for  a  month  or  more. 


S8 


THE  SAXOV  ERA. 


[a^.  I002 — 1007, 


Ethelred  marries  Emma,  daughter 
of  Richard  IL,  duke  of  Normandy. 

"In  this  year  the  king  ordered  all 
the  Danish-men'  -who  were  in  Eng- 
land to  be  slain.  This  was  done  on 
Bricius'  mass-day  (Nov.  13) ;  because 
it  was  made  loiown  to  the  king  that 
they  would  treacherously  bereave  him 
of  his  life,  and  afterwards  all  his  witan ; 
and  after  that  have  his  kingdom  with- 
out any  gainsaying  \* 

A.D.  1003. 

Sweyn  invades  England  to  revenge 
the  massacre. 

Exeter,  betrayed  bjr  "the  French 
ceorl  Hugo,  whom  the  lady  Emma 
had  appointed  her  reeve,"  is  entirely 
ruined  by  him. 

Wilton  and  Salisbury  sacked  by 
him,  Elfiic  agaun  betraying  his  trust  \ 

A.IX  1004. 
Sweyn  ravages  Norfolk,  and  bums 
Norwich  and  Thetfbrd.  Ulfkytd,  the 
ealdorman  of  East  Anglia,  effects 
a  force  against  them.  "And  they 
there  stoutly  joined  battle,  and  nrach 
slaughter  was  there  made  on  eidier 
hancL  There  were  the  chief  among 
the  East  Anglian  people  slain ;  but 
if  the  full  force  there  hsul  been,  they 
never  again  had  gone  to  their  ships ; 
inasmudi  as  they  themsdves  said,  uiat 
they  never  had  met  a  worse  hand-play 
among  the  English  nation  than  Ulf- 
kytel  had  brou^  to  them." 

A.D.  1005. 

"This  year  was  the  great  &mine 
throughout  the  English  nation ;  such, 
that  no  man  ever  before  recollected 
one  so  grim.  And  the  -fleet  in  this 
year  went  from  this  land  to  Denmark ; 
and  staid  but  a  little  space  ere  it 
came  again." 

AJ3.  1006. 

"  The  great  fleet  came  to  Sandwich, 
and  did  all  as  thev  had  been  before 
wont ;  they  ravaged,  and  burned,  and 
destroyed  wherever  they  went" 

A  force  is  assembled  against  them, 


"but  it  availed  nothing". .. ''fior this 
army  went  indieresoevcr  itself  vo^d, 
and  the  forces  did  eveiy  kind  of  harm 
to  the  inhabitants ;  so  that  neither  pro- 
fited them,  nor  the  home  army,  nor  the 
foreign  army." 

The  Northmen  maloe  the  Isde  of 
Wight  their  winter  quarters,  and  send 
out  phmdenng  parties  into  Hampahiie, 
Berkshire  and  Oxfordshire.  "And  they 
went  along  Escesdun  (Aston)  to  Cvic- 
helnfs-hlsw%  and  there  abode,  as  a 
daring  boast;  lor  it  had  been  often 
said,  if  they  should  reach  Cwichehn's- 
Uaew,  that  they  would  never  again  get 
to  the  sea :  then  they  went  homewards 
another  way." 

The  Normmen  gain  a  victory  at  Ken- 
net,  (near  Marllx>rough,)  and  King 
Ethelred  retires  into  Shropshire. 

"Then  became  the  dbnead  of  the 
annv  so  great,  that  no  maa  could 
think  or  discover  how  they  could  be 
drtv«n  out  of  the  land,  or  this  land 
maintained  against  them;  for  they  had 
every  shize  in  Wessex  sadly  marked, 
by  burning  and  by  plundering.  Then 
the  king  began  earnestly  with  his  vitan 
to  consider  what  mig^  aeem  most  ad- 
visable to  them  all,  so  that  this  land 
might  be  saved,  before  it  was  utterly 
destroyed.  Then  the  king  ^and  his 
witan  decreed  for  the  bdialf  of  the 
whole  nation,  though  it  was  hateful 
to  them  all,  that  they  needs  most  pay 
tribute  to  the  army.  Then  titt  long 
sent  to  the  army,  and  directed  it  to  be 
made  known  to  them,  that  he  would 
that  there  should  be  a  trace  between 
them,  and  tiiat  tribute  should  be  paid, 
and  food  given  them.  And  then  all 
that  they  accepted;  and  then  were 
they  victualled  from  throughout  the 
English  nation." 

A.D.  1007. 

"In  this  vear  was  the  tribute  de- 
livered to  the  army;  it  was  36,000 
pounds." 

Edric  Streona''  is  appointed  ealdor- 
man of  Mercia. 


*  That  is,  his  Northmaa  body<gitard ;  but  the 
instruction  was  exceeded*  and  women  and  chil- 
dren of  their  nation  were  also  put  to  death. 

•  Such  is  the  oootemporary  account  of  thb  most 
atrocious  and  io^wUtic  act.  One  of  the  sufferers 
was  Gunhilda,  the  sister  of  Sweyn,  on  whom  Wil- 
Jiam  of  Malmesbury  pronounces  a  warm  culogium. 

^  See  A.D.  99a. 


«  Now  called  CndcamsleT-hill,  to  die  north  of 
West  Ilsleir,  in  Berkshire,  lull  60  miles  from  the 
coast.  It  b  traditionally  said  to  have  been  the 
usualplace  of  assembly  of  the  people  of  Wessex. 

*  That  is,  Edric  the  Acquirer,  or,  lessCavouiably, 
the  Rapacious.  He  is  said  to  have  belonged  to 
the  old  royal  family  of  the  South  Saxons,  who  weve 
reduced  to  the  rank  of  nobles  by  EgberL 


A.D.  I008 IOI3.] 


ETHELRED  II. 


59^ 


A.D.  I00S. 

A  great  fleet  prepared  tfarongliout 
England ;  '*  from  thiee  hundred  liides 
and  from  ten  hides,  one  vessel  %  and 
from  eight  hides  a  hehnet  and  a  coat 
of  maiL'' 

A.D.  1009. 

The  great  fleet  being  readv,  is  ren- 
dezvoused at  Sandwich. 

WuUhoth,  the  South-Saxon,  frither 
of  Godwin,  being  accused  of  treason, 
gathers  twenty  ships  and  ravages  the 
south  coast. 

Eighty  ships  being  sent  against  him, 
many  are  damaged  by  a  storm,  and 
Wttlfrioth  bums  the  rest 

The  king  quits  his  fleet,  the  remains 
of  which  are  Drought  to  London. 

"  Then  soon  after  Lammas  (Aug.  i,) 
the  vast  hostile  army,  which  we  have 
called  Thurkill's  army,  came  to  Sand- 
wich,' and  having  laid  Kent  under  tri- 
bute, ravaged  Sussex,  Hampshire  and 
Berkshire. 

Ethelred  attempts  to  prevent  their 
return  to  their  ships,  but  is  foiled  by 
the  treachery  of  Edric 

The  Danes  take  up  their  winter 
quarters  on  the  Thames,  ''and  oft 
they  fought  against  London;  but 
praise  be  to  God  that  it  yet  stands 
sound,  and  they  there  ever  fared 
evilly."  Oxford  is  burnt  by  them 
during  the  winter,  and  in  the  spring 
they  retire  to  Kent  to  repair  their 
ships. 

A.I).  1010. 

The  Danes  land  at  Ipswich,  and  de- 
feat the  East  Anglians,  May  18. 

They  procure  horses,  and  ravage  the 
whole  country  as  far  as  Temes-ford, 
(Tempsford,  near  Bedford). 

A  witenagemot  is  summoned  by  the 
king, but  nothing  is  done,  "and  at  last 
there  was  no  head  man  who  woiild  as- 
semble forces,  but  each  fled  as  he  best 
might ;  nor,  at  the  last,  woidd  even 
one  shire  assist  the  other." 

The  Danes  bum  Northampton,  in 
November,  and  having  ravaged  the 
northern  part  of  Wessex,  retire  to  their 
ships. 

A.D.  lOII. 

^  In  this  year  sent  the  king  and  the 


witan  to  the  army,  and  deshed  peace, 
and  promised  diem  tribute  and  food, 
on  condition  that  they  would  cease 

from    their  phmdering." **  And 

nevertheless,  for  all  the  truce  and  tri- 
bute, they  went  everywhere  in  bands, 
and  plundered  our  miserable  people, 
and  robbed  and  slew  them." 

The  Danes  capture  Canterbury, 
through  the  treactoy  of  Aelfmer  the 
archdeacon, ''  whose  life  the  archbishop 
Elphege  had  before  saved,"  and  carry 
the  archbishop  and  many  other  persons 
of  rank  to  uieir  ships;  ''and  abbot 
Aelfiner  [of  Sl  Augustine's]  they  let 
go  away." 

A.D.  IOI2. 

A  witenagemot  held  at  London, 
which  pays  a  tribute  of  48,000  pounds 
to  the  army. 

"Then  was  the  army  greatly  ex- 
cited against  the  bishop  (Elphege), 
because  he  would  not  promise  them 
any  money ;  but  he  forbade  that  any- 
thing should  be  given  for  him.  They 
had  also  drunk  deeply,  for  wine  had 
been  brought  there  from  the  south. 
Then  took  they  the  bishop,  led  him 
to  their  busting'  on  the  eve  of  Sunday 
the  octaves  of  Easter,  which  was  on 
the  13th  of  the  calends  of  May,  (April 
19) ;  and  there  they  then  shamefully 
slaughtered  him  :  they  cast  upon  him 
bones  and  the  heads  of  oxen,  and  then 
one  of  them  struck  him  with  an  axe- 
iron  on  the  head,  so  that  with  the  blow 
he  sank  down,  and  his  holy  blood  fell 
on  the  earth,  and  his  holy  soul  he  sent 
forth  to  God's  kingdom.  And  on  the 
morrow  the  body  was  carried  to  Lon- 
don, and  the  bishops  Ednoth  and  Elf- 
hun,  and  the  townsmen,  received  it 
with  all  reverence,  and  buried  it  in  St. 
Paul's  minster;  and  there  God  now 
manifesteth  the  miraculous  powers  of 
the  martyr'." 

Ethelred  takes  forty-five  of  the 
Danish  ships  into  his  pay. 

A.D.  1013. 

Sweyn  arrives  at  Sandwich  with  his 
fleet,  in  the  summer. 

He  overruns  East  Anglia  and  North- 
umbria,  and  receives  hostages  from 
every  shire. 


That  is,  one  vessel  each,  or  3x0  in  all.  I      t  The  body  was  removed  to  Canterbury  by  com- 

'  A  popular  assembly,  not  in  the  open  air,  the     mand  of  Canute  in  the  year  zoaj,  before  which 
e>,A  ^^^'.^^  literally  ''house-court."  I  date  this  passage  must  have  been  written. 


word 


6o 


THE  SAXON  ERA. 


[a.d.  1013 — 1016. 


Leaving  his  ships  and  the  hostages 
with  his  son  Canute,  he  proceeds 
southward,  and  captures  Oxford  and 
Winchester,  but  is  repulsed  from  Lon- 
don, "where  much  of  his  people  was 
drowned  in  the  Thames,  because  they 
kept  not  to  any  bridge/' 

Sweyn  proceeds  to  Bath,  when  the 
western  shires  submit  to  him.  "  And 
when  he  had  thus  succeeded,  then 
went  he  northward  to  his  ships ;  and 
then  all  the  people  held  him  for  full 
king." 

"And  after  that  the  townsmen  of 
London  submitted,  and  delivered  hos- 
tages, because  they  dreaded  lest  he 
should  utterly  undo  them.  Then  Sweyn 
ordered  a  full  tribute,  and  provisions 
for  his  army  during  the  winter ;  and 
Thurkill  ordered  the  like  for  the  army 
which  lay  at  Greenwich;  and  for  aU 
that,  they  plimdered  as  oft  as  they 
would." 

King  Ethelred  sends  his  queen  and 
the  athelings,  Edward  and  Alfred,  to 
Normandy;  he  soon  follows  them, 
and  remains  there  till  after  the  death 
of  Sweyn. 

A.D.  1014. 

"In  this  year  King  Sweyn  ended 
his  days  at  Candlemas,  (Feb.  3) . .  . 
and  all  the  fleet  then  chose  Canute 
for  king." 

"  Then  counselled  all  the  witan  who 
were  in  England,  clergy  and  laity,  that 
they  should  send  after  King  Ethelred ; 
and  they  declared  that  no  lord  were 
dearer  to  them  than  their  natural  lord, 
if  he  would  rule  them  rightlier  than  he 
had  before  done.  Then  sent  the  king 
his  son  Edward  hither  with  his  mes- 
sengers, and  ordered  them  to  greet  all 
his  people ;  and  said  that  he  would  be 
to  them  a  lovin^^  lord,  and  amend  all 
those  things  which  they  all  abhorred, 
and  each  of  those  things  should  be 
forgiven  which  had  been  done  or  said 
to  him,  on  condition  that  they  all,  with 
one  consent,  would  be  obedient  to  him, 
without  deceit  And  they  then  esta- 
blished full  friendship,  by  word  and 
by  pledge,  on  either  half,  and  declared 
eveiy  Danish  king  an  outlaw  from 
England  for  ever.  Then,  during  Lent, 
King  Ethelred  came  home  to  his  own 
people,  and  he  was  gladly  received  by 
them  alL" 


The  people  of  Lindsey  (Anglo- 
Danes)  make  a  compact  with  Canute, 
"that  they  should  find  him  horses, 
and  that  afterwards  they  should  all 
go  out  together  and  plunder." 

King  Ethelred  attacks  them  with 
his  full  force,  and  Canute  retires  to 
his  ships. 

Canute  comes  to  Sandwich,  "and 
there  he  caused  the  hostages  to  be 
put  on  shore  who  had  been  delivered 
to  his  father,  and  cut  off  their  hands, 
and  ears,  and  noses.". 

The  Northmen  defeated  at  Clontarf 
(near  Dublin),  by  Brien  Boru,  who  is 
himself  slain,  April  23  (Good  Friday). 

A  great  sea-flood,  which  washed 
away  many  vills  and  a  countless  num- 
ber of  people,  Sept.  28. 

A.D.  1015. 

Siferth  and  Morcar,  the  chief  thanes 
in  the  Seven  Burghs^,  treacherously 
slain  by  Edric. 

Edmimd  the  atheling  takes  Siferth's 
widow  from  the  convent  of  Malmes- 
bury,  marries  her,  and  obtains  pos- 
session of  the  burghs. 

Canute  ravages  Wessex,  and  sub- 
dues it  He  is  joined  by  Edric  with 
40  ships. 

A.D.  1016. 

Canute  and  Edric  pass  into  Mercia ; 
"and  they  ravaged,  and  burned,  and 
slew  all  that  they  could  come  at" 

A  force  is  gathered  against  them, 
and  headed  by  King  Ethelred,  but, 
being  apprehensive  of  treachery,  he 
retires  to  London,  and  the  troops  dis- 
perse. 

Canute  passes  into  Northumbria, 
where,  by  the  advice  of  Edric,  he  kills 
Uhtred  the  ealdorman,  son-in-law  of 
Ethelred,  and  appoints  Eric  in  his 
stead. 

Canute  returns  to  Wessex,  and 
prepares  for  an  expedition  against 
London. 

Edmund  the  atheling  retires  to 
London. 

"  Then  befel  it  that  King  Ethelred 
died,  before  the  ships  arrived.  He 
ended  his  days  on  St.  George's  mass- 
day  (April  23),  and  he  held  his  kingdom 
with  great  loss  and  under  great  diffi- 
culties, the  while  that  his  life  lasted." 


k  Probably  the  Five  Burghs  already  named  (p.  53),  with  the  addition  of  Chester  and  York. 


A.D.  I0l6.] 


Canute. 


6i 


EDMUND  IRONSIDE' 


Edmund,  the  eldest  son  of  Ethelred, 
succeeded  him,  but  after  many  fierce 
contests  with  Canute,  he  found  him- 
self obliged  to  agree  to  a  partition  of 
his  kingdom,  and  he  died  shortly 
after,  most  probably  by  assassination. 
By  his  wife  Algitha,  the  relict  of  Si- 
ferth,  he  left  two  sons,  Edward  and 
Edmund,  who  were  exiled  by  Canute. 
Edwy  the  Churl  king  (the  king  of  the 
people,  or  popular  favourite),  banished 
oy  Canute,  is  by  some  writers  said  to 
have  been  a  son  of  Edmund,  but  the 
point  is  not  satisfactorily  established. 


A.D.  1016. 


**  All  the  witan  who  were  in  London, 
and  the  townsmen,  chose  Edmund  to 
be  long ;  and  he  strenuously  defended 
his  kingdom  the  while  that  his  time 
lasted." 

Edmund  leaves  London,  and  over- 
runs Wessex. 

**  Then  came  the  ships  to  Greenwich 
at  Rogation  days  (May  7).  And  within 
a  little  space  they  went  to  London,  and 
they  dug  a  great  ditch  on  the  south 
side,  and  dragged  their  ships  to  the 
west  side  of  the  bridge ;  and  after- 
wards they  ditched  the  town  around, 
so  that  no  one  could  go  either  in  or 
out ;  and  they  repeatedly  fought  against 
the  town,  but  the  townsmen  strenuously 
withstood  them. 

Edmund  fights  with  the  Danes  at 
Pen,  by  Gillingharo,  in  Dorsetshire, 
and  at  Sceorstan,  (Shirestone,  near 
Burford,)  then  relieves  London,  and 
two  days  after  defeats  the  Danes  at 
Brentford. 

Edmund  retires  into  Wessex,  when 
the  Danes  again  besiege  London ; 
**  and  they  beset  the  town  around,  and 
strongly  fought  against  it,  as  well  by 


water  as  by  land.  But  the  Almighty 
God  delivered  it" 

The  Danes  retire  from  London,  pro- 
ceed up  the  Orwell,  and  ravage  Mer- 
cia.  "  Then  King  Edmund  assembled, 
for  the  fourth  time,  all  his  forces,  and 
went  over  the  Thames  at  Brentford, 
and  went  into  Kent,  and  the  army  fled 
before  him,  with  their  horses,  into 
Sheppy;  and  the  king  slew  as  many 
of  them  as  he  could  come  up  with." 
Edric  comes  over  to  the  king  at 
Aylesford,  and  dissuades  him  from 
following  up  his  victory. 

The  Danes  again  pass  through  Essex 
into  Mercia. 

Edmund  pursues  them,  but,  being 
betrayed  by  Edric,  is  defeated  at  As- 
sandun,  (Assingdon,  near  Rochford^), 
"and  all  the  nobility  of  the  English 
race  was  there  destroyed." 

Canute  pursues  Edmund  into  Glou- 
cestershire. "Then  counselled  Edric 
the  ealdorman  and  the  witan  who  were 
there,  that  the  kings  should  be  mu- 
tually reconciled  And  they  delivered 
hostages  mutually;  and  the  kings 
came  together  at  Olanege,  near  Deer- 
hurst  \  and  they  confirmed  their  friend- 
ship as  well  by  pledge  as  by  oath,  and 
settled  the  tribute  for  the  army.  And 
then  they  separated  with  this  recon- 
cilement ;  and  Edmund  obtained  Wes- 
sex, and  Canute  Mercia.  And  the 
army  then  went  to  their  ships,  with 
the  things  that  they  had  taken.  And 
the  men  of  London  made  a  truce  with 
the  army,  and  bought  themselves 
peace;  and  the  army  brought  their 
ships  to  London,  and  took  up  their 
winter  quarters  therein. 

"Then  at  St. Andrew's  mass  (Nov. 
30)  died  King  Edmund,  and  his  body 
lies  at  Glastonbury,  with  his  grand- 
father Edgar." 


CANUTE. 


Canute,  the  son  of  Sweyn,  already 
in  possession  of  the  greater  part  of 
England,  succeeded  to  the  whole  on 
the  death  of  Edmund,  and  secured 
his  throne  by  a  marriage  with  Enrnia, 
the  widow  of  Ethelred.    He  undertook 


several  foreign  expeditions,  in  the 
course  of  which  he  conquered  Noi- 
way;  he  also  made  a  pflgrimage  to 
Rome,  and  he  did  much  to  repair  the 
ravages  of  war  in  England ;  restoring 
minsters  and  churches,  and  promul- 


'  Hus  popular  name  is  first  met  with  in  Florence 
oTWi 


J  Fonneriy  eironeously  placed  at  Ashdown,  near 
Safiroa  Walden. 
k  The  isle  of  Alney,  near  Gloucester. 


^ 


THE   SAXON  ERA. 


[a.d.  1017 — 1050* 


gating  equitable  laws^  Canute  died 
in  1035,  leaving  three  sons,  Sweyn, 
Harold  and  Haithacnut "",  and  a 
daughter,  Gunhilda",  who  married  the 
emperor  Henry  III. 


A.O.  1017. 

''This  year  Canute  was  chosen 
king ;  ...  he  obtained  the  whole 
reahn  of  the  English  race,  and  divided 
it  into  four  parts  ;  Wessex  to  himself^ 
and  East  Anglia  to  Thurkill,  and 
Mercia  to  Edric,  and  Northumfana  to 
Eric,"  as  his  viceroys. 

Edric,  boasting  of  his  treasons,  is 
shortly  after  slain  in  London,  by  order 
of  Canute, "  very  justly  V 

Canute  puts  to  death  Edwy,  the 
brother  of  Kii^  Edmund,  and  several 
of  the  chief  E^Iish  nobles,  and  ban* 
ishes  Edwy,  king  of  the  choils. 

Canute  marries  the  widow  of  Ethel- 
red,  ''called  iElfgive  in  English,  and 
Ymma  in  French.'' 

A.D.  1018. 

The  tribute  paid  to  the  army,  amount- 
ing to  82,500  pounds. 

Canute  takes  forty  ships  of  the  army 
into  his  pay,  and  the  rest  retire  to 
Denmark. 

Edgar's  law  received  both  by  Danes 
and^gles^ 

AJ>.  1019. 

Canute  goes  to  Denmark,  and  re- 
mains the  whole  winter. 

A.D.  X02a 

Canute  returns  to  England.  He 
builds  at  Assandun  ^a  minster  of 
stone  and  lime,  for  the  souls  of  the 
men  who  there  were  slain ',  and  gave 
it  to  one  of  his  priests,  whose  name 
was  Stigand  '•" 

A.D.  1021. 
Thurldll,  the  earl  of  East  Ans^a,  is 
outlawed. 


A.D.  1022. 
"This  year  King  Canute  went  out 
with  his  ships  to  Wight" 

A.D.  1023. 

Canute  returns  to  England.  Thuikill 
is  restored  to  &vour,  and  appointed 
governor  of  Denmark. 

The  remains  of  Elphege  removed, 
"with  mudi  state  and  oliss,  and  songs 
of  praise,"  from  London  to  Canter- 
bury; Canute,  and  his  queen,  "with 
her  royal  chjld  Hearda-Cnut,"  as- 
sisting. 

A.D.  1025. 

Canute  goes  to  Denmail^  but  is 
defeated  by  the  Swedes. 

A.D.  1026. 
Tlie  Northmen  of  Dublin  do  homage 
to  the  king  of  Munstcr. 

A.D.  1027. 

Canute  makes  a  pilgrimage  to 
Rome*. 

"So  soon  as  Canute  came  home 
from  Rome^  then  went  he  into  Scot- 
land; and  the  king  of  the  Scots, 
Malcolm,  submitted  to  him,  and  be- 
came his  man  [vassal],  but  that  he 
hdd  enly  a  little  while.'^ 

Melbethe  (Maciieth)  and  Jdmazc^ 
two  Scottish  chiefe,  also  submit. 

A.D.  1028L 
Canute  goes  to  Norway,  ''with  fifty 
ships  of  English  thanes,"  drives  out 
Ola^  and  conquers  the  country. 

A.D.  1029. 
Canute  returns  to  England. 
"  Hacon,  the  doughty  earl  %"  is  ban* 
ished ;  he  died  at  sea  the  next  year. 

AJ5. 103a 

Olaf  returning  to  Norway,  is  siain  ; 
"  he  afterwards  was  sainted  *." 


»  See  p.  73. 

m  CommonlTStjrled  HatdicannCe. 

■  She  «u  ttie  daughter  of  Emma,  and  like  her 
was  famed  for  her  beauty.  She  was  accused  of 
infideUtr,  but  being  yindicated  by  the  wager  of 
battle  she  withdrew  from  her  husband's  ccmrty  and 
died  at  Bruges,  August  az,  104a. 

•  Very  justly  indeed,  if  all  that  is  recorded  against 
him  is  true ;  but  it  seems  impossible  that  he  could 
have  been  guilty  of  half  the  treacheries  which  the 
Chronicler  cfaaxges  him  with. 

9  See  p.  7a. 

4  See  A.D.  Z016. 

'  Afterwards  archbishop  of  Canlaibury. 


•  The  Saxon  Chronicle  ascribes  this  event  to  the 
year  Z031 ;  but  Wippo,  who  was  secretary  n>  Goo- 
rad  IL,  says  diat  ne  saw  Omute  at  the  comnation 
of  the  caveror,  whidi  took  place  at  Rome,  Mardt 
96,  1097.  Florence  of  ^r  oroester  has  ju'eseived 
a  long  letter  from  Canute  tD  the  archoiahop  of 
Canterbonr  and  others,  giving  an  aooount  01  his 
exertions  (or  the  benefit  of  the  English  detgy  and 
others  having  business  widi  the  ^apa\  covBt. 

t  He  was  the  son  of  Earl  Enc  of  Norway  and 
nephew^  of  Canute.  His  wife  GunhPda  was  Ca- 
nute s  niece. 

"  St.  Olave,  king  and  niartvr,  was  fuMumlyowa- 
memorated  in  the  English  Church  on  the  a9th  c€ 


JLIX  1032 — I04T.} 


HARTOACNUT. 


JLD.  1032. 
**  This  year  appeared  the  wild-fire, 
sack  as  no  man  before  remembered ; 
and  moreover  on  all  sides  it  did  harm, 
in  many  places.* 


iLl>.  1035.. 
Canute  dies  at  Shaltesbmy,  Nor.  12^ 
and  is  bmied  at  Winchester.    Harold 
succeeds. 


HAROLD  I. 


Harold,  the  reputed  second  son  of 
Canute,  though  he  at  first  agreed  to 
a  partition  of  England  with  his  half- 
brother  Harthacnnt,  soon  obtained  the 
whole,  and  banished  the  Queen  Emma, 
after  murdering  her  son  Alfred.  Be- 
yond this,  his  reign  was  without  in- 
cident, and  he  is  only  remembered 
lor  his  speed  in  the  chase,  which 
gained  him  the  name  of  Harold  Hare- 
foot.  He  (fied  suddenly  in  the  year 
IQ40.  

AJ>.  1035. 

Harold  despoils  Queen  Emma  of 
he  ticasupes;  bnt  allows  her,  for 
a  time^  to  dwdl  at  Winchester,  under 
the  gvard  of  the  house-carles  \ 

Wifliam  the  Bastard  succeeds  his 
faitiber  Robert  as  duke  of  Noimandy. 

A.IX  1036, 

Alfred  and  Edward^  the  sons  of 
Fiheted  and  Emma,  are  treacfaev- 
oosly  invfted  to  Engtand,  Alfred  is 
blinded,  and  dies  in  confinement  at 
Ely.  ''Godwin  and  other  men  who 
had  mnch  power' are  stated  as  the  per- 
prtiiMai?i>  by  one  of  the  Sason  Chrom- 


cles.  Edward  (afterwards  king)  escapes 
to  Normandy. 

AJX  1037. 

"Harold  was  chosen  king  over  all, 
and  Harthacmit  forsaken,  because  he 
stayed  too  long  in  Denmark ;  and 
then  they  drove  out  his  mother  Elgiva, 
the  qneen,  without  any  land  oi  mercy, 
against  the  stormy  winCer;  and  she 
came  to  Bruges,  where  Bald^ki  the 
earl »  well  received  herJ* 

AJ).  1038. 

The  see  of  Dublin  founded  by  Sitric 
Silkeabcazd^  the  Northmaa  king. 

AJ>.  1039L 

Harthacnut  joins  his  mother  at 
Bruges. 

•The  Welsh  HI  Edwm,  brother 
of  Leofric  the  earl,  and  Thurkill,  and 
Elfget,  and  very  many  gpod  men  with 
diem." 

AJ>.  ia4a 

Hairold  dies  at  Oxford,  March  171 
Harthacnut,  invited,  comes  to  Sand- 
wich, June  17. 


HARTHACNUT. 


"fUacnukCJXm,  the  son  of  Canute  and 
Emma,  is  mainly  remarkable  for  the 
indigoicies  Aat  he  offeied  to  his  pve^ 
decessor's  corpse.  He,  however,  kindly 
received  his  half-brother  Edward,  and 
thus  unwittingly  prepared  the  way  for 
the  restoration  of  me  Saxon  line  of 
kings.  He  died,  without  issue,  after 
a  ic^  of  about  two  years: 


A.D.  1040. 

Harthacnut  is  acknowledged'  kiag^ 
'as  weU  by  English  as  by  DanesJ* 


"  Harthacnut  caused  the  dead  HaroM 
to  be  taken  up^  and  had  him  cast  into 
a  fen." 

A  heavy  tax  is  imposed  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  fleet  which  had  acconir 
panied  Harthacnut,  '^and  all  were 
then  averse  to  him  who  before  had 
desired  him." 

The  bishops'  sees  of  Cornwall  and 
Devon  nnitea  about  this  time. 

A.D.  1041. 
Worcestershire  is  ravaged  in  con- 
sequence of  the  death  of  two  of  the 
house-carles  employed   in  coUectiaa 
of  the  tax. 


i- 


^qIv,  wiiffutJ  to  have  bcm  die  day  oCftis  dfeatk  I 
^ouTteea  churches  exist  dedicated  to  him. 
*Seep.76.  I 


7  Baldwin  Y.,  alien  Hit  hnrfwmrf •Shet  aisBr,  Tflsa 

noia  of  Nonnandy. 


64 


THE  SAXON  ERA. 


[a.d.  1041 — 1043^ 


The  king's  half-brother  Edward  re- 
turns to  England. 

"Harthacnut  betrayed  Eadulf  the 
earl  [of  Northumbria],  while  under 
his  protection,  and  he  became  then 
abeUerofhis'wedV 

A.D.  1042. 

"  King  Harthacnut  died  as  he  stood 
at  his  drink,  and  he  suddenly  fell  to 
the  earth  with  a  terrible  convulsion ; 


and  they  who  were  there  nigh  took  hold 
of  him,  and  he  after  that  spoke  not 
one  word,  and  he  died  on  the  6th  of 
the  Ides  of  June"  (June  8).  His  death 
occurred  at  Lambeth,  at  the  marriage 
of  the  daughter  of  Osgod  Clapa,  with 
Tofi  the  Proud,  his  staller%  and  he 
was  buried  in  the  old  minster  at 
Winchester.  "His  mother,  for  his 
soul,  gave  to  the  new  minster  the 
head  of  St  Valentine  the  martyr." 


EDWARD  THE  CONFESSOR. 


Edward,  the  son  of  Ethelred  and 
Emma,  was  chosen 
king,  although  a 
son  of  Edmund 
Ironside  (called 
Edward  the  Out- 
law, the  father  of 
Edgar  Atheling,) 
was  still  alive.  He 
acquired  great  po- 
pularity among  his 

^^'S^^^^™^*^  Anglo-Saxon  sub- 
theOonfeaor.         .^^  ^^  ^^  ^^, 

ishment  of  several  eminent  persons  of 
the  Danish  party,  and  he  was  univer- 
sally admired  for  his  munificence  and 
piety  ^ ;  but  his  reign  was  little  more 
than  nominal,  the  real  power  being 
exercised  by  Godwin  and  his  family. 

From  politic  motives  Edward  mar- 
ried Edgitha  (or  Edith),  the  daughter 
of  Godwin,  but  he  treated  her  harshly 
from  dislike  to  her  kindred.  He  was 
a  foreigner  in  his  habits,  and  instead 
of  conciliating  his  great  nobles,  he  sur- 
rounded himself  with  the  Norman 
friends  among  whom  he  had  been 
brought  up,  and  it  was  his  constant 
endeavour  to  avail  himself  of  their 
services  both  in  Church  and  State. 
The  language  of  his  court  was  French, 
and  he  had  French  chaplains,  on  whom 
he  bestowed  bishoprics ;  French  go- 
vernors of  his  castles,  and  French 
body-guards  %  but  these  were  all  dis- 
missed on  the  return  of  Godwin  from 
the  banishment  into  which  their  in- 


trigues had  driven  him ;  and  after  this 
event  the  king  is  hardly  named  in  the 
Chronicle,  Harold  and  his  brethren 
occupying  instead  the  most  conspic- 
uous place.  He  died  Jan.  5,  1066,  at 
Westminster,  and  was  there  buried. 

Although  his  partiality  for  foreigners 
was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  Nor- 
man invasion,  Edward's  ascetic  life 
procured  him  canonization',  and  he 
was  esteemed  the  patron  saint  of 
England  until  superseded  in  the  13th 
century  by  St  George ;  the  translation 
of  his  rehcs  from  &t  old  to  his  new 
shrine  at  Westminster,  in  1263,  still 
finds  a  place  on  the  13th  of  October 
in  the  English  Calendar,  and  more 
than  twenty  churches  exist  dedicated 
either  to  him,  or  to  Edward  the  king 
and  martyr. 

The  arms  ascribed  to  this  king, 
"Azure,  a  cross  patonce  between  five 
martlets,  or,**  though  of  course  in- 
vented long  after  his  time,  are  of 
historical  importance,  thejr  having 
been  assumed  by  several  longs,  and 
borne  as  one  of  the  royal  standards ; 
and  the  quartering  of  them  by  a.  pri- 
vate individual  was,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.,  punished  as  treason. 


A.D.  1043. 

Edward  is  crowned  at  Winchester, 

on  Easter-day,  April  3.    "Archbishop 

Eadsige  hallowed  him,  and  before  all 

the  people  well  instructed  him ;  and 


■  "Pledge-  or  "security."  A  reference  to  the 
sammary  of  Anglo-SAxop  laws  (p.  75)  will  shew 
how  grievous  an  oflfence  this  was  esteemed. 

■  This  officer  seems  to  have  been  die  master 
of  the  royal  household  in  peace,  and  the  royal 
standard-bearer  in  war. 

^  He  is  also  said  to  have  remodelled  the  laws 
that  Canute  had  established,  but  the  Osurt  is  very 
doubtful.    See  p.  73. 

«  So  they  are  doled  by  the  Saxon  Chromder, 


though  some  were  Normans  and  some  Flemings; 
the  tenn  "Frenchman"  seems  with  him  always 
an  expression  of  dislike. 

*  From  Pope  Alexander  III.  in  zx6x,  but  the 
matter  had  been  prayed  for  by  Kine  Stephen  in 
ZX38.  Numerous  nurades  are  ascribed  to  him, 
as  curing  the  disease  since  known  as  "  tne  king's 
evil."  by  his  touch ;  others  are  said  to  have  been 
worked  oy  his  relics. 


A.D.  1043— IO51.]  EDWARD  THE  CONFESSOR. 


65. 


for  his  own  need,  and  all  the  people's^ 
well  admonished  him.'' 

The  king  xepaizs  suddenly  to  Win- 
Chester,  in  November,  and  despoils 
his  modier  of  her  lands  and  trea- 
sures, ''because  she  had  done  less 
for  bun  than  he  would,  before  he  was 
king,  and  also  since." 

Stiganc^  bishop  of  East  Anglia,  her 
chief  adviser,  is  deprived  of  his  see, 
<<aod  all  that  he  possessed  was  seized 
into  the  king's  hands." 

AJ>.  1044. 

Archbishop  Eadsige  resigns  the  go- 
vernment othis  se^  by  reason  of  m- 
iinm'ty^  to  Siward,  abbot  of  Abing- 
don*. 

Robert  of  Jumi^;es  appointed  bishop 
of  London. 

Stigand  re-obtains  his  bishopric 

A  great  famine  in  England 

A.D.  IC45. 

The  king  marries  Edgitha,  the 
daughter  of  Godwin,  Jan.  23. 

A  large  fleet  collected  at  Sandwich, 
an  invasion  being  threatened  by  Mag- 
nus of  Norway'. 

Gunhilda,  me  widow  of  Hacon,  and 
her  sons,  are  banished  from  Eng- 
land».  ^ 

A.D.  1046. 

Sweyn,  the  carl  (son  of  Godwin), 
ravages  South  Wales,  and  carries 
off  the  abbess  of  Leominster. 

Osgod  Gapa,  the  favourite  of  Har- 
thacnot,  is  banished ;  he  retires  to 
Bruges. 

The  Cornish  and  Devonshire  sees 
fixed  at  Exeter. 

A  very  severe  winter;  "even  birds 
and  fishes  perished  through  the  great 
cold  and  hardne," 

A.D.  1047. 

Sweyn,  not  being  allowed  to  marry 
^  abb^s,  flees  to  Bruges,  when  his 
lands  are  forfeited. 

Kent  and  Essex  ravaged  by  the 


ships  of  Lothen  and  Yrling,  two  Dan- 
ish chiefs,  who  retire  to  Flanders  with 
their  plunder. 

A.D.  1048. 
Sandwich  and  the  Isle  of  Wight 
plundered,  and  their  chidf  men  slain. 

A.D.  1049. 

Khkg  Edward  assembles  a  fleet  to 
assist  the  emperor  (Henry  III.)  against 
Baldwin,  count  of  Flanders. 

Sweyn  joins  the  fleet  with  seven 
ships,  and  endeavours  to  obtain  the 
restitution  of  his  lands.  His  brother 
Harold  and  his  kinsman  Beom  pre* 
vent  it,  when  Sweyn  murders  Beomi 
and  then  again  flees  to  Bruges. 

Osgod  Clapa  ravages  tl^  coast  of 
Essex. 

A  fleet  from  Ireland,  assisted  by  the 
Welsh,  devastates  the  country  on  the 
Bristol  channel,  in  July. 

A.D.  1050. 

'*  SvTeyn  the  earl  was  inlawed  \'*  and 
restored  to  his  possessions. 

Two  English  bishops  sent  to  the 
great  synod  at  Rome  K 

AJ).  105 1. 

*'  Rotbeard  the  Frenchman'*  (Robert 
of  Jumieges,  bishop  of  London)  is  ap- 
pomted  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  dur^   . 
mg  Lent 

Eustace  of  Boulogne  (husband  of 
Goda,  the  king's  sister*)  visits  Eng- 
land. On  his  way  home  he  has  a  con- 
flict with  the  people  of  Dover,  and« 
more  than  twenty  men  are  killed  on 
each  side.  ''And  Eustace  escaped 
with  a  few  men,  and  went  again  to 
the  king  [at  Gloucester],  and  made 
known  to  him,  in  part,  how  they  had 
fared.  And  the  king  became  very 
wroth  with  the  townsmen.  And  the 
king  sent  ofi*  Godwin  the  earl,  and 
bade  him  go  in  a  hostile  manner  to 
Dover ;  for  Eustace  had  made  it  ap- 
pear to  the  king  that  it  had  been  more 
the  &ult  of  the  townsmen  than  his ; 


*  Sivard,  who  is  sometimes  incorrectly  spoken  of 
is  aichbtshop,  died  in  loiS,  when  Eadsige  resumed 
ue  we,  and  held  it  dll  hts  death,  in  1050. 

'  It  was  aweitftd  by  Magnus  being  himself  at* 
txked  by  Sweyn  of  Denmark. 

*  They  retired  to  Bmges,  then  die  capital  of 
wwin  v.  of  Flanders,  who  had  mairied  Adela  of 
rnaoe,  widow  of  Richard  III.  of  Normandy.  He 
^ns  to  haTe  been  the  gencnd  protector  of  the 
"Sfish  fnffitxves,  and  when  his  laidess  proceed- 
njs  InogM  upon  him  the  vengeance  of  the  em- 


peror, Edward  readily  Joined  in  an  expedition 


See  p.  77. 

>  It  was  held  m  May,  and  condemned  the 
opinions  of  Berengarius,  respecting  the  Eucharist 
^  Alter  her  death  he  married  Ida  of  Lorraine, 
br  whom  he  was  the  father  of  the  celebrated 
Godfrey  of  Bouillon.  He  served  with  the  Nor- 
mans at  the  battle  of  Hastings,  and  his  son  Eustace 
s  m  Domesday  as  the  possessor  of  estates 
It  and  sx  other  counties. 


^ 


THE  SAXON  EEUL 


[A-Dl  1051,  1052. 


but  it  was  not  so.  And  the  earl  would 
Bot  consent  to  the  inroad,  because  he 
-was  loth  to  injure  his  own  people.'' 

The  king  summons  a  witenagemot 
at  Gloucester,  in  September,  to  which 
Godwin  and  his  sons  repair  with  the 
forces  of  their  earldoms,  and  demand 
that  Eustace  and  his  men  shall  be 
placed  in  their  hands.  The  king  calls 
on  Siward  of  Nordiumbria  and  Leo- 
fric  of  Mercia  *  for  aid. 

The  witenagemot  removed  to  Lon- 
don, where  it  assembles  Sept.  21. 

Sweyn  is  outlawed.  Godwin  and 
Harold  are  summoned  to  appear,  but 
being  refused  "safe  conduct  and  host- 
ages, so  that  they  might  come,  un- 
betrayed,  into  the  gemot  and  out  of 
the  gemot,"  they  keep  away,  and  are 
then  allowed  '^  a  safe  conduct  for  five 
nights  to  go  out  of  the  land".**  Godwin 
and  Sweyn  retire  to  Bruges,  Harold 
and  Leofwin  his  brother  go  to  Ireland  ; 
^'and  soon  after  this  happened,  then 
put  away  the  king  the  lady  who  had 
been  consecrated  his  queen  [Godwin's 
daughter],  and  caused  to  be  taken 
from  her  all  which  she  possessed,  in 
land,  and  in  gold,  and  in  silver,  and 
in  all  things,  and  delivered  her  to  his 

sister  in  WherwellV "It  would 

have  seemed  wondrous  to  every  man 
who  was  in  England,  if  any  one  before 
that  had  said  that  it  should  be  so,  for 
Godwin  had  been  erewhile  to  that  de- 
gree exalted,  as  if  he  ruled  the  king 
and  all  England;  and  his  sons  were 
earls  and  the  king's  darlings,  and  his 
daughter  wedded  and  united  to  the 
king." 

William  of  Normandy  visits  Eng- 
land "with  a  great  band  of  French- 
men ;  and  the  king  received  him,  and 
as  many  of  his  companions  as  it  pleased 
him ;  and  let  him  away  again." 

^  Spearhafoc,  abbot  of  Abingdon,  and 
bishop  elect  of  London,  is  revised  con- 
secration by  the  archbishop  %  and  his 
place  supplied  by  William,  a  Norman. 


The  king  dismisses  a  poctiaii  of  his 

fleet  ^ 

A.D.  1052. 

Emma,  the  king's  mother,  dies, 
in  March;  she  is  bozied  at  Win- 
chester. 

Harold  sails  from  Ireland,  and  ra- 
vages the  shores  of  the  Bristol  channel. 

Griffin,  the  Welsh  king,  ravages 
Herefordshire. 

Godwin  sails  from  Bruges,  and, 
evading  the  king's  fleet  at  Sandwich, 
joins  Harold •«.  "And  they  did  not 
much  harm  after  they  came  together, 
except  that  they  seized  provisions; 
but  they  enticed  to  them  all  the  land 
folk  by  the  sea  coast,  and  also  up  the 
countiy;  and  they  went  towards  Sand- 
wich, and  collected  ever  foith  with 
them  all  the  butse-carles  [seamen] 
which  they  met  with ;  and  then  came 
to  Sandwich  with  an  overflowing 
army." 

The  king's  fleet  having  withdrawn, 
Godwin  and  Harold  follow  it  to  Lon- 
don, whexe,  after  some  delay,  a  witena- 
gemot was  held,  before  which  "  God- 
win bore  forth  his  defence ;  and  there 
justified  himself,  before  King  Edward 
his  lord,  and  before  all  people  of  the 
land,  that  he  was  guiltless  of  that 
which  was  laid  against  him,  and 
against  Harold  his  son,  and  all  his 
children.  And  the  king  gave  to  the 
earl  and  his  children  his  fidl  friend- 
ship; and  gave  his  earldom  dean  to 
Godwin  as  fidl  and  as  fi-ee  as  he  be- 
fore possessed  it,  and  to  his  wife  and 
his  daughter  as  fall  and  as  free  as  they 
before  possessed  it  And  they  then 
established  between  them  fiill  friend- 
ship, and  to  all  the  people  they  pro- 
mised good  law.  And  then  they  out- 
lawed all  the  Frenchmen,  who  before 
had  upreared  unjust  law,  and  judged 
imjust  judgments,  and  counseUed  ill 
counsel  in  this  land ;  except  so  many 
as  they  agreed  upon,  whom  the  king 


"^  Godwin  ruled  the  whole  south  and  west  of 

ISngland,  Sweyn  possessed  the  tract  between  the 

-  Thames  and  the  Avon,  and  Harold  held  the  eastern 

<iistricts,  as  far  north  as  the  Wash :  the  Mercian 

and  Northumbrian  earldoms  occupied  the  rest  of 

the  country. 

"  Notwithstanding  this,  "the  king  sent  Bishop 
Aldred  [of  Worcester]  from  London  with  a  Ibfoe ; 
and  they  were  to  orertake  Haiold  ere  he  came  on 
shipboard;  Ami  tkt(y  amid  not,  or  thty  mtuid 
not.** 

*  His  sister  was  abbess  of  thA  nunnery  ai  Who^ 
wen,  near  Andover.  fonadod  bf  Ettitha. 


«  The  abbot  returned  to  his  monastery.  He  was 
a  skilful  gold-worker,  and  we  are  told  by  a  Nor- 
man writer  that,  bettig  entrusted  with  materials 
for  acrown  by  William  I.,  he  fled  to  Norway  with 
theboot^. 

»  He  IS  said  by  Florence  of  Woioeiter  also  to 
have  abolished  the  Daaegdd,  bang  wamA  diereto 
by  a  nmaculons  anpeamoe  testifying  die  Briustioe 
ot  the  tn:  but  mt  mntrmporary  Quooicle  does 
not  mention  ine 

«  Sweyn  had 


m  letimmg  bpooi  wAich 


asapikrUHg»«oJ« 
"''hiedied. 


a.D.  1053 — 1056.]  EDWARD  THE   CONR6SSOR. 


6r 


liked  to  have  with  him,  who  were  true 
to  hhn  and  to  all  his  people. 

"  When  Archbishop  Robert  and  the 
Frenchmen  learned  that,  they  took 
their  hoiseSy  and  went,  some  west  to 
Pentecost's  castle,  and  some  north 
to  Robert's  castle.  And  Archbishop 
Robert,  and  Bishop  Ulf  [of  Dorchester, 
in  Oxfordshire],  and  their  companions, 
went  out  at  Eastgate,  and  slew  and 
odierwise  injured  many  young  men, 
and  went  their  way  direct  to  Eadulfs- 
Bess';  and  he  there  put  himself  in 
a  crazy  ship,  and  went  direct  over  sea, 
and  leh  his  pall  and  all  Christendom 
here  on  land,  so  as  God  would  have 
it,  inasmuch  as  he  had  before  obtained 
the  dignity  so  as  God  would  not  have 
it*.''  Stigand  succeeds  to  the  arch- 
bishopric. 

A.D.  1053. 

«  Hris  [Rhys],  the  Welsh  king's  bro- 
ther,  was  slain,  because  he  had  done 
hacm ;  and  his  head  was  brought  to, 
Gk>acester  on  Twelfth-day  eve." 

^  In  this  year  was  the  king  at  Win- 
chester at  Easter,  and  Godwin  the 
earl  with  him,  and  Harold  the  earl 
his  son,  and  Tostig.  Then  on  the 
secoskd  day  of  Easter  (April  12)  sate 
he  witb  the  king  at  the  feast;  then 
suddenly  sank  he  down  by  the  foot- 
stool, deprived  of  speech  and  of  all  his 
power,  and  he  was  then  carried  into 
the  long's  chamber,  and  they  thought 
it  would  overpass ;  but  it  did  not  so ; 
but  he  continued  on,  thus  speechless 
and  powerless,  until  the  Thursday, 
(April  15,)  and  then  resigned  his  life ; 
and  he  lies  there  within  the  old  min- 
ster. And  his  son  Harold  succeeded 
to  his  earldom,  and  resigned  that  which 
he  before  held,  and  Elfgar  [son  of 
Leofric  of  Mercia]  succeeded  thereto." 

The  Welsh  make  an  incursion,  ^  and 
slay  a  great  number  of  the  English 
pie,  of  the  wardmen,  near  West- 


A.D.  1054. 

'^  This  year  went  Siward  the  earl  [of 

Nnrthirmbriaj  with  a  great  azmy  into 


Scotland,  both  with  a  ship  force  and 
with  a  hind  force,  and  fought  against 
the  Scots,  and  put  to  flight  King  Mac- 
beth, and  slew  all  who  were  the  chief 
men  in  the  land,  and  led  thence  much 
booty,  such  as  no  man  before  had  ob- 
tained. But  his  son  Osbem,  and  his 
sister's  son  Siward,  and  some  of  his 
house-caries,  and  also  of  the  king's, 
were  there  slain,  on  die  day  of  the 
Seven  Sleepers,"  (July  27). 

Bishop  Aldred,  of  Worcester,  is  sent 
as  ambassador  to  the  emperor  (Henrf 
III.)  at  Cologne. 

''In  this  year  died  Osgod  Clapa, 
suddenly,  even  as  he  lay  on  his  bed." 

''In  this  year  was  there  so  great 
a  murrain  among  cattle,  as  no  man 
remembered  for  many  years  before." 

A.D.  1055. 

Siward  the  earl  dies,  early  in  the 
year,  and  is  buried  at  Galmanho,  (in 
York,)  "  in  the  minster  which  himself 
caused  to  be  built,  and  hallowed  in 
God's  and  Olave's  name."  Tostig, 
Harold's  brother,  succeeds  to  the  go- 
vernment of  Northumbria. 

A  witenagemot  is  summoned  at  Lon- 
don, in  Mid-Lent,  at  which  Elfgar  is 
outlawed,  "well-nigh  ixdthout  guilt*." 

Elfgar  hires  a  fleet  in  Ireland,  and 
with  die  help  of  Grifl&n,  king  of  North 
Wales*,  defeats  Ralf  the  earl*,  and 
bums  Hereford,  Oct.  24. 

Harold  marches  against  them,  and 
having  fortified  Hereford,  peace  is 
made.  "And  then  they  inlawed  Elf- 
gar the  earl,  and  gave  him  all  that 
before  had  been  taken  from  him  ;  and 
the  fleet  went  to  Chester,  and  there 
awaited  their  pay.  Which  Elfgar  had 
promised  them." 

A.D.  1056. 
Leofgar,  the  mass-priest  (chaplain) 
of  Harold,  is  appointed  bishop  of 
Hereford.  "He  forsook  his  dirism 
and  his  rood,  his  ghostly  weapons, 
and  took  to  his  spear  and  to  his  sword, 
after  his  bishophood ;  and  so  went  to 
the  field  agam^  Gclffin,  the  Welsh 


'  EadnTfc-neaB  b  the  Naxe,  in  Essex.  The  ritua- 
tkm  of  the  castlei  mentioaed  is  not  known. 

■  Some  MSS.  make  this  expulsion  of  the  French- 
Ben  precede  the  restoration  of  Godwin  and  his 
baSkf.  Robert  retired  to  Jumieges,  where  he  had 
been  abbot,  and  died  before  Z070. 

*  "Without  any  kind  of  gnilt,**  aooording  to  an- 
cdKT  MS. :  whilst  a  difad  aavs,  "It  was  cast  upon 


bin  that  he  was  a  traitor  to  the  king,  and  to  all  die  1  year. 

F2 


-^-.  of  the  land.  And  he  rntdea  coolessiasi  df 
tt  before  all  the  men  who  were  there  gathered; 
thourii  the  word  escaped  him  tminlemioually.*' 

«  The  husband  of  his  danriiter  Aldgitha  (or 
£di^,  who aftetwards mairieoHarold. 

«  The  son  of  Goda,  the  king's  sister,  by  her  iint 
husband,  Drogo  of  Mantes,  and  camoumder -of 
the  Nomum  meroeaazies.    He  died  ihe  SoU0«i« 


68 


THE  SAXOK  ERA. 


[a.d.  1056— io6s. 


king ;  and  there  was  be  slain,  and  his 
priests  with  him,  and  Elfiioth  the  shire- 
reeve,  and  many  good  men  with  them ; 
and  the  others  fled  away;  this  was 
eight  days  before  Midstimmer,''  (June 
17). 

''  It  is  difficult  to  tell  the  distress, 
and  the  marching  all,  and  the  camp- 
ing, and  the  travail  and  destruction 
of  men,  and  also  of  horses,  which  all 
the  English  army  endured,  until  Leo- 
fric  the  earl  came  thither,  and  Harold 
the  earl,  and  Bishop  Aldred  [of  Wor- 
cester], and  made  a  reconciliation  there 
between  them;  so  that  Griffin  swore 
oaths  that  he  would  be  to  King  Ed- 
ward a  faithful  and  imbetraying  under- 
king." 

A.D.  1057. 

"Edward  the  atheling,  King  Ed- 
mund's son,  came  hither  to  land,  and 
soon  after  died ;  and  his  body  is  buried 
within  St  Paul's  minster  at  London  ^'^ 

'^  In  the  same  year  died  Leofric  the 
earl,  on  the  second  of  Uie  calends  of 
October,  [Sept.  30] ;  he  was  very  wise 
for  God,  and  also  for  the  world,  which 
was  a  blessing  to  all  this  nation.  He 
lies  at  Coventry;  and  his  son  Elfgar 
succeeded  to  his  government" 

A.D.  1058. 

Elfgar  is  again  outlawed,  but  soon 
reinstated,  "with  violence,"  by  the  aid 
of  Griffin  of  North  Wales. 

"And  this  year  came  a  fleet  from 
Norway;  it  is  longsome  to  tell  how 
all  these  matters  went" 

Bishop  Aldred,  of  Worcester,  having 
built  the  minster  at  Gloucester,  goes 
to  Jerusalem,  by  way  of  Hungary, 
"with  such  splendour  as  none  other 
had  displayed  before  him,  and  himself 
there  devoted  to  God ;  and  a  worthy 
gift  he  also  offered  to  our  Lord's  tomb, 
that  was  a  golden  chalice  of  five  marks 
of  very  wonderful  work." 

Although  Palestine  had  fallen  into 
the  hands  of  the  Mohammedans  early 
in  the  seventh  century,  it  was  not  until 
about  the  close  of  the  tenth  that  any 
serious  difficulty^  was  opposed  to  the 
pilgrimages  which,  at  least  as  early 


as  the  time  of  Constantine  (a.d.  313 — 
337),  it  had  become  usual  to  madke  to 
die  scenes  sanctified  by  the  presence 
and  sufferings  of  the  Redeemer.  The 
caliph  Hakem,  who  ruled  Egypt  and 
Syna,  in  the  year  1009  forbade  the 
resort  of  pilgrims,  and  destroyed  the  . 
church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  at  Jeru- 
salem ;  but  this  persecution  ceased 
with  his  death,  and,  warned  by  the 
outrages  they  had  suffered,  the  pil- 
grims now  generally  travelled  in  bodies 
able  and  wUling  to  defend  themselves 
if  assailed.  Such,  probably,  was  the 
case  with  the  Bishop  Aldred  and  his 
company,  as  it  certainly  was  a  few 
years  after  (a.d.  1064)  with  the  arch- 
bishop of  Mentz,  who,  accompanied 
by  three  bishops  and  7,000  men,  pro- 
ceeded to  the  Holy  City,  and  on  the 
way  sustained  a  siege  in  a  deserted 
castle  until  relieved  for  a  sum  of  money 
by  a  Saracen  emir.    These  armed  pU- 

grims  were  the  precursors  of  the  vast 
osts  which,  b^ore  the  close  of  the 
century,  established  the  Christian  king- 
dom of  Jerusalem. 

A.D.  1061. 

Tostig  and  his  wife'  make  a  journey 
to  Rome. 

A.D.  1063. 

Harold  and  Tostig  invade  Wales, 
both  by  sea  and  land. 

The  country  is  subdued.  Griffin  is 
killed  by  his  own  people,  Aug.  5,  and 
his  head  sent  to  Harold,  who  brings 
it  to  the  king. 

Blethgent  and  Rigwatla*,  Griffin's 
brothers,  swear  fealty  to  the  king,  and 
are  allowed  to  govern  the  land 

A.D.  1065. 
The  Welsh,  under  Caradoc,  son  of 
Griffin,  destroy  a  fort  at  Portskewet, 

gorth  Iscoed,  near  Chepstow,)  which 
arold  had  erected,  Aug.  24. 
The  people  of  Northumbria  rise 
against  Tostig's  government  ^  outlaw 
hnn,  and  kill  his  house-carles,  and 
seize  his  treasures,  in  October.  They 
choose  Morcar,  son  of  Elfgar,  for  their 
earL 
Morcar,  being  joined  by  his  brother 


7  One  MS.  of  the  Saxon  Chxonide  has  a  poetical 
ament  for  him,  manifestly  written  after  the  Kor- 
man  inTasion. 

■  Judith,  lister  of  Baldwin  V.  of  Flanders ;  Tos- 


tiff  was  consequently  a  connexion  by  maniage  of 
William  of  Nonnandy. 

•  Called  Blethln  and  Rywallon,  by  Welsh  writers. 

i>  Tostig  was  then  at  Britford,  in  Wiltshire,  with 
thcking. 


A.D.  1065,  io66.] 


HAROLD   II. 


<59 


Edwin  and  many  Britons,  marches 
south  as  far  as  Northampton.  Harold 
being  sent  against  them,  **  they  laid  an 
errand  upon  him  to  King  Edward,  and 
also  sent  messengers  with  him,  and 
begged  that  they  might  have  Morcar 
•  for  their  earl  ^  And  the  king  granted 
it,  and  sent  Harold  again  to  diem  at 
Northampton,  on  the  eve  of  St  Simon's 
and  St  Jude^s  mass,  (Oct  27) ;  and  he 
made  Imown  the  same  to  them,  and 
delivered  a  pledge  thereof  unto  them, 
and  he  there  renewed  Canute's  law*. 
And  the  northern  men  did  much  harm 
about  Northampton  the  while  that  he 
went  on  their  errand,  inasmuch  as  they 
slew  men,  and  burned  houses  and  com, 
and  took  all  the  cattle  which  they  might 
come  at,  that  was  many  thousand ;  and 


many  hundred  men  they  took  and  led 
nortn  with  them;  so  that  that  shire, 
and  the  other  shires  which  there  are 
nigh,  were  for  many  years  the  worse.** 

Tostig,  with  his  wife,  "  and  all  those 
who  woidd  what  he  would,"  retires  to 
Flanders,  to  Earl  Baldwin. 

"  King  Edward  came  to  Westminster 
at  midwinter,  (Christmas,)  and  there 
caused  to  be  hallowed  die  minster 
which  himself  had  built  to  the  glory 
of  God  and  of  St  Peter,  and  of  all 
God's  saints ;  and  the  church-hallowing 
was  on  Childermass-day,"  (Dec.  28). 

A.D.  1066. 

King  Edward  dies,  Jan.  5 ;  he  is 
buried  at  Westminster  the  next  day, 
"  within  the  newly  hallowed  church," 


HAROLD  II. 


Harold,  the  son  of  Godwin,  im- 
mediately succeeded  Edward,  either 
chosen  by  a  general  assembly,  or,  as 
is  asserted,  named  by  him  on  his 
death-bed  * ;  the  claims  of  Edgar 
Atheling  being  in  either  case  passed 
over;  but  though  at  once  hallowed 
king,  ^  he  with  little  quiet  abode 
therein,  the  while  that  he  wielded 
the  reaJm."  His  brief  .reign  of  "forty 
weeks  and  one  day"  saw  two  formid- 
able invasions  of  the  country,  and 
three  great  battles,  the  last  of  which 
swept  away  the  Saxon  rule,  which, 
though  undergoing  many  modifica- 
tions firom  Northern  or  Danish  in- 
flaences,  had  endured  for  more  than 
six  centuries. 

The  crown  of  England  was  imme- 
diately claimed  by  William  of  Nor- 
mandy, on  the  strength  of  an  alleged 
bequest,  which  Edward  certainly  was 
not  entitled  to  make,  and  a  promise 


which  shipwreck  had  enabled  him  to 
extort  from  Harold.  Of  course  com- 
pliance was  not  expected,  and  William 
collected  a  force  not  only  from  his 
own  state,  but  from  foreign  countries ; 
Tostig,  Harold's  brother,  (but  recently 
driven  from  England,)  in  conjunction 
with  the  king  of  Norway,  invaded 
Yorkshire,  and  though  defeated  and 
killed,  left  the  Anglo-Saxon  state  so 
weakened,  that  the  success  of  the 
Norman  adventurers  was  assured. 

It  may  be  regarded  as  certain,  that 
Harold,  as  well  as  his  brothers  Gyrth 
and  Leofwin,  fell  at  Hastings,  and  as 
most  probable  that  he  was  buried 
at  Waltham,  in  the  church  of  his  own 
foundation ;  although  WiUiam  of  Poi* 
tiers  says  diat  he  was  insultingly  in- 
terred on  the  sea-shore,  by  the  order 
of  the  conqueror ',  and  a  tradition  met 
with  in  Giraldus  Cambrensis,  and  re- 
peated by  later  writers,  asserts  that 


•  Harold  is  often  blamed,  as  if  he  had  acted  in 
»  unfriendly  way  by  Tocdg,  but  the  following 
tatunony  from  the  Cottonian  MS.  of  the  Saxon 
ChnMude  is  stnmgly  in  his  favour:  "There  was 
a  fftat  gemot  at  Oxford :  and  there  was  Harold 
the  carl,  and  would  work  a  reconciliation  if  he 
nigfat,  bat  he  could  not;  but  all  Tostig's  eari- 
dom  him  unanimously  forsook  and  outlawed,  and 
an  who  widi  him  lawlessness  upreared,  because 
he  robbed  God  first,  and  all  those  bereaved  over 
vfaon  he  had  power  of  life  and  land." 

*  One  M&of  the  Saxon  Chronicle  says,  '*  Harold 
the  earl  succeeded  to  the  kingdom  of  England, 
«^«  as  die  king  had  granted  it  to  him,  and  men 
also  had  him  chosen  thereto.'*    The  Heimskringla, 


or  Chronide  of  the  Kings  of  Norway,  in  the  saga 
of  Harold  Hardrada,  sives  this  account  of  Harold's 
accession :  "  It  is  said  that  when  the  king  was  ap- 
proaching his  last  hour,  Harold  and  a  few  others 
were  with  him.  Harold  first  leant  down  over  the 
king,  and  then  said, '  I  take  you  all  to  witness  that 
the  king  has  now  given  me  the  kins;dom,  and  all 
the  realm  of  England,'  and  then  the  kug  was  taken 
dead  out  of  bed.  The  same  day  there  was  a  meet- 
ing of  the  chie6,  at  which  there  was  some  talk  of 
dhoodng  a  king,  and  then  Harold  brought  forward 
his  witnesses  that  King  Edward  had  ^ven  him 
the  Id^dom  on  his  djnng  day." 

f  It  is  possible  that  both  stories  are  true.  The 
dead  king  may  have  been  thus  interred  at  first, 
and  subsequently  removed  to  Waltham. 


70 


THE  SAXON  ERA. 


[a.d.  ro66. 


lie  escaped  from  the  field  with  the 
loss  of  his  left  eye,  and  lived  as  a 
liennit  at  Chester  until  the  time  of 
Henry  I. « 

Harold  was  twice  married.  His  first 
wife's  name  is  unknown ;  his  second 
was  Aldgithaythe  relict  of  Griffin,  prince 
cf  North  Wales,  and  sister  of  the  earls 
Edwin  and  Morcar ;  she  survived  him, 
and  lived  in  England  until  her  death, 
which  is  believed  to  have  happened  in 
J075.  His  sons,  Godwin,  Edmund, 
and  Magnus  **,  retired  to  Norway  with 
their  sister  Githa,  who  married  Wal- 
demar,  a  prince  of  Holgaurd ;  Gunhilda, 
another  daughter,  (who  is  said  to  have 
been  cured  of  blindness  by  Wolstan, 
the  bishop  of  Worcester,)  fled  to  Flan- 
ders with  Harold's  mother  Githa,  and 
his  sister  Gunhilda ;  the  latter  became 
a  nun  at  Bruges,  and  died  (as  appears 
by  her  monumental  plate,  still  in  exist- 
ence,) Aug.  24,  1087. 

Of  all  Harold's  brothers,  Tostig 
alone  seems  to  have  left  issue.  Skule, 
his  son,  married  Gudrun,  the  niece 
of  Harold  Hardrada,  and  founded 
a  powerful  house  in  Norway*;  and 
Tudith  his  widow  re-married  with 
Wdf  of  Bavaria,  of  the  same  stock 
as  the  house  of  Brunswick. 


A.D.  1066. 

Harold  is  crowned  at  Westminster, 
by  Archbishop  Aldred,  January  6. 


Harold  visits  the  north,  but  returns 
to  Westminster  at  Easter. 

William  of  Normandy  makes  a 
formal  claim  of  the  crown  of  Eng- 
land ;  it  is  refused,  and  Harold  raises 
a  fleet  and  army  to  watch  the  sea- 
coast,  whilst  William  prepares  for  an 
invasion. 

Tostig  arrives  at  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
with  a  fleet,  at  the  end  of  April ;  he 
attempts  a  landing  on  the  Isle  of 
Thanet,  but  is  repulsed. 

Hardd  repairs  to  his  fleet  at  Sand- 
wich, and  Tostig  retires  to  the  Hum- 
ber,  where  he  ravages  Lincolnshire, 
but  is  defeated  by  the  earls  Edwin 
and  Morcar,  and  deserted  by  his- 
sailors ;  he  flees  to  Scotland. 

Harold  is  obliged  to  dismiss  his 
fleet  for  want  of  provisions,  Sept.  8. 

Harold  Hardrada^,  king  of  Nor- 
way, arrives  in  the  Tyne  early  in 
September;  Tostig  "submits  to  him, 
and  becomes  his  man  ;"  they  bum 
Scarborough  ^  and  afterwards  land 
near  Selby. 

Edwin  and  Morcar  defeated  at  Ful- 
ford,  near  York,  by  Harold  Hardrada 
and  Tostig,  Sept  20. 

The  people  about  York  submit  to 
the  Norwegians,  and  agree  to  assist 
them. 

Harold  advances  firom  London  by 
forced  marches  against  them. 

Harold  arrives,  and  passes  through 
York,  Sept.  24";  he  encounters  the 


f  Anothet  tradition  affinns  that  Gynh  also  sur- 
-md  the  battle,  and  lived  till  the  time  of  Henry  IL, 
with  whom  he  had  an  interview,  and  to  whom  he 
stated  that  Harold  had  not  been  biuied  at  Walt- 
ham  ;  but  the  tale  is  considered  a  mere  fabrication 
Attended  to  damage  the  renown  of  that  abbey. 
,  ^  "Harold,  the  son  of  King  Harold,*  is  men- 
tioned by  William  of  Malmesbuzy  as  accompanying 
Magnus  III.  in  his  expedition  to  the  Hebrides  and 
man  sonthem  islands  m  looS. 

'  Ketil,  a  second  son  of  Tostig,  is  mentioned  in 
the  Sagas. 

,^  Harold  Hardrada,  or  the  Stem,  (a  descendant 
«f  Harold  Hariagn,  and  cousin  of  Olaf  the  Saint,) 
« the  snbject  of  the  last  saga  of  the  Heimskringla. 
He  had  long  servod  in  the  armies  of  the  " 


«nparars.  had  made  himself  master  of  Norway, 
nmmed  the  daughter  of  tha  grand  duke  of  Russia, 
and  was  ftremned  one  of  the  most  renowned  war- 
noxs  of  his  time.  He  was  in  his  fiftieth  year  when 
be  invaded  England.  *'  He  was,"  says  his  saga, 
*'8kcm  and  severe  to  his  enemies,  bountiful  tobis 
ftiads,"  a  patron  of  bards,  and  a  bard  himself. 
*'He  was  a  handsome  man,  of  noble  appearance ; 
an  hair  and  beard  yellow.  He  had  a  short  beard, 
Md  loQ^  moustachioa ;  the  one  eyebrow  was  some- 
ynat  higher  than  the  other;  he  had  Urge  hands 
and  feet,  but  these  were  weU  made.  Hts  height 
-was  five  dfc,"  or  more  than  eight  English  feet, 
•and  he  appeared  in  his  last  field  attired  u  "  a  blue 


I  kirtle  which  reached  his  knees,  and  a  beaiitifnt 
helmet." 

1  The  Heimskringla  thus  describes  the  burning 
of  the  town,  which  may  give  an  idea  of  the  mode 
in  whidi  warfare  was  then  usuallv  carried  on: 
"The  king  went  op  a  hill  and  made  a  great  pile 
upon  it,  which  he  set  on  fire,  and  when  the  pile 
was  in  clear  flame,  his  men  took  large  forks,  and 
pitched  the  burning  wood  down  into  the  town,  so 
dut  one  house  caught  fire  after  the  other  and  the 
town  surrendered." 

■  The  castle  of  York  surrendered  on  Sunday, 
September  a^,  and  the  Heimskringla  says,  the  Nor- 
wegisms  retired  to  their  ships,  with  the  under- 
standing that  on  the  following  day  hostages  were 
to  be  given  them  at  Stamford-bridge.  They  landed 
accordUngly  in  the  moraing ;  '*  the  weather  was  un- 
oommonly  fine,  and  it  was  not  sunshine.  The  men 
therefore  laid  aside  their  armour,  and  wei^  on  the 
bnd  with  their  shields,  helmets,  and  spears,  and 
girt  with  swords,  and  many  had  also  arrows  and 
bows,  and  all  were  very  merry."  An  approaching 
crowd,  at  first  taken  tor  the  hostages,  was  soon 
found  to  be  the  English  army,  andTostiff  coun- 
selled a  retreat  to  their  ships,  but  his  advice  was 
rejected.  Harold  advanced  with  a  small  pt^rty, 
and  offered  the  third  of  his  kingdom  to  Tostig 
rather  than  fight  with  a  brother,  but  refused  more 
than  a  grave  for  the  Norwegian  king.  Tostig  de- 
clined to  break  faith  with  his  ally,  and  when  after- 


iLD.  1066.] 


IIABOLD  II. 


7T 


Norwegians  at  Stamford-bridge,  where 
they  are  totally  defeated,  Sept.  25. 
Harold  Hardrada  and  Tostig  are 
slain,  and  ^the  king  then  gave  his 
protection  to  Ola^  son  of  die  king 
of  the  Norwegians,  and  to  their  bi- 
shop, and  to  the  earl  of  Orkney,  and 
to  aHl  those  who  were  left  in.  the 
ships;  and  they  then  went  up  to 
<mr  king,  and  swore  oaths  that  they 
ever  would  observe  peace  and  friend- 
ship towards  this  land,  and  the  king 
let  them  go  home  with  twenty-four 
ships." 

William  of  Normandy  sails  from 
StValery^  SepL  26,  and  arrives  at 
Pevensey,  Sept.  28,  '^  on  the  eve  of 
ScMichad's  massV  The  Normans 
fortify  a  camp  near  Hasting$^and  from 
it  plunder  the  country. 

Harold,  hearing  of  their  arrival, 
marches  southward,  and  arrives  m 
sight  of  their  position,  Oct.  13. 

The  battle  of  Hastings^  Oct.  14. 
'William  came  against  Harold  un- 
awares, before  his  people  were  set  in 
<Hder.  But  the  king  nevertheless  strenu- 
ously fought  against  him  with  those 
men  who  would  follow  him ;  and  there 
was  great  slaughter  made  on  either 
hand.    There  was  slain  King  Harold, 


and  Leofwin  the  earl,  his  brother,, 
and  Gyrth  the  earl,  his  brother,  and 
many  good  men ;  and  the  French- 
men had  possession  of  the  place  of 
carnage,  ^  as  God  granted  them 
for  the  people's  sins ....  This  fight 
was  done  on  the  day  of  Calijfitus- 
the  pope'.'' 

The  Normans  return  to  Hastiogv 
expecting  the  submission  of  the 
Ssucons. 

Eldgar  Athcling  is  meanwhile  chosen 
king  at  London,  ''as  was  his  true  nar 
tural  right «." 

William  the  Norman,  seeing  the 
people  do  not  come  ia  to  him,  goes  in- 
ward, "with  all  his  army  which  was 
left  to  him,  and  that  which  afterwards 
had  come  from  over  sea  to  him ;  and 
he  plundered  all  that  part  which  he 
ovemm,  until  he  came  to  Berkhan^ 
stead." 

Archbbhop  Aldred,  of  York',  Edgar 
Atheling,  Edwin  and  Morcar,  and  all 
the  chief  men  of  London,  meet  hisn 
there  and  submit  to  him;  ''and  he 
vowed  to  them  that  he  would  be  a 
lovii^  lord  to  them ;  and  neverthdess^ 
during  this,  the  Frenchmen  plundered. 
aH  that  they  ovenran.'^ 


wiiili  repitncned  hy  nm  far  allowing^  Ins  Ivodier 
ID  wididniw  in  safety,  is  said  to  have  made  a  regltf, 
Ac  Boois  sentiineiit  of  which,  however  it  may  re- 


daik  colniifB,  affonb  oo  coiapcnaation  for  the  crik 
that  his  jmrasian  broci|dit  upon  his  country.  "  I 
awy*  he  and,  "that  ne  was  going  to  oner  me 
noe,  and  a  great  dominion,  and  that  on  the  odier 
naad  I  should  be  his  mnrderer  if  I  betrayed  him ; 
and  I  would  rather  he  should  be  my  murderer  than 
I  baa,  if  «ne  of  the  two  be  to  die.^  Hardrada  at 
mem.  psi^ared  for  battl^  merely  making  a  remark 
whidi  is  worthy  of  preservation  as  one  of  our  few 
aotkcs  of  Harold's  personal  appearance:  "  He  is 
afictle  man,  but  he  nt  firmly  in  his  sttcnps.**  He 
piobably  spokt  with  reference  to  his  own  stature^ 
as  Orderic  tells  ns  Harold  was  distinguished  for 
Us  great  nae  and  slieugUi,  also  for  nis  iwlished 
■aancrs,  firmacss.  ekxpience,  sndy  w^  and 
"fluny  other  excellent  qualides." 

■  Amatber  MS.  of  the  Saxon  Chronicle  says, 
"St  Micha«i*s-mro  day  f  Norman  anthots,  too, 
SSer  in  their  dates  foor  the  sailing  of  the  fleet ;  but 
tfaov  B  no  real  contradiction,  as  so  large  a  force 
cnld  ftaadly  be  embaikad  or  <fisemiMck«d  in  a 
single  day. 

»  Such  is  the  osinl  name,  bat  the  conflict  oc- 
cnned  aboat  nine  males  from  that  town,  in  the 
pbee  where  now  stand  the  remains  of  Battle 
It  is  also  called  die  batde  of  Senlac  by 


y  The  Clirottide  of  Wales  relates  the  brief  reign 
«f  Haaold  in  a  very  diflerent  spirit ;  but  it  must 


be  remembered  that  he  had  been  their  oon^odasw 
"  Harold  kins  of  Denmark  meditated  the  subjec* 
tion  of  the  Saxons;  wh<mi  another  Harold,  d&e 
son  of  Eail  Godwin,  rAo  was  diea  king  in  Eag-> 
land,  sorpciaed,  unexpectedly  and  unarmed,  and 
by  suddea  attack,  aided  by  national  treachery^ 
ttrmk  him  to  the  ground,  and  caused  Us  deam> 
That  Harold  who,  at  first  earl  throus^  cnidfy, 
after  the  death  of  King  Edwaid  unduly  aonired 
the  sovereignty  of  the  kingdom  c£  England,  was 
<frtf¥?«>d  of  m  v^wg*^«■^  and  life  by  williani  die 
Bastard,  duke  ofNonnaady,  thoi»|h  previously 
vauntingly  victorious.  And  that  WilSam  defendcfll 
die  Iringdom  of  England  with  an  invincible  hmid» 
ami  his  most  noUe  arnnF** 

4  He  seems  to  hawe  been  conadered  as  king  for 
some  time  after  die  lata!  betde  of  Hastings,  for 
npon  the  dead»  of  Leofric,  abbot  of  Peterborangft* 
on  Nov.  z.  Brand  the  provoat  was  chosen  to  soo- 
ceed  him,  and  sent  for  approval  to  Edgar,  **wh<» 
granted  it  him  then  blithely.  When  King  WiBiaaa 
heard  that,  then  was  he  very  wrath,  and  said  diat 
the  abbot  had  demised  him:  then  went  good  men 
between  them,  and  reconciled  them«  by  reason  that 
the  abbot  was  a  good  man.  Then  gave  he  die 
lung  forty  marics  of  gold  for  a  reooncuiation ;  and 
then  thereafter  lived  he  a  litde  vrhile,  but  three- 
years.  After  that  came  every  evil  and  every  ttibu- 
huion  to  the  minster— God  have  mercy  on  it  I** 

'  He  had  been  bishop  of  Worcester,  bat  ^mas 
removed  to  York,  shortly  after  his  return  firoia 
his  pilgrinu^.    SeeA.D.  X058. 


^2 


ANGLO-SAXON  LAWS  AND  GOVERNMENT. 


ANGLO-SAXON  LAWS  AND  GOVERNMENT. 


This,  the  closing  period  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  rule,  appears  the  proper 
place  for  a  brief  sketch  of  the  social 
and  political  state  of  their  common- 
wealtn,  such  as  may  be  deduced  from 
what  remains  to  us  of  its  laws  and 
institutes ".  These  laws  are  manifestly 
only  a  very  small  portion  of  the  juris- 
prudence of  our  K)refieithers,  but  they 
are  sufficient  to  establish  the  &ct  that 
their  state  was  one  in  which  the  ranks 
of  society  were  accuratdy^  defined,  and 
the  rights  of  property  stnctly  guarded. 

The  earliest  of  these  documents  is 
a  code  issued  (circa  600)  by  Ethdbert 
of  Kent,  which,  thoueh  commencing 
with  a  provision  for  ue  protection  of 
the  property  of  God  and  the  Church  % 
^ves  no  further  evidence  of  proceed- 
mg  from  a  Christian  ruler,  bemg  pro- 
bably little  else  than  a  sunmiary  of 
the  laws  prevailing  in  heathen  times ; 
h  imposes  penalties  for  slaying,  for 
house-breakmg,  for  highway  robbery, 
and  for  personal  injuries,  which  are 
minutdy  detailed,  and  defines  the  por- 
tions of  widows  and  orphans.  Hlothere 
and  Edric  of  Kent  (area  680)  add  di- 
rections for  conducting  lawsuits,  make 
hosts  responsible  for  the  conduct  of 
strangers  who  had  resided  three  days 
with  them,  and  forbid  quarrels  and 
slander. 

The  laws  of  Wihtred  of  Kent  (circa 
696)  present  the  first  distinct  picture 
of  a  Christian  state  in  our  island. 
They  grant  to  the  Church  freedom 
from  imposts*,  forbid  immorality  and 
Sunday  working,  regulate  fasting  at 
certain  times,  and  prohibit  idolatry; 
ihey  also  contain  severe  enactments 
against  thieves. 

Ina  of  Wessex  and  Ofia  of  Mercia 
in  the  next  century  issued  laws,  which 
were  published  with  his  own  by  Alfred', 


and  through  the  whole  runs  one  great 
distinction  from  the  Mosaic  law;  for 
although  avowedly  basing  all  legisla- 
tion on  the  Bible,  "blood  for  blood" 
is  not  the  rule,  but  every  homicide  can 
be  atoned  for  bv  a  money  payment 
(termed  wer-gUa)  vaiying  according  to 
the  rank  of  the  parties.  Alfiped  aJso, 
in  his  own  "dooms," though  they  com- 
mence with  the  decalogue  and  embody 
many  portions  of  the  Mosaic  code, 
expressly  says  that  "synods  had  or- 
damed  that  secular  lords,  with  their 
leave,  mi^t,  without  sin,  take  for 
almost  every  misdeed,  for  the  first 
offence,  the  money-bote  ^compensa- 
tion)  which  they  Uien  oroained,  ex- 
cept in  cases  of  treason  against  a  lord, 
to  which  they  dared  not  assign  any 
mercy." 

Alfred  is  conmionly  spoken  of  as 
the  great  lawgiver  of  die  Anglo-Saxon 
period,  but  he  himself  informs  us  that 
the  laws  which  he  promulgated  con- 
tained little  of  his  own,  "for  it  was 
unknown  to  him  what  of  it  would 
please  those  who  should  come  after 
him ;"  he  therefore  merely  made  a  se- 
lection from  existing  laws,  and  it  is 
certain  that  the  division  of  England 
into  shires  did  not  originate  with  him, 
the  "  shire-man  or  other  judge"  being 
mentioned  by  Ina;  the  division  into 
hundreds  may  probably  be  his. 

The  laws  ot  succeeding  monarchs 
are  chiefly  remarkable  as  proving  that 
the  Danes  settled  in  England  lived 
under  their  own  laws;  Edward  the 
Elder  (901—924)  says  that  penalties 
which  among  the  Saxons  are  esti- 
mated in  shillings,  are  by  the  Danes 
reckoned  by  ores,  twelve  of  the  latter 
being  equivalent  to  forty  of  the  for- 
mer ^ :  and  Edgar  (circa  970)  expressly 
allows  them  to  make  "  such  good  laws 


*  The  fonowing  summary  it  drawn  from  the 
Ancient  Laws  and  Insdtutet  of  England  and  of 
Wales,  edited  by  Mesin.  Thorpe  and  Owen,  and 
published  under  the  directian  of  the  Record  Com- 
misnoners  in  1840.  X84X. 

, »  The  term  used  is  "God's  fee,"  but  whether 
tithes  are  included  has  been  disputed.  It  is.  how- 
ever, quite  certain  that  tithes  existed  in  England 
in  the  6me  of  Archbishop  Theodore  (a.d.  669  to 


690);  and  the  laws  ascribed  to  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor q>eak  of  them  as  claimed  by  Angwrtine  and 
conceded  by  the  kins,  with  the  improbation  of  the 
chie£i  and  people,  which  is  probably  true,  though 
no  direa  evidence  of  the  fact  has  come  down 
to  us. 

■  Seep.  75. 

*  Those  of  Offa  axe  lost. 

7  See  note,  p^  77. 


ANGLO-SAXON  LAWS  AND  GOVERNMENT. 


73 


as  they  best  may  choose."  Ethehred, 
indeed,  issued  an  ordinance  from 
Woodstock  "for  the  whole  nation, 
according  to  the  law  of  the  English," 
but  there  seems  no  reason  for  sup- 
posing that  so  feeble  a  ruler  could 
effect  any  alteration  in  their  state. 
Under  Canute,  of  course  they  pre- 
served their  own  institutions,  but  they 
do  not  seem  to  have  imposed  them 
upon  the  rest  of  the  nation ;  for  he 
expressly  and  separately  mentions  the 
king's  rights  under  the  Wessex,  and 
the  Mercian,  and  the  Danish  laws. 
Canute's  "secular  ordinance"  (which 
embodies  many  of  the  provisions  of 
an  ordinance  of  Ethelred  dated  1008) 
conmiences,  "That  is  then  the  first 
that  I  will;  that  just  laws  be  esta- 
blished, and  every  unjust  law  carefuUy 
suppressed,  and  that  every  injustice 
be  weeded  out  and  rooted  up  with  all 
possible  diligence  from  this  country. 
And  let  God's  justice  be  exalted,  and 
henceforth  let  every  man,  both  poor 
and  rich,  be  esteemed  worthy  of  folk 
right,  and  let  just  dooms  be  doomed 
tp  him.''  Such,  indeed,  seems  its  in- 
tention, and  it  strongly  impresses  the 
duty  of  mercy  on  die  judge.  "We 
command  that  Christian  men  be  not, 
on  any  account,  for  altogether  too 
little  condemned  to  death  :  but  rather 
let  gentle  punishments  be  decreed  for 
the  benefit  of  the  people,  and  let  not 
be  destroyed  for  httle  God's  handy- 
work,  and  His  own  purchase  which  He 
dearly  bought"  He  then  proceeds  to 
prohibit  selling  slaves  to  heathens,  and 
the  practice  of  any  kind  of  witchcraft, 
and  decrees  that  manslayers  and  per- 
jurers and  others  who  will  not  reform, 
shall  ^with  their  sins  retire  from  the 
coontry." 

What  follows  differs  little  firom  the 
laws  of  precedii^  kings,  but  Canute 
also  ordains  that  councils  shall  be 
hdd  in  the  towns  twice,  in  the  shires 
thrice  in  the  year,  at  which  the  bishop 
and  the  ealdorman  are  to  be  present, 
to  expound  both  the  law  of  God  and 
the  secular  law ;  protects  women  from 
forced  marriages,  regulates  the  term 


of  widowhood,  also  wills  and  succes- 
sions, relieves  from  the  payment  of 
heriot  the  property  of  those  who  fall 
in  battle,  decrees  the  forfeiture  of  life 
and  land  to  cowards,  alleviates  public 
burdens  *,  and  concedes  the  liberty  of 
hunting';  and  though  this  liberty  is 
somewhat  limited  by  his  Constitutions 
of  the  Forest,  these  are  reasonable 
ordinances  compared  with  the  forest 
laws  of  the  Norman  kings. 

Edward  the  Confessor  is  often  said 
to  have  remodelled  the  laws  of  Canute, 
but  no  mention  is  made  of  the  circum- 
stance in  the  Saxon  Chronicle,  and 
what  have  come  down  to  us  as  the 
"laws  of  Saint  Edward"  are  merely 
a  compilation,  made,  as  stated  in  the 
document  itself,  four  years  after  the 
Norman  invasion,  of  the  laws  and 
customs  of  the  land,  which  had  been 
approved  by  Canute,  and,  it  is  alleged, 
derived  their  origin  from  Edgar,  though 
many  of  their  provisions  are  the  same 
as  those  of  the  laws  of  Alfred  and  Ina. 

It  does  not  appear  that  foreigners 
were  considered  under  obligation  to 
conform  to  the  ordinary  laws  of  the 
country.  Thus,  if  they  refuse  to  lead 
an  orderly  life,  Canute,  copying  Wiht- 
red,  does  not  attempt  to  restrain  them, 
but  says,  "let  them  depart  with  their 
property  and  their  sins ;"  at  the  same 
time  they  are  declared  under  the  es- 
pecial protection  of  the  king,  and 
heavy  penalties  are  denounced  agsdnst 
judges  who  give  unrighteous  decisions 
agamst  ''men  from  afar." 

It  is  apparent  from  these  various 
codes  that  the  people  were  the  source 
of  power,  and  tnat  the  kings  were  ori- 
ginally their  elected  leaders,  not  their 
masters ;  the  undivided  land  was  not 
the  property  of  the  king,  but  of  the 
nation,  and  hence  termed  folkland, 
being  ordinarily  granted  out  for  brief 
peri^  to  the  freemen  of  each  dis- 
trict; but  power  was  conceded  to 
rulers  to  assign  permanently  portions 
by  charter  in  certain  cases  (often  to 
die  Church,  but  more  fi^equently  for 
military  service),  which  then  became 
bookland,  and  was  devisable  by  wilL 


■  "This  tben  is  the  alleviation  which  it  is  my 
win  to  secure  to  all  the  people,  of  that  which  they 
before  tliia  were  too  much  oppressed  with.  That 
thea  is  ficst ;  that  I  command  all  my  xeeves  that 
tbey  Juady  proride  on  my  own,  and  maintain  me 
iberevish:  and  that  no  man  need  give  them  any- 


thing unless  he  himself  he  wilUng." 

*  '*  And  I  will  that  ereiy  man  be  entitled  to  his 
hunting,  in  wood  and  in  neld,  on  his  own  posses- 
sion. And  let  every  one  forego  my  hunting;  take 
notice  where  I  will  have  it  untrespassed  oo,  under 
penalty  of  the  full  wite." 


74 


ANGLO-SAXON  LAWS  AND  GOVERNMENT. 


The  possession  of  land,  indeed,  was 
essential  to  dignity  and  fireedoniy  and 
the  various  classes  of  freemen  were 
mainly  distinguished  by  the  amount 
of  their  land^  property.  If  a  churl 
possessed  ^  a  hekn,  and  a  coat  of  mail, 
and  a  swoid  ornamented  with  goW 
and  had  not  five  hides  of  land,  he  re- 
mained of  churlish  degree,  but  if  he 
had  the  land  also,  he  was  ^' thane- 
worthy,"  and  capable  of  office.  With 
the  increase  of  his  property  his  privi- 
leges and  his  value  in  the  eye  of  the 
law  increased  also ;  for  one  main  fea- 
ture of  Anglo-Saxon  legislation,  from 
which  modem  ideas  gpreatly  differ,  was 
inequality  before  the  law,  in  coiise^ 
quence  of  which,  not  only  damage  to 
a  man's  person  or  property,  but  his 
protection  to  othors  (mutui),  his  oath, 
and  even  lus  life,  was  estimated  ac- 
cording to  his  rank. 

It  was  imperative  on  every  man 
who  desired  to  be  accounted  '^lawful 
and  true,''  to  give  AarA  (or  surety)  for 
his  good  behaviour  and  obedioice  to 
the  laws,  and  this  was  accomplished 
by  associations  of  small  numbers  of 
freemen,  ^Hiich  were  collectivdy  re- 
sponsive for  the  acts  of  all  the  mem- 
ba&  To  regulate  these  matters,  an 
assembly,  termed  hnndred-gemot,  was 
bdd  monthly  of  all  the  freemen  of 
each  district,  and  from  the  king  faavii^ 
a  daim  for  wtie  for  every  offence,  his 
reeve  attended  it  twice  in  the  year, 
a  custom  which  prevailed  long  after 
Saxon  times,  and  was  called  the  she- 
riff's toum  (drcmt),  and  view  of  frank- 
pledge. 

Other  meetings  were  held  at  stated 
periods,  which  seem  to  have  had  foil 
power  to  do  justice  b^ween  man  and 
man.  Such  was  the  folk-mote,  or  gene- 
zal  assembly  of  the  people,  sometimes 
ttC  a  shire^  sometimes  g^  a  town,  held 
annually  in  May;  the  shire-mote,  or 
county  court,  whidi  met  twice^and  the 
bnr^-mote,  wfaidi  assemblni  thrice 
in  the  year ;  and  assemblies  with  more 
powers,  called  hall-motes  and 


ward-motes,  were  apparendy  very  fre- 
quent**. 

Very  great  importance  was  attached 
to  the  holding  of  these  assemblies. 
No  man  was  allowed  to  resort  to  the 
king  for  justice  until  he  had  applied 
first  to  the  hundred,  and  then  to  the 
shire-mote,  and  it  was  the  bounden 
duty  of  every  freeman  to  attend  them ; 
neglect  entailed  imprisonment,  and,  if 
he  could  not  give  suitable  security, 
a  forfeiture  of  all  his  property.  The 
king's  special  protection  was  fended 
to  every  man  going  to  or  retuming^ 
from  the  mote,  '^  except  he  was  a  no- 
torious thie£" 

These  laws,  however,  only  rdate  to 
the  free  portion  of  the  community,  for 
it  is  uncjuestionabie  that  a  consider- 
able section  was  in  a  state  of  bondage 
more  or  less  severe.  We  may  dearly 
discern  (i)  persons  whose  state  is  kss 
than  free  in  consequence  of  conqnest, 
(2)  slaves  by  sale  dOfected  eidi^  by 
themselves  or  their  parents^  (3)  thieves 
sold  into  slavery,  and  (4)  slaves  ren- 
dered such  by  non-payment  of  penal- 
ties for  infraction  of  the  laws  {anfa- 

In  the  first  class  may  be  placed  the 
"Wealh"  or  foreigners,  probablv  the 
descendants  of  Britons  who  had  pre- 
ferred submission  to  a  retreat  to  the 
mountam  fastnesses  q£  the  west ;  and 
the  Last,  whose  actual  position  is  un- 
certain*^. It  would  seem  that  these 
two  classes  were  not  slaves,  in  the  foil 
meaning  of  the  term,  for  they,  together 
with  tlmse  who  had  bartered  their 
freedom,  are  in  some  cases  ordered  to 
make  compensation  for  injuries  done 
by  them,  which  shews  that  they  must 
have  enjoyed  some  rights  of  property. 
But  the  thief  and  the  wite-theow  were  1 
slaves  indeed,  to  be  punished  only  by  1 
scourging, or  mutilaticMi, or  death;  and 
all  injuries  done  to  them  are  to  be  paid  I 
for,  not  to  themselves  or  their  kindred, 
but  to  their  master.  ' 

The  iealousy  and  conflict  of  juris-      | 
diction  between  the  Church  and  State      1 


^  After  the  settlement  of  the  Northmen,  the 
nustinK  fan  assembly  within  a  house,  as  disdn- 
soished  from  the  open  air  meetinss  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxons)  is  also  menttoned ;  but,  unUke  its  Northern 
original,  (see  a.d.  xosa,)  it  seems  rather  to  ham 
oeen  one  of  the  kii^s  ooaHa  than  a  popular  as- 
acmUv. 

•  The  Inrs  avthoriaedie  aak  of  a  child  of  seven 
ytars  bv  its  p«cnts»  and  the  sale  of  himself  by 
one  of  thirteen ;  the  conwqqmce,  probaUy^  of  the 


grievous  fimines  which  are  often  recorded  m  the 
Saxon  Chronicle. 

'  All  that  seems  clear  is,  that  they  held  an  in- 
ferior position  to  the  free  men.  Some  writers  state 
that  they  were  Gennaa  colousts,  who  had  received 
lands  from  the  Romans,  and  whose  rights  had  been 
respected  by  the  invaden ;  whilst  others  aaseit. 
that  they  were  slaves  wlio  had  s 
'       '  Atheaontincat. 


ANGLO-SAXON  LAWS  AND  GOVERNMENT. 


75 


vhich  so  unhappily  marked  succeed- 
ing ages  seems  to  have  heen  unknown 
to  the  Saxon  commonwealth.  The 
archbishc^s  and  bishops  appear  pro- 
minently in  the  record  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  every  great  council  which  has 
been  presCTved  to  us,  and  both  eccle- 
siastical and  secular  laws  were  com- 
monly propounded  in  the  same  assem- 
bly •.  The  witenagemot,  or  great  coun- 
cil of  the  nation,  does  not  appear  to 
have  had  any  definite  organization,  at 
least  there  are  no  traces  of  such  in  the 
laws  before  us,  although  its  powers 
were  manifestly  more  extended  than 
those  of  our  modem  parliament ;  the 
names  recorded  shew  that  the  clergy 
of  every  d^;ree  from  the  archbishop 
to  the  deacon,  with  the  ealdormen, 
the  great  landowners,  and  men  learned 
in  uie  law,  met  together  under  the 
presidency  of  the  king,  but  whether 
at  his  command,  or  according  to  cus- 
tom, at  given  times  and  places,  cannot 
be  satisfactorily  determined  Easter 
and  Christinas  are  the  times,  and  Lon- 
don, Gloucester  and  Oxford  die  places, 
most  frequendy  named  in  the  Saxon 
Chronicle  in  connection  with  the  meet- 
ings of  the  witan. 

The  Church,  both  in  its  property 
and  its  ministers,  was  amply  cared  for 
by  the  Anglo-Saxon  lawgivers.  Ethel- 
bert  ordained  that  property  stolen  from 
the  Church  should  be  replaced  twelve- 
fold, whilst  for  that  of  the  king  a  retri- 
bution of  nine-fold  sufficed ;  and  Alfred 
added  tiie  penalty  of  the  loss  of  the 
hand  for  sacrilege,  unless  the  offender 
redeemed  it  by  a  heavy  payment  The 
word  of  the  archbishop,  like  that  of 
the  king,  was  sufficient  without  an 
oath,  and  a  priest  could  clear  himself 
of  a  charge  by  his  own  oath,  whilst 
lajTnen  of  the  highest  rank  were 
obliged  in  addition  to  find  a  number 
of  compurgators'.  Its  lands,  too, 
were  by  Wihtred  freed  from  all  im- 
posts, but  by  this  it  appears  that  ex- 


emption from  the  customary  payments 
for  castles,  bridges,  and  the  military 
force  (styled  "the  three  needs,"  Trt- 
noda  fucessitas\  vr?LS  not  intended. 
The  right  of  sanctuary '  was  strictly 
guarded,  and  any  breach  of  the 
Church's  peace  met  with  as  severe 
punishment  as  that  of  the  king. 

The  clergy,  as  a  dass,  ranked  highly. 
The  archbishop's  value  in  the  eye  of 
the  law  is  never  less  than  that  of  the 
atheling,  and  in  some  cases,  as  in  ex- 
tending protection  to  "death-worthy 
men,"  he  appears,  from  the  laws  of 
Ethelred,  to  have  been  the  equal  of 
the  king.  The  bishops  are  esteemed 
as  highly  as  the  ealdormen,  and  the 
simple  priests  as  thanes;  but  when 
the  monastic  rule  prevailed,  the  mar- 
ried clergy  were  considered  unworthy 
of  thane-right. 

As  regarded  the  head  of  the  State, 
the  principle  of  hereditary  succession 
was  little  valued,  and  on  the  death  of 
a  king  the  one  of  his  kindred  con- 
sidered most  eligible  was  frequently 
chosen  to  the  exclusion  of  his  son,  as 
we  see  in  the  cases  of  Alfred  and 
Edred». 

The  Anglo-Saxon  king  and  his  fa- 
mily however  possessed  most  of  the 
rights  and  immunities  which  have  be- 
longed to  royalty  in  later  times,  and 
some  to  which  it  now  lays  no  claim. 
Plotting  against  his  life  was  "death- 
worthy,"  as  also  was  any  brawl  in  his 
house  or  presence ;  his  word  sufficed, 
without  an  oath;  treasure-trove  was 
his,  a  valuable  matter  in  those  times'* ; 
the  possessions  of  outlaws  were  for- 
feited to  him ;  he  alone  might  have 
a  mint*;  all  markets  and  all  ordeals 
were  to  be  held  within  his  towns ; 
a  Ttn'^e,  or  fine,  to  him  was  incurred 
by  every  breach  of  the  law,  beside 
the  amends  to  the  party  .injured ;  the 
breach  of  his  grt'/k,  or  peace,  con- 
tempt of  his  commands,  and  violation 
of  his  mund,  or  security  granted  to 


•  Ecdcsiasttcal  censures  wcsfe  employed  ta  asnst 
the  cxTsl  power.  The  "wed,"  or  pledge  to  abide 
trial  or  perfonn  any  lawful  obligation^  beii^^  al- 
ways accompanied  by  an  oath,  its  breach  was  per- 
jury, whidi  by  Alfred's  law  subjected  the  offender 
to  forty  days  imprisonment  in  the  king's  tower, 
"and  there  Id  suffer  whatever  the  bishop  might 
crescrtbe  for  him :"  to  resist  this  arrest,  endangered 
hie ;"  if  he  be  slain,  let  him  lie  uncompensated :" 
and  to  flee  from  it  was  to  incur  outlawry  and 

»  Sec  p.  77- 


9  See  A.D.  866^  940L 

^  Not  only  did  war  canse  many  to  bury  their 
treasures  in  the  earth,  but  while  the  country  was 
yet  heathen  it  was  customary  to  place  many  valu- 
able articles  in  the  tombs  of  chiefs,  and  it  appears 
that  thi.s  "  heathen  gold"  was  not  always  respected 
in  later  times. 

i  So  says  the  law  of  Ethelred :  but  that  there 
were  exceptions  to  the  rule  is  proved  by  the  very 
numerous  coins  of  archbishops  and  others  that 
have  been  preserved. 


76 


ANGLO-SAXON  LAWS  AND  GOVERNMENT. 


any  one,  were  severely  punished.  He 
alone  had  soc,  or  junsdiction,  over 
persons  of  high  rank ;  he  had  right 
to  all  wrecks,  to  tolls,  to  the  profits  of 
markets  and  of  mines ;  the  forests  were 
his  (perhaps  as  the  trustee  of  the  peo- 
ple), and  no  hunting  in  them  could  be 
practised  without  his  permission ;  it 
also  seems  probable  that  neither  bridge 
nor  castle  could  be  built  without  his 
leave. 

The  king  was  the  last  resort  of 
justice,  and  the  fountain  of  honour 
and  mercy;  he  was  to  be  "prayed 
for  and  revered  of  all  men  of  their 
own  will,  without  command ;"  he  was 
the  especial  protector  of  all  churches, 
of  widows,  and  of  foreigners  ^ ;  he  was 
bound  to  visit  each  district  of  his  king- 
dom to  dispense  justice,  but  the  in- 
habitants in  return  were  to  provide 
for  his  safety,  and  thus  every  freeman 
was  obliged  to  assist  in  building  or 
fortifying  the  royal  residences ;  he 
could  grant  land  to  his  servants,  and 
thus  ennoble  them;  he  commanded, 
ordinarily  in  person,  the  national 
forces  (fyrd)y  and  was  empowered 
to  allow  of  money  compositions  in- 
stead of  actual  service ;  he  could  remit 
punishments  incurred,  and  in  many 
cases  had  arbitrary  jurisdiction,  cer- 
tain classes  of  offences  leaving  their 
perpetrators  at  his  mercy  ("  ad  miseri- 
cordiam")y  either  to  slay,  or  fine,  or 
imprison,  or  banish. 

Very  little  appears  in  these  laws  re- 
garding the  queen ;  she  would  seem 
to  have  been  regarded  merely  as  the 
king's  wife,  as  far  as  any  mention  in 
them  goes;  but  we  know  from  the 
Saxon  Chronicle  that  Ethelwulf  caused 
his  queen  to  be  crowned,  and  it  ap- 
I>ears  that  Emma,  the  wife  of  Ethel- 


red  II.,  had  the  city  of  Exeter  for  her 
possession,  and  governed  by  her  own 
officers ;  whence  it  may  be  concluded 
that  her  rights  and  possessions  were 
considerable,  although  the  lawgivers 
may  not  have  considered  it  necessary 
to  specify  them.  The  same  remaric 
apphes  to  the  younger  branches  of 
tibe  royal  family;  they  are  all  styled 
athelings,  and  where  their  rights  are 
mentioned,  the  penalties  for  their  vio- 
lation are  generally  one-half  of  those 
for  similar  offences  against  the  king. 

Among  secular  men,  the  ealdorman 
was  next  to  the  king  in  dignity;  in- 
deed, not  unfrequentiy  a  viceroy ;  but 
with  the  settlement  of  the  North- 
men the  title  gradually  was  displaced 
by  that  of  earl,  which  has  a  more 
strictly  military  meaning,  and  from  its 
use  for  the  title  of  the  president  of 
a  gild  it  sank  into  its  present  sense  of 
a  municipal  officer. 

The  military  retainers  of  the  king 
were  of  course  of  very  various  degrees 
of  dignity,  but,  as  is  the  case  in  Russia 
at  the  present  day,  military  rank  ap- 
pears to  have  been  the  standard  by 
which  other  orders  were  judged.  At 
first  they  seem  to  have  been  styled 
gesiths,  afterwards  thanes,  and  to 
have  been  supported  by  assignments 
of  the  folkland,  or  public  property*; 
but  thane-right  was  also  possessed  by 
priests  and  judges,  in  vutue  of  their 
ofiice,  and  it  could  be  ac(}uired  by 
merchants  >  and  even  churls  m  certain 
specified  cases,  as  by  the  performing 
three  distant  voyages  by  the  former, 
and  the  acquisition  of  a  given  quantity 
of  land  by  the  latter  ■. 

The  laws  assign  pecuniary  compen- 
sations'^  and  penalties  for  every  injury 
done  to  the  freeman,  either  in  person 


^ 


^  The  reaort  of  trading  foreignen  was  encouraged 
protection  and  immunities,  but  with  regard  to 
"WeallL"  or  Britons,  intercourse  wia  them 
was  limited  by  the  rule  found  in  the  Ordinance  of 
the  Dun-Seatas,  (probably  the  people  on  the  Wye,) 
that  neither  English  nor  Welsh  should  pass  into 
the  other's  land  "without  the  appointed  man  of 
the  country,"— ie.  the  ladmer,  or  interinreter.  a 
public  officer  who  held  his  lands  by  that  service, 
an  earlv  example  of  the  feudal  system— and  if  either 
was  killed,  only  one  half  of  the  were  was  to  be 

Eid:  "be  he  thane*bom,  be  he  diurl-bom,  one 
If  of  the  were  falU  awa/.'* 
}  In  the  later  times  os  the  Saxon  rule  we  meet 
with  House-carles,  a  kind  of  royal  body-guard; 
they  seem  to  have  been  introduced,  under  the 
name  of  Thingamen,  by  Canute,  and  the  custom 
of  employing  them  extended  to  the  great  nobles, 
as  we  read  of  the  house-carles  of  Siward  and  Tosiig, 


the  earls  of  Northumberland. 

"  In  the  treaty  between  Ethdred  and  AnlaT 
(a.d.  ;)94)  axe  several  provisions  relating  to  mer- 
chants, v^iich  prove  that,  instead  of  bemg  mere 
ravagers,  as  they  are  often  lepiesented,  the  m  orth- 
men  were  in  the  habit  of  tradmg  with  many  foreiga 
countries,  though  doubtless  well  aimed,  and  not 
unwilling  to  mix  piracy  with  their  traffic  if  the 
occasion  arose ;  but  if  this  be  considered  a  proof 
of  barhansm,  even  our  own  nation  must  be  con- 
demned in  much  more  modem  times. 

*  The  pound,  shilling,  penny,  and  s^at,  the 
mancus,  marc,  and  ora,  are  mentioned  in  these 
laws,  but  their  values  are  not  accurately  known. 
It  seems  probable,  however,  that  the  penny  con- 
sisted of  4  sceatSy  the  ahilhng  of  5  pennies,  the 
pound  of  48  shilhngs ;  except  in  Mercia,  where 
the  pound  was  divided  into  00  shillings :  the  man- 
cus and  the  marc  were  about  one-ei^th,  and  the 


ANGLO-SAXON  LAWS  AND  GOVERNMENT. 


77 


or  property.  His  life  is  to  be  atoned  for 
by  a  wer-gUds  for  bodily  injury  a  bote 
is  payable^  being,  as  amends  to  dig- 
nity,  highest  when  any  disfigurement 
is  occasioned^;  the  breach  of  the 
peace  of  his  household  is  heavily 
visited,  and  his  stolen  cattle  or  slaves 
are  to  be  paid  for,  either  by  the  of- 
fender or  his  kindred;  and  in  addi- 
tion, a  wiUy  or  fine,  in  every  case 
accrues  to  tiie  king  for  the  breach 
of  his  peace.  Thus  £ar  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  laws  avoid  bloodshed ;  but 
ofiences  against  the  state,  or  its  re- 
presentative the  king,  are  far  other- 
wise dealt  with.  Treason  against  a 
lord,  Alfred  declares  he  dare  not  par- 
don ;  fighting  in  the  king's  hall,  coin- 
ing, and  many  other  state  offences, 
are  death-worthy ;  and  among  the  cus- 
tomary punishments  are  mentioned 
beheading,  hanging,  burning,  drown- 
ing, casting  from  a  height,  stoning, 
and  breaking  the  neck;  scourging, 
branding,  and  many  kinds  of  mutila- 
tion, as  scalping,  loss  of  hands,  feet, 
eyes,  nose,  and  ears ;  and  exile^ 

One  essential  part  of  Anglo-Saxon 
jurisprudence  was  the  ord^  which 
was  divided  into  three  lands, — 
hot  iron,  hot  water,  cold  water. 
The  trial  could  only  take  place  in 
the  king's  town,  in  a  church,  and 
under  the  superintendence  of  the 
priests;  and,  however  much  derided 
m  modem  times,  there  was  doubtless 
intended  a  reverent  appeal  to  God, 
and  a  firm  belief  that  He  would  not 
suffer  the  innocent  to  be  put  to  open 
shame  ^;  the  cold  water  ordeal  was 


founded  on  the  idea,  unphilosophical 
no  doubt,  but  as  surely  not  irreligious, 
that  water  was  too  pure  to  receive 
any  guilty  thing  into  its  bosom. 

The  formerly  received  idea  as  to  the 
origin  of  trial  by  jury  has  no  support 
from  these  laws.  The  Anglo-Saxon 
mode  of  trial  seems  to  have  been,  the 
"fore-oalh"  of  the  accuser,  and  the 
"lade"  or  purgation  of  the  accused, 
each  supported  by  the  oath  of  given 
nimibers  of  persons  as  to  their  trust- 
worthiness, (styled  compuigators,)  and 
then  a  decision,  sometimes  by  the 
ordeal  —  sometimes  by  "lawmen"  or 
judges,  or  "king's  thanes"  —  some- 
times bv  the  whole  assembly  before 
which  the  cause  was  heard;  but  in 
no  case  by  any  select  body  resembling 
the  modem  jury. 

It  is  evident,  however,  that  the  laws 
that  have  been  preserved  to  us  shew 
us  rather  what  society  was  intended 
to  be,  than  what  it  was  in  certain 
cases.  Thus  the  earliest  "dooms" 
speak  of  the  money  compensation  for 
homicide  as  an  established  rule,  but 
it  appears  to  have  been  long  before  it 
became  the  ordinary  practice.  The 
relatives  of  the  slayer  seem  rather  to 
have  protected  him,  and  they  thus  put 
themselves  at  feud  with  the  family  of 
the  slain,  and  "  open  morth,"  as  it  was 
termed,  went  on,  as  is  still  the  case 
in  certain  parts  both  of  Europe '  and 
Asia ;  but  when  Anglo-Saxon  society 
had  attained  to  something  resembling 
modem  civilization,  such  a  state  of 
things  could  no  longer  be  tolerated; 
and  we  find  Edmund  the  Elder  (circa 


on.  onr  HJTtrf nfh,  of  the  pound.  The  ordinary 
CBHraitr  is,  that  money  was  then  about  twenty 
tiacs  its  present  worth. 


SnonflQeatta. 

The  ahove  coin  is  interesting  as  shewing  how 
dtt  caily  Saxon  moneyen  attempted  to  copv  the 
devices  found  on  Rmnan  cmns,  then  proDablv 
the  chief  ciuicucy  fA  the  countxy.  The  monarch 
intended  is  altogether  unknown,  out  the  figures  on 
dbe  icTcae  are  considered  as  meant  for  imitations 
of  dbe  seated  figures  with  a  winged  Victory  behind 
so  *■*■— "**^  OB  me  imperial  coinage. 

•  Krhdbert  ordains  a  penalty  of  three  shiUmgs 
**!«  die  smallest  disfigurement  of  the  face."  Also, 
**  If  the  braise  be  blade  in  a  part  not  covered  by 
thedoCheSftUrtyiceats."  And  Alfred  says,  "  For 


every  wound  before  the  hair,  and  before  the  sleeve, 
and  beneath  the  knee,  the  bote  is  two  parts  more." 

p  By  fleeing  from  trial,  outlawry  was  incurred, 
when  the  person  forfeited  the  protection  of  the 
kuag,  and  might  be  slain  like  a  wikl  beast  by  any 
one.  The  sentence>  however,  might  be  reversed, 
as  we  see  in  the  case  of  Sweim  (a.d.  X050X  when 
the  perum  was  said  to  be  "  inlawed." 

4  Athelstan  says,  "  Let  an  equal  number  of  men 
of  either  side,  stand  on  both  sides  of  the  ordeal 
along  the  church,  and  let  them  all  be  fasting, 

and  let  the  mass-priest  sprinkle  holy  water 

over  them  all,  and  let  nch  of  them  taste  of  the 
holy  wato^  and  give  them  all  the  book  and  the 

image  of  Christ's  rood  to  kiss and  let  there 

be  no  other  speaking  within,  except  that  they  earn- 
estly pray  to  Almi^ty  God  that  He  make  mani- 
fest what  is  soothest" 

'  In  Corsica  and  Sardinia,  for  instance,  at  the 
present  day,  the  next  of  kin  of  a  murdered  man 
u  in  danger  of  his  life  from  his  own  relatives  if  he 
does  not  at  least  attempt  to  exact  blood  forblood 
with  his  own  hands— preferably  firom  the  murderer, 
but  if  he  is  not  to  be  met  with,  any  of  his  kin  ; 
which  of  course  is  retaliated. 


73 


ANGLO-SAXON   LAWS  AND  GOVERNMENl*. 


940)  charging  the  witan  with  the  duty 
of  appeasing  feuds,  and  procuring  the 
payment  of  the  were,  if  possible,  and 
declaring  that  the  kindred  of  the  slayer 
shall  be  ''unfoe"  towards  the  kindred 
of  the  slain ;  but  if  they  harbour  the 
murderer,  they  are  to  forfeit  all  they 
own  to  the  king. 

The  laws  against  thieves  are  nume- 
rous, and  their  enactments  often  ap- 
pear contradictory,  perhaps  in  conse- 
quence of  the  perpetrators  of  offences 
of  very  various  degrees  of  enormity 
being  confounded  under  one  common 
term.  In  one  place  Ina  says,  "  If  a 
thief  be  seized  let  him  perish  by  death, 
or  let  his  life  be  redeemed  according 
to  his  were;"  in  another  he  fixes  a 
wite  of  60  shillings  for  the  offence,  or 
slavery ;  and  although  the  citizens  d[ 
London  (in  the  time  of  Athelstan) 
claimed  tne  right  to  slay  all  thieves 
and  their  abettors,  and  to  take  all  they 
had,  which  they  appear  to  have  car- 
ried into  effect  as  far  as  they  were 
able,  even  with  children  of  12  years, 
it  is  manifest  from  the  same  document 
that  the  thieves  and  their  kin  often 
stood  on  their  own  defence^  and  set 
the  law  at  defiance.  We  find  other 
laws  speaking  of  "  notorious  thieves," 
of  thieves  who  are  outlawed,  of  those 
who  have  been  "often  condemned  for 
theft ;"  of  the  king's  reeves  who  assist 
thieves,  and  of  the  duty  of  the  king  to 
ride  after  thieves,  "with  the  aid  of  as 
many  men  as  may  seem  adequate  to 
so  great  a  suit"  The  laws  ot  Athel- 
stan denounce  a  variety  of  capital 
punishments  against  thieves  of  every 
rank,  both  slave  and  free,  but  he  him- 
self says  that  his  peace  was  worse  kept 
than  was  pleasing  to  him,  and  the  latest 
Saxon  code  shews  that  the  evil  was  not 
abated  by  the  severity  of  the  law. 

It  has  been  said  that  boUi  saatd 
and  secular  ordinances  were  often  en- 
acted at  the  same  witenagemot,  but 
several  purely  ecclesiastical  documents 
have  been  preserved,  of  which  the  Pe- 
nitential of  Theodore  of  Canterbury, 


that  of  Egbert  of  York,  the  Canons 
enacted  under  Edgar,  and  those  of 
Elfric,  may  be  named.  We  see  in  them 
a  regularly  organized  hierarchy',  lay- 
ing down  laws  for  the  regulation  of 
almost  every  transaction;  and,  from 
the  freedom  with  which  ecclesiastical 
censures  and  penalties  are  denounced 
against  all  classes  in  the  state,  appa- 
rently supreme,  but  in  fact  far  other- 
wise. The  numerous  denundations 
against  those  who  break  the  Church's 
peace,  or  sdze  its  possessions,  or  in- 
jure or  slay  its  ministers,  shew  that 
these  were  by  no  means  exempt  from 
the  insecurity  of  the  times, 

Edgar's  canons  direct  the  assembly 
of  a  yearly  synod,  to  which  every  priest 
shall  repair,  attended  by  his  ckrk,  and 
an  orderly  man  for  servant,  adding, 
"  if  any  man  have  highly  injured  him 
(any  priest),  let  them  all  take  it  up  as 
if  it  had  been  done  to  all,  and  so  aid 
that  i^ote  (amends)  be  made  as  the 
bishop  shall  direct  •."  Differences  be- 
tween priests  were  not  to  be  referred 
to  the  adjustment  of  secular  men,  but 
settled  among  themselves,  or  by  the 
bishop ;  and  Canute  gave  force  to  this 
by  ordaining,  that  any  priest  who  de- 
filed himself  with  a  cnme  worthy  of 
death,  should  be  held  to  the  bishop's 
doom,  or  judgment 

Fasting  and  penance  are  the  ordi- 
naiy  modes  of  correction  for  offences, 
and  these  are  often  extended  to  very 
lengthened  periods ;  so  long,  indeed, 
as  to  be  impracticable ;  therefore  means 
are  devised  by  which  they  may  be 
lightened.  A  sick  man  may  redeem 
a  day's  fast  with  a  penny,  or  with  the 
repetition  of  220  psalms;  a  twelve- 
months' ^t  may  be  redeemed  by  30 
masses ;  and  a  seven  years'  fast  may 
be  atoned  for  in  twelve  months,  "if  he 
every  day  sing  the  psalter  of  psalms, 
and  a  seoond  at  night,  and  a  fifty  at 
even ;"  but  in  all  cases  the  value  ot  the 
food  that  should  have  been  eaten  was 
to  be  given  to  God's  poor ;  otherwise 
it  was  declared  to  be  no  fest 


•  At  the  tiine  of  Che  Nonnan  iinrBuon  theiv  ex- 
isted the  two  archbishoprics,  Csuiteihary  and  Yotk, 
and  twelve  Ushopn'  sees»  viz.  Dorchester,  ^ow 
lincolnX  Durham,  Ehsham  (now  NorwichX  Exe- 
ter, Hereford,  T.ichfield,  London,  Rochester,  Sel- 
sev  (now  Chirhr^wX  Sherbonie  (now  Salisboryl 
Wells  (now  Bath  and  Wells),  Winchester,  and 
Worcester.  The  Welsh  sees  and  that  of  Man  also 
existed,  but  their  ^•^^"rTriftn  with  the  Aq^b-Saacon 


OaaA  aeems  to  ha^  been  anoertaaii,  and  de> 
pendent  on  political  dxcnmabuioes. 

•  This  bote,  it  appears  from  another  docoraent, 
was  to  be  seirenfbld ;  becanae  "sevenlold  are  the 
gifts  of  the  H0I7  (Shost,  and  aeven  ate  the  degrees 
of  errlfmastiral  states  and  htAf  oitlen,  and  aeven 
times  should  CSod's  aemmts  pnise  (3od  daily  in 
churdi,  and  for  all  Christian  people  eKmat^  in- 


ANGLO-SAXON  LAWS  AND  GOVERNMENT. 


79 


Penance  too  was  much  redeemed 
by  alms;  and  in  the  case  of  the 
"powerfiil  man  and  rich  in  friends/' 
a  seven  years'  infliction  is  atoned  for 
in  three  days  thus;  ''Let  him  [after 
confession  of  his  sins]  lay  aside  his 
weapons  and  his  vain  ornaments^  and 
take  a  staff  in  his  hand,  and  go  bare- 
foot, zealously,  and  put  on  his  body 
woollen  or  haircloth,  and  not  come 
unto  a  bed,  but  lie  on  a  pallet : — ^let 
him  take  to  him  12  men,  and  let  them 
fast  3  days  on  biead,  and  on  green 
herbs,  and  on  water ;  and  get,  in  addi- 
tion thereto,  in  whatsoever  manner  he 
can,  seven  times  120  men,  ndio  shall 
also  £sist  for  him  3  days ;  then  will  be 
fasted  as  many  fasts  as  &ere  are  days 
in  7  years."  ..."  He  who  has  the 
ability,  let  him  raise  a  church  to  the 
gloty  of  God ;  and  he  who  has  less 
means,  let  him  do  diligcaitly,  acond- 
ing  to  his  condition,  that  which  he 
can  do"* 

The  following  passage  from  Edgar's 
canons,  however,  demands  quotation 
to  shew  what  penance  uncompounded 


for  really  was ;  and  we  know  that  to 
this,  in  all  its  humiliating  details,  some 
at  least  of  the  highest  and  mightiest 
of  the  earth  *  have  submitted  "for  their 
soul's  health." 

•  "  It  is  a  deep  penitence  that  a  lay- 
man lay  aside  his  weapons  and  travel 
far  barefoot,  and  nowhere  pass  a  se- 
cond night,  and  fast  and  watch  much, 
and  pray  fervently,  and  voluntarily 
suffer  fatigue,  and  be  so  squalid,  that 
iron  come  not  on  hair  nor  on  naiL 
Nor  that  he  come  into  a  warm  bath, 
nor  into  a  soft  bed,  nor  taste  flesh, 
nor  anything  from  which  drunkenness 
may  come,  nor  that  he  come  within 
a  church ;  but  yet  diligently  seek  holy 
places,  and  declare  his  sins,  and  im- 
plore intercession,  and  kiss  no  one, 
iMit  be  ever  fervently  repenting  his 
sins.  Roughly  he  fares  who  thus  con- 
stantly criminates  himself,  and  yet  is 
he  happy  if  he  never  relax  till  he  make 
full  '  bote ;'  because  no  man  in  the 
world  is  so  very  criminal  that  he  may 
not  make  atonement  to  God,  let  him 
undertake  it  fervently." 


Events  in  General  History. 


AttUa  the  Hun  is  defeated  at  Cha- 
lons   451 

Odoacer  becomes  Ki^  of  Italy        .    476 
Jusdnian  proclaimed  &nperor .  527 

The  Turks  b^;in  their  conquests  in 

Asia 545 

^Vlboin  founds  the  Lombaid  kingdom 

in  Italy 568 

Flight  of  Mohammed  from  Mecca, 
which  gives  rise  to  the  era  of 
the  Hejira         ....     622 
The  Saracens  commence  their  career 

of  conquest  ....  633 
Fcnmdatioii  of  the  repobUc  of  Venice  697 
The  Saracens  establish  themselves  in 

Spain 711 


A.D. 

Charles  Martel  defeats  the  Saracens 

at  Tours 742 

Charlemagne  crowned  as  Emperor  of 

the  West 800 

Ruric  founds  the  empire  of  Russia    .     862 

The  Northmen  settle  in  Neustria, 
which  is  henceforth  called  Nor- 
mandy       912 

Otho  the  Great  crowned  as  Emperor 

of  the  West      ....     962 

The  Capetian  race  become  Kings  of 

France 987 

Boleslas  founds  the  kingdom  of  Poland  1025 

The  Normans  establish  themselves  in 

Italy        .....  1029 


NOTE. 
The  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle. 


Nothing  is  known  as  to  the  origin  of 
this  work,  the  oonmum  ascription  to  King 
Alfred  and  Archhishqp  Fl^mund  being 


no  more  than  a  probable  conjecture.  It^ 
however,  furnishes  our  best  source  of  in- 
formation for  the  histoiy  of  South  Britain 


g  ihe  good  deeds  to  whidi  penitents  are 
side  tat  more  ordinaiy  reqturements  of 
Chrmiaui  cliarity,  are  the  lunushing  of  bridges 
and  road^  redeoaiiw  of  ab^es,  help  to  foragneis. 
sad  "poorpluiderM  men,*  and  hurying  the  dead 


for  the  love  of  God. 

*  Sweyn,  the  brother  of  Harold,  died  on  lus 
return  from  a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem  made  in 
this  manner  in  exptadon  of  the  murder  of  baa  Idas" 
man,  Beocn.    See  a.d.  Z049. 


8o 


THE  ANGLO-SAXON  CHRONICLE. 


down  to  the  Norman  era,  and  accordingly 
has  been  carefully  summarized.  It  seems 
desirable  also  to  give  a  few  specimens  of 
the  work  (in  the  translation  of  the  Editors 
of  the  Monumenta)  in  a  literaiy  point  of 
view. 

Our  first  citation  relates  to  ecclesiastical 
afiairs. 

"An.  D.LXV.  This  year  Athelbriht  succeeded 
to  the  kingdom  of  the  Kentishmen,  and  held  it 
fifty-three  years.  In  his  days  the  holv  pope  Gre- 
gory sent  us  baptism,  that  was  in  the  two-and- 
tiiirtieth  year  of  nis  reign :  and  Columbo,  a  mass- 
priest,  came  to  the  Picts,  and  converted  them  to 
the  £uth  of  Christ:  they  are  dwellers  by  the 
northern  mountains.  And  their  king  gave  him 
the  island  which  is  called  li  [lonal :  therein  are 
five  hides  of  land,  as  men  say.  There  Columba 
built  a  monastery,  and  he  was  abbot  there  thirty- 
two  years,  and  there  he  died  when  he  was  seventy- 
seven  yean  <Ad.  His  successors  still  have  the 
place.  The  Southern  Picts  had  been  baptized  long 
Defore:  bishop  Ninia,  who  had  been  instructed 
at  Rome,  had  preached  baptism  to  them,  whose 
church  and  his  monastery  is  at  Hwitemer,  hal- 
lowed in  the  name  of  St  Martin  :^  there  he  resteth, 
with  many  holy  men.  Now  in  li  there  must  ever 
be  an  abbot,  and  not  a  bishop ;  and  all  the  Scottish 
bishops  ought  to  be  subject  to  him,  because  Co- 
lumba was  an  abbot,  not  a  btshop." 

The  Chronicle  thus  narrates,  year  by 
year,  the  accession  or  the  death  of  kings, 
the  succession  of  bishops,  the  occurrence 
of  batdes,  pestilence,  comets,  and  severe 
winters,  usually  in  plain  prose,  but  oc- 
casionally it  bursts  into  verse",  as  in  a 
war  ode  to  celebrate  the 

"life-long-glory 
in  battle  won 
with  edges  of  swords 
near  Brunan-burh ; " 

it  also  indulges  in  poetic  elegies  on  Edward 
the  Martyr,  and  Edward  the  Confessor,  and 
Archbishop  Elphege,  but  its  highest  flights 
are  in  praise  of  Edgar,  whose  reign  and 
character  are  thus  sketched  under  the 
year  958  :— 

"  In  his  days 

it  prospered  well, 

and  God  him  fruited 

that  he  dwelt  m  peace 

the  while  that  he  lived ; 

and  he  did  as  behoved  him, 

diligently  he  earned  it 

He  upreared  God*s  glory  wide, 

and  loved  God's  law, 

and  bettered  the  public  peace, 

most  of  the  kings 

who  were  before  him 

in  man's  memory. 

And  God  him  ^e  so  helped, 

that  kings  and  eorls 

^dly  to  him  bowed, 

and  were  sulnnissive 

to  that,  that  he  willed ; 

and  without  war 

he  ruled  all 

that  himself  would. 

He  was  wide 

throughout  nations 


greatly  honoured, 

because  he  honoured 

God's  name  earnestly, 

and  God's  law  pondered 

much  and  oft. 

and  God's  glory  reared 

wide  and  far, 

and  wisely  counselled, 

most  oft,  and  ever, 

for  God  and  for  the  world, 

of  all  his  people. 

One  misdeed  he  did, 

all  too  much 

that  he  foreign 


and  heathen  customs 
within  this  land 
brought  too  oft, 
and  outlandish  men 
hither  enticed, 
and  harmful  people 
aflured  to  this  land. 
But  God  grant  him 
that  his  good  deeds 
be  more  availing 
than  his  misdeeds 
for  his  soul's  protection 
on  the  longsome  course. " 

Edgar's  death,  and  the  events  imme- 
diately succeeding  it,  are  told  partly  in 
prose  and  partly  in  verse  in  some  copies 
of  the  Chronicle,  but  in  another  th^  ar& 

given  wholly  in  a  .strain  of  poetry,  which  is 
ere  cited : — 

"  Here,  ended 
the  ioys  of  earth, 
Eadgar^  of  Angles  king, 
dioce  him  another  light, 
beauteous  and  winsome, 
and  left  thb  frail, 
this  barren  life. 
Children  of  men  name, 
every  where,  that  month, 
in  this  land, 

those  who  erewhile  were 
in  the  art  (rf*  numbers 
rightly  taught, 
July  monttL, 

when  the  youth  departed* 
on  the  eighth  day, 
Eadgar,  from  life, 
bracelet-giver  of  beoms. 
And  then  his  son  succeeded 
to  the  kingdom, 
a  child  un-waxen, 
ealdor  of  eorls, 

to  whom  was  Cadweard  name. 
And  him,  a  glorious  chief, 
ten  days  before, 
departed  from  Britain, 
the  good  bishop  % 
through  nature  s  course, 
to  whom  was  Cyneweard  name. 
Then  was  in  Mercia, 
as  I  have  heard, 
widely  and  every  where 
the  glory  of  the  Lord 
laid  low  on  earth : 
many  were  expelled* 
sage  servants  of  God ; 
that  was  mudi  ^ef 
to  him  vAkO  in  his  breast  bore 
a  burning  love 
of  the  Creator,  m  his  nuiuS. 
Then  was  the  Source  of  woiulecs 
too  oft  contemned ; 


7  Whithorn,  in  Galloway.         ^  I 

■  The  poetic  pieces  are  considered  by  many  | 


writers  to  be  interpolati(ms. 
*  Cyneweard,  bishop  of  Wells,  973  to  975. 


THE  ANGLO-SAXON  CHRONICLE. 


8l 


the  Victor-lord, 

heaven's  Ruler. 

Then  men  his  law  brolce  through ; 

and  then  was  eke  driven  out, 

Deloved  hero^ 

Oslac  \  from  this  land, 

o'er  rolling  waters, 

o'er  the  ipnnet's  bath ; 

hoary-haured  hero. 

wise  and  word-skilled, 

o'er  the  waters'  throng, 

o'er  the  whale's  domain, 

of  home  bereaved. 

And  then  was  seen, 

high  in  the  heavens, 

a  star  in  the  firmament, 

which  lofty-souled 

men,  sage-minded, 

call  widely 

Cometa  by  name ; 

men  skilled  in  artSt 

wise  truth-bearers. 

Throughout  mankind  was 

the  Lord's  vengeance 

widely  known, 

famine  o'er  earth. 

That  again  heaven's  Guardian 

bettered.  Lord  of  angels^ 

gave  again  bliss 

to  each  isle-dweller, 

through  earth's  fruits." 

Onr  last  quotation  relates  to  Edward 
the  Confessor,  and  his  bequest  of  the 
czown  to  Harold  : — 

"  After  forth-came. 
I  lonUy, 


king  with  the  chosen  good, 
chaste  and  mild, 
Edward  the  noble : 
the  realm  he  guarded, 
land  and  people, 
until  suddenly  car 
death  the  bitter, 
and  so  dear  a  one  seized. 
This  noble,  from  earth 
a&gels  earned, 
sooth-frtst  soul, 
into  heaven's  hght 
And  the  sage  ne'erthelett 
the  realm  committed 
to  a  highly-born  man, 
Harolds  self, 
the  noble  eorl  I 
He  in  all  time 
obeyed  faithfully 
his  rightful  lord 
by  words  and  deeds, 
nor  aught  neglected 
whidineedful  was 
to  his  soverrignwking.'* 

The  lines  which  follow,  like  numberless 
other  passages,  bear  so  dose  a  resemblance 
to  modem  English  as  scarcely  to  need 
a  translation : — 

'  And  her  weard  Harold  eorl  eac  to  cynge  se- 
stillnoie  thaer  on  gebad  *  tha 


halsod  *  and  he  lytle  stilln 
hwue  the  he  rices  weold." 


"  And  this  year  also  was  earl  Harold  hallowed 
king;  and  he  experienced  little  quiet  therein,  the 
while  that  he  wielded  the  realm.** 


^  Oslac,  earl  of  Northumberland.    See  a.d.  975. 


F^R  THE  '>SSr.  or  ■'.-'•L 


THE  NORMAN  ERA. 


We    have    seen   fram  the    Saxon 
-Chronicle   that    the    Northmen    fre- 
■quently  extended  their  destructive  in- 
roads to  France,  and  they  appear  to 
have  had    several  pennanent   settle- 
ments   in    that  country  at   least    as 
«arly  as  the  year  850 ;  but  it  was  not 
VLTitil  they  were  beaded  by  Rolf  the 
Oanger%  that  they  obtained  posses- 
sion of  the  district  around  the  mouth 
<rf  the  Seine,  since  called,  from  them, 
l^ormandy.      Rolf,    who    had    been 
l)anished   ftt>m    Norway   about    875, 
for  defiance  of  the  orders  of  Harold 
Harfagar,    having    embraced    Chris- 
tianity, and  married  Gisele,  daughter 
of  Charles  the  Simple,  governed  his 
province    with   vigour   and   wisdom, 
and  formed  it  into  a  barrier  for  the 
rest  of  France  against  the  incursions 
oT  his   former   associates.     He   died 
in  920,  and  left  his  state  to  his  son 
William,  the  fourth  in  descent  from 
vhom  was  William  the  Bastard  *», — 
-whose  victory  at  Hastings  commenced 
the  last  great  change  from  abroad  to 
which  our  island  has  been  subjected. 
Its  effects,  however,  have  been  greatly 
overrated  in  many  social  and  consti- 
tutional points.  There  can  be  no  doubt 
that  Norman  influence,  although  based 
on  conquest  and  working  ruthlessly  at 
first,  produced  on  the  English  nation, 
wth  which  in  a  very  few  generations 
.  the  Normans  had  amalgamated,  effects 


which  no  other  disdpliiie  could  have 
ensured ;  it  consoht&ted  the  people 
under  a  strong  government  and  fitted 
them  for  organization  and  defence. 

Iron  rule  and  merciless  confiscation 
were  the  great  features  of  William's 
policy.  The  private  possessions  of 
Harold  and  his  kindred,  and  of  most 
of  those  who  had  fought  at  Hast- 
ings, were  seized,  at  the  very  begin- 
ning of  the  new  kii^s  reign,  and  the 
rest  of  the  people  "bought  dieir  land*' 
at  a  heavy  price.  Unsuccessful  at- 
tempts to  shake  off  the  yoke  gave 
occasion  for  fresh  seizures,  and  when 
the  Domesday  survey  was  made,  the 
whole  landed  property  of  the  coontry 
(exclusive  of  that  of  the  Church)  ap- 
peared vested  in  the  conqueror,  and 
about  600  tenants  in  chief,  among 
whom  a  name  shewing  a  Saxon  or 
Danish  origin  is  but  rarely  to  be  met 
with.  The  churches  generally  had 
retained  their  property,  and  some 
had  even  received  additions,  while 
with  the  spoil  some  were  founded*. 
Many  foreign  religious  houses  were 
also  established  or  augmented  from 
the  same  source,  and,  under  the  name 
of  alien  priories,  their  rights  and  duties 
^  formed  frequent  subjects  of  dispute  in 
*  subsequent  times  *. 

To  the  confiscations  and  ravages, 
which  Norman  writers  do  not  deny, 
and  which  the  Domesday  Book  in- 


*  Also  called  Rollo.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
too  tall  and  too  heavy  for  any  horse  to  carry,  and 
-so  was  obliged  to  journey  on  foot ;  whence  his 
same,  Rolf  the  Walker. 

*  From  this  term  occurring  in  some  of  William's 
charters,  it  has  been  asserted  that  it  conveyed  no 
reproach  ;  but  the  following  anecdote,  while  it 
exhibits  the  brutality  of  the  man,  shews  that  he 
regarded  it,  on  one  occasion  at  least,  in  a  different 
light  :— 

"William  sent  to  Count  Baldwin  of  Flanders, 
.and  requested  his  daughter  in  marriage.  The 
matter  pleased  the  count,  and  he  spoke  of  it  to 
lus  daughter,  but  she  answered  that  die  would 
Acver  have  a  btutard  for  her  husband.  Then  the 
•4Count  sent  to  the  duke,  and  declined  the  marriage 
as  courteously  as  he  could.  Shortly  after,  the  duke 
learnt  how  the  lad^  had  answered,  at  which  he  was 
very  angry.  Takmg  some  of  his  friends  with  him, 
he  went  to  Lille,  and  entering  the  count's  hall, 
jpassed  through  to  the  chamber  of  the  countess. 


He  foimd  her  with  her  father,  when  he  seized  her 
by  her  hair,  dragged  her  about  the  chamber,  and 
'defiled  her  with  his  feet'  Then  he  went  out, 
mounted  his  palfrey,  and  returned  to  his  own 
country.  At  this  thing  the  count  Baldwin  was 
greatly  enraged,  but  by  the  advice  of  his  coun- 
cillors he  accorded  his  wish  to  the  duke,  and  they 
were  good  friends." 

"  The  abbey  of  Battle,  which  William  founded 
to  commemorate  his  victory,  was  endowed  with 
possesions  in  Essex,  Kent,  Surrey,  Sussex,  Berks, 
Oxford,  and  Devon.  Many  important  privileges 
were  granted  to  it,  and  the  duty  was  imposed  of 
preserving  a  list  of  the  leaders  on  the  Norman  side 
at  the  battle  of  Hastings.  Several  copies  of  this 
list,  called  the  Battle  Abbey  Roll,  exist ;  but  they 
vary  so  much,  and  bear  such  evident  maris  of 
interpolation,  that  they  have  little  historical  value. 

'  Most  ot  these  foundations  were  of  the  Cis- 
tercian order,  which  was  a  branch  of  the  Bene- 
dictines, and  had  been  devised  not  long  bctore. 


THE  MORIIAM  XIUL 


83 


establishes,  vvere  added 
many  otlier  grievanoes,  well  fitted 
to  "make  oi^vession  bitter.^  ^The 
king  and  the  head  men,"  says  the 
Saxon  Chiooidery  ''loved  much,  and 
ovennuchy  gold  and  silver,  and  recked 
not  how  sinfolly  it  was  got,  {irovided 
it  came  to  diem.  The  king  let  his 
land  at  as  high  a  rate  as  he  pos* 
sibly  cottkl;  then  came  same  other 
person  and  bade  more  than  the  former 
one  gave,  and  the  king  let  it  to  the 
man  that  bade  him  more.  Then  came 
the  third  and  bade  yet  more,  and  the 
king  let  it  to  hand  to  the  man  who 
bade  him  most  of  all ;  and  he  redced 
not  how  very  sinfully  the  stewards  got 
it  of  wretched  men,  nor  how  many  un- 
lawful deeds  they  did.  They  erected 
unjust  tolls,  and  many  other  unjust 
things  they  did,  that  are  hard  to 
reckon." 

Though  the  Normans  founded  or 
endowed  monasteries  (chiefly,  how- 
ever, abroad),  they,  perhaps  for  stra- 
tegic purposes,  destroyed  the  minster 
at  York,  and  many  other  churches, 
and  more  than  one  Saxon  bishop 
died  in  prison,  whilst  others  were 
driven  from  their  sees,  for  attempt- 
ing to  shield  their  people  from  tne 
exactions  and  encroachments  of  the 
"mixed  multitude"  of  soldiers  of 
fortune,  who,  having  conquered  at 
Hastings,  were  prevented  neither  by 
mercy  nor  discretion  ^om  pushing 
their  triumph  to  the  uttermosL 

It  is  said  that  William,  in  the  fourth 
year  of  his  reign,  granted  certain  laws 
and  customs  to  the  people  of  England, 
being,  he  says,  the  same  as  his  cousin 
King  Ediraotl  held  before  him  •,  **  but 
the  more  men  spake  about  right  law. 
the  more  unlawfully  they  acted,"  and 
soon,  as  far  as  the  Saxons  at  least 
«ere  coooemed,  the  open  and  avowed 
law  was  the  king's  pleasure,  and  the 
sword  the  only  instrument  of  govern- 
ment 

The  genn  of  &e  feudal  system  is 
probably  almost  coeval  with  govern- 
ment itself,  and  it  had  unquestionably 
been  acted  on,  not  only  in  the  arrange- 
nients  made  in  the  latter  days  of  the 
Koman  empire  for  tbe  protection  of 
Its  frontiers  by  military  colonies,  but 
^^  by  the  Anglo-Saxon  kings,  but  it 


was  not  until  the  time  of  William  daat 
it  received  its  full  development  in 
England,  and  was  applied  to  the  whole 
property  of  the  country.  The  division 
of  land  now  generally  recognised  was 
into  knights'  fees,  va^ing  from  about 
600  to  800  acres,  which  were  obliged  to 
furnish  40  day^  service  of  a  fully 
equipped  horseman  each  year ;  these 
fees  were  popularly  regarded  as  more 
than  60,000^  but  there  is  very  great 
difficulty  in  ascertaining  the  exact  num- 
ber. The  land  was  first  granted  in  large 
districts  to  the  tenants  in  chiel^  and 
by  them  subdivided ;  homage,  service, 
and  various  money  payments  were  the 
considerations  .due  tor  each.grant,  and 
were  as  fully  owing  from  the  under  to 
the  chief  tenants,  as  from  the  latter  to 
the  king.  No  land  could  be  alienated 
without  z.  fines  and  on  the  death  of  a 
tenant,  the  successor  paid  a  sum  to  be 
put  in  possession,  called  a  relief.  If 
the  heir  was  under  age,  the  profits  of 
the  estates  belonged  to  the  lord,  as 
also  did  the  control  of  the  marriage  of 
the  ward.  Under  the  name  of  aids^  the 
lord  claimed  stipulated  sums  from  his 
tenants  on  the  occasion  of  the  knight- 
ing of  his  eldest  son,  the  marriage  of 
his  eldest  daughter,  or  his  own  capture 
in  war.  These  were  all  legal  and  es- 
tablished burdens,  and  perhaps  did 
not  amount  to  more  than  the  rent  of 
land  and  the  ordinary  taxation  of 
modem  times :  but  the  superiors  did 
not  confine  themselves  to  them:  on 
the  contrary,  new  exactions  were  per- 
petually attempted,  and  the  revenues 
of  both  lords  and  langs  were  increased 
by  the  most  various  and  often  dis- 
creditable means. 

The  forests  had  been  in  the  hands 
of  the  kings  in  Anglo-Saxon  times, 
and  the  laws  of  Canute  shew  that  the 
game  was  "preserved"  in  his  day, 
though  the  paima^,  or  feeding  for 
swin^  was  hberally  granted  to  indi- 
viduals ;  but  the  Norman  kings  carried 
their  passion  for  the  chase  to  a  pitch 
which  perhaps  no  other  monarchs  nave 
equalled,  and  guarded  their  wild  beasts 
by  denouncing  death  against  those 
who  interfered  with  thenL  On  some 
occasions,  when  the  turbulence  of 
their  barons  compelled  them  to  at- 
tempt to  conciliate  their  English  sub* 


*  Tboe  bws  onbody  the  x 


I  feattures  of  Anglo-Saxon  legislation,  already  described  (pp.  74-~79X 
G2 


84 


THE  NORMAN  ERA. 


jects,  they  promised  an  amelioration 
of  their  forest  code,  but  uniformly  re- 
tracted their  concessions  when  the 
danger  was  over'. 

Between  people  thus  treated,  and 
their  rulers,  no  cordiality  could  exist, 
and  it  appeared  necessary  to  the  safety 
of  the  latter  that  no  Englishman  should 
hold  any  place  of  importance.  The  I 
powers  of  government  were  entrusted 
to  such  rapacious  adventurers  as  Ralph 
Flambard'  and  William  of  Ypres, 
Saxon  bishops  were  replaced  bv  Nor- 
man ones^ ;  but  although  the  colloquial 
use  of  the  Norman- French  language^ 
was  a  necessary  innovation  at  first, 
the  change  ran  in  the  contrary  di- 


rection, and  the  second  or  third  gene- 
ration of  the  victors  at  Hastings  spoke 
in  conmion  life  a  language  which  was 
much  more  intelligible  to  their  Saxon 
countrymen  than  to  their  Norman 
kindred. 

In  fact,  the  Saxon  and  Danish  races, 
though  borne  down  for  a  while,  were 
not  crushed ;  and  when  the  death  of 
the  last  of  the  Norman  kings  left  the 
throne  vacant,  the  young  Henry  of 
Anjou  was  received  by  the  main  body 
of  the  people,  not  as  the  heir  of  the 
Conqueror,  but  as  the  lineal  repre- 
sentative of  "the  right  royal  race,** 
the  descendants  of  Cerdic 


AimouofUieVonniBmL  tram  t3»  Seal  ofAlflzaadflrLofBootlana  (0.1110.) 


'William  I.  usuaUv 

the  afforestation  whioi  proved  so  grievous  to  the 
English  people ;  but  it  appears  Irom  the  charter 
of  Stephen,  that  WiUiam  II.  and  Heniy  I.  had 
also  added  to  the  royal  forests:  these  latter  ad- 
ditions Stephen  promises  to  restore  to  the  owners, 
in  terms  vrhich  seem  to  imply  that  they  had  been 
forcibly  seized. 

ff  Ralph,  a  Norman  chaplain  of  vile  diaracter, 
was  by  Willam  Rufus  made  bishop  of  Durham, 
but  by  Henry  I.  was  deprived  of  his  see,  and  im- 
prisoned. He  escaped,  and  went  into  exile,  but 
having  made  his  peace  by  betraying  a  city  en- 
trusted to  him  (Lisieux),  he  returned  some  years 
after  and  held  his  bisho^c  till  his  death.  William 
of  Vpres,  a  Fleming,  was  Stephen's  general,  and 
received  from  him  ue  earldom  of  Kent    Hu  ra- 


vages made  him  so  unpopular,  that  on  the  king's 
death  he  fled  from  England,  and  entered  a  monas- 
tery, where  he  died  in  xz69. 

^  One  Norman  monk,  however,  Gnitmond,  had 
the  virtue  to  refuse  sudi  prderment,  and  the 
courage  to  reproach  the  qwilers  with  their  b«r. 
barous  usage  of  the  vanquished.  His  strictures 
gave  sudi  great  offence  that  he  was  obliged  to 
withdraw  from  Normandy,  but  he  was  aftez^trards, 
bv  Pope  Urban  II..  made  bishop  of  Avetsa.  His 
eloquent  letter  to  William  has  been  preserved  by 
Orderic 

^  The  first  Nonnan-Fireilch  document  is  of  the 


rdgn  of  John,  and  the  use  of  the  language  in  the 
law  courts  belonss  to  the  reign  of  Edwarc! 
coUoquially 


I  to  the  reign  of  Edwuxi  I. 
r  the  Normans  used  French. 


Of 


Gnat  Seal  of  William  the  Oonaoeror. 


WILLIAM  L 


William,  the  illegitimate  son  of 
Robert,  sixth  duke  of  Normandy,  was 
bom  at  Falaise  about  the  end  of  the 
year  1027.  In  1035  his  father  died, 
but  William  only  obtained  full  pos- 
session of  the  duchy  after  several  con- 
tests with  his  neighbours  and  the  king 
of  France,  in  105D.  His  father's  sister, 
Emma,  being  mother  to  Edward  the 
Confessor,  William  alleged  that  that 
prince  had  named  him  heir  to  the 
crown  of  England,  and  he  successfully 
asserted  his  claim  at  the  battle  of 
Hastings,  after  gaining  which,  on  the 
14th  October,  1066,  he  advanced  on 
London  and  was  crowned  king  at 
Westminster  on  the  following  Christ- 
masHday  ;  the  troubled  character  of 
bis  reign  being  aptly  foreshadowed  by 
a  tumult  on  the  occasion,  in  which 
some  houses  were  burnt,  and  many 
people  slain. 


William's  reign  was  passed,  after 
a  brief  attempt  at  conciliation  ^  at  his 
first  coming,  in  a  systematic  endeavour 
to  crush  his  new  subjects.  Churches 
and  towns  were  destroyed,  and  whole 
districts  laid  waste,  sometimes  to 
punish  unsuccessful  revolt,  sometimes 
to  provide  against  hostile  invasion, 
and  sometimes  to  furnish  scope  for 
the  chase,  though  it  appears  from 
Domesday  Book  that  this  latter  mat- 
ter has  been  exaggerated  \  His  wars 
with  France  were  not  altogether  suc- 
cessful, and  his  latter  years  were  em- 
bittered by  the  rebellions  of  his  sons. 
He  died  Sept.  9,  1087,  at  Rouen,  from 
an  accidental  injury,  and  was  buried 
at  Caen.  The  splendid  monument 
raised  to  his  memory  by  his  son  Wil- 
liam was  destroyed  in  the  religious 
wars  in  France  in  the  i6th  century  ". 

In  1053  William  married  Matilda, 


^  He  nanted  charters  to  several  towns,  amone 
them  to  Ixmdon,  in  which  he  promised  that  each 
Eiaa  should  be  **  law  worthy  "  as  in  King  Edward's 
<iay&.  and  thatt  no  one  should  do  them  wrong,  but 
i^  forcibly  resttm^  most  of  them  a  few  years  after. 


See  A.D.  1071.  The  London  charter,  however,  is 
still  in  the  possession  of  the  citizens. 

*  Sec  A.D.  X079. 

"*  The  spot  is  now  marked  bv  a  grey  marble  slab 
in  the  pavement  before  the  hign  altar. 


86 


THE  NORMAN   ERA. 


[a.d.  1066. 


daughter  of  Baldwin  V.,  count  of 
Flanders,  by  whom  he  had  a  family 
of  four  sons  and  five  ^rhaps  six) 
daughters.  Matilda  died  Nov.  2, 
1083,  and  was  buried  at  Caen.  Their 
children  were : — 

1 .  Robert,  known  as  Courthose,  bom 
probably  about  1056,  who  became  duke 
of  Normandy,  went  to  the  Crusade, 
was  twice  defeated  in  his  claim  on  the 
crown  of  England,  and  at  length,  being 
made  prisoner  by  his  brother  Henry, 
died  at  Cardiff  Castle,  Febu  10^  11 35, 
after  a  captivity  of  28  years.  The  tale 
of  his  having  been  blinded  by  his  bro- 
ther Henry's  order,  does  not  rest  on 
satisfactory  authority.  He  outlived 
his  two  sons,  who  both  met  violent 
deaths ;  William,  count  of  Flanders, 
being  idlled  at  Alost  in  1128,  and 
Henry,  an  illegitimate  son,  in  May,  1 100, 
whilst  hunting  in  the  New  Forest 

2.  Richard,  bom  in  1058,  and  known 
as  Richard  of  Bemay  %  was  killed  by 
a  stag  in  the  New  Forest,  or  perhaps 
died  from  a  fever  contracted  there^ 
before  the  death  of  his  father. 

3.  William,  and  4,  Henry,  became 
kings  of  England. 

5.  Cecilia  became  a  nun  at  Fecamp, 
at  Easter,  1075,  and  afterwards  abbess 
of  Holy  Trinity,  Caen,  where  she  died, 
in  July  30, 1 1 26. 

6.  Adeliza  died  young. 

7.  Matilda,  betrothed  to  Alphonso  of 
Castile,  died  on  her  journey  to  Spain, 
about  1079. 

8.  Constance,  married  to  Alan^  duke 
of  Bretagne,  diod  Aug.  13^  1090. 

9.  Adela,  married  to  Stephen  of 
Blois.  She  govemed  his  dominions 
during  his  absence  on  the  Crusade, 
and,  at  length  taldiig  the  veil,  died 
in  1137. 

Gundred,  who  became  the  wife  of 
William  Warrenne,  and  died  in  1085, 
is  often  stated  to  have  bed  a  daughter 
of  William  I.,  but  this  is  probably  a 
mistake  **. 

William  Peverel,  an  apocryphal  na- 
tural son  of  the  king,  received  large 
estates  in  Derbyshire  and  elsewhere, 


but  there  is  no  evidence  of  the  rela- 
tionship. 

The  arms  ascribed  to  William  I. 
are  diose  of  his  duchy  of  Normandy : 


Anns  aaoilbed  to  WQIiam  L 

"  Gules,  two  lions  passant  gardant  in 
pale,  or." 

The  Norman  writers  praise  Wil- 
liam as  a  wise  and  pious  king,  but 
the  Saxon  Chronicler,  who,  as  he  him- 
self declares,  ^'  had  often  looked  upon 
him,  and  lived  some  time  in  his  court," 
has  drawn  a  character  far  less  favour- 
able '.  William,  he  says,  was  wise  and 
rich,  mild  to  good  men,  but  beyond  all 
measure  severe  to  those  who  withstood 
his  will.  He  affected  great  state  and 
dignity,  and  held  a  splendid  court 
thrice  a  jrear,  in  Westminster,  Win- 
chester, and  Gloucester,  to  which  all 
the  nobles  were  obliged  to  repain 
He  also  made  "good  peace,"  so  that 
no  man  durst  slay  or  rob  another^ ; 
yet  in  his  time  men  had  many  sor- 
rows. He  ruled  so  absohitely,  that 
he  cast  down  earls  and  bishops,  and 
abbots  and  thanes.  His  ridi  men 
moaned,  and  poor  men  trembled; 
but  he  was  so  stem,  he  recked  not 
the  hatred  of  them  adl,  for  they  must 
follow  his  will,  if  they  would  have  his 
peace,  or  lands  or  possessions,  or  even 
fife.  "Alas!"  he  concludes,  "that 
any  man  should  thus  exah  himself, 
and  boast  over  all  others !  May  the 
almighty  God  shew  mercy  to  his  soul, 
and  grant  him  forgi\'cness  of  his 
sins."         

A.D.  1066. 
William  is  crowned  at  Westminster^ 


*  A  place  in  the  bailliage  of  Alen^on,  in  Nor- 
xnandv. 

o  She  u  sitroosed  to  have  been  his  step-daughter, 
the  issue  of  AUtilda  by  a  former  nuurriage. 

V  With  the  main  features  of  this  agrees  the  cha- 
racter given  in  the  Hdmskringla,  or  Chronicle  of 
the  Sea-kings  of  Norway:  '*£arl  William  was 
stouter  and  stronger  than  other  men,  a  great  hone- 


man  and  wazrior,  but  stem ;  and  a  very  wise  man, 
but  not  considered  a  man  to  be  trusted. 

4  His  own  practice,  however,  did  not  conform  to 
this ;  for  we  read  in  the  Saxon  Qmmide  (anno 
1086) :  "  according  to  his  custom,  he  collected  a 
very  large  sum  of  money  from  his  people,  whenever 
be  could,  whether  with  justice  or  without. " 


JLSk,  1066—1068.] 


WlUJJiMIf 


a5%b}rAldi«d^  afcfabisbop 

upoo  Gust's  Book,  and  also<  siracc, 
hdkme  he  would  set  the  crown  ufHm 
his  head^  that  be  would  govern  this 
nation  as  wdl  as  any  king^  before  him 
had  at  the  best  done^  if  they  woidd  be 
faithful  to  him.  Nevertheless,  he  laid 
a  tribote  on  the  people  very  heavy* 
....  and  men  delivered  him  hostages^ 
and  afterwards  boogfat  their  landL." 

A.D.I067. 

Godced  Cronan,  a  descendant  of 
Sifatric  of  Northumberland  V  who  had 
escaped  from  the  battle  of  Staoaifordr 
bridge  becomes  king  of  the  Islet  of 
Man. 

WiUiana  goes  to  Normandy  during 
Lent,  taking  with  him  '^in  hcHUHirable 
attendance"  says  Orderic,  but  really 
as  hostages,  Edgar  Atheling,  Stigand 
the  archbishopy  the  earls  Edwin,  Mor- 
car,  and  Waltheof,  ^and  many  other 
good  men  of  EnglaEuLf 

«  And  bisbop  Odo  and  VHlliam  the 
eail'  remained  here  behind,  and  they 
built  casdes  wide  through  the  land, 
and  poor  people  oppressed  ;  and  ever 
after  it  greatly  grew  ill  eviL" 

Eustace  of  Boulogne  >",  invited  by 
the  Kenti^  men,  attacks  Dover,  but 
wfthoot  success. 

Edric  the  Forester'  makes  a  league 
with  the.  Welsh,  with  whom  he  attacks 
Hereford,  '^where  he  did  the  castle- 
men  ftfae  Norman  garrison]  much 
cviL" 

£<^ar  Atheling,  in  the  summer,  flees 
to  Scotland  with  his  mother  and  sis- 
ters, accompanied  by  Meiiesoam*^  ''and 
many  good  men." 

WillhEm  returns  to  England.     He 


seues  the  lands  of  many  of  the  Eng^-*- 
lish  nofalesi  divides  them  anumg;  his 
fcdlowers^  and  lays  heavy  taxes  oft  the 
people. 

William  founds  an  abbey,  on  the* 
field  of  Hastings,  dedicated  to  St.  Mar- 
tin, "in  order  that  glory  and  praise 
might  be  offered  up  there  to  God  for 
his  victory,  and  that  offices  for  Uie 
souls  of  thedead  might  there  be  per- 
petually pcarfonoed."  It  is  known  int 
nistory  as  Batde  Abbey^. 

Baldwin,,  a  Norman,  advances  into 
Powys,  and  builds  a.  castle  where  noii 
stands  Montgomery. 

A.D.  1068. 

The  people  of  Exeter  cut  off  a  party 
of  Norman  sailors^ 

William  marches  against  them,  and 
"  through  the  treachery  of  the  thanes,."' 
reduces  the  city  after  a  siege  of  18 
days  '^.  Githa,  Harold's  mother,  who 
had  taken  refine  there,  flees  to  Steep- 
holm,  "and  the  wives  of  many  good 
men  with  hers"  ^uid  thence  retires  to 
Flanders. 

Copsi*^,  a  Saxon  who  had  taken 
office  in  Northumberland,  is  killed  by 
the  people  five  weeks  after,  March  12.  —  ^ 

Cospatric*,  earl  of  Northumberland, 
and  the  people  of  the  north  take  arms. 
Edgar  Atheling  comes  to  them  from. 
Scotland,  and  is  received  by  them  at 
Yoric 

Wiffiam's  queen  arrives  in  England  ; 
she  is  crowned  by  Archbishop  Aldred 
on  Whft-Sunday,  May  11. 

William  advances  to  thenorth,builds 
forts  at  Nottingham  and  Lincoln,  and 
bestows  the  earldom  of  Northumber* 
land  on  Robert  Comin,  a  Norman. 

Harold's   sons  land  in  Somerset* 


•^  roC7 


'  Tbe  yean  of  his  xeSga  ase  vackoDed  irom  tfais 
day.   ^  ^    _^__ 

'  Stigand  had  been  suspended  from  his  oScc, 
tbe  Normans  considering  hun  as  the  usurper  of  the 
see  of  Robert  of  lumi^^s.    See  a.d.  X052. 

<  Thb  warn  neoteUy  the  Donegdd,  the  collection 
of  vtaich  bad  been  suspended  by  Edward  the  Con> 
'  It  continued  to  be^  levied  until  the  reign 

r  11^  and  varied  with  the  eadgendes  of  the 
state  &nft  two  tt  six  shillings  annually  on  each 
hide  of  land. 

*  See  ▲  JD>  vtS" 

«  Odo  of  Bayeuz,  William's  half-bracher,  and 
WiUiasi  Fits-Osbem.  earl  of  Hereford. 

7  See  A.D.  X05Z.    He  had  served  at  the  battle  of 


_  I  as  a  meroenary,  and  he  was  dissatisfied 
with  tiK  rewafd  dbat  he  received.  On  the  failure 
of  his  aMaaBpt,  he  efEscted  a  reconciliation  with 

r  of  Edxic  Stxeona,  and,  as 
lay  Book,  had  large  pos^ 


sessions  in  Hereford  and  Salop,  of  which  it  wasat* 
tempted  to  deprive  him. 

•  It  appears  from  the  Domesday  Book  that 
Merlesuam  had  great  estates  in  Somerset,  Devon, 
and  Cornwall,  as  well  as  in  York  and  Lincoln. 
He  seems  to  have  been  sheriff  of  one  of  these 
latter  counties,  and  he  had  been  very  active  in 
raising  forces  to  strengthen  Harold's  army  when  it 
marched  for  Hastings. 

i>  It  was  not  formally  consecrated  undl  Feb.  xx, 
Z094,  seven  years  after  the  deadi  of  'Vf^Iliam. 

«  The  effects  of  this  siege  are  probably  to  be 
traced  in  the  mention  in  the  Domesday  Book,  that 
the  city  then  contained  but  ^iz  houses^  while  it 
had  463  in  the  time  of  King  Edward. 

'  He  had  been  vicegerent  to  Toatig.  and  had 
remained  faithful  to  the  Normans. 

•  Cospattic  was  of  the  royal  race,  bong  Sf^»^ 
son  of  Uhtred  and  Elgiva,  daughter  of  Ethel- 
red  IL 


88 


THE  NORMAN  ERA. 


[a.d.  1068 — 1070. 


shire,  plunder  Bristol,  and  kill  Ed- 
noth,  the  stallere'.  They  then  ravage 
Wales,  about  Midsummer,  but  are 
defeated,  and  obliged  to  retire  to 
Ireland 

On  William's  approach,  Edgar  Athel- 
ing  again  retires  to  Scotland. 

William  builds  two  castles  at  York ; 
"but  St  Peter's  minster  he  made  a 
profismation,  and  all  other  places  also 
he  despoiled  and  trampled  on." 

Malcolm  of  Scotland  makes  peace 
with  William,  and  does  homage  ^o 
him  for  Cumberland. 

Godred  Cronan  establishes  himself 
in  Ireland 

A.D.  1069. 

Comin  is  massacred  at  Durham, 
'*'and  900  Frenchmen  with  him," 
January  29. 

Edgar  Atheling  prepares  for  another 
attempt  on  the  north. 

Aldred,  archbishop  of  York,  dies, 
Sept.  II. 

The  sons  of  Sweyn,  king  of  Den- 
mark, arrive  in  the  Humber,  early  in 


September,  with  240  ships ;  they  are 
joined  by  Edgar  Atheling,  Merlesuain, 
Cospatric,  and  others,  when  they  take 
York,  put  the  garrison  of  3,000  men 
to  the  sword',  and  demolish  the  castles. 
''But  ere  the  shipmen  arrived  the 
Frenchmen  had  burnt  the  city,  and 
also  the  holy  minster  of  St  Peter  had 
they  plundered,  and  'entirely  destroyed 

William  arrives,  when  the  allies  re- 
tire to  their  ships,  which  remain  in 
the  Humber  the  whole  winter. 

William  passes  the  winter  in  the 
north.  "He  ordered  the  towns  and 
fields  of  the  whole  district  to  be  laid 
waste ;  the  fruits  and  grain  to  be  de- 
stroyed by  fire  or  by  water ....  thus 
the  resources  of  a  once  flourishing  pro- 
vince were  cut  off,  by  fire,  slaughter, 
and  devastation ;  die  groimd  for  more 
t^m  sixty  miles,  totaUy^  imcultivated 
and  unproductive,  remains  bare  to  the 
present  day**." 

Aegelric,  the  former  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham\  is  betrayed  into  William's  hands, 
and  confined  at  Westminster. 


WALES. 


A.D.  1070. 

Rywallon,  one  of  the  princes  of 
IJorth  Wales  S  is  killed. 

Wales  was  nominally  subject  to  the 
English  crown  at  the  time  of  the  ar- 
rival of  the  Nonnans,  and  although 
William  was  too  much  occupied  in 
other  parts  to  enforce,  except  on  one 
occasion,  the  claim  of  feudal  supe- 
riority', it  was  only  reserved  for  a 
more  fitting  season.  As  early  indeed 
as  1067,  one  Baldwin  built  a  castle, 
where  now  stands  Montgomery,  within 
the  acknowledged  border  ot  Powys, 
and  in  1069  and  1070  other  adventurers 
seized  on,  and  fortified,  posts  on  die 


coast  of  Dyved,  or  Pembroke.  In 
this  latter  year,  civil  dissension  opened 
the  road  to  other  parts  of  the  coimtry ; 
the  purchased  aid  of  a  few  Norman 
horsemen  enabled  Caradoc,  lord  of 
Morganwg  (Glamorgan),  to  seize  the 
principality  of  South  Wales ;  but  his 
treacherous  allies  soon '  returned  as 
plunderers,  and  next  as  conquerors 
and  permanent  settlers.  Early  in  the 
reign  of  William  II.  they  joined  an- 
other rebellious  lord  of  Glamorgan, 
killed  Rhys  ap  Tudor,  the  lineal  de- 
scendant of  Howd  Dda,  and  parti- 
tioned his  territories  ■*. 
This  success  was  followed  by  Wil- 


c  Ednoth  had  held  this  post  under  Harold,  but 
Willifl         —     " 


had  taken  service  with  William.  The  Normans 
appear  to  have  divided  the  office  into  two,  calling 
the  steward  the  Dispensator  (whence  the  family 
name  Despenser),  and  the  mihtary  man  the  Con- 
stable or  Master  of  the  Horse. 

c  One  of  the  few  who  escaped  was  Gilbert  of 
Gand ;  he  was  the  refounder  of  Bardney  Abbey, 
in  Lincolnshire,  and  possessed  manors  in  that  ana 
in  thirteen  other  coimties. 

^  Such  is  the  substance  of  the  account  of  William 
of  Malmesburv,  in  his  *'  History  of  the  Kings," 
which  is  usuaUy  considered  to  have  been  written 
about  XI 35,  or  nearly  60  years  after  the  event,  and 
it  is  fully  borne  out  by  numerous  entries  in  the 
Domesday  Book.    The  lands  of  the  Saxon  leaders 


appear  to  have  been  rendered  so  desolate,  that  on 
zz  manors  described,  only  eight  cottagers  and  354 
villeins  are  entered. 

>  He  had  been  abbot  of  Peterborouj^  but  after 
holding  the  see  of  Durham  Z5  ^years  he  returned  to 
his  monastery ;  he  again  left  it  to  join  his  people 
a^nst  the  Nonnans.    He  died  in  prison,  at  West-  . 
nunster,  Oct.  15,  lofa. 

^  See  A.D.  Z063. 

I  See  A.D.  zo8z. 

»  The  leader  of  this  band  was  Robert  Fitzha- 
mon.  The  names  of  his  twdve  principal  com- 
panions have  been  preserved,  and  to  them  is  as- 
cribed the  foundation  of  the  ntuneroxis  castles  still 
found  in  Glamorganshire  and  its  immediate  neigh- 
bourhood.   They  were  Gilbert  Humfreville,  Oliirer 


JLD.  1070.] 


WILLIAM  I. 


89 


liam's  assertion  of  his  feudal  supe- 
riority, and  his  grant  of  other  parts 
of  Wades  to  certain  of  his  favourites. 
In  consequence,  a  crowd  of  desperate 
adventurers  poiured  into  the  country, 
extending  to  it  all  the  miseries  that 
England  then  suffered.  The  Welsh 
strove  fiercely  against  them,  and,  ac- 
cording to  their  own  annalists,  more 
than  once,  cleared  the  land ;  '^  but  the 
spoilers  had  tasted  of  the  sweetness  of 
Wales,"  they  returned  to  the  charge, 
found  allies  among  the  numerous  as- 
pirants to  sovereignty  after  the  death  of 
Rhys  ap  Tudor  and  the  exile  of  his  fa- 
mily, and  in  the  course  of  the  two  follow- 
ing reigns,  though  almost  constantly  in 
a  state  of  siege,  and  often  in  extreme 
jeopardy,  Norman  and  Flemish  "^  cas- 
tles and  colonies  spread  along  the 
coasts  of  South  and  West  Wales; 
Powys  was  more  completely  occu- 
pied ;  and  Gwynneth  alone,  favoured 
by  the  nature  of  the  coimtry,  was 
able  to  maintain  a  semblance  of  in- 
dependence. 

It  was  indeed  little  more  than  a 
semblance,  although  the  brave  and 
often  successful  efforts  of  Owen  Gwyn- 
neth, the  descendant  of  Howel  Dda, 
the  "Owen  brave  and  Owen  strong" 
of  the  bards,  and  the  internal  troubles 
of  England,  long  delayed  the  complete 
sulmigation  of  the  land  Their  contact 
with  the  Normans,  however,  soon  pro- 
duced many  important  changes,  to  the 
disadvantage  of  the  Welsh.  The  feudal 
institution  was  received  among  them, 
and  numerous  intermarriages,  and  con- 
sequent exchanges  of  property,  took 
glace ;  the  authority  of  the  arch- 
ishop  of  Canterbury  as  metropolitan 


was  admitted,  and  some  of  their  chiefs 
accepted  the  office  of  justiciary  from 
the  English  kings.  Such  great  al- 
terations were  in  consequence  made 
in  the  institutes  of  Howel  Dda,  that 
as  early  as  1080  the  prince  of  North 
Wales  gave  the  parties  to  any  suit 
the  choice  of  being  judged  by  the  old 
or  the  new  law. 

A.D.  1070. 

The  laws  called  those  of  Edward 
the  Confessor  are  promulgated  in 
London,  contrary  to  the  wish  of  the 
people  of  the  east  and  north,  who 
desire  the  Danish  law. 

A  council  holden  at  Winchester, 
about  Easter,  in  which  Stigand,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  is  deposed,  and 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  ^ 

Lanfranc,  abbot  of  Caeni*,  is  ap- 
pointed archbishop  of  Canterbury  % 
Aug.  15,  and  consecrated  August  29. 
Thomas,  a  canon  of  Bayeux,  appointed 
archbishop  of  York,  declines  to  take 
the  oath  of  canonical  obedience  to 
him,  which  commences  the  contest 
for  the  primacy  between  the  two 
sees'. 

Waltheof,  the  son  of  Siward,  who 
had  held  York  against  the  Normans, 
is  taken  into  ^voiur,  and  marries 
Judith,  William's  niece. 

Harold  and  Canute,  the  sons  of 
Sweyn  of  Denmark,  arrive  in  the 
Humber,  with  many  bishops*  and 
earls;  ''the  English  people  from  all 
the  fen  lands  came  to  them,  con- 
ceiving that  they  would  win  all  the 
land." 

Hereward  heads  a  band,  which  plun- 
ders and  bums  the  abbey  of  Peter- 


Sl  John,  Payen  de  Turbervnie,  Peter  le  Soore,  Re- 
ginald de  Solby,  Richard  Greenfield,  Richard  de 
Siward.  Robert  St.  Quintin,  Roger  Beiknolles, 
John  me  Flemiag,  William  the  Easterling,  and 
wiOiam  of  London. 

"  Both  were  detected  for  their  cruelty,  but,  ac- 
cording to  Caradoc  of  Llancarvan,  the  Flemings 
had  little  of  the  courage  of  the  Normans.  On  one 
occaiirion  Griffin  ap  Tudor  (see  a.d.  i  x  z  i)  encoxuraged 
lus  men  to  attack  them  with  the  remark,  that, 
thotu^  twenty  times  more  numerous,  they  "  were 
only  Flemings ;"  his  followers  jxistified  his  confidence 
by  rooting  tnor  opponents. 

•  He  escaped  to  Scotland,  and  is  believed  to 
have  died  there. 

f^  He  was  a  native  of  Pavia,  and  had  attained 
wninmce  as  a  lawver  before  he  became  a  monk. 
He  entered  the  abbey  of  Bec^  in  Normandy,  and 
from  him,  says  Ordcnc,  the  Normans  received  the 
fint  mdiments  of  literature,  whilst  Bee  became  a 
school  of  both  divine  and  secular  learning.    When 


William  founded  the  abbey  of  Caen,  he  placed 
Lanfranc  at  its  head. 

4  Some  Normans  of  bad  diaracter  were  made 
bishops ;  but  Lanfranc,  and  his  successor  Anselm, 
were  truly  wise  and  good  men,  and  the  Saxons 
were  indebted  to  them  for  all  the  alleviation  of 
their  condition  that  it  was  in  their  power  to  afibrd. 
Lanfranc  held  the  see  from  Z070  to  Z089,  and  An- 
selm  from  zo^3  to  XZ09. 

'  Wilfrid,  m  the  seventh  century,  had  refused  to 
be  consecrated  by  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
but  probably  as  much  from  dislike  of  his  com- 
mumon  with  Aidan  and  others  of  the  British 
church  as  from  any  claim  to  the  primacy.  The 
dispute,  which  in  its  course  led  to  many  inde- 
cent broils,  even  in  the  presence  of  royalty  (see  a.d. 
II 75),  was,  alter  a  vain  attempt  at  a  compromise  in 
13x4,  decided  in  1354  by  Pope  Innocent  VI.  in 
favour  of  Canterbury. 

•  Christiem,  bishop  of  Aarhuus,  was  established 
by  them  at  Ely. 


90 


THE  VORMAir  ERA. 


[a-d.  loych— 1075, 


borai^hy.  it  haiTiitg  been  bestowed  by 
Wilfiam  en  Tharold,  '^a  stem  man," 
andoneof  hi&partisaiiSyJune2L  Th^ 
deposit  their  pfamder  at  Ely,  but  it  is 
aftefwuds  lost  at  sea 

The  Daaisit  fleet  conies  into  the 
Thames,  whenWililiain  makes  a  treaty 
with  Sweyn,  and  it  withdraws. 

Malcolm  of  Scotland  marries  Mar- 
garet, the  sister  of  Edgar  Atheling. 

Caradoc,  son-  of  Gri&i  ap  Rytherch, 
lord  of  Glamorgan,,  obtains  the  sove- 
reignty of  Sooth  Wales  tre-  the  hdlp 
of  the  Norman&  He  is  shortly  sac- 
ceeded  by  his  son  Rytherch. 

A.D.  107 1. 

'All  the  monasteries  are  ordered 
to  be  phmdered/*  says  the  Saxon 
Chronicler*. 

The  earls  Edwin  and  Morcar  become 
OQtlaws ;  ^  they  fled  out  and  roamed  at 
random  in  woods  and  fields." 

Edwin,  is  treacherously  kilkd,  but 
Morcar  takes  ship  and  joins  Here- 
ward  in  the  Isle  of  Ely.  Hereward 
is  also  joined  by  Aegdwine,  the  ex- 
pelled mshop  of  Durham  (brother  of 
Aegelric)'',  Siward  Barn^  and  many 
hundred  men. 

''Then  William  beset  the  land  all 
about,  and  built  a  bridge  and  went 
in,  and  had  ships  at  the  same  time  on 
the  sea-side  ....  the  outlaws  then 
surrendered,  except  Hereward  and 
those  who  would  join  him,  whom 
he  led  out  triumphantly  ^^ 

The  lands  of  Edwin  and  Morcar,  in 
Korfolk  a3KlLincedn,aredivided* ;  dteir 
Yorkshire  lands  had  been  devastated. 

Edric  the  Forester  is  captured  by 
Ralph  de  Mortimer. 


Tue  NocmaiB  plcBidcF  CazQisran» 

AJ).  1072. 

A  council,  called  ConcUium  Angli- 
caniim,  hdd  from  T«*ag»«*r  to  Pente- 
cost, which  affirms  the  primacy  of 
Canterbury. 

William  invades  Scotland  by  sea, 
and  land,  Edric  the  Forester  being 
with  hhn  ;  "  but  he  found  nothing; 
there  of  any  valnCk"  He  grants  peace 
to  Malcolm,  "  who  became  his  m3ii\" 

Willianv  on  his  return,  fortifies 
<j7i>y1vs!f?  and  Ourhanx^. 

AJD.  1073. 

William  leads  an  arrays  prmcfpally 
of  Engfish,  into  Maine  and  sub- 
dues it*. 

Blethyn,  prince  of  North  Wales,  is 
murdered.    Trahem  succeeds. 

Griffin  ap  Conan,  an  exiled  de- 
scendant of  Griffin  ap  Llewelyn'', 
arrives  from  Irdiand  and  conquers 
Anglesey. 

A.D.  1074. 

William  goes  to  Normandy. 

'Edgar  Atheling,  who  some  time 
previously  had  gone  to  Flanders,  re- 
turns to  Scotland,  July  8.  Being 
invited  to  the  court  of  France  (the 
king  was  at  war  witL  William),  he 
sets  sail,  but  is  shipwrecked,  when,. 
by  the  advice  of  Malcolm,  he  passes 
over  to  Normandy  to  William,  ^who 
received  him  with  much  pon^> ;  en- 
joying such  rights  as  the  king  con- 
finned  to  him  by  law.'^ 

Rytherch  of  South  Wales  killed. 
Rhys  ap  Owen  succeeds. 

A.D.  1075. 
Ralph  de  Guader"  and  several  Nor- 


*  We  learn  firom  later  writers  that  this  plunder  in- 
dnded  not  onlv  the  Tsilnables  wliidi  the  oppressed 
English  had  tnere  deposited  in  a  place  ot  tancied 
salcty.  but  also  most  of  the  charters  which  William 
himself  had  granted. 

■  He  was  captured  when  the  isLind  suircndered, 
and  died  in  prison  at  Abingdon  soon  after.  Of  the 
otfaur  prisoners  it  is  said,  "the  king  disposed  of 
them  as  he  thought  proper  f  he,  however,  !qpared 
the  lives  of  Morcar  and  Siward  Bam,  and  on  his 
death-bed  ordered  them  to  be  set  at  liberty. 

>  He  a  mentioned  in  the  Domesday  Book  as 
haling  heU,  in  the  time  of  King  Edward,  huge 
possessions  m  Gloooester,  Noiibll^  Warwidc,  and 
Yorkshire. 

T  Hereward  s  ntte  is  mccrtam.  The  Saxon 
Chromcle  mennons  him  no  more  j  but  the  Chron- 


kJe  of  Gaimar  says  he  led  a  wanderiaff  life  for 
a  time,  and  then  was  suiprised  and  killed  by  a 
trooD  of  Bretons  in  the  pay  of  William. 

■  Many  of  William's  followers  were  thus  pro- 
vided widi  wives  as  well  as  lands,  which  was  per- 


haps btended  to  pave  the  way  for  a  peaceable 
poBBCBsion  of  the  country  by  the  next  geneiatiQii, 
though  it  may  well  be  doubted  whether  the  ladies 
could  r^ard  themselves  as  more  fbrtnnaie  duok 
their  despoiled  or  murdered  relatives. 

«  Or  vassal ;  not  for  Scotland,  profaabhrv  but  for 
Cumberland.  (See  a.d.  945,  zooo.)  The  same 
remark  applies  to  sunilar  acknowledgmcBts  of 
a  later  date. 

^  The  number  of  castles  built  by  Willism  and  his 
barons  appears  to  have  been  forty-eig^t.  Their 
existing  remains  shew  their  stren^^,  and  of  their 
siae  we  may  judge  horn  an  entry  m  the  Domesday- 
Book,  whioi  states  that  x66  houses  were  destxoyed 
to  make  room  for  die  castle  at  LincofaL 

*  Maine  regained  its  independence  on  the  death 
of  William,  but  was  again  subdbed  by  William  II. 

*  See  A.O.  Z063. 

*  Guader  was  of  Norman  or  Breton  parentage, 
but  bom  in  England.  He  made  his  escape,  went 
with  the  first  Crusaders  to  Palestine,  and  died 
there. 


A.DL  I07S — 1079-] 


WILUAU  r. 


9r 


mans  conspire  against  William,  cm 
occasion  of  Ralph's  marriage,  at  Nor- 
vich,  and  ask  aid  from  Sweyn  of 
Denmark ;  Waltheof  appears  to  have 
been  involved  in  the  secret  of  the  plot, 
and  to  have  revealed  it  to  Lanfranc 

Their  plans  frustrated  by  William's 
sudden  return. 

Waltheof  flees  over  sea;  ''but  he 
asked  forgiveness,  and  proffered  gifts 
of  ransom.  And  the  king  spoke  him 
iairiy  till  he  came  to  England,  when 
lie  had  him  seized.* 

A  fleet  of  200  ships,  commanded 
by  Canute,  the  son  ot  Sweyn  of  Den- 
mark, and  Haco  the  earl,  arrive  on 
the  east  coast,  but  finding  the  con- 
spiracy crushed,  they  plunder  York 
Minster  and  retire. 

WiHiam  inflicts  heavy  pnnisfament 
on  the  conspirators;  ''some  were 
blinded,  sonie  driven  from  the  land." 

Edith,  the  widow  of  Edward  the 
Confessor,  dies  Dec.  18 ;  she  is  buried 
with  much  pomp  beside  him  at  West- 
minster. 

A  cotmcil  holden  at  London,  when 
it  was  determined  that  several  epi- 
scopal sees  should  be  removed  to  more 
important  places;  in  consequence, 
Badi,  Chester,  Chidiester,  Lincohi, 
Salisbury,  and  Thetford,  become  bi- 
shops'sees. 

AJ}.  10761 

A  great  earthquake  in  England. 

Waltheof  (who  had  been  betrayed 
into  the  hands  of  his  enemies  by 
his  wife)  is  beheaded  at  Winchester, 


May  31 ;  his  body  is,  after  a  hasty 
bunal  on  the  spot,  removed  to  Cioy- 
land  Abbey,  and  miracles  are  asserted 
to  be  performed  at  his  ton^ 

William  is  foiled  in  an  attack  on 
Britanny. 

Rhys  ap  Owen  killed  in  war  against 
North  Wales.  He  is  succeeded  by 
Rhys  ap  Tudor,  descended  from  Howel 
Dda. 

A.D.  1077. 

London  btimt,  Aug.  14. 

Archbishop  Lanfranc  greatly  ad- 
vances the  cause  of  the  monks  against 
the  secular  deigy. 

The  coasts  of  South  Wales  ravaged, 
and  St.  David's  plimdered,  by  pirates^ 
who  also  kill  Abraham,  the  bishop. 

A.D.  1078. 

The  king's  son  Robert  claims  pos- 
session of  Normandy.  Being  refused, 
he  rebels. 

AJ[>.  10791 

William  besieges  his  son  in  Gerbe- 
roi,  on  the  border  of  Normandy,  and 
is  woimded  by  him  in  a  skmnish. 
Robert  submits. 

Malcolm  of  Scotland  ravages  North- 
umberland, in  the  autumn.  Robert, 
who  had  been  pardoned,  advances 
against  him,  and  builds  a  fort  on 
the  Tyne,  where  Nevcasde  now 
stands. 

Trahem  of  North  Wales  killed. 
Griflin  ap  Conan  becomes  prince  of 
North  Wales  and  Powys. 


THE  NEW  FOREST. 


A.D.  1079. 

The  New  Forest,  in  Hampshire,  is 
fonned. 

The  Saxon  Chronicler,  remarking 
on  the  barbarous  oenalties  of  the 
Norman  forest  law*,  says  that  Wil- 
liam "loved  the  tall  deer  as  if  he  was 
their  latiher,*and  that  he  and  his  great 
men  made  many  deer-parks ;  but  he 
does  not  state,  as  later  writers  have 
done,  that  well-peopled  districts  were 
reduced  to  deserts  by  the  operation. 
Wilfiam  of  Mahnesbur^  (the  next 
nearest  authority   in   point  of  time) 


says  that  William,  in  forming  the 
New  Forest,  desolated  the  towns  and 
destroyed  the  churches  for  a  space 
of  more  than  30  miles;  and  other 
authors  affirm  that  as  many  as  $2 
churches  were  levelled  with  the  ground; 
but  it  is  certain  that  this  is  a  great  ex- 
aggeration. A  forest,  called  Ytene, 
Q)robably  a  portion  of  the  great  An- 
dred's  wood  of  the  early  Saxons,)  al- 
ready existed  in  the  region  between 
the  rivers  Itchen  and  Avon,  and  to 
this  the  Domesday  Book  shews  that 
at  least  17,000  acres  had  be&x  added 


''  **Hc  made  buiit  deer^arki ;  and  he  cstabltahed  laws,  so  that  whomnettx  slew  a  hart,  or  a  hhui^  or 
aboar,  should  be  faltaded.'* 


92 


THE  NORMAN   ERA. 


[a.d.  1079 — 1085. 


since  the  time  of  King  Edward  Some 
open  spots  in  this  district  bear  names 
indicative  of  former  dwelling-places, 
as  Church-place,  Church-moor,  Castle- 
hill,  &c. ;  and  traces  of  former  founda- 
tions are  met  with  in  various  places 
within  the  forest,  but  they  are  quite 
as  probably  the  remains  of  royal  hunt- 
ing-seats as  of  churches.  The  fair 
conclusion  seems  to  be,  that,  finding 
a  rough  and  thinly  peopled  tract  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  tne  old  royal 
seat  of  Winchester,  one,  too,  whose 
poor  soil  prevented  its  making  any 
profitable  return  to  the  husbandman, 
the  new  king  enlarged  its  bounds', 
and  if  here  and  there  a  few  dwellings 
or  a  church  opposed  an  obstacle  to 
the  design,  we  mav  suppose  they  were 
at  once  demolished ;  whether  any  com- 
pensation was  made,  it  is  of  course 
impossible  to  tell;  but  the  general 
tenor  of  the  Norman  rule  would  lead 
to  the  inference  that  it  was  not,  and 
there  is  evidence  in  the  Chartulary  of 
Abingdon,  that  Windsor  Forest  was 
enlarged  by  William  at  the  expense 
of  the  abbey. 


A.D.  1080. 

Walcher,  the  first  Norman  bishop 
of  Durham,  is  slain,  with  all  his  at- 
tendants, by  the  people.  May  14. 

Odo  of  Bayeux  ravages  tne  coimtry 
in  revenge. 

A.D.  1081. 

"This  year  the  king  led  an  army 
into  Wales,  and  freed  many  himdreds 
of  men."    Caradoc  of  Llancarvan  says 


that  he  advanced  ''after  the  manner 
of  a  pilg^m,  as  far  as  St.  David's, 
where  he  offered  his  devotion  to  that 
saint,  and  received  the  homage  of  the 
kings  and  princes  of  the  country." 

Certain  laws  modifying  the  laws  of 
Edward  the  Confessor  said  to  be  is- 
sued by  William. 

An  earthquake  does  great  damage 
in  England. 

A.D.  1082. 

Odo  of  Bayeux  falls  into  disgrace  ; 
his  vast  possessions  are  seized  by  the 
king. 

A.D.  1083. 

Thurstan,  the  abbot  of  Glastonbury, 
quarrels  with  his  monks,  and  bringi 
armed  men  into  the  church,  who  kill 
three  and  wound  eighteen  odiers  around 
the  altar. 

A  heavy  tax  of  72  pence  (or  treble  , 
the  former  rate)  is  laid  on  each  hide  ,  . .  / 
ofland\  '^fc 

Queen  Matilda  dies,  Nov.  2  ;  she  is 
buried  in  the  nunnery  of  Holy  Trinity, 
at  Caen^ 

A.D.  1085. 

Canute,  king  of  Denmark,  Olaf  of 
Norway,  and  Kobert,  count  of  Flan- 
ders, prepare  a  fleet  for  the  invasion 
of  England. 

William  hires  a  large  army  in  France 
and  other  countries,  brings  them  to 
England,  where  he  quarters  them  on 
the  people,  and  lays  waste  the  sea- 
coast 

A  mutiny  arises  in  the  hostile  fleet ; 
Canute  is  killed  in  a  church*  by  his 
own  men,  during  the  winter,  ana  the 
enterprise  is  abandoned 


THE  DOMESDAY  BOOK. 


A.D.  1085. 

A  general  survey  and  valuation  of 
the  land  is  ordered  bv  the  king  \  *'  So 
very  narrowly  indeed  did  he  commis- 
sion them  to  trace  it  out,  that  there 
was  not  one  single  hide  nor  a  yard  of 
land  (quarter  acre),  nay,  moreover,  (it 


is  shameful  to  tell,  though  he  thought 
it  no  shame  to  do  it,)  not  even  an  ox, 
nor  a  cow,  nor  a  swine,  was  there  left 
that  was  not  set  down.  And  all  the 
recorded  particulars  were  afterwards 
brought  to  him;"  at  Winchester,  at 
the  Easter  of  the  year  1086. 


f  Several  entries  occur  in  the  Domesday  Book 
of  the  woods  only  of  a  manor  having  heea  taken 
to  enlarge  the  king's  forest 

^  The  hide,  like  the  canicate,  virgate,  and  acre, 
seems  to  have  varied  in  its  contents ;  some  passages 
of  the  Domesdav  Book  appear  to  make  it  contain 
xao  acres,  but  others  mach  less.  ^ 

*  Her  monumental  slab,  with  its  inscription  legi- 
ble, is  still  preserved  there. 

^  He  was  in  coosequenoe  canonized,  his  feast- 
day  being  Jan.  19. 


1  Some  historians  say  that  it  was  begun  in  zo8o 
or  loS-^,  but  this  is  contradicted  by  internal  evi. 
dence  furnished  by  allusions  in  the  record  to  public 
events  of  which  the  date  is  well  known.  The  Saxon 
Chronicle  says  that  the  survey  was  ordered  by 
William  at  hu  court  at  Gloucester,  held  at  Christ- 
mas, Z085.  But  the  Chronicler  sometimes  begins 
the  year  at  Advent,  or  at  Christmas,  and  henoe 
Christmas,  1084,  may  be  meant,  which  gives  fifteen 
months  instead  of  only  three  tor  the  survey ;  cer- 
tainly not  too  long  for  such  a  work. 


JLD.  1085.] 


WILLIAM  I. 


93 


These  recorded  pafticulars  have 
come  down  to  us  in  the  often-cited  re- 
conj  termed  the  Domesday  Book,  or  the 
Book  ofWinchester.  Persons  called  the 
king's  justiciaries  were  appointed,  of 
whom  the  names  of  four  have  been  pre- 
served, viz.  Remigius  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
Walter  GiiTard,  Henry  de  Ferrers,  and 
Adam,  brother  of  £udo  the  royal 
stewaid,  who  either  in  person  or  by 
deputy  visited  the  greater  part  of 
the  coimtry*",  and  from  the  oaths 
of  the  sheriff,  the  lord  of  each  manor, 
the  priest  of  each  church,  the  reeve 
of  each  hundred,  and  the  bailiff  and 
six  villeins  of  each  vill,  obtained  the 
particulars  of  the  name  of  the  place, 
who  held  it  in  the  time  of  King  Ed- 
ward, who  was  the  present  holder,  its 
extent,  the  number  of  tenants  of  each 
class,  bond  and  free,  the  homages  of 
each  manor,  the  extent  of  wood,  mea- 
dow, and  pasture,  the  mills  and  ponds, 
the  gross  value  in  King  Edward's 
time,  and,  which  gives  a  key  to  the 
whole,  whether  any  advance  could  be 
made  in  the  value;  an  expectation, 
however,  doomed  to  disappointment, 
as  the  great  majority  of  places  are 
returned  as  of  less  value  now  than 
formerly,  the  natural  consequence  of 
the  mal-administration  of  the  con- 
querors". These  particulars,  which 
are  found  in  an  existing  inquisition 
into  property  in  Cambridgeshire  and 
Hertfordshire,  do  not  b^r  out  the 
complaint  of  the  Saxon  Chronicle  as 
to  the  cattle ;  but  it  is  probable  that 
the  officials  often  exceeded  their  in- 
structions, and  inquired  more  minutely 
than  they  had  been  directed  to  do. 
When  completed,  these  inquisitions 
were  sent  to  Winchester,  and  being 
there  digested,  were  entered  in  the 
book  now  preserved  in  the  Public 
Kecord  Office,  but  formerly  carried 
about  with  the  king  and  the  ^^it 
seal,  and  termed  indifferently  the  Book 
of  Winchester,  from  the  place  of  its 
compilation,  and  Domesday  Book, 
either  from  a  profane  parallel  insti- 
tuted between  its  decisions  and  those 
of  the  day  of  doom,  or  judgment,  or 
more  probably  from  its  being,  while 


at  Winchester,  deposited  in  a  chapel 
or  vault  of  the  cathedral,  called  Do- 
mus  Dei. 

This  most  remarkable  document  is 
written  on  vellum,  and  forms  two  vo- 
lumes of  unequal  size, — one  being  a 
folio  of  382  pages,  in  a  small  hand ; 
the  other  a  quarto  of  450  pages,  in 
a  larger  one.  The  first  volume  com- 
mences with  an  entry  of  all  the  above 
particulars  as  regards  the  county  of 
"  Chenth,"  and  the  shires  are  arranged 
in  series  running  from  east  to  west, 
and  one  from  west  to  east,  though 
their  limits  do  not  always  agree  with 
the  modem  divisions,  and  sometimes 
— for  the  sake,  apparently,  of  bringing 
all  the  property  of  some  great  land- 
holder together — a  portion  of  one 
county  is  described  in  another.  Com- 
mencmg  with  Kent,  the  survey  pro- 
ceeds sdong  the  coast  (but  including 
Berkshire)  to  Cornwall ;  then,  start- 
ing from  Middlesex,  proceeds  through 
Hertford,  Bucks,  Osdford,  Gloucester^ 
and  Worcester,  to  Hereford ;  the  third 
series  begins  with  Cambridge,  and 
embraces  Huntingdon,  Bedford,  N  orth- 
ampton,  Leicester,  Warwick,  Stafford,, 
and  Salop :  and  the  fourth,  Chester, 
Derby,  part  of  Lancashire,  Yorkshire, 
and  Lincoln.  The  secona  volume  is 
occupied  only  with  the  three  counties 
of  Essex,  Suffolk,  and  Norfolk ;  and, 
beside  the  same  matters  as  in  the 
first,  has  lists  of  ''  invasions,''  as  they 
are  termed,  or  of  lands  possessed 
without  a  title  from  the  king. 

The  number  of  tenants  in  capite 
entered  in  the  first  volume  is  qio, 
in  the  second,  162  ** ;  but  several  of 
these  are  the  same  persons.  The 
number  of  under-tenants  is  about 
8,000,  the  great  majority  of  whom,  or 
their  ancestors,  had  held  the  same 
lands  in  Saxon  times,  though  then  as 
principals. 

As  might  be  expected,  the  g^reat 
landholders  are  those  who  had  held 
posts  in  the  invading  army.  Thus, 
Robert,  carl  .of  Mortain,  William's 
half-brother,  had  received  the  earldom 
of  Cornwall,  and  793  manors,  scattered 
over  20  counties ;  GUbert  of  Gand,  said 


*  Neither  Northumberland,  nor  Durham,  and  but 
a  mall  part  of  Comberland  and  Westmoreland,  ap- 

ein  the  return,— for  whldi  Tarious  causes  have 
aadigaed  ;  the  most  probable  being  that  they 
vers  thea  in  the  hands  of  the  Soots. 
■  The  lands  in  the  king's  hands  are  more  highly 


rated  than  before,  and  the  rents  exacted  bv  him 
from  the  towns  are  greatly  increased,  but  the  es- 
utes  in  the  p(»session  of  his  subjects  appear  gene- 
rally reduced  in  value. 

•  Exclusive  of  ecclesiastical  corporations,  which 
bring  the  total  up  to  about  2400. 


^4 


THE  NOIUAAN  ERA. 


[a.d.  1085. 


tobethe  queen's  nephew,liad  manors  in 
14  counties  ;  Alan,  earl  of  Richmond, 
had  442  manors,  in  13  counties,  and 
the  bishop  Odo  of  Bayeux,  439  man- 
ors, in  17  counties  ^  William  had  \n 
his  own  hands,  beside  quit-rents  and 
various  proceeds  from  others,  about 
1400  manors  *,  many  of  which  had  be- 
longed either  to  King  Edward,  or  to 
Harold  and  his  family.  Though  so 
liberal  to  his  chiefs,  it  is  remarkable 
that  none  of  William's  sons  appear 
possessed  of  land.  William's  inferior 
followers  and  personal  attendants  were 
also  rewarded,  and  among  the  tenants 
in  chief  appear,  beside  others  of  their 
class,  Herbert  die  chamberlain,  Alric, 
Hunfrid,  and  Tezelin,  the  cooks  ;  Ray- 
ner  the  carpenter,  Walter  the  crossbow- 
man,  Roger  the  farrier,  Richard  the 
forester,  and  Bernard  die  falconer; 
Robert  the  steward,  and  Wlo  the 
porter. 

The  same  record  shews  how  many 
of  the  great  nobles  and  landholders 
had  disappeared,  and  the  few  who 
remain  are  found  usually  holding  a 
portion  of  their  former  lands  as  the 
sub-tenants  of  the  invaders.  Thus 
the  lands  of  Edwin  and  Morcar  had 
passed  chiefly  to  Alan  of  Britanny; 
and  though  their  mother  Alveva  pos- 
sessed some  manors  in  Ldcestershire, 
her  estates  in  Suffolk  were  in  the 
hands  of  the  king.  Edgar  Atheling 
had  a  single  estate,  of  700  or  800  acres, 
in  Hertfordshire,  and  his  sister  Chris- 
tina had  some  manors  in  Oxford  and 
Warwick,  one  of  which  had  been  given 
to  her  by  William.  On  the  other  hand, 
Cospatric,  the  earl  of  Northumberland, 
whose  estates  had  embraced  a  large 
portion  of  Yorkshire,  hdd,  at  the  time 
of  the  survey,  a  few  of  them  of  Alan 
of  Britann^r,  who  had  dispossessed 
him  ;  Archil,  his  associate,  who  had 
formerly  had  lands  in  Warwick,  Lei- 


cester, Lincoln,  Cheshire,  Nottingham, 
and  York,  had  a  single  manor  in  York* 
shire ;  but,  as  might  perhaps  be  ex- 
pected fix>m  the  Norman  love  of  the 
chase,  several  huntsmen  appear  as 
tenants  in  chief  of  the  lands  they  had 
held  under  Edward,  the  Confessor. 

Those  who  had  been  under-tenants 
in  Saxon  times  seem  to  have  usually 
continued  in  the  same  state,  except  in 
the  instances  where  properties  once 
productive  are  set  down  in  Domesday 
Book  as  "  wasted ;"  and  whose  num- 
ber in  Yorkslure  especially  is  so  great 
as  to  justify  the  received  opinion,  that 
the  whole  country  between  the  Hunt- 
ber  and  the  Tees  (and  perhaps  beyond, 
but  the  survey  goes  no  further  north,) 
was  reduced  almost  to  a  desert  by  the 
Normans  after  their  recapture  of  York 
in  1069. 

Although  the  Domesday  Book  is 
evidendy  not  intended  as  a  record  of 
the  population  of  the  country',  it  yet 
accurately  shews  the  various  ranks  of 
society,  and  their  relative  importance. 
Next  after  the  king  stand  me  arch- 
bishops and  other  dignified  ecclesi- 
astics ;  then  the  barons, — which  teim 
appears  to  include  all  the  tenants  in 
capite";  the  thanes,  meaning  some- 
times the  remains  of  the  Saxon  ikk 
bility,  sometimes  the  king's  inferior 
officers;  the  vavassors,  or  fiee  men 
holdin?  of  the  tenants  in  caoite ;  the 
allodi£u  tenants,  few  in  number,  who 
were  free  from  many,  but  not  all,  of 
the  restraints  of  the  feudal  system; 
the  knights,  and  the  free  men,  in  both 
which  classes  great  differences  of  pro- 
perty and  importance  are  apparent*; 
the  socmen,  who  held  of  some  great 
baron,  but  not  by  military  service  ; 
the  villeins,  equivalent  to  die  ceorles 
of  Saxon  times  :  the  borderers,  coscets^ 
and  bures,  whose  conditions  have  been 
very  variously  described  by  different 


'  That  is,  he  had  possessed  such  a  vamber,  as 
wdl  as  t)K  eaildom  of  Kent;  bat  he  had  fidlen 
into  dugnct,  and  his  acquisitions  were  sequestered, 
or  had  passed  into  the  long's  hands  before  dke 
making  of  the  lurvey. 

«  But  x6s  are  entmd  as  haviag  beUmged  to  Ed- 
ward, and  1x8  to  Harold ;  so  that  William's  revenue 
must  have  greatly  exceeded  that  of  any  of  the 
Saxon  kings. 

'  The  whde  number  of  persons  recorded  amonnts 
only  to  983,049. 

■  The  greater  tenants  were  known  9S  peers  i/mrrs 
<urue  rtgis\  and  persons  who  held  largely  ol  diem 
were  often  Bt>ied  their  barons.  The  citizens  of 
London,  York,  Chester,  and  other  important  places 


Cas  ^he  Cinque  Poits),  also  bore  the  tide  of  hareos 
at  a  later  i>eriod. 

*  Sometimes  the  tens  knight  evidently  aesMk 
nothing  more  than  a  horsenuuQ,  sometimes  dse 
knight  is  found  as  holding  Utfge  estates;  die 
IcBtthts  holding  of  ecdesiastacs  appear  to  have 
had  ordinarily  the  largest  possessions  of  any  of 
The  "free  men**  seem  usually  to  hxi 
D,  or  under  the  pu. 
loi^    A  somewhat 


,    4hxv« 
in  a  state  of  dqiendenoe  on,  or  under  the  pur- 
chased protection  of  a  su      *     *    *      ' 
difierent  class  are  die 


superior  lora 
e  ourgesses, 


by  the  king  in  maav  towns ;  d^y  ap- 
pear to  have  been  free  men  who  paid  a  oectam 
yearly  sum   for 
trades. 


A.D.  1085— loS;.] 


WILLIAM   I. 


95 


writers,  but  who  may  be  taken  ge- 
nerally as  villeins  ■  ;  the  servi  and 
ancillx,  equivalent  to  the  bondmen 
and  bondwomen  of  Holy  Writ. 


A.D.  1086. 


William  knights  his  son  Henry  at 
Westminster,  at  Pentecost ;  holds  his 
court  at  Salisbury,  in  August,  "where 
he  was  met  by  his  councillors,  and  all 
the  landholders  bowed  themselves  be- 
fore him,  and  became  his  men,  and 
swore  him  oaths  of  allegiance." 

William  passes  over  to  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  and  thence  to  Normandy,  first 
collecting  large  sums  from  the  people, 
"whether  with  justice  or  without." 

Edgar  Atheling  leaves  his  court,  and 
goes  abroad,  "for  he  received  not 
much  honour  from  him ;"  his  sister 
Christina  becomes  a  nun  at  Romsey. 

"A  very  sorrowful  year  in  England, 
from  tempests,  and  blight,  and  mur- 
rain among  the  cattle." 


A.D.  1087. 

A  very  great  fire  in  London ;  St. 
Paul's  burnt. 

"  In  the  same  year  also,  before  the 
Assumption  of  St.  Xlary  (Aug.  15), 
King  William  went  from  Normandy 
into  France  with  an  army,  and  made 
war  upon  his  own  lord,  Philip  the 
Idng,  and  slew  many  of  his  men,  and 
burned  ^e  town  of  Mantes,  and  all 
the  holy  minsters  that  were  in  the 
town  ;  two  holy  men  that  served  God, 
leading  the  life  cf  anchorites,  were 
Immed  therein." 

William  returns  to  Normandy,  falls 
sick  and  dies,  at  the  priory  of  St.  Ger- 
vase,  near  Rouen,  Sept  9.  He  is 
buried  at  Caen,  in  St  Stephen's  min- 
ster. 

"  Alas  !  how  false  and  how  uncer- 
tain is  this  world's  weal!  He  that  was 
before  a  rich  king,  and  lord  of  many 
lands,  had  not  then  of  all  his  land 
more  than  a  space  of  seven  feet  *  I  and 
he  that  was  whilome  enshrouded  in 
gold  and  gems,  lay  there  covered  with 
mould  !" 


Events  in  General  History. 


The  Normans  robdue  Sicily  .  1072 

HikifhianH  becomes  Pope,  as  Gre- 
gory VIL        ,        .        .        .     1073 
The  £nq>erar  Henry  IV.  makes  his 


A.l> 

sabmissicm  to  the  Clrarch  •  to^^ 
The  Normans  aUack  the  Eastern 

Empire  .        .        •        •        •  xo8i 

Death  of  Robert  Gnisourd      .        .  1085 


■  VaUenage  Is  regarded  hy  Sir  Edward  Coke  as 
the  origiB  of  the  copyhold  tamre,  and,  like  that, 
it  indodod  «  grest  'vaziety  of  privileges  and  bor- 
deos,  vluch  cannot  be  iadudcd  in  any  one  sadsiac- 
toy  definidoB. 


^  Evenihis  small  space,  accor£ng  to  the  accoont 
of  Orderic,  iros  purdhased  at  the  tine  of  his  fnnenl, 
from  a  knj^t  whose  pattimony  had  been  seized  for 
the  nte  of  the  abbey,  and  who  interrupted  the 
ceremony  by  a  focmal  demand  of  justice. 


Oreat  Seal  of  WllUam  Enfos. 


WILLIAM  IL 


This,  the  third  son  of  William  I., 
was  bom  about  io6a  He  appears  to 
have  attached  himself  more  closely  to 
his  father  than  did  his  elder  brothers, 
being  his  constant  companion  in  war, 
and  receiving  the  gift  of  the  kingdom 
of  England  from  him.  He  fulfilled 
his  father's  directions  by  setting  at 
liberty  several  prisoners  of  conse- 
quence but  he  experienced  little  gra- 
titude from  them,  as  they  mostly  joined 
the  party  of  hb  brother  Robert.  His 
xeign  was  passed  in  turmoil,  arising 
from  frequent  conspiracies  among  his 
Norman  nobles,  but  he  triumphed 
over  them  by  the  aid  of  the  English, 
to  whom  he  promised  good  govern- 
ment. This  promise,  however,  he  took 


no  pains  to  keep.  His  principal  ad- 
viser was  a  Norman  chaplain,  named 
Ralph,  but  better  known  as  "  Flam- 
bard"  (Firebrand),  who  acted  as  his 
chief  justiciary,  and  travelled  about 
the  country  practising  every  extortion. 
William  at  length  met  a  violent  deaths 
Aug.  2,  I  ICO,  but  whether  by  accident 
or  design  is  uncertain '. 

His  well-known  appellation  of  Rufus, 
or  "  the  Red  King/'  was  bestowed  in 
consequence  of  his  light  hair  and 
ruddy  complexion.  He  pursued  the 
chase  with  ardour,  and  although  when 
his  Nonnan  nobles  conspired  against 
him  he  promised  an  alleviation  of  the 
forest  laws,  he  never  granted  it ;  he 
affected  extravagant  apparel,  and  led 


•  The  dreamt  of  the  kmg  and  others,  laid  to 
portend  his  death,  recorded  by  Orderic  and  Wil. 
liam  of  Mahnesbury,  need  no  remaric ;  but  there  is 
a  singular  statement  on  the  subject  in  Eadmer. 
"Ansdm.  the  exiled  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
being  with  Hugo,  the  abbot  of  Cluny,  the  conver- 
sation turned  on  King  \^^Iliam,  when  the  abbot 
obsenred,— '  Last  night  that  king  was  brought  be- 
fore God.;  and  by  a  deliberate  jud^ent  incurred 
thfO  sorrowful  sentence  of  damnation.'    How  he 


came  to  know  this^  he  neither  expkuned  at  the 
time,  nor  did  any  ot  his  hearers  ask ;  nevertheless, 
out  of  respect  to  his  piety,  not  a  doubt  of  the  truth, 
of  his  words  remained  on  the  minds  of  any  present. 
Hugo  led  such  a  life,  had  such  a  character,  that  all 
regarded  his  discourse,  and  venerated  his  advice, 
as  though  an  oracle  from  heaven  had  spoken.** 
From  this,  some  comparatively  modem  witters 
have  concluded  that  William  was  the  victim  oT 
a  con^iracy  which  was  known  to  Hugo. 


A.D.  1087 — logo.] 


WILLIAM   II. 


9T 


a  most  depraved  life.  He  was  never 
married,  and  is  not  known  to  have 
left  any  illegitimate  issue. 

William,  like  his  father,  has  ascribed 
to  him  the  arms  of  Normandy, "  Gules, 
two  lions  passant  gardant  in  pale,  or." 


Anna  aiofbed  to  William  n. 

His  contemporaries  speak  most  un- 
favourably of  this  king.  They  describe 
him  as  harsh  and  severe,  formidable 
to  his  neighbours,  and  avaricious,  yet 
both  pro(Sgal  and  profligate;  fierce 
and  overbearing  in  his  manner  in 
public,  but  coarsely  jocular  with  his 
intimate  associates.  ''God's  Church 
he  humbled ;  he  held  bishoprics  in 
his  hand ;"  the  revenues  of  the  sees 
of  Cantcrbtiry,  Salisbury,  and  Win- 
chester, and  of  eleven  abbeys  were 
received  by  his  officers  in  the  year 
that  he  died\  "He  was  loathed  by 
nearly  all  his  people,  and  odious  to 
God,  as  his  end  testified." 


A.D.  1087. 

William  hastens  to  England,  is  re- 
ceived as  king,  and  is  crowned  at  West- 
minster by  Lanfranc,  Sept.  26  ^ 

Robert  is  acknowledged  as  duke  in 
Normandy. 

William  repairs  to  Winchester,  dis- 
tributes much  of  his  father's  treasure 


for  masses  for  his  soul  to  each  mon- 
astery  and  parish  chiu^ch,  and  re- 
leases many  prisoners**,  agreeably  to 
his  dying  wish. 

The  Welsh  make  an  incursion, 
and  ravage  the  country  as  far  as 
Worcester. 

A.D.  1088. 

Odo,  bishop  of  Bayeux,  William  de 
S.  Carileph,  bishop  of  Durham,  Roger, 
earl  of  Shrewsbury,  and  other  Nor- 
man nobles,  conspire  against  William, 
at  Lent.  They  raise  troops  and  bum 
his  farms  and  kill  his  men. 

William  obtains  aid  from  the  Eng- 
lish, by  promising  them  good  goverp-^iA  v^  C  * 
ment  He  captures  RochesteA>rstle, 
the  stronghold  of  his  bsothev^fCobert's 
partisans,  drives  the  two  bishops  from 
the  kingdom',  and  confiscates  the  es- 
tates of  the  nobles. 

Godred  Cronan  dies. 

A.D.  1089. 

Archbishop  Lanfranc  dies.  May  24. 
The  king  keeps  the  see  vacant  four 
years. 

A  great  earthquake  in  England, 
Aug.  13. 

Robert  quarrels  with  his  brother 
Henry,  and  imprisons  him ;  but  after 
a  short  time  sets  him  free. 

Jestyn,  lord  of  Glamoxgan,  rebels 
against  Rhys  ap  Tudor,  prince  of 
Dynevor,  but  is  defeated. 

A.D.  1090. 

William  makes  war  on  Robert  in 
Normandy,  and  gains  most  of  the 
strong  places,  but  is  foiled  in  an  at- 
tempt on  Rouen,  Nov.  3. ' 

Jestyn  procures  Norman  aid^,  and 
defeats  and  kills  Rhys  ap  Tudor. 
"With  him,"  says  Caradoc  of  Llan- 


k  "On  the  deaths  of  Baldwin  of  St  Edmunds- 
"barf,  and  Simeon  of  Ely,  and  other  abbots,  the  royal 
officers  seised  the  monasteries  throughout  Eng- 
land, and  issnin^  a  slender  allowance  of  food  and 
cfeching  to  their  umates,  paid  the  surplus  into  the 
treasory.  After  a  while  the  king  bestowed  the  dig- 
nicies  on  certain  ecclesiastics  about  his  court,  not 
§cs  their  fitness  for  such  posts,  but  for  their  ser^ 
vices  fcodered  in  secular  affairs."  (Ordericus  Vi- 
tafis,  lib.  X.  c.  3.)  Ralph,  the  justiciary,  is  said  to 
hanre  been  the  king's  adviser  in  these  proceedings. 

«  The  yean  tdlus  reign  are  reckoned  from  this 


Amof^  them,  Florence  of  Worcester  enume- 
a  Odo,  bishop  of  Baveuz,  (reluctantly  par- 
doned fay  bis  dymg  brother,)  die  earl  Morcar, 
Roger  Montgomery,  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  Siward 
Ban^  AMcar  the  brother,  and  Wulfnoth  the  son, 
oC  Hanrfd;  Morcar  and  Wul&oth,  however,  were 


S?' 


shortljr  after  4gain  imprisoned ;  when  the  former 
was  killed  by  some  of  his  own  people,  and  the 
latter  became  a  monk. 

•  Odo  never  returned  to  England,  but  William 
was  reinstated  in  1091,  and  held  his  see  until  his 
death.  Jan.  x,  X096. 

'  Ttus  was  mamljr  owing  to  help  given  to  Robert 
Henry,  who  having  captured  Conan,  the  leader 

William's  partisans,  with  his  own  hands  cast  him 
from  a  high  tower,  killing  him  on  the  q>ot. 

c  It  was  obtained  for  nim  by  Einion,  the  son  of 
die  lord  of  Dyved  (Pembroke),  who  had  served 
in  the  Norman  armies,  and  consisted  of  Robert 
F^tzhamon  and  twelve  other  knijg;hts,  and  3^000 
men.  The  Normans  erected  thetr  conquest  mto 
the  Honour  of  Glamorgan,  built  eighteen  casdes  in 
it,  and  divided  it  into  thirty-six  knights'  fees ;  it 
was  the  first  of  the  paladne  districts  which  were 
governed  by  the  lords  marchers. 


H 


^s 


THE.  NORMAN   ERA. 


[a.d.  1090 — 1094. 


<3arvan,  "fell  the  glory  of  Dynevor, 
the  land  being  afterwards  rent  in 
pieces  and  divided  by  the  Norman 
captains." 

Jestyn  quarrels  with  Einion,  who 
then  makes  a  new  compact  with  the 
Normans ;  they  drive  Jestyn  from 
Glamorgan,  estabhsh  themselves  on 
the  sea  coast,  and  bestow  the  interior 
on  £inion« 

The  king  grants  lands  in  Wales  to 
-such  of  his  knights  as  choose  to  at- 
tempt their  conquest  In  consequence, 
Bernard  of  Neunnarch^  subdues  Breck- 
nock; Henry  of  Neufboui^,  carl  of 
Warwick,  seizes  on  Gower;  Roger, 
caxi  of  Shrewsbury,  captures  Bald- 
win's castle^  and  Cardigan ;  and  Hugh, 
earl  of  Chester,  ravages  the  sea  shore 
i>y  Conway,  and  occupies  Anglesey. 

A.D.  1091. 

William  passfcs  over  to  Normandy, 
in  January.  A  treaty  is  concluded 
between  him  and  Robert.  Robert 
surrenders  many  towns  and  castles 
to  William,  in  return  for  which  his 
partisans  have  their  forfeited  estates 
restored. 

Edgar  Atheling,  deprived  by  Wil- 
liam's wish  of  some  estates  in  Nor- 
mandy, goes  to  Scotland. 

Henry  (afterwards  Idng)  is  besieged 
in  Mont  St.  Michel  by  William  and 
Robert  in  concert,  and  driven  into 
exile. 

Malcolm  of  Scotland  invades  Eng- 
land, in  May,  but  is  repulsed. 

William,  accompanied  by  Robert, 
returns  to  England  in  August,  marches 
against  Malcolm,  and  compels  him 
to  do  homage  ^ 

Edgar  Atheling  has  restoration  of 
his  Norman  lands. 

Robert,  seeing  the  agreement  badly 
kept  by  William,  returns  to  Normandy 
at  Christmas,  taking  Edgar  Atheling 
with  him. 

A.D.  1092. 

The  city  of  Bath  given  to  the  see  of 
Wells,  and  the  seat  of  the  bishop  re- 
moved thither. 

William  obtains  possession  of  Cum- 


berland, driving  out  Dol£n,  (properly 
Thorfinn)  a  Northman  ruler,  and  sends 
many  peasants  to  settle  there  and  till 
the  land. 

The  see  of  Thetfoid  removed  to 
Norwich. 

The  king  of  Scotland,  accompanied 
by  Edgar  Atheling,  comes  to  WiUiam 
at  Gloucester,  to  treat  about  peace ; 
nothing  is  conduded,  and  they  part 
in  anger. 

The  Welsh  attack  and  destroy  many 
of  the  Norman  castles ;  Pembroke  and 
Brecknock  hold  out  against  them. 

Prince  Henry  gains  possession  of 
Domfront,  and  re-establishes  himself 
in  Normandy. 

A.D.  1093. 

William  falls  ill  at  Gloucester  during 
Lent ;  he  promises  righteous  laws,  and 
gives  lands  to  churches,  but  on  his  Fe> 
covery  resumes  them. 

Anselm*"  is  appointed  to  the  see 
of  Canterbury-  he  is  consecrated 
Dec/j)_         >  u 

Nhocolm  invades  England,  but  is 
kiDed,  and  Edward  his  son  mor- 
tally wounded,  in  Northumberland, 
November  13.  The  queen  Margaret 
''was  in  her  mind  almost  distracted 
to  death;  she  with  her  priests  went 
to  church,  and  performed  her  rites, 
and  prayed  before  God  that  she  mi^ht 
die ;"  she  died  "  before  the  prayers 
were  ended"  (Nov.  16)  ^  Donald 
Bane,  the  brother  of  Malcolm,  is 
chosen  king;  he  drives  out  all  the 
English  and  Norman  exiles. 

Duncan,  Malcolm's  illegitimate  son, 
being  a  hostage  in  William's  hands, 
does  homage  to  him,  and  having 
English  and  French  troops  with  hinx 
obtains  the  kingdom. 

The  Normans  ravage  Kidwelly. 
A.D.  1094. 

The  king  refuses  to  surrender  the 
temporalities  of  his  see  to  Anselm. 

Robert  demands  from  the  king  the  ful- 
filment of  the  conditions  of  the  treaty 
between  them ;  which  is  refused. 

William  crosses  the  see  to  Nor- 
mandy.   War  ensues  with  Robert. 
The  Welsh   re-conquer  Anglesey. 


^  This  fortress,  bailt  in  X067,  had  been  soon  after 
surprised  by  the  Welsh  ;  the  captor  gave  it  his  own 
.  name,  Montgomery,  which  it  still  haus. 

'  See  A.D.  1072. 

k  He,  like  Lanfranc,  was  an  Italian,  and  he  was 
-abbot  of  Bee  for  several  years ;  under  his  rule,  the 


renown  of  the  abbey  as  a  place  of  learning  was 
fully  maintained,  and  he  himself  was  the  author  of 
sevend  valuable  works. 

1  Margaret  was  canonised  by  Pope  Lmooent  IV. 
in  X25L. 


A.D.  I094,  I09S-] 


THE  CRUSADES. 


99 


The  castle  of  Brecknock  is  abandoned, 
and  most  of  the  other  Norman  gar- 
risons are  either  slaughtered  or  with- 
draw beyond  the  Severn  and  Wye. 

Duncan  is  killed,  and  Donald  Bane 
rc-obtains  the  crown  of  Scotland 

A.D.  1095. 

Henry  (afterwards  king)  passes  into 
Xormandy,  as  William's  general,  to 
make  war  on  Robert 

Robert  Mowbray,  carl  of  Northimi- 
berland,  heads  a  conspiracy  of  the 
Norman  nobles.  William  disperses 
his  opponents,  and  builds   a   castle 


called  "  Malveisin  ""  close  to  the  earFs 
stronghold  of  Bamborough. 

The  earl  is  captmt^d  after  a  time  by 
the  garrison  of  Malveisin,  and,  being 
threatened  with  blinding,  surrenders 
his  fortress  ■. 

The  Welsh  capture  the  castle  of 
Montgomery,  and  slay  the  garrison. 
William  marches  against  them,  but 
they  elude  his  pursuit.  He  encou- 
rages the  building  of  castles  on  the 
borders. 

William  visits  Normandy,  when  Ro- 
bert mortgages  the  duchy  to  him,  and 
departs  for  £he  East. 


THE  CRUSADES. 


The  Egyptian  rule  in  Palestine  *» 
was  overthrown  about  1076  by  the 
adherents  of  the  Caliph  of  Bagdad, 
among  whom  a  rude  race  from  Cen- 
tral Asia,  called  Turkmans,  was  in- 
cluded, and  to  Ortok,  their  leader, 
the  charge  of  Jerusalem  was  com- 
mitted. These  new  comers  treated 
both  the  native  Christians  and  the  pil- 
grims with  every  indignity  and  cruelty, 
and  the  narrative,  spread  through  Eu- 
rope by  Peter  the  Hermit  p,  one  of  the 
sufferers,  sufficed  to  determine  its  war- 
like princes  and  people  to  unite  in  a 
great  and  worthy  effort  for  the  rescue 
of  the  Holy  Land  from  the  hands  of 
the  infidels. 

It  was  at  a  council  held  at  Clermont 
in  November,  1095,  under  the  presi- 
dency of  Pope  Urban  H.,  that  this 
step  was  determined  on,  and  the  fol- 
lowing August  was  appointed  for  the 
departure  of  the  expedition.  The  time 
was  anticipated  by  the  impatience  of 
a  vast  body  of  peasants,  who,  placing 
themselves  under  the  guidance  of  Peter 
the  Hermit  and  his  lieutenant,  Walter 
the  Pennyless,  advanced  as  early  as 
March  £rom  the  borders  of  the  Rhine,' 
but  after  suffering  innumerable  hard- 
ships they  were  cut  off  at  their  very 
entrance   into   Asia   by    the    Sultan 


of  Nice;  Walter  fell  among  them, 
but  Peter  found  shelter  at  Constan- 
tinople. 

The  main  army  of  the  crusaders 
started  about  the  appointed  time,  and 
passing,  some  through  Germany,  Him- 
gary,  and  the  Greek  dominions,  others 
through  Italy  and  then  by  sea,  they 
rendezvoused  at  Constantinople  in 
May,  1097.  Their  chief  leaders  were 
Godfrey  of  Bouillon  duke  of  Lorraine, 
accompanied  by  his  brothers  Eustace 
and  Baldwin  ^ ;  Raymond  count  of 
Toulouse,  and  Adhemar  bishop  of 
Puy,  the  papal  legate ;  the  Norman 
princes  Bohemond  of  Tarentum  and 
his  nephew  Tancred ;  Robert,  son  of 
William  I.,  and  Stephen  of  Chartres, 
his  brother-in-law ;  Robert  count  of 
Flanders,  and  Hugh  count  of  Ver- 
mandoisi  brother  of  Philip  I.  of 
France.  The  aid  of  the  nations  of 
the  West  had  been  invoked  by  the 
Emperor  Alexius,  but  when  this  great 
body  arrived,  it  appeared  so  formid- 
able that  his  fears  were  roused,  and 
he  only  consented  to  furnish  the  means 
of  transport  across  the  narrow  channel 
of  Constantinople  after  the  leaders  had 
done  homage  to  him,  and  promised  to 
hold  any  conquests  they  might  make 
as  fiefs  of  his  empire. 


-  literally,  "Bad  Neighbour." 

•  He  was  long  imprisoDed  at  Windsor,  but  at 
length  was  alknred  to  beoome  a  monk  at  St  Al- 
baiTs  ^iMxe  be  died  in  zzo6. 

"  SoeJUD.  zos8. 

r  He  was  called  either  Peter  L'Hermite  from 
the  name  of  his  father,  or  Peter  d'Achery,  from 
the  place  of  his  birth  in  Picardy.  He  was  bom 
about  1053,  and  went  on  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy 
Land  at  cfic  age  of  40>  He  remained  in  Palestine 
seme  years  after  the  establishment  of  the  Christian 

H 


kin^om,  and  after  his  return  to  Europe  in  itogp 
he,  in  conjunction  with  Lambert,  count  of  Clcr> 
monL  founded  a  priory  at  Seumosldex,  near  Huy, 
in  fuUilment  of  a  vow  made  during  a  storm  at  sea. 
He  died  at  Neumostier  Tune  6.  1x15,  at  the  age  of 
6».  Peter  is  described  by  William  of  Tyre  as  of 
small  stature  and  contemptible  in  appearance,  but 
with  a  dear  cheerful  eye,  and  an  eloquent  flow  oC 
speech  that  carried  all  hearts  with.  him. 

«  They  were  the  sons  of  Eustace  of  Boulogne* 
already  mentioned.    See  A.D.  Z051. 


2^:5999,^ 


100 


THE  NORMAN  ERA. 


[a.d.  1096 — 1098. 


This  point  settled,  the  host  ad- 
vanced ;  its  numbers  cannot  be  ac- 
curately ascertained,  but  it  is  stated 
by  a  contemporary  who  was  present 
(Fulcher  of  Chartres)  at  600,000  men 
able  to  bear  arms,  beside  a  multitude 
of  priests  and  monks,  and  women  and 
children. 

Nice,  the  scene  of  the  destruction 
of  the  first  body  of  pilgrims,  was  be- 
sieged and  taken  before  the  end  of 
June,  1097 ;  its  sultan  was  defeated  at 
Dorylaeum,  in  Phrygia,  on  the  4th  of 
July ;  and  Godfrey  and  his  companions, 
having  traversed  Asia  Minor,  m  Octo- 
ber found  themselves  before  Antioch, 
the  capital  of  Syria,  which  they  inune- 
diately  besieged,  but  did  not  capture 
until  June,  1098.  Here  they  reclamed, 
the  prey  of  famine  and  discord,  until 
May,  1099,  when  they  again  set  forth, 
and  passing  along  the  sea-shore,  over- 
awing by  their  numbers,  but  not  paus- 
ing to  make  conquests,  at  lengm,  on 
the  7th  of  June,  they  came  in  sight  of 
the  object  of  all  their  toils,  the  holy 
city,  Jerusalem. 


inuB  of  the  Kisgdom  of  Jflrunlem. 

The  city  had  changed  hands  while 
the  crusade  had  been  in  progress,  and 
was  now  held  by  Alaeddin,  the  lieu- 
tenant of  the  Caliph  of  Egypt,  who 
resolutely  defended  it  for  more  than 
a  month,  but  at  length  it  was  stormed 
on  the  15th  of  July' ;  and  on  Sunday, 
the  24th  of  the  same  month,  Godfrey 
of  Bouillon  was  chosen  ruler  of  the  new 
kingdom;  he, however, piously rdiised 
to  wear  a  crown  of  gold  where  his 
Lord  had  worn  a  crown  of  thorns,  and 
contented  himself  with  the  modest  title 
of  Baron  (Dominus)  of  the  Holy  Sepul- 


chre. His  reign  was  brief,  but,  though 
surroimded  by  powerful  states,  his  im- 
mediate successors  enlarged  their  bor- 
ders, and  before  fifty  years  had  elapsed 
the  whole  country  between  Egypt  and 
Mount  Taurus,  extending  inland  nearly 
to  Damascus,  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
Christians,  and  was  divided  into  the 
kingdom  of  Jerusalem,  the  principality 
of  Antioch,  and  the  county  of  Tnpoli ; 
with  for  some  time  the  district  of 
Edessa,  beyond  the  Euphrates.  This 
last  was  soon  lost  again,  but  Antioch 
and  Tripoli  remained  much  longer  in 
the  hands  of  the  Christians  than  Jeru- 
salem itself. 


A.D.  1096. 

William,  count  of  Eu,  charged  with 
conspiracy,  is  overcome  in  single  com- 
bat, and  is  blinded  and  mutilated. 
Odo  of  Champagne  and  other  nobles, 
on  the  same  charge,  are  deprived  of 
their  lands. 

Several  fruitless  expeditions  into 
Wales  by  the  neighbouring  Norman 
lords.  They,  however,  re-occupy  An- 
glesey. 

The  see  of  Waterford  is  founded  by 
the  Ostmen  in  Ireland,  and  Malchus, 
an  Irishman,  but  educated  in  Eng- 
land, is  consecrated  thereto  by  An- 
selm  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  to 
whom  he  promises  canonical  obedi- 
ence, Dec.  28. 

A.D.  1097. 

William  makes  a  campaign  in  Wales, 
from  Midsummer  to  August,  without 
effect.  The  Norman  lords  build  casUes 
on  the  border. 

William  builds  a  wall  around  the 
Tower,  a  bridge  over  the  Thames, 
and  a  great  hall  at  Westminster  ; 
"and  men  were  grievously  oppressed 
....  and  many  perished  thereby." 

Robert  de  Belesme,  as  William's 
general,  makes  war  on  die  French, 
and  endeavours  to  drive  them  fom 
the  Vexin*. 

Anselm  retires  to  Rome  in  October. 

A.D.  1098. 
Edgar  Atheling,  with  English  aid. 


'  The  day  was  Friday,  and  the  hour  three  in  the 
afternoon.  The  coincidence  of  day  and  hour  with 
those  of  the  Passion  was  used  by  the  leaders  to  en- 
courage their  men  to  a  fresh  assault,  they  having 
been  repulsed  that  very  morning. 


•  This  small  district  lies  on  the  right  JModDf  the 
Seine,  and  was  a  frequent  source  (tf  contention  be- 
tween France  and  Normandv.  The  strong  fortress 
of  Gisors  was  built  in  it  by  Robett  of  Bekme,  who  • 
was  a  skilful  engineer. 


JLD.  1098 — 1 100.] 


WILLIAM  II. 


lOI 


establishes  his  nephew  Edgar  on  the 
throne  in  Scotland. 

Magnus  III.  of  Norway  conquers 
the  (h-kneysy  the  Hebrides,  and  the 
Isle  of  Man^  and  ravages  Anglesey* 
and  other  parts  of  Wades.  On  his 
death,  a  few  years  after,  his  conquests 
fell  under  the  ecclesiastical  influence 
of  England*. 

A.D.  1099. 

William  holds  his  first  court  in  the 
new  palace  at  Westminster  at  Pen- 
tecost 


Ranulph  Flambard,  the  justiciary,  is 
made  bishop  of  Durham,  in  May,  and 
consecrated  June  5. 

William  passes  into  France,  and 
subdues  Maine*. 

A.D.  IIOO. 

William  is  killed  in  the  New  Forest, 
Aug.  2.  He  is  buried  in  Winchester 
cathedral,  "attended  by  many  of  the 
nobility,"  says  William  of  Malmes- 
bury,  ''thougn  lamented  by  few." 


Events  in  General  History. 


Civil  war  among  the  Mohammedan 

states  in  Spain        .        .        .     10S8 
The  Cmsades  begin       •        .        .     1095 


Jerusalem  taken,  and  a  Chiistian 
kingdom  established 


1099 


*At  Aasksey  he  was  encountered  by  Hugh 
Moatgomery  esui  of  Shrewsbury,  and  Hugh  of 
Avzanches  cuA  aKCtuaiter,  who  had  re-captured  the 
island.  The  death  of  the  former,  as  recorded  in 
the  Hrinwknngla,  affords  an  instance  of  clever 
aaiksmanBhip,  which  it  is  to  be  presumed  could 
not  often  be  paralleled  :— 

"King  Magnus  shot  with  the  bow ;  but  Hugo 
dw  Biave  was  all  orer  in  armour,  so  diat  nothing 
vas  bare  about  him  excepting  one  eye.  King 
Magnns  let  fly  an  arrow  at  him,  as  also  did  a  man 
who  was  beside  the  king.  They  both  struck  him 
The  one  shaft  hit  the  nose-screen  of  the 


bdmct,  which  was  bait  by  it  on  one  side,  and  the 
ether  arrow  hit  the  earl's  eye,  and  went  throush 
hk  head,  and  that  was  found  to  be  the  king^i. 


Earl  Hugo  fell,  and  the  English  fled,  with  the  loss 
of  many  people."  The  story  is  also  told  by  Giral- 
dus  Camorensis.  The  Normans  withdrew,  having 
conferred  the  government  on  Owen  ap  Edwin, 
who  is  said  to  nave  been  the  son  of  the  widow  of 
Edmund  Ironside. 

•  The  see  of  Sodor  (or  the  Isles)  and  Man  is  of 
remote  antiquity,  being  ascribed  oy  some  writers 
to  the  time  of  the  Diocletian  persecutioo.  Rey- 
mund,  or  Wymund*  a  monk  of  the  abbey  of  Seez,  m 
Normandy,  was  consecrated  to  the  see  by  ThomaSy 
archbishop  of  York,  between  XX09  ^^  "^4- 

*  Elias,  the  dispossessed  count,  was  the  grand- 
father of  Geoffrey  of  Anjou,  the  founder  of  the 
House  of  Plantagenet. 


flml  Sad  of  EflDiT  th$  Hut 
HENRY  I. 


Henry,  the  youngest  son  d"  Wil- 
liam I.y  was  bom  at  Selby,  in  York- 
shire,  in  1068.  He  received  a  more 
liberal  education  than  was  then  usual 
with  princes,  and  hence  has  the  name 
of  Beauclerc.  He  sided  alternately 
with  his  brothers  Robert  and  William, 
but  on  one  occasion  when  they  united 
against  him  he  was  driven  into  exile. 
On  William's  death,  being  on  the  spot, 
he  secured  the  English  throne,  and 
gained  Normandy  a  few  years  after. 
His  reign  was   marked  by  frequent 

auarrels  with  the  king  of  France,  and 
le  partisans  of  his  brother,  and  his 
latter  years  were  devoted  to  a  vain  en- 
deavour to  secure  his  crown  for  his 
daughter  Maud  He  died  in  Nor- 
mandy, after  a  considerable  absence 
from  England,  Dec  i,  1135. 


Henry  was  twice  married ;  first  to- 
the  ''good  Queen  Maud,"  the  niece 
of  Edgar  Atheling*,  and  secondly  to 
Adelais  of  Lou  vain,  who  survived  him. 
His  only  legitimate  offspring  were, 

1.  William,  duke  of  Normandy,  who 
perished  at  sea,  in  1 120 ;  and 

2.  Maud,  married  first  to  Henry  V. 
the  emperor,  and  secondly  to  Geoffrey 
of  Anjou.  She  long  contested  Ste- 
phen's possession  of  the  throne,  and 
died  Sept  10,  1167. 

Two  of  Henry's  numerous  illegiti- 
mate issue  were  the  firm  friends  of 
his  daughter  Maud;  these  were  Ro- 
bert of  Caen,  created  earl  of  Glou- 
cester **,  and  Reginald  earl  of  ComwalL 
One  named  Richard  was  drowned 
with  Prince  William  ;  of  another  Ro- 
bert, of  Gilbert,  Henry,  and  William, 


*  She  had  been  brought  up  in  the  nunnery  of 
Homsev  by  her  aunt»  tae  abbess  Christina,  and 
die  left  it  unwillingly  to  become  a  aueen.  Her 
name  was  Edith,  but  as  Saxon  appellations  were 
discountenanced,  it  had  been  changed  to  Matilda 
<or  Maud). 

^  He  was  bom  in  1x09.  His  mother  was  Nesta, 
Styled  a  princess  of  Wales,  in  consequence  of  which 


he  had  great  influence  in  that  country,  which  he 
used  for  the  support  of  his  sister's  cause.  He  was 
a  learned  man,  and  a  most  skilful  general,  and  on 
his  death  in  1x45  the  contest  ceased.  By  his  wife 
Mabel,  the  daughter  of  Roger  Fits  Hamon,  he  had 
a  large  family,  and  one  of  nis  granddaughters  be- 
came the  ciueen  of  John,  but  was  divorced  by  him*, 
that  he  might  marry  Isabel  of  Angouleme. 


AJ>.  IIOO^  IIOI.] 


HENWr  h 


10$ 


nothing  particular  is  recorded.  Of 
two  daughters  named  Maud^  one  hs- 
came  countess  of  £ritanny%  the  other 
countess  of  Perche ;  Juliana  was  mar- 
lied  to  Eustace  de  Pacie^  lord  of  Bre- 
teuil,  Constance  to  the  viscount  of 
Beaumont ;  Eli^beth  to  Alexander  of 
Scotland ;  and  of  two  other  dattgltters, 
whose  names  have  not  been  preserved, 
one  was  the  wife  of  the  lord  of  Montmo- 
reocy,  the  other  of  William  of  Goet. 

The  arms  ascribed  to  Henry,  as  to 
his  two  immediate  predecessors,  are 
the  anas  of  Normandy^  *^  Gales,,  two 
fioBS  passani  gardant  in  pate,  ot/^ 

Heary  shewed  himsell^  throughoot 
his  career,  treacbeross,  rapadons^  and 
cruel*;  but  as  he  suffered  no  other 


tyranny    than    his    own,    the    Sazoii 
Chronicler  awards  to  him  the  merit 


Amu  aaoEfbed  to  Benij  I- 

of  making  *'  good  peace ;''  and  adds- 
that  on  his  death  ''there  was  sooo 
tribulation  in  the  land,  for  every  i 
that  could,  soon  robbed  another.'' 


Amy  L 


nam  BoobeBter  Cathednl. 


AJ>.  ixoa 

Henry,  wlio  had  been  diosen  king 
at  Winchester  Aug.  3,  is  crowned  at 
London  Aug.  5',  by  Maurice  bcsliop 
of  London.  He  grants  a  charter  re- 
estahlishii^  the  laws  ascribed  to  Ed- 
ward the  Confessor,  and  renews  his 
grant  at  the  following  Whitsuntide  •. 

Rannlphj  bishop  of  Dmrham,  is  im- 
prisoned in  the  Tower,  Sept.  14. 

Ansehn,  archbishc^  of  Canterbury, 
b  recalled. 

Robert  returns  from  the  crusade  to 
Normandy ;  "  and  he  was  joyfully  re- 
ceived by  all  his  people,  except  where 
the  castles  were  held  by  Kng  Henry's 
men." 


Henry  marries  Maud,  the  orphan- 
daughter  of  Malcolm  of  Scoffand,. 
Nov.  1 1. 

A.D.  HOT. 

Ranulph  the  bishop  escapes  from  the 
Tower,  Feb.  4. 

Robert  prepares  to  invade  England  i 
some  of  Henry's  sh^  join  him. 

Robert  lands  at  Portsmouth,  July 
19.  He  is  very  generally  joined  by 
the  Normans,  whilst  the  English  sup- 
pan  Henry '.  Robert  proposes  to  pit 
his  daim  to  the  issue  of  single  cookr 
bat,  when  Henry  promises  nim  the^ 
payment  0^3,000  marks  of  silver  yearly^ 
and  the  pardon  of  his  adherents.    Ro- 


•  Whether  Us  hrochcr  Kobot  was  Uuukd  by 
hBovder  it  not  ootaia,  hot  inch  barbarity  was  aoC 
•naaad  aaionf  the  Nanoans ;  aad  it  is  fcnowa  that 
ukc  de  Bam,  a  kaisfatly  poet,  was  thas  treated 
WUs  positive  conaaand ;  hn  offeace  was  sone 
Bjnes  whidi  he  had  comprwrd  against  the  king. 

.  *  The  years  dfUs  reign  are  reckoned  horn  Uiis 

*  Catain  lavs  exist  caBed  those  of  Henry  I., 
B«t  they  contain  many  matters  which  shew  they 


ft  oonpiled,  or  at  least  added  to,  after  his  ^ 


I  of  an  abases,  and  that  < 
3X  ihani 


thelawliil 
ic&els  (see  pt  83X  •baH  be  taken,  while  full  free- 
dom ia  regard  to  marriage  is  allowed  to  both  wards- 
and  widows. 

f  la  order  to  gain  them  over,  Henry  asecteit 
theur  manners  and  language.     This  greatly  < 
raged  the  Normans,  who  i^led  him 
Godric  and  Godiva. 


104 


THE  NORMAN  ERA. 


[A.D.  iioi — mo. 


ben   withdraws   to   Normandy  after 
Michaelmas. 

A.D.  II02. 

Robert  of  Belesme  earl  of  Shrews- 
bury, a  partisan  of  Robert,  fortifies  his 
castles,  but  is  defeated,  stripped  of  his 
lands,  and  driven  from  England.  Part 
of  his  lands  granted  to  Jorwerth,  prince 
of  South  Wales. 

Olaf,  son  of  Godred  Cronan,  ob- 
tains possession  of  Man  and  the  He- 
brides. 

A.D.  1 103. 

Magnus  III.  of  Norway  invades 
Ireland.  He  is  killed  at  Moycoba, 
August  24  V. 

A  council  at  London  in  SeDtember. 
Anselm  opposes  the  attemprT5r"tEe 
king  to  compel  bishops  to  receive  in- 
vestiture from  him.  Reynelm,  who  had 
been  appointed  by  the  king  bishop  of 
Herefora,  resits  the  see,  and  Wil- 
liam Giffard,  bishop  of  Winchester,  is 
banished.  Anselm  also  leaves  Eng- 
land. 

A.D.  1 104. 

Robert  of  Belesme  being  received  by 
Robert  in  Normandv,  a  war  ensues. 

William,  count  of  Mortain,  is  strip- 
ped of  his  lands,  and  flees  to  Nor- 
mandy. 

A.D.  1105. 

Henry  passes  over  to  Normandy, 
landing  at  Barfleur  early  in  ^ril ; 
''and  almost  all  the  castles  and  the 
chief  men  in  that  land  were  subdued." 

Robert  of  Belesme  comes  to  Eng- 
land to  re-obtain  his  lands,  but  is  un- 
successful 

A  body  of  Flemings  settled  in  Pem- 
brokeshire by  the  king. 

A.D.  1 1 06. 
Robert  of  Normandy  comes  to 
Henry  at  Northampton,  in  Lent; 
*'and  because  the  king  would  not 
give  him  back  that  which  he  had 
taken  from  him  in  Normandy,  they 


parted  in  hostility,  and  the  earl  soon 
went  over  sea  again."  , 

A  council  held  at  London,  Aug.  i, 
in  which  it  is  agreed  that  bishops 
shall  do  homage  to  the  king,  but  not 
receive  investiture  from  him.  In  con- 
seouence,  the  bishops  of  Winchester, 
Salisbury,  and  Hereford,  who  had 
before  received  their  sees,  and  new 
bishops  of  Exeter  and  LlandafT,  are 
consecrated  by  Archbishop  Ansdm, 
August  II. 

Henry  passes  into  Normandy,  and 
gains  the  battle  of  Tinchebrai,  Sept. 
28,  where  Robert,  Edgar  Atheling,  Uie 
count  of  Mortain''  and  others,  are 
taken  prisoners,  and  subdues  the  whole 
country. 

A.D.  1 107. 

"This  year  died  the  king  Edgar  of 
Scotland,  on  the  ides  of  January,  [Jan. 
8,]  and  Alexander  his  brother  suc- 
ceed to  the  kingdom,  as  the  king 
Henry  granted  him." 

Rantdph,  bishop  of  Durham,  is  al- 
lowed to  return  to  his  see  K 

Cardigan  conquered  by  Gilbert  de 
Clare  \ 

Jorwerth,  being  considered  an  Eng- 
lish partisan  \  is  killed  by  his  own  son 
and  nephew. 

A.D.  1 108. 

The  see  of  Ely  founded.  Its  first 
bishop  was  Hervey,  who  had  been 
driven  from  his  see  of  Bangor  by  the 
Welsh. 

Philip  I.  of  France  dies,  July  29; 
he  is  succeeded  by  his  son,  Louis 
le  Gros. 

A.D.  1109. 

Anselm,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
dies,  April  21. 

Henry's  daughter,  Maud,  is  betrothed 
to  the  emperor  (Henry  V.  ■) 

A.D.  1 1 10. 
Philip  Braiose,  William  Mallet,  and 
others,  deprived  of  their  lands. 


•  He  is  mentioned  in  the  Heimskrinffla  as  Mag- 
nus Barbeen  (Magnus  the  Barele^ed),  from  having 
usually  worn  the  Scottish  kilt  after  his  return  from 
liis  ei^wdition  in  X098.  (See  p.  xoo.)  The  Irish 
are  said  to  have  received  assistance  against  him 
-firom  the  Normans  settled  on  the  Wekh  coast ;  and 
a  design  to  invade  England  being  attributed  to 
liim^  Henry  seized  a  large  sum  of  money  belonging 
to  him,  which  he  found  m  the  hands  of  an  Anglo- 
Danish  merchant  of  Lincoln. 

^  The  count  of  Mortain,  after  a  long  imprison- 


ment, was  allowed  to  become  a  monk.  His  county 
was  given  to  the  king's  nephew,  Stephen  of  Blois. 

1  He  made  his  peace  by  surrendenng  Lisieuz,  of 
which  he  was  governor  for  Robert 

^  He  also  overran  West  Wales,  and  received  the 
title  of  earl  of  Pembroke ;  his  grandson  Richard 
was  the  successful  invader  of  Ireland  in  the  time  ot 
Henry  IL 

I  See  A.D.  XI03. 

■  Owing  to  her  youth,  she  was  not  aanied  to 
him  till  Jan.  7,  1114. 


A.D.  nil  —  III9.] 


HENRY  I. 


105 


A.D.  I II  I. 

Henry  passes  over  into  Normandy, 
on  account  of  troubles  caused  by  FuUc 
of  Anjou  seizing  on  the  county  of 
Maine". 

Griffin,  the  son  of  Rhys  ap  Tudor, 
returns  from  Ireland,  where  he  had 
found  an  asylum  on  the  death  of  his 
father**.  He  captures  Caermarthen 
from  the  Normans,  but  is  also  op- 
posed by  Griffin  ap  Conan  and  Owen 
ap  Caradoc 

Owen  is  treacherously  slain  by  the 
Normans  ^ 

A.D.  1 1 12. 

Henry  passes  the  whole  year  in 
Normandy;  he  restores  the  lands  of 
Philip  of  Braiose,  but  drives  out  the 
earl  of  Evreux,  William  Crispin,  and 
others,  and  seizes  Robert  of  Belesme  \ 

A.D.  II 13. 

Henry  makes  an  inroad  in  Wales, 
In  April,  and  forces  some  of  the  chiefs 
to  promise  submission  ;  he  also  allows 
the  Marchers  to  build  fresh  castles. 

Henry  passes  over  to  Normandy  in 
September. 

A.D.  II 14. 

Thurstan,  elected  archbishop  of 
York,  Aug.  15,  refuses  to  receive  con- 
secration from  the  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury'. 

A.D.  1115. 

The  Normans  do  homage  and  pro- 
mise fealty  to  William,  the  son  of 
Henry. 

A.D.  1 1 16. 

Henry  assists  his  nephew,  Theo- 
bald of  Blois*,  against  the  king  of 
France  ;  in  consequence,  "  there  were 
many  conspiracies  and  robberies,  and 
castles  taken  in  France  and  in  Nor- 
inandy." 


The  whole  monastery  of  Peter- 
borough burnt,  Aug.  3. 

A.D.  1 1 17. 

Henry  passes  into  Normandy,  and 
remains  there  for  three  years  *  on  ac- 
count of  the  war  with  the  king  of 
France  and  the  counts  of  Anjou  and 
Flanders.  "  By  this  war  was  the  king 
a  great  loser  both  in  land  and  money. 
And  his  own  men  grieved  him  most, 
who  often  turned  from  him  and 
betrayed  him ;  and  going  over  to 
his  foes,  surrendered  to  them  their 
castles." 

A.D.  1 1 18. 

Death  of  Queen  Maud  at  West- 
minster", May  I. 

Henry  is  defeated  before  Alen^on 
by  the  coimt  of  Anjou  *,  Dec. 

The  order  of 
Knights  Templars 
founded ;  their 
standard  called 
Beauseant,  "  per 
fess,  sable  and  ar- 
gent ;"  and  their 
badge  "  a  cross  pa- 
triarchal,  gules, 
fimbriated,  or." 

Badge  of  the  Itanplan.  ,,,,'*       rm 

The  count  of  Flan- 
ders (Baldwin  VII.)  dies  of  wounds 
received  at  Arques,  in  Normandy, 
June  17. 

Henry's  son  William  marries  Ma- 
tilda, daughter  of  Fulk,  count  of  Anjou, 
in  June,  and  does  homage  to  the  king 
of  France  for  Normandy. 

Henry  defeats  the  king  of  France  at 
Brenville,  Aug.  20. 

Pope  Calixtus  endeavours  to  pre- 
vail on  Henry  to  set  at  liberty  his 
brother  Robert,  as  a  pilgrim  ana  sol- 


•  It  was  hu  inheritance,  of  which  his  father-in- 
law  EUas  had  been  deprived  by  William  Rufus. 

•  See  A.D.  1090. 

f  Owen,  who  had  long  been  connected  with  the 
KornuLns,  had  some  time  before  carried  off  Nesta, 
the  wife  of  Stephen  of  Windsor,  governor  of  Pem- 
broke ;  he  was  now  killed  bv  him,  while  employed 
Jn  concert  against  Griffin,  although,  by  the  king's 
command,  they  had  been  formally  reconciled. 

«  Robert,  alter  escaping  from  Tinchebrai.  had 
entered  the  service  of  the  King  of  France.  Louis 
sent  him  on  an  embassy  to  Henry,  who,  however, 
refused  to  receive  him  as  such,  and  had  him  triea 
00  a  d>arge  of  embezzline  the  royal  revenue  in  for- 
mer years  when  he  held  the  earldom  of  Shrews- 
bury. Bein^  found  guilty,  he  was  sentenced  to  per- 
petual imprisonment,  and  at  last  he  died  of  volun- 
tary starvation  in  the  casde  of  Wareham,  A.D.  zzz8. 


'  He  was  eventually  consecrated  by  the  pop^ 
Oct.  19, 1X19. 

•  Brother  of  Stephen,  afterwards  king,  and  of 
Henry,  bishop  of  Winchester. 

*■  Roger,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  governed  in  his 
absence. 

*  She  had  long  (luitted  her  husband's  profligate 
court,  and  resided  in  the  monastery,  occupied  with 
works  of  charity  and  devotion,  personally  tending 
the  sick,  and  practising  great  austerities ;  her  chitf 
delight  was  m  churcn  music,  the  professors  of 
which  she  liberally  patronized. 

*■  The  townsmen  had  called  in  the  count  to  pro- 
tect them  from  the  tyranny  of  their  governor,  Ste- 
phen of  Blois.  The  royal  garrison  were  besieged 
m  the  citadel,  and  in  attempting  to  relieve  them. 
Henry  met  with  a  severe  defeat. 


io6 


THE  NORMAN  ERA. 


[a.d. 


IIIC 


-II27. 


dier  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  but  with- 
out effect. 

A.D.  1 1 20. 

David  is  appointed  bishop  of  Ban- 
gor by  Griffin,  prince  of  North  Wales, 
after  the  see  had  been  vacant  eleven 
years ;  he  is  consecrated  by  the  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  April  4. 

Peace  is  made  with  the  king  of 
France,  and  Henry  returns  to  Eng- 
Ismd. 

His  son  William,  and  two  of  the 
king's  illegitimate  children,  with  many 
young  nobles,  perish  by  shipwreck, 
Nov.  25. 

A.D.  1121. 

Henry  marries  Adelais  of  Louvain, 
Feb.  2. 

Henry  marches  against  the  Welsh ; 
*^  and  after  the  king's  will  they  agreed 
with  him." 

The  hospitallers  of  Jerusalem  be- 
come  a  military   body^   called    the 


Cron  of  tin  Hoipltallen. 

knights  of  St  John ;  their  standard 
is  ^  gules,  a  cross  argent,"  their  badge 
a  w&te  cross  of  peculiar  form. 

A.D.  1 1 22. 
Henry  goes  to  Normandy,  and  re- 
duces several  rebellious  barons. 

A.D.  1 123. 

Robert  Bloet,  bishop  of  Lincoln, 
dies  suddenly,  while  hunting  with  the 
king,  Jan.  10. 

The  count  of  Anjou  demands  the 
dower  of  his  daughter,  the  widow  of 
William,  which  the  king  refuses  ^ 


Several  barons  in  Normandy  take 
arms  in  favour  of  William,  the  son  of 
Robert  The  king  passes  over  in  June, 
and  strengthens  many  castles. 

A.D.  1 1 24. 

Henry  remains  in  Normandy,  con- 
tending with  the  king  of  France  and 
the  count  of  Anjou,  '*  but  most  of  all 
with  his  own  men." 

Alexander  of  Scotland  dies,  April 
27,  and  is  succeeded  by  his  brother 
David,  who  is  also  earl  of  Huntingdon 
in  England '. 

"  Full  heavy  year  was  this :  the 
man  that  had  property  was  bereaved 
of  it  by  violence,  the  man  that  had 
not  was  starved  •." 

A.D.  1 125. 

Severe  punishment  inflicted  on  the 
moneyers  for  issuing  base  coin,  ''so 
that  a  man  that  had  a  pound  could 
not  lay  out  a  penny  at  a  market  ^." 

Henry  the  emperor  (husband  of 
Maud)  dies,  May  22. 

A  council  held  ait  London,  in  which 
the  marriage  of  priests  is  condemned. 

A.D.  1 1 26. 

Henry  returns  to  England  in  Sep- 
tember, bringing  with  him  his  daughter 
Maud,  and  many  Norman  prisoners, 
''  whom  he  ordered  to  be  kept  in  strong 
bonds." 

David,  king  of  Scotland,  visits  the 
king,  and  remains  with  him  for  some 
time. 

Robert  of  Normandy  is  given  into 
the  custody  of  Robert  of  Gloucester, 
the  king's  natural  son,  and  confined 
at  Bristol 

Henry  obliges  his  nobles  to  swear 
to  receive  his  daughter  Maud  as  their 
future  queen  %  Dec.  25.  * 

Thurstan  of  York  contends  for  the 
primacy  in  the  king's  presence,  at 
Christmas. 

A.D.  1 127. 

Maud  is  betrothed  on  Whitsunday 
(May  22)  to  Geoffrey,  the  son  of  the 


7  The  earl  on  this  save  her  youager  nster.  Si- 
Mia,  in  marrii^  to  V^iam,  the  son  of  Robert  of 
Nonnandv,  and  supported  him  with  all  his  power 
for  a  while.  At  length  he  deserted  him,  to  form 
a  new  alliance  between  his  son  and  Henry's  daurii- 
ter,  whta  William  divorced  his  wife,  aiMi  married 
die  sister  of  the  queen  of  France,  which  procured 
him  the  aid  of  Louis. 

■  He  obtained  the  earidom  hy  maniage  with 
Maud,  widow  of  Simon  de  St  Lu,  and  daughter 
of  WaltheoC    He  transmitted  it  to  his  son  Henry, 


but  on  the  death  of  that  prince  it  came  to  Siman, 
the  son  of  the  former  earl. 

•  Statements  in  substance  the  same  occur  in 
almost  every  year  of  this  and  the  following  reign. 

^  They  were  summoned  to  Winchester  at  C&bt- 
maa,  and  there  mutilated. 

•  Her  unde,  the  king  of  Scotland,  first  took  the 
oath,  then  Stmhen  (afterwards  king),  and  next 
Robert  eari  of  Olouoester,  her  natunTbrothcr  and 
most  faithful  friend. 

•  Some  writers  say  January  x,  zza/. 


A.D.  II27— II35] 


HENRY   I. 


107 


count  of  Anjou,  who  thereupon  deserts 
the  cause  of  William  of  Normandy. 

William  of  Normandy  is  put  in  pos- 
session of  Flanders  by  the  king  of 
France. 

A.D.  1 1 28. 

Maud  and  Geoflfrey  of  Anjou  are 
married,  in  the  spring. 

Henry  goes  to  Normandy,  being  at 
war  with  his  nephew,  William,  count 
of  Flanders. 

William  is  wounded  in  battle,  and 
dies,  July  27. 

Ranulph,  bishop  of  Durham,  dies, 
SepL  5. 

Hugh  of  the  Temple  visits  Nor- 
mandy,  England,  and  Scotland,  and 
collects  many  men  and  much  money 
for  the  relief  of  the  Holy  Land '. 

A.D.  1 129. 

Henry  releases  some  of  the  Nor- 
man prisoners;  he  takes  earl  Wale- 
ran  into  fsLvoury  **znd  they  became  as 
good  friends  as  they  were  foes  be- 
fore." Maud  is  driven  from  Anjou 
by  her  husband,  July. 

A  council  is  held  at  London  against 
married  priests. 

Henry  of  Blois,  the  king's  nephew. 


is  appointed  bishop  of  Winchester  Oct. 
II,  and  consecrated  Nov.  17. 

A  great  earthquake  in  England^ 
Dec.  6. 

A.D.  II 50. 

Henry  passes  over  to  Normandy. 
A.D.  1 131. 

Henry  returns  to  England,  bringing 
with  him  his  daughter  Maud,  to  whom 
fealty  is  again  sworn  at  Northampton 
in  September. 

A.D.  1 132. 

Maud  returns  to  her  husband  in  the 
spring'. 

The  see  of  Carlisle  is  founded,  April 
II.  Adelulf,  the  first  bishop,  is  conse- 
crated August  6,  1 1 33. 

A.D.  1 1 33. 
Henry  goes  to  Normandy,  and  re- 
mains tnere  until  his  death. 

A.D.  1 135. 

Robert  of  Normandy  dies  in  con- 
finement, Feb.  10. 

Geoffrey  of  Anjou  quarrels  with 
Henry,  and  seizes  on  several  castles 
in  Normandy. 

Henry  dies  at  Rouen,  in  the  night 
of  December  i. 


Events  in  General  History. 

A.D.    I  A.D. 

The  Emperor  Heniy  V.  captures  The    Venetians    become    powerful 

Rome,  and  is  crowned  there    .     iiil  |  at  sea 1123. 


•  Tbe  Sazoo  Chnmider  qpeaks  of  the  "  (ireat 
treasures  in  sold  and  in  silver^'  that  he  received, 
he  probahly  eicagi^erates  the  matter,  when  he 
L  "  Tbere  went  with  him  and  after  him  more 


people  than  ever  did  before,  since  that  the  fint 
eamedition  was  in  the  days  of  Pope  Urban." 

'  He  had  now  become  count  of  Anjou,  by  the 
departure  of  his  father,  Fulk,  fiar  the  Holy  Land. 


Ozeat  Seal  of  Ste^bsn. 
STEPHEN  \ 


Stephen,  the  third  son  of  the  count 
of  Blois  of  the  same  name,  and  of 
Adela,  daughter  of  William  L,  was 
bom  probably  about  1094.  He  was 
brought  up  at  the  court  of  his  uncle 
Henry  I.,  received  many  benefits  from 
him,  and  professed  himself  a  warm 
supporter  of  die  succession  of  his 
cousin  the  empress  Maud.  Yet  he 
supplanted  her,  as  Henry  had  done 
his  brother,  and,  in  the  words  of  the 
Saxon  Chronicle, ''  in  his  time  all  was 
dissension,  and  evil,  and  rapine."  He 
maintained  his  acquisition  for  a  while 
b^  force  of  arms,  but  on  the  death  of 
his  son  Eustace,  he  came  to  a  com- 
promise, in  virtue  of  which  he  passed 
the  last  year  of  his  reign  in  compara- 
tive peace,  and  died  Oct  25, 11 54. 

Stephen  married  Matilda,  daughter 
of  Eustace  count  of  Boulogne,  who 
energetically  supported   him   in   his 


struggle  for  the  crown ;  he  had  by 
her  three  sons  and  two  daughters. 

1.  Eustace,  his  intended  heir,  a  vio- 
lent and  profligate  youth,  died  Aug.  18, 

"S3. 

2.  William,  who  received  the  patri- 
monial estates  and  the  earldom  of 
Surrey,  and  died  in  the  service  of 
Henry  II.  at  the  siege  of  Toulouse^ 
in  1 160. 

3.  Mary,  who  became  a  nun,  but 
leaving  her  convent  married  Matthew 
of  Flanders,  count  (in  her  right)  of 
Boulogne. 

4.  Baldwin ;  and  5.  Maud,  who  died 
young. 

Two  illegitimate  sons  arementioned ; 
William,  of  whom  nothing  remarkable 
is  known,  and  Gervase,  who  died  abbot 
of  Westminster,  in  i  i6a 

The  arms  ascribed  to  this  king  differ 
greatly  from  those  given  to  his  prede> 


■  ScaphMi  U  usually  ityled  on  usurper,  which  is  I  Norman  line,  not  one  of  them  being  the  direct  re- 
true,  fattt  the  same  reproach  applies  to  the  whole  I  presentative  of  his  predecessor. 


A.D.  1 135— "38.] 


STEPHEN. 


109 


cessors.  He  is  said  to  have  borne 
**  Gules,  three  sagittaries 
or  f  but  it  has  been  con- 
jectured that  this  is  a  mis- 
take, and  that  he  should 
be  represented  as  bearing 
two  bons,  the  sagittary  be- 
ing his  cognizance. 

Stephen  is  by  the  Saxon 
Chronicler  represented  as 
a  ''good  man;"  but  it  is  Arau aaoilbed 
added  that  he  "did  not  to  Stephen. 
execute  justice ;"  thus  chargeable 
with  neglect  of  the  imperative  duty  of 
a  ruler,  his  claim  to  the  appellation 
"good"  is  extremely  doubtiuL  He, 
however,  seems  to  have  been  of  a 
placable  temper,  as  he  received  into 
favour  many  who  had  most  strongly 
opposed  him,  or  deserted  him ;  and 
he  is  not  recorded  to  have  dealt 
hardly  with  any  of  his  opponents  when 
they  fell  into  his  power. 


A.D.  1 135. 

Stephen  of  Blois  declares  that  Henry 
had  disinherited  his  daughter  Maud, 
and  coming  to  London  is  received  as 
king.    He  is  crowned,  Dec.  26\ 

Maud  is  acknowledged  in  Nor- 
mandy. 

A.D.  1 1 36. 

A  great  council  at  Oxford,  at  which 
Stephen  issues  a  charter,  promising  to 
respect  the  privileges  of  the  Church, 
to  do  away  with  all  injustices  and  ex- 
actions, to  give  up  the  forests  formed 
by  Henry,  and  to  observe  "  the  good 
and  ancient  laws  and  iust  customs,  in 
murders,  pleas,  and  other  causes.'' 

Davidi,  king  of  Scotland,  invades 
England  in  February,  but  at  Durham 
agrees  to  a  truce. 

Robert,  earl  of  Gloucester,  comes 
to  England,  and  takes  a  conditional 
oath  of  allegiance  to  Stephen.  The 
bishops  also  swear  fealty  to  him  "  so 
long  as  he  should  maintain  the  liberty 
of  the  Church." 

Baldwin  de  Rivers,  and  other  no- 
bles, declare  in  favour  of  Maud,  and 
receive  aid  from  David  of  Scotland. 


The  Welsh  ravage  the  border  coun- 
ties. 

Exeter,  held  by  Baldwin  de  Rivers, 
is  captured  by  Stephen. 

Griffin  ap  Conan  dies.  He  is  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son,  Owen  Gwynneth, 
who  at  once  attacks  the  Normans  and 
Flemings  in  South  Wales,  and  expels 
them  from  many  of  their  strongholds. 
A.D.  1 137. 

Stephen  passes  into  Normandy,  and 
spends  Henry's  treasure  *^,  without  se- 
eming adherents.  He  attempts  to 
secure  Robert  of  Gloucester,  but  fails, 
and  returns  to  England. 
A.D.  1 1 38. 

Robert,  earl  of  Gloucester,  formally 
renounces  the  fealty  he  had  sworn  to 
Stephen,  and  prepares  for  an  invasion 
of  England.  The  king  seizes  his  lands, 
except  the  castle  of  Bristol,  which  is 
successfully  defended,  and  its  garrison 
harasses  his  partisans. 

David  of  Scotland  invades  Eng- 
land, but  is  defeated  at  the  battle  of 
the  Standard,  near  Northallerton,  Au- 
gust 22. 

Several  partisans  of  Maud  declare 
themselves  ;  Stephen  marches  against 
them,  and  captures  some  of  their 
castles. 

The  nobles  who  adhere  to  Stephen 
extort  lands  and  honours  from  him, 
and  build  castles  at  their  pleasure. 

A  frightful  state  of  confusion  en- 
sued. The  nobles  of  both  parties 
"  cruelly  oppressed  the  wretched  men 
of  the  land  with  castle- work,  and  when 
the  castles  were  made,  they  filled  them 
with  devils  and  evil  men**."  They 
threw  people  into  dungeons,  and  in- 
flicted on  them  unutterable  tortures. 
Every  man  robbed  another  who  could. 
"  Never  yet  was  there  more  wretched- 
ness in  the  land ;  nor  ever  did  heathen 
men  worse  than  they  did ;  for  after 
a  time  they  spared  neither  church  nor 
churchyard,  but  took  all  the  goods 
that  were  therein,  and  then  burned 
the  church  and  all  together."  "They 
said  openly,  that  Chnst  slept,  and  all 
His  samts.  The  bishops  and  learned 
men  cursed  them  continually,  but  the 


^  The  jtan  c£  hit  reign  are  reckraed  from  this 
day. 

«  "Much  had  Kin^  Henry  gathered,  ^Id  and 
sOver:  bat  no  ^ood  did  men  tor  his  soul  with  it" 

*  Theae  dtationt  are  from  the  Saxon  Chronicle. 


William  of  Malmesbury  also  says,  "There  wero 
many  castles  throughout  England,  each  defending 
its  neiirhbourhood,  or,  more  properly,  laying  it 
waste ;  his  picture  of  the  suflferings  of  the  people 
is  substantially  the  same  as  in  the  text. 


no 


THE  NORMAN   ERA. 


[a.d.  1 138 — 1 142. 


effect  thereof  was  nothing  to  them, 
for  they  were  all  accursed,  and  for- 
sworn, and  abandoned '" 

The  king  summons  the  bishops 
of  Salisbury,  Ely,  and  Lincoln  to  a 
council  at  Oxford,  at  Midsummer, 
and  compels  them  to  surrender  their 
castles  ;  he  also  deprives  the  bishop 
of  Ely  of  his  see '. 

A.D.  1 139. 

A  council  held  at  Winchester,  under 
Henry  of  Blois,  the  bishop  (Stephen's 
brother),  as  papal  legate,  m  which  the 
king's  dealings  with  the  bishops  are 
condemned,  Aug.  29. 

Maud  and  her  brother  Robert  of 
Gloucester  land  at  Portsmouth,  Sep- 
tember 30. 

Maud  is  besieged  in  Arundel  castle  ' 
by  Stephen,  but  is  allowed  to  retire  to 
Bristol. 

Robert  of  Gloucester  takes  the  field, 
whilst  Maud  remains,  assuming  royal 
state,  at  Gloucester. 

Richard  de  Clare,  earl  of  Hertford, 
is  killed  by  the  Welsh. 

A.D.  1 140. 

Stephen  passes  part  of  the  year  in 
the  Tower  of  London,  attended  only 
by  the  bishop  of  Seez,  "for  the  others 
disdained  or  feared  to  come  to  hinu" 

Henry  of  Blois  attempts  to  induce 
Stephen  and  Maud  to  come  to  terms, 
but  without  success. 

A.D.  1 141. 

Stephen  grants  honours  to  Ralph 
de  Gemon,  earl  of  Chester,  and  en- 
trusts to  him  the  castle  of  Lincoln. 
Afterwards,  at  the  instigation  of  the 
people  of  Lincoln,  he  besieges  him 
there,  occupying  the  cathedral  as  a 
fortress. 

Ralph  escapes,  and  procures  suc- 
cour from  Robert  of  Gloucester  ^ 
when  Stephen  is  attacked  and  cap- 
tured, Feb.  2 ;  he  is  carried  prisoner 
to  Bristol.  The  citizens  of  Lincoln 
are  slaughtered  by  the  victors. 

Henry  of  Blois  joins  Maud,  and  re- 
ceives her  into  Wmchester,  March  3. 


Maud  is  recognised  as  "Lady  of 
England"  by  a  synod  at  Winchester, 
April  7. 

The  citizens  of  London,  and  Matilda, 
Stephen's  queen,  claim  his  release,  in- 
effectually, April  9.  Many  of  Stephen's 
party  excommunicated,  April  10. 

Maud  holds  her  court  at  London  at 
Midsimmier,  but  giving  offence  by  her 
haughty  manner,  she  is  shortly  driven 
out  by  the  citizens,  and  retires  to 
Oxford. 

Robert  de  Sigillo,  who  had  been  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  London  by  Maud, 
is  seized  by  Geoffrey  de  Magnaville, 
and  committed  to  the  Tower,  July  2. 

Maud  names  Geoffrey  de  Magna- 
ville ^  earl  of  Essex  by  letters  patent, 
this  being  the  first  instance  of  such 
mode  of  creation. 

Maud  quarrels  with  Henry  of  Blois. 
He  retires  to  Winchester,  makes  an 
agreement  with  Matilda,  the  wife  of 
Stephen,  and  absolves  his  friends. 

Maud  besieges  him  in  the  castle  of 
Winchester,  but  is  herself  beslfcged  in 
the  palace,  by  William  of  Ypres,  the 
general  of  Matilda. 

Winchester  is  burnt  by  the  com- 
batants, Aug.  2. 

Maud  maJces  her  escape  from  the 
city  during  the  truce  on  Holy  Cross- 
day  (Sept  14),  but  Robert  of  Glouces- 
ter is  captured  in  covering  her  retreat. 

Robert  of  Gloucester  is  exchanged 
for  Stephen,  Nov.  i,  and  joins  Maud 
at  Gloucester. 

Henry  of  Blois  holds  a  council  at 
Westminster,  in  which  he  excommu- 
nicates Maud's  adherents,  Dec.  7  ;  an 
emissary  of  Maud  openly  reproaches 
him  "with  great  harshness  of  lan- 
guage," for  his  inconstancy. 

A.D.  1 142. 

Maud  removes  to  the  castle  of  Ox- 
ford, while  Robert  seeks  ineffectually 
aid  from  her  husband  Geoffrey. 

Olaf  does  homage  to  Magnus  V.  of 
Norway,  for  Man  and  the  Isles;  he 
is  killed  by  his  nephews,  June  29. 
Godred,  his  son,  succeeds. 


•  It  is  remarkable,  however,  that  a  greater  num- 
ber of  religious  houses  was  founded  in  this  than  in 
any  preceding  reign.^ 

f  Roger,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  had  been  the 
minister  of  Henrv  I. ;  Nigel  of  £lv  and  Alexander 
of  Lincoln  were  ms  nephews.  The  strong  castles 
of  Sherborne,  Salisbury,  Malmcsbury,  Devizes, 
Newark,  and  Sleaford  were  in  their  hands.  The 
biihop  of  Salisbury  died  Dec.  4,  Z139;  but  his 


nephews  regained  their  possessions  when  Stephen 
himself  was  made  prisoner  in  1x41. 

sit  was  the  property  and  residence  of  Adelais  of 
Louvain,  her  stepmother. 

^  Ralph  had  married  Robert's  daughter,  and  she 
was  then  in  the  castle. 

'  Also  called  M andeville.  Some  writers  say  that 
he  had  already  received  the  title  from  Stephen 

A.D.  XZ36. 


A.D.   1 142 — 1154.] 


STEPHEN. 


Ill 


Maud  is  besieged  in  Oxford  by 
Stephen,  in  September. 

Robert  returns,  bringing  with  him 
Prince  Henry,  and  some  troops,  but 
is  unable  to  relieve  the  castle. 

Maud,  after  a  while,  escapes  to  Wal- 
iingford,  Dec.  2a 

A.D.  1 143. 

Maud  retires  to  Gloucester,  and  is 
generally  acknowledged  as  sovereign 
in  the  western  counties  ;  Stephen  holds 
London  and  the  eastern  and  central 
counties;  David,  king  of  Scotland, 
rules  beyond  the  Tees. 

The  partisans  of  Stephen  and  Maud 
devastate  the  country  between  them. 

The  Normans  storm  St  Asaph. 
Gilbert  is  consecrated  its  bishop  by 
Theobald,  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

Godred  of  Man  invades  Irdand. 

A.D.  1 144. 

Owen  captures  Aberteivi  from  the 
Normans. 

A.D.  1 145. 

Sigfrid,  bishop  of  Chichester,  is 
driven  from  his  sec  \ 

Robert  of  Gloucester  dies,  October 
31 ;  Maud  withdraws  to  Normandy*. 

Owen  is  successful  against  the  Nor- 
mans, and  takes  the  castles  of  Car- 
marthen and  Mold  from  them. 

A.D.  1 146. 

Bernard  of  Clairvaux  preaches  a  new 
crusade,  which  is  headed  by  the  em- 
peror Conrad  and  Louis  VII.  of 
France",  but  effects  nothing  of  im- 
portance. 

A  J).  1 147. 

Theobald,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, oppressed  by  Henry  of  Blois, 
the  papal  legate,  and  driven  into  exile. 
He  returns,  and  places  the  king's  de- 
mesnes under  an  interdict 

A.D.  1 149. 
Henry,  the  son  of  Maud,  visits  Scot- 
land, and  is  there  knighted  by  King 
David.     He  makes  an  inroad  on  the 


north  of  England,  but  without  success 
and  soon  returns  to  Normandy. 

Madoc  prince  of  Powys,  and  the 
earl  of  Chester,  invade  North  Wales ; 
they  are  defeated  by  Owen  at  Consilt, 
near  Flint. 

A.D.  1 1 50. 

The  Norman  settlements  in  South 
Wales  greatly  harassed  by  the  sons 
of  Griffin,  the  son  of  Rhys  ap  Tudor  ", 
the  last  prince  of  the  country. 

A.D.  1151. 

The  earl  of  Chester  is  imprisoned, 
and  obliged  to  give  up  the  casde  of 
Lincoln  and  other  strongholds. 

Theobald  and  the  other  prelates 
refuse  to  crown  Eustace,  the  son  of 
Stephen. 

Death  of  Geoffrey  of  Anjou,  Sept.  7. 

A.D.  1 152. 

Henry,  the  son  of  Maud,  lands  in    }  ^1'^ 
England,  and  the  war  is  reneweH^  liS^ 

The  castle  of  Tenby  captured  by 
the  Welsh. 

A.D.  1 1  S3. 

David  of  Scotland  dies,  May  24. 
He  is  succeeded  by  his  grandson, 
Malcolm  IV.  <» 

Eustace,  the  son  of  Stephen,  dies, 
Aug.  18 ;  in  consequence  a  treaty  is 
made,  Nov.  7,  which  provides  for  the 
succession  of  Henry  to  the  throne  on 
the  death  of  Stephen.  Fealty  is  ac- 
cordingly sworn  to  him  as  the  future 
king.  He  remained  some  time  in  Eng- 
land, and  the  Saxon  Chronicler  re- 
marks, "All  men  loved  him,  for  he 
did  good  justice,  and  made  peace." 

Eystein,  king  of  Norway,  ravages 
the  coast  of  England,  and  destroys 
Scarborough. 

A.D.  1 1 54. 

Henry  returns  to  Normandy  after 
Easter. 

Stephen  dies  at  Dover  Priory,  Oct 
25,  and  is  buried  at  FevershamP. 

Henry  is  summoned  from  Nor- 
mandy ;  he  lands  in  England  Dec.  7. 


^  He  was  deposed  by  a  synod,  (on  what  charge 
Is  unknovrB,)  and  died  in  1x51. 

'  She  was  in  peril  of  shipwreck  on  her  voyage, 
and  she  founded  a  relij^ous  house  on  the  spot 
where  she  landed,  near  Cherbourg;. 

*  Tlie  king  of  France  was  accompauiied  by  his 
wife,  Eleanor  of  Gniennc,  bat  be  diTorced  her 
soon  after  Us  return,  and  she  then  married  Henry 


of  Anjou,  (afterwards  Henry  II.) 

■  See  A.D.  xixi. 

•  His  son  Henry,  earl  of  Htintingdon,  had  died 
shortly  before. 

F  At  the  suppression  of  the  monastery  m  the 
time  of  Henry  VIII.  the  tomb  was  destroyed, 
the  leaden  coffin  stolen,  and  the  king's  bones 
thrown  into  the  sea. 


112 


THE  NORMAN  ERA. 


Events  in  General  History. 


Conrad   founds   the  Hohenstaufen  . 

dynasty 113^ 

The  kingdom  of  Portugal  founded  .  1 139 
Civil  wars  of  the  Italian  cities  com* 


mence 

The    Almohades    commence    their 

rule  in  Spain  .... 
The  second  Crusade 


A.D. 

1 144 

1 145 
1 147 


NOTE. 

The  Cinque  Ports. 


Ever  since  Norman  times  a  peculiar 
oiganization  has  been  given  to  certain 
towns  on  the  south-east  coast  of  England, 
which  appesued  best  situate  for  the  defence 
of  the  country  from  foreign  invasion'.  Pro- 
ceeding from  east  to  west,  these  towns  are. 
Sandwich,  Dover,  Hythe,  New  Ronmey, 
and  Hastings,  and  though  to  these  there 
have  since  l^en  added  the  "ancient  towns" 
of  Winchelsea  and  Rye,  the  old  appella- 
tion of  the  Cinque  Ports  is  retained.  The 
organization  as  a  whole  appears  only  to 
date  from  the  time  of  King  John,  but 
most,  if  not  all,  of  the  ports  had  separate 
charters  of  privilege  long  before.  The  dis- 
trict in  which  they  are  situate,  extending 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Thames  as  for  west- 
ward nearly  as  Brighton,  is  in  realitjr  a 
county  palatine,  presided  over  by  a  high 
officer  of  State,  the  lord-warden,  m  whose 
hands  are  still  placed  much  of  the  civil, 
military,  and  naval  powers  ebewhere  en- 
trusted to  several  individuals. 

This  district  has,  however,  suffered  vast 
changes  in  the  course  of  ages  that  have 
elap^  since  the  Norman  invasion.  Its 
duty  of  guarding  the  coast  has  been  as- 
sumed by  the  general  government,  and, 
as  a  necessary  consequence,  its  peculiar 
privileges  have  almost  entirely  passcKl  away. 
But  a  more  serious  disaster  has  happened 
from  another  cause,  for  the  sea  has  re- 
ceded, and  not  a  single  safe  natural  har- 
bour is  now  to  be  found  along  the  whole 
line  of  coast 

Sandwich,  Dover,  and  Romney  are  men- 
tioned in  Domesday  Book,  and  it  is  clear 
that  Sandwich  was  once  the  head  of  the 
confederacy  ;  Hastings  succeeded,  but  was 
in  turn  supplanted  by  Dover,  which  last 
has  long  been  regarded  as  the  principal 
port  TJ^e  great  duty  of  the  Cinque  Ports 
was  to  provide  a  fleet  for  the  defence  of 


the  narrow  seas,  and  we  learn  from  aa 
ordinance  of  Henry  III.,  in  1229,  the  rela- 
tive importance  of  each  town  at  that  time. 
Dover  is  ordered  to  provide  twenty-one 
ships,  having  twenty-one  men  and  one  boy 
on  board  each  of  them ;  Winchelsea  ten ; 
Hastings  six ;  Sandwich,  Hythe,  Romney 
and  Rye  five  each ;  these  vessels  were  to 
serve  for  fifteen  days  at  the  expense  of  the 
towns,  but  to  be  paid  by  the  king  if  re- 
quired beyond  that  time.  The  total  num- 
ber was  57  ships  and  1,254  men  and  boys ;. 
and  this  arrangement  continued  tmtil  the 
abolition  of  the  feudal  systenL 

The  district  had  many  peculiar  courts 
and  important  privileges,  and  the  inha* 
bitants  were  so  jealous  of  these,  that  no 
ifian  was  allowed  to  be  a  freeman  in  any 
other  town;  a  record  at  Sandwich  shews 
that,  in  1532,  a  man  was  disfranchised  for 
suing  in  the  "foreign  courts"  at  West- 
minster; and  in  1668  another  was  fined 
for  preferring  an  indictment  at  the  quarter 
sessions  of  the  county.  A  participation  in 
their  privileges  was  eagerly  sought  by 
"foreigners,"  and  these  "advocants,"  or 
clients,  in  time  became  so  numerous  that 
a  regulation  forbidding  any  more  to  be  re- 
ceived was  passed  in  a  general  assembly  of 
the  Ports  in  1434;  before  this,  however, 
several  places  had  been  accepted  as  subor- 
dinate members,  or  "limbs,"  of  the  chief 
ports,  some  of  them  lying  considerably  in- 
land'. 

Most  of  the  courts  of  the  Cinque  Ports 
have  fallen  into  disuse,  although  legal  pro- 
cess from  the  courts  of  Westminster  has 
still  to  be  executed  by  the  bodar  of  Dover 
Castle,  who  is  an  officer  of  the  lord-war- 
den. The  courts  of  Brotherhood  and 
Guestling,  held  in  turn  yearly  in  each 
port,  usai  to  determine  the  moide  of  ren- 
dering the  naval  service  to  which  they  were 


4  As  already  remarked  (p.  5),  there  ai^>ear8  ^ood 
reason  for  believing  that  something  similar  existed 
under  the  Romans.  We,  however,  find  no  men- 
tion of  anything  of  the  kind  dunng  the  Saxon 
period,  and  the  mode  of  government  by  mayors 
or  bfldliffs  and  jurats,  which  prevailed  until  recently 
in  each  town,  u  confessedly  of  Norman  origin. 


'  Of  these  "limbs'*  Seaford  was  probably  once 
the  most  important,  as  it  also  sent  barons  to  par- 
liament. Each  coast-town  from  Pevensey  to  r  a- 
versham  is  a  member,  as  also  is  Brightlingsea,  in 
Essex,  and,  among  other  places,  Tenterden,  Lydd, 
Sarr,  Fordwich,  and  Granee,  or  Grenche,  near 
Chatham,  which  are  remote  trom  the  sea. 


THE  CINQUE  PORTS. 


TIJ 


bound,  and  still  meets  occasionally,  for 
certain  purposes,  at  New  Romney ;  the 
court  of  Shepway  was  the  only  one  in 
whidi  their  freemen  could  be  impleaded, 
and  was  originally  held  at  Shepway-cross, 
near  Hythe,  but  afterwards  removed  to 
■various  places,  all,  however,  within  the 
jurisdiction ;  the  court  of  Chancery,  now 
disused,  was  held  at  Dover;  and  in  that 
town  are  still  held  the  court  of  Admiralty, 
and  the  court  of  Lodemanage,  for  regu- 
lating pilots.  The  Admiralty  court  was 
once  held  on  the  open  shore  at  Sandwich, 
but  was  removed  to  Dover  at  least  as  early 
as  the  thirteenth  centuiy. 

The  ships  of  the  Cinque  Ports  formed 
for  many  ages  a  most  important  part  of 
eveiy  English  fleet ;  the  records  of  each 
reign  shew  how  well  they  performed  ^eir 
duty,  and  accordingly  we  find  them  fre- 
quently rewaxded  by  charters  and  immu- 
nities. As  one  instance,  Edward  I.,  by 
his  charter  of  May  20^  1277,  gave  them 
jurisdiction  over  the  distant  port  of  Yar- 
mouth, in  return  for  their  aid  against 
Uewelyn ;  but  this  supremacy  was  strenu- 
ously resisted,  was  by  a  charter  of  Eliza- 
hetli,  1576,  limited  to  a  co-ordinate  juris- 
diction, and  has  long  been  abandoned,  (in 
1663);  the  last  great  charter  (that  of 
Charles  II.,  Dec  23,  1668,)  gives  the 
limit  of  their  rule  as  from  Shore-beacon, 
Essex  (at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames),  to 
the  Red  Cliff,  at  Seaford.  They  had, 
however,  almost  a  monopoly  of  the  trade 
with  France  and  Spain,  and  down  to 
a  comparatively  late  period  they  were 
carefol  to  distinguish  their  ships  and  men 
from  any  others.  Thus  in  the  Cinque 
Ports*  Register,  under  the  year  15 14,  we 


Amu  of  the  Otaqja  Forts. 


read,  "Every  person  that  goeth  into  the 
navie  of  the  pcrtis  shall  haue  a  cote  of 
white  cotyn,  with  a  red  crosse,  and  the 
armes  of  the  portis  undemeathe,  that  is  to 
say,  the  halfe  lyon  and  the  halfe  ship." 
They  looked  on  themselves  as  peculiarly 
"Kmg's  Men"— the  Royal  Navy  of  the 
time — and  assumed  a  superiority  over  the 
mariners  of  other  ports,  which  often  led  to 
fierce  battles.  The  Ports  continued  distinct 
from  other  places  until  the  passing  of  the 
Municipal  Corporations  Refozm  Act,  by 
the  operation  of  which  many  of  the  pecu- 
liarities of  their  local  government,  and 
most  of  their  exclusive  privileges,  have 
been  abolished. 

The  office  of  lord  warden  of  the  Cin(^ue 
Ports  has  ever  been  held  by  men  of  high 
rank,  and  some  of  the  first  names  in  Eng- 
lish history  are  to  be  found  on  the  roll; 
but,  like  the  Ports  themselves,  it  has  now 
ceased  to  have  any  political  importance, 
and  is  generally  bestowed  on  the  prima 
minister  for  the  time  being  on  the  occasion 
of  a  vacancy.  Thus  it  mis  been  held  by 
William  Pitt,  and  the  earl  of  Liverpool, 
and,  more  appropriately,  by  the  late  duke- 
of  Wellington ;  it  is  now  enjoyed  by  Earl 
Granville,  whose  official  residence  is  Wal- 
mer  Castle,  near  Deal. 

Of  the  present  state  of  the  Ports  little 
need  be  said.  They  return  eight  members 
to  parliament,  who  are  still  styled  barons, 
ana  have  the  right  (not  exercised,  however, 
of  late)  to  an  important  place  at  corona- 
tions*; and  they  are  yet  distinct  from  the 
counties  in  which  they  are  situate,  and 
have  gaols,  coroners,  &c.,  of  their  own ; 
but  as  far  as  commerce  and  navigation  are 
concerned,  they  have  long  been  the  mere 
shadows  of  what  they  once  were,  being  in 
many  cases  eclipsed  by  their  members, 
which  have  risen  in  proportion  as  the  head 
Ports  have  decayed.  For  instance,  Mar- 
gate and  Ramsgate  have  ten  times  the 
population  and  trade  of  their  legal  supe- 
rior. Sandwich,  though  Ramsgate  is  still 
governed  by  a  deputy  from  the  mayor  of 
that  town.  Dover,  Hythe,  and  Hastings, 
however,  enjoy  some  importance  as  sea- 
bathing resorts. 


*  Up  to  the  coronation  of  George  IV.  in  x8ax 
they  bore  cano|»es  with  silver  beUs  over  the  aov- 
eragn  in  the  procession,  and  received  them  for 
their  fee.  In  ancient  times  these  were  usually 
bestowed  on  the  shrine  of  some  saint,  very  com- 
mtookf  OB  that  of  St.  Thomas  at  Canterbury ;  more 


recently,  they  have  been  broken  up  and  sold,  but 
a  few  of  the  oells  are  to  be  found  preserved  in  the 
town-halls  of  one  or  two  of  the  ports.  The  barons 
were  formeriy  sixteen  in  number,  but  th^  were 
reduced  one  naif  by  the  operation  of  the  Reform 
Act  of  x8^3. 


THE    PLANTAGENETS. 


Anns  of  Qeolfirer.  oomt  «f  Aajon. 

This  celebrated  line  of  kings  sprang 
from  the  marriage  of  the  empress 
Maud  with  Geoffrey,  son  of  Fulk,  count 
of  Anjou,  who  also  had  the  ofiBce  of 
seneschal  of  France,  and  eveittQally 
became  king  of  Jerusalem.  The  name 
is  evidently  derived  from  planta  ge- 
nista^ the  broom-plant,  a  sprig  of  which, 


Fhmta  genista. 

It  seems,  was  usually  worn  by  Geoffrey 
in  his  cap,  or  other  head-gear;  but 

'  whether  it  is  to  be  taken  as  an  indica- 

'tion  of  his  love  for  field  sports,  or  was 
assumed  as  a  token  of  humility  or 
badge  of  penance^  is  doubtful;  the 
latter,  however,  being  the  most  pro- 
bable. 

The  Plantagenet  kings  were  four- 
teen in  number,  and  their  rule  ex- 
tended  over  a  period  of  331  years 

.  (AJD.  1 1 54—1485).  Some  of  our  ablest 
xnonarchs  are  found  among  them ;  but 
they  were  almost  incessantly  engaged 
in  fierce  struggles  with  either  their 
subjects   or   their  kindred,  in  many 

wcases  with  disastrous  results  to  them- 


sdves.  Hemy  IL  and  John  sank 
broken-hearted  (the  latter  perhaps  poi- 
soned) under  their  difficulties  ;  Ridi- 
ard  I.  and  Richard  III.  fell  in  the  field; 
Edward  II.  was  murdered ;  and  Rich- 
ard II.,  Henry  VI.,  and  Edward  V.,lost 
their  crowns,  if  not  their  hves.  Yet, 
to  the  great  body  of  their  subjects,  the 
results  of  these  dire  convulsions  were 
eminently  beneficial;  they  first  weak- 
ened, then  shook  to  its  centre,  the 
feudal  system,  and  admitted  the  moni- 
cipal  bodies  and  the  commoBs  of  tibe 
land  to  a.  share  in  tiie  govcmment, 
which  was  so  enlarged  under  succeed- 
ing kings,  as  at  length  to  render  it 
impossible  that  England  should  ever 
again  be  ruled  merely  by  the  sword. 

The  great  fcnreig^  events  of  the  Plan- 
tagenet era  were,  the  annexation  of 
Wales  and  the  partial  conquest  of  Ire- 
land ;  the  loss  of  the  continental  pos- 
sessions of  the  house^  and  the  long 
series  of  attacks  upon  Scotland  and 
France,  which,  happily  for  all  parties, 
were  ultimately  imsuccessfiiL  The 
kings  of  France  formed  counter  pro- 
jects for  the  conc^uest  of  England, 
which  were  but  indifferently  seconded 
by  their  nobles,  who  had  no  wish  to 
lose  the  asylum  which  our  island  fre- 
quently afforded  thon  from  any  vio- 
lent exertion  of  the  royal  power,  and 
therefore  their  efforts  were  ahogetbcr 
abortive. 


fiitstBMltfBanylL 


HENRY  II. 


Henut,  the  eldest  son  of  Maud, 
daughter  of  Henry  I.,  and  Geofftey 
count  of  Anjou,  was  bom  at  Le  Mans, 
in  Maine,  March  5,  1 133.  He  was 
brought  to  England  in  his  loth  year, 
passoi  several  years  of  his  boyhood 
under  the  care  of  his  uncle  Robert, 
earl  of  Gloucester,  and  acquired  a 
greater  degree  of  literary  culture  than 
was  then  usual  anion|^  princes.  In  1 1 5 1 
he  contracted  a  p6htic«  but  unhappy 
and  discreditable  marriage  with  Elea- 
nor, the  divorced  wife  of  Louis  VII.  of 
France,  vith  whom  he  obtained  pos- 
session of  Aquitaine*,  and  succeeding 
shortly  after,  bv  compact,  to  the  throne 
of  England,  he  became  one  of  the 


most  powerful  princes  of  his  time^ 
His  first  step  towards  remedying  the 
disorders  of  his  kingdom  was  forcin^^ 
the  most  turbulent  of  his  nobles  to 
respect  his  authority,  and  to  give  up'; 
many  of  their  strongest  castles.  He ' 
also  dispossessed  the  Scots  from  the 
northern  districts  of  England,  made 
several  strenuous  but  vain  efforts  to 
subjugate  the  Welsh,  and  formally 
annexed  Ireland  to  his  dominions. 
Several  years  of  bis  reign  were  dis- 
turbed by  contentions  with  the  Church, 
and  he  suffered  greatly  by  the  rebel- 
lions of  his  sons,  who,  encouraged  by 
their  mother,  leagued  themselves  witn 
the  kings   of  France  and  Scotland 


*  Sbt  was  the  dam^ter  of  William  V.  of  Aqui- 
bioe,  and  was  bom  in  xxaa.  She  married  Louis 
of  Frmo^  by  whom  she  had  two  daughten,  and 
accumuiuued  him  to  Palestine,  but  was  divorced 
loan  aflo'  Ids  ictoni  to  Evope  00  the  fbnnal  plea 
of  ooaaangnluity,  but  in  reaiity  in  consequence  of 
her  miaoonduct.  Her  marriage  with  Henry  was 
ako  unhappy,  and  in  the  course  of  it  she  suflTered 


nt.  Sbehadagveatd 


several  years'  in 

in  the  conduct  of  affiairs  durine  the  rei 

Richard,  strenuously  exerted  hersdf  to  ] 


affiairs  during  the  reign  of  her  soa 
ersdf  to  Mocnre  his 
liberation,  and  then  recondled  him  to  nis  broth 


of  Mirabel, 
tevraud. 


The  latter  years  of  her  life  were  dMr 
abroad,  and  dying  in  xaoo,  at  the  castlft 
sbd,  in  Anjou,  she  was  buried  at  Fo»* 


I  3 


ii6 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


against  him,  and  at  last  caused  his 
death  from  grief  and  vexation. 

Henry  died  at  Chinon,  in  Touraine, 
on  the  6th  of  July,  1189,  and  was 


buried  at  Fontevraud,  in  Anjoa.  His 
marriage  with  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine 
brought  him  five  sons  and  three 
daughters. 


Henry  II.  Sleuior  of  Gnleniio. 

From  tholr  monmnants  at  Ibnteyraiid. 


1.  William,  bom  1152,  had  fealty 
sworn  to  him  in  11 56,  but  died  shortly 
after,  and  was  buried  «it  Reading. 

2.  Henry,  bom  at  London,  Feb.  28, 
1 155,  was  in  his  childhood  affianced 
to  Marraret,  the  daughter  of  Louis 
VII.  of  France,  and  married  to  her  at 
a  very  early  age.  He  was  crowned 
king  by  his  father's  command  in  1 170, 
but  leagued  with  his  brothers  against 
him ;  in  the  midst  of  the  contest  he 
died,  with  strong  marks  of  contrition. ' 
June  II,  1 183.  His  widow  marriea 
Bela,  king  of  Hungary,  and  died  a  pil- 
grim at  Acre,  in  11 98. 

3.  Richard  became  king. 

4.  Geoffrey,  bom  Sept  23,  1158, 
married  Constance,  the  heiress  of 
Conan  le  Petit,  count  of  Britanny.  In 
contests  of  his  father  and  brothers,  he 
changed  sides  so  fre<^uently  as  to  be- 
come notorious  for  his  treachery ;  he 
was  thrown  from  his  horse  and  killed 
at  a  tournament  at  Paris,  Aug.  19, 
1 186.  His  children  were  the  unfor- 
tunate Eleanor  and  Arthur,  the  vic- 
tims of  their  uncle  John  \ 

5.  John  became  king. 

6.  Matilda,  bom  at  London  in  11 56, 
was  married  to  Henry  the  Lion,  duke 
of  Saxony,  and  after  sharing  many 
troubles  with  him,  died  June  28,  1189, 
shortly  after  his  exile  by  the  emperor 
Frederick  I. 

7.  Eleanor,  bom  at  Domfront,  in 
Normandy,  in  1162,  was  married  to 
Alphonso  III.  of  Castile,  with  whom 


she  lived  forty-three  years,  and  died 
of  grief,  October  31, 12 14,  only  twenty- 
five  days  after  his  decease. 

8.  Johanna,  bom  at  Angers  in  Octo- 
ber, 1 165,  was  married  while  a  child 
to  William  the  Good,  king  of  Sicily ; 
she  was  early  left  a  widow,  and  after- 
wards married  Raymond  VI.,  count  of 
Toulouse.  She  accompanied  her  bro- 
ther Richard  to  the  Holy  Land,  and 
did  not  long  survive  hiin,  dying,  after 
having  assumed  the  habit  of  a  nun,  in 
Sept  1199 ;  she  was  buried  with  him 
at  Fontevraud. 

Henry  had  a  number  of  illegitimate 
children,  of  whom  two  especially  re- 
quire notice. 

William,  called  Longespee,  received 
in  marriage  Ela,  the  heiress  of  William 
FiU-Patrick,  earl  of  Salisbury.      He 


Anns  of  wmiam  Longvpee. 

was  an  eminent  military  commander, 
and  the  main  support,  both  by  his 
arms  and  his  counsel,  of  his  brother 

iohn,  by  whom  he  appears  to  have 
een   duly   valued.      He    did   much 


^  Hu  widow  married  Ranulf,  earl  of  Chester,  I  dukes  of  Britanny,  who  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in 
iMt  deserted  him  for  Guy  de  Thouars,  by  whom     the  wan  of  Edward  III. 
abe  had  a  daughter  Alice,  from  whom  sprang  the  I 


HENRY  II. 


117 


damage  to  the  towns,  and  burnt  the 
fleet  of  France,  but  was  himself  cap- 
tured at  Bouvines ;  he  died  March  7, 
1226.  His  son,  of  the  same  name, 
served  in  Egypt  under  Louis  IX.  of 
France,  and  was  killed  there  in  1249. 

Geoffrey,  though  not  in  orders,  had 
the  see  of  Lincohi  bestowed  on  him  in 
1 173,  and  held  it  till  Jan.  6, 1 182,  when 
he  resigned  it,  devoting  himself  to  a 
secular  life,  and  accompanied  his  fa- 
ther as  his  chancellor ;  his  conduct 
contrasted  so  greatly  with  that  of  his 
brothers,  that  the  king  declared  Geof- 
frey was  his  true  son,  and  on  his  death- 
bed, which  he  alone  attended,  ex- 
pressed a  wish  that  he  should  become 
archbishop  of  York.  Richard  accord- 
ingly bestowed  it  on  him,  though 
when  he  went  on  the  crusade  he  for- 
bade Geoffrey  to  remain  in  England. 
Geoffrey,  however,  took  possession 
after    a    short    struggle    with    Long- 


champ,  the  justiciary,  and  held  his 
see  till  1207,  when  opposing  the  ex- 
actions of  John,  he  was  driven  abroad, 
and  he  died  in  exile  in  Normandy, 
Dec.  18,  12 1 2. 

Another  natural  son,  Morgan,  a 
priest,  became  provost  of  Beverley, 
and  in  121 5  was  elected  to  the  see  of 
Durham,  but  rejected  by  the  pope  on 
the  ground  of  his  illegitimate  birth, 
which  he  proudly  refused  to  conceal, 
by  taking,  as  the  pontiff  is  said  to  have 
advised,  the  name  of  Bloet,  that  of  his 
mother. 

In  this  king's  reign  the  royal  arms 
of  England  assumed  their  present 
form,  "  Gules,  three  lions  passant  gar- 
dant,  in  pale,  or,"  being,  as  is  sup- 
posed, a  lion  added  for  Aquitaine  to 
the  two  before  used  for  Normandy  and 
Poitou.  Beside  using  the  badge  of  his 
house,  the  broom-plant,  the  personal 
devices  of  an  escarooucle  and  a  sword 


Anng  and  Badge  of  Henry  n. 

and    olive-branch    are    attributed    to 
him. 

The  character  of  Henry,  judging 
from  his  actions,  cannot  be  drawn  in 
other  than  unfavourable  colours.  His 
contemporaries  are  almost  unanimous 
in  describing  him  as  polished  in  his 
manner,  though  subject  to  occasional 
fits  of  ungovernable  rage  ;  faithless  to 
his  word,  and  even  attempting  to  justify 
his  conduct,  by  remarking  that  it  was 
better  to  have  to  repent  of  words  than 


Planta  Genista. 

of  deeds;  crafty  rather  than  brave,  and, 
at  least  in  one  memorable  instance, 
cruel  in  the  extreme,  when  irritated 
by  defeat* ;  licentious  in  his  life,  and 
most  unwise  in  his  treatment  of  his 
(iildren** ;  and  so  covetous  of  empire 
as  to  marry  a  divorced  wife  for  the 
sake  of  her  patrimony.  As  to  his  per- 
sonal government,  his  constant  efforts 
to  curb  the  power  of  his  nobles  must 
have  been  beneficial  to  the  rest  of  his 
subjects*;  and  he  has  received  the 


•  See  A.D.  X165. 

*  Hiey  all  rebelled  against  him ;  but  the  fault 
uas  not  wholly  theirs,  or  their  mother's,  whom 
historians  in  general  blame  so  heavily.  From  his 
childhood  Henry  had  encouraged  Richard  to  look 
OQ  himself  as  the  future  sovereign  of  Aquitaine, 
and  he  had  early  employed  him  against  rebels  in 
that  quarter,  which  rendered  the  young  prince  tm- 
popular  there,  yet  he  allowed  Henry  and  Geoflfrey 
to  make  war  upon  him,  in  their  support ;  and  his 
conduct  was  such  regarding  the  possessions  of  Mar- 
garet and  Adelais,  who  were  betrothed  to  Henry 
and  Richard,  as  to  shew  that  views  of  territorial 
aggrandisement  actuated  him  as  much  in  the  case 


of  their  marriages  as  in  his  own. 

•  The  practice  of  allowing  the  tenants  of  the 
crown  to  compound  for  their  military  service  by 
the  payment  of  a  sum  of  money,  termed  scutage, 
introduced  in  this  reign,  may  be  regarded  as  the 
first  great  blow  to  the  feudal  system.  At  first  it 
was  doubtless  a  relief,  but  in  aJtertimes  its  effect 
was  far  firom  beneficial,  as  it  placed  funds  in  the 
hands  of  kings,  which  they  often  expended  in  hiring 
Braban^ons  and  other  foreign  mercenaries;  they 
thus  were  enabled  to  oppress  all  classes,  and  for 
a  time  to  violate  their  oaths  and  disregard  their 
charters  with  impimity. 


ii8 


THE  PLAMTAGENETS. 


[A.D.  1154—1159, 


credit,  whether  justly  or  unjustly,  of 
putting  an  end  to  the  extortions  of  such 
Itinerant  justiciaries  as  Flambard',  by 
the  establishment  of  regular  circuits 
of  iudges';  important  matters,  no 
doubt,  but  still  affording  very  insuffi- 
cient ground  for  the  praises  often  la- 
vished on  him  by  writers,  who,  misled 
by  pity  for  his  unhappy  end,  or  strong 
feehngs  on  the  conflict  of  ecclesias- 
tical and  regal  power  which  maiked 
his  time,  have  described  him  as  the 
greatest  and  best  of  English  kings. 


A.D.  1 1 54. 
Henry  is  crowned  at  Westminster, 
by  Theobald,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, Dec.  19  \ 

A.D.  1155. 

Stephen's  Flemish  mercenaries  are 
sent  to  reinforce  their  countrymen  in 
West  Wales  (Pembrokeshire). 

Henry  renews  the  charter  of  liber- 
ties of  Henry  I.*,  resumes  many  of 
the  late  kin^s  grants,  destroys  most 
of  the  newly-erected  castles^,  and  ap- 
points justices  to  redress  the  disorders 
of  the  time. 

Henry,  bishop  of  Winchester  (bro- 
ther of  King  Stephen),  quits  the  king- 
dom without  permission,  when  his 
strong  castles  are  seized  by  the  king. 

The  king  applies  to  the  pope  (Adrian 
IV.)  for  permission  to  undertake  the 
conquest  of  Ireland,  which  is  granted 
to  him\  but  he  does  not  for  many 
years  avail  himself  of  it. 

Hugh  Mortimer,  lord  of  Wigmore, 
on  the  Welsh  border,  refuses  to  sur- 
render his  castles  to  the  king,  but  is 
soon  obliged  to  submit 

A.D.  1 156. 
Godred  of  Man  defeated  by  Stmier- 


leid,  lord  of  Aigyll ',  in  a  naval  battle, 
Jan.  6 ;  the  Isles  are  in  consequence 
partitioned. 

Henry  makes  war  on  his  brother 
Geoffrey,  and  drives  him  out  of  An- 
jou.  He  also  deprives  him  of  the 
castles  of  Chinon,  Mirabel,  and  Lou- 
dun,  which  had  been  bestowed  on 
him  by  their  fiatther".  Geoffrey  seeks 
refuge  in  Britanny,  where  he  becomes 
governor  c^the  town  of  Nantes. 

A.D.  1 1 57. 

Henry  compels  the  Scots  to  with- 
draw from  the  north  of  England,  and 
in  return  confirms  the  earldom  of 
Himtingdon  to  the  Scottish  king  (Mai- 
cohn  IV.) 

William  the  son  of  Stephen,  Hugh 
Bigod  earl  of  Norfolk,  and  many  other 
nobles,  are  obliged  to  surrender  their 
castle. 

Henry  interferes  in  the  quarrels  of 
Owen  Gwynneth  and  his  brother  Cad- 
walader"  ;  he  is  in  danger  in  the  pass 
of  Consilt,  near  Flint,  but  saves  him- 
self by  flight «. 

Henry  is  a  second  time  crowned,  at 
Lincoln,  on  Christmas-day,  and  a  third 
time  at  Worcester,  at  Easter,  1158. 

A.D.  1 158. 

Geoffrey,  his  brother,  dies,  and 
Henry  obtains  possession  of  Nantes. 

Sumerleid  again  defeats  Godred  of 
Man,  who  in  consequence  professes 
himself  the  tributary  of  the  king  of 
Norway  (Magnus  V.),  and  claims  his 
assistance. 

A.D.  1 1 59. 
Henry  claims  Toulouse,  in  rig^t  of 
his  wife,  and  lays  siege  to  the  city, 
but  without  success.      He  is  accom- 
panied by  William  the  son  of  Stc- 


'  See  p.  96.  f  See  a.d.  1176. 

'»  The  yean  of  his  reign  are  computed  from  this 
day. 

'  S'ic  A.D.  txoa  J  See  A.  D.  1138. 

^  'Vhe  papal  pretext  was,  "  to  extend  the  bounds 
of  the  Chuixzh,  and  to  teadi  a  nid«  people  the  ru- 
diments of  the  Christiaa  iaith,"  as  if  the  Irish 
were  still  pagans ;  that  of  the  Idnc,  a  desire  to 
conquer  a  kingdom  for  his  brother  William.  The 
real  reasons  apparently  w«re,  the  craving  of  die 
king  for  larger  territory,  and  the  desire  of  the  pope 
to  see  his  supremacy  formally  recognised  in  Ire- 
land, where  as  yet  at  was  allowed  only  by  the 
Ostnien. 

<  'I'nc  ancestor  of  the  potott  Locds  of  the  Isles  of 
at  later  day. 


"•  Henry  thus  early  shewed  that  contieaipt  for 
the  most  solemn  promises  which  appears  in  so 
xoany  actions  of  his  life. 

■  Cadwalader  lived  many  years  after,  detested 
by  his  countrymen  as  an  ally  of  the  Normans,  and 
equally  distrusted  by  the  latter.  At  length  be  m-a^ 
summoned  to  England  to  answer  certain  charges  of 
the  Marchers,  and  was  murdered  on  his  return, 
though  under  the  safe  condoa  of  the  Idag,  Sept. 

•  The  battle  of  Conaflt  b  the  theme  of  a  spirited 


bard, 


atnin^ 
I,  wno,  i 


ode  by  Cynddelw,  a  „ 
dressing  the  king,  says, 
"  Kntghthood  to  the  generous  beast 
That  saved  thee,  king,  thou  owest  at  least." 


ad- 


iLD.  1 159 — X164.] 


IL 


119^ 


I^iCBy  and  Thomas  Becket,  his  chan- 
cellor*. The  king  of  Fiance  (Louis 
VI L)  soppoits  the  count  of  Touloase, 
and  var  ensaes. 

A.D.  T160. 

Peace  is  made  with  France,  in  Oc- 
tober. Henry  retains  his  conquests 
in  the  south  of  France,  and  arranges 
a  marriage  between  his  son  Henry 
and  Margaret,  the  daughter  of  Louis 
VI L,  children  of  tender  age. 

The  children  are  marriec^  by  au- 
thority of  the  papal  legate,  Nov.  2 ; 
Henry  ftms  obtains  possession  of  the 
princess's  dower,  which  gives  occasion 
toanew  wati. 

A.D.  1 1 61. 

The  Frendi  are  defeated  at  Chau- 
mont. 

Peace  is  made  in  July,  when  the 
kings  agree  to  j-eceive  Alexander  III. 
as  pope'. 

Owen  Gwynneth  ravages  South 
AVaks. 

A.D.  1 1 62. 

Thomas  Becket  is,  by  the  king's 


CfMimanri,  elected  archfaisliop  of  Can- 
tertniry,  May  24 ;  he  b  consecrHed  oa 
Whit-Sonday,  May  27. 

The  archbishop,  Mostly  after,  re- 
signs the  chanoellorship,  which  greatly 
offends  die  king',  who  in  conseqoenoe^ 
supports  Roger  de  Clare  and  odiers  in 
keeping  possession  of  several  manocs 
and  casoes  belongii^  to  the  see  of 
Canterbury. 

A.D.  1 163. 

The  kii^  returns  to  England,  iir. 
January. 

Henry  of  Essex,  accused  of  treason 
at  Consilt*,  is  defeated  in  single  com- 
bat by  Robert  de  Montfort ;  his  life  is 
thereby  forfeited,  but  he  is  allowed  to 
become  a  monk  at  Reading  *. 

An  assembly  held  at  Westminster,, 
in  October,  at  which  complaints  are 
made  of  the  proceedings  of  the  spi- 
ritual courts,  and  the  bishops  are  re- 
quired to  observe  the  "  customs"  used 
in  the  time  of  Heniy  I. ;  they  promise 
to  do  so,  **  saving  the  rights  of  their 
order,"  at  which  the  king  is  dis- 
pleased. 


THE  CONSTITUTIONS  OF  CLARENDON. 


A.D.  1 1 64. 

A  COT7NCIL  held  at  Clarendon  (near 
Salisbury),  Jan.  25,  when  certain  ar- 
ticles are  brought  forward  by  John  of 
Oxford,  the  king's  chaplain,  specifying 
the  "customs  ;"  the  bishops  are  com- 
pdled  by  threats  of  violence  to  sub- 
scribe to  them ;  the  archbishop,  how- 
ever, formally  retracts  his  consent. 

These  articles,  known  as  the  Con- 
stitutions of  Clarendon,  are  sixteen  in 
number.  They  are  described  as  cus- 
toms of  the  time  of  Henry  I.,  but  the 


real  state  of  the  case  is,  that  they 
revive  claims  which  had  embroiled 
Henry  I.  with  Anselm  and  the  popes, 
and  had  been  formally  abandoned. 
All  controversies  on  ecclesiastical  pa- 
tronage are  to  be  determined  in  the 
king's  courts ;  chiu-ches  in  the  king's 
demesne  are  only  to  be  filled  up  by 
him ;  the  clergy,  both  in  person  and 
property,  are  rendered  amenable  to 
the  king's  courts ;  they  are  forbidden 
to  go  abroad  without  his  consent,  or 
to  jappeal  to  Rome.    Vacant  bishop- 


V  This  enuacnt  man  was  bora  m  1x18,  Im  father, 
Gilbat,  being  a  London  trader,  of  Norman  descent, 
«bo  fadd  the  office  of  ]>ortreeve.  He  was  brought 
fmmAid  by  the  Archbishop  Theobald  of  Canter- 
borj,  who  made  him  his  archdeacon,  and  intro- 
duced him  to  the  king ;  by  whom  he  was  first 
named  chaplain,  but  soon  afterwards  chancellor; 
he  riao  acted  somcdmcs  as  ambassador,  sometimes 
as  soldier.  His  income  was  great,  and  he  main- 
tained his  household  in  almost  r^al  magnificence, 
which  was  made  a  charge  against  nim  when  he  fell 
into  diisgrace ;  but  there  is  neither  evidence  nor 
leasojaHe  suspicion  that  he  had  applied  the  king's 
treasure  to  his  own  pnrposes. 

«  The  princess  had  been  placed  in  the  hands  of 
Henry  for  education,  and  ner  dower  (the  Vexin, 
aee  a.z>.  xo97,)put  in  diarge  of  the  Templars,  to  be 
delivered  over  on  her  marriage,  which  of  course 
vas  expected  to  be  deferred  till  the  parties  were  of 


a  suitable  age.  Henry,  however,  by  marrying^ 
them  at  onoe  obtained  the  territory,  which  lay 
tempdngly  near  his  own. 

»  The  emperor  ^Frederick  I.)  supported  a  rival 
pope,  who  was  styled  Victor  IV. 

•  Almost  immediately  alter  his  consecration  the 
long  became  on  ill  terms  with  his  former  favourite  ; 
Becket's  real  offence  being,  that  he  would  not  sacri- 
fice the  rigfau  of  his  new  dice  to  preserve  the  good- 
will of  the  courtiers,  now  no  longer  his  familiar  as- 
sociates. 

*  See  A.IX  1x57.  Either  Irom  cowardice  or  tl-each- 
eiy  he  threw  down  the  king's  standard,  of  which 
he  was  the  bearer,  and  took  to  flight. 

«  Among  his  forfeited  lands  was  Saltwood  Castle,, 
in  Kent,  which  be  held  from  the  see  of  Canterbury. 
Becket  daimed  the  forfeiture,  but  the  kins  be- 
stowed it  on  Raaolf  de  Broc,  a  knight  ol  hu;. 
houseludd. 


;20 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[A.D.  1 164 — 1 169. 


lies  and  other  dignities  mav  remain 
for  an  unlimited  time  in  the  king's 
hands ;  election  thereto  is  only  to  be 
by  his  licence ;  and  homage,  fealty, 
and  all  other  services  are  due  for  them 
as  well  as  for  lay  fees,  except  sitting 
in  judgment  in  matters  of  life  and 
limb.  The  spiritual  courts  are  for- 
bidden to  proceed  to  excommunica- 
tion of  the  king's  ministers  or  tenants 
in  chief  without  the  king's  consent,  all 
pleas  of  debt*  are  to  be  judged  only 
m  the  king's  courts,  and  church-yards 
are  not  to  afford  shelter  for  the  goods 
of  offenders  condemned  therein ;  and, 
lastly,  the  ordination  of  the  sons  of 
villems  without  their  lord's  consent  is 
prohibited. 


A.D.  1 164. 


A  second  council  is  assembled  at 
Northampton,  Oct.  7.  Many  charges 
are  brought  against  the  archbishop, 
chiefly  concerning  his  administration 
of  the  king's  treasure  while  chancellor. 
He  pleads  that  all  such  matters  had 
been  settled  with  the  king's  justiciary 
before  he  became  archbishop,  but  is 
nevertheless  condemned  in  a  very 
large  sum,  when  he  announces  his 
intention  of  appealing  to  the  pope, 
•Oct.  13. 

The  archbishop  leaves  Northamp- 
ton in  disguise,  the  same  night.  He 
travels  under  the  name  of  "  brother 
Christian,"  and  after  some  stay  on  the 
Kentish  coast,  lands  near  Gravelines, 
in  Flanders,  Nov.  2.  He  finds  an 
asylum  at  Pontigny,  in  Burgundy, 
with  the  Cistercians. 

The  kine  banishes  the  family  and 
friends  of  the  archbishop,  to  the  num- 
ber of  400,  obliging  them  to  take  an 
oath  to  repair  to  him  in  his  exiled 

The  Welsh,  both  of  the  south  and 
the  north,  carry  on  the  war  against 
the  marchers. 

A.D.  1 165. 
Henry  invades  Wales  with  a  large 
force,  but  is  unsuccessful,  and  barbar- 
ously hangs  many  hostages  formerly 


placed  in  his  hands;  among  others, 
several  children. 

The  Welsh  capture  Basingwerk,  near 
Flint,  and  other  castles,  but  disagree- 
ing about  the  spoil,  their  confederacy 
is  broken  up. 

A.D.  1 166. 

A  council  held  at  Oxford,  in  which 
thirty  German  heretics  are  condemned. 
Being  branded,  and  driven  forth,  they 
perish  of  hunger. 

The  archbishop  excommunicates 
many  of  the  king's  friends,  aiid  also 
such  of  the  bishops  and  clergy  as  had 
agreed  to  abide  oy  the  Constitutions 
of  Clarendon,  June  12. 

A  council  held  at  London,  which 
votes  an  appeal  to  the  pope  from  the 
excommunications  of  the  archbishop. 

The  king  persecutes  the  Cistercians 
for  affording  him  refuge.  He  in  con- 
sequence quits  Pontigny,  November. 

Dermot,  king  of  Leinster,  expelled 
by  his  fellow  kings,  repairs  to  Henry, 
and  offers  to  become  his  vassal,  if 
replaced.  The  king  declines  to  en- 
gage in  the  matter,  but  allows  him  to 
apply  to  his  nobles. 

A.D.  1 167. 
Becket  receives  shelter  at  Sens  from 
the  king  of  France.  Henry  makes 
war  on  him,  and  captures  and  de- 
stroys the  castles  of  Chaumont,  Gi- 
sors,  and  others. 

A.D.  1 1 68. 

Many  of  the  nobles  of  Britanny, 
Poitou,  and  Guienne,  join  the  king 
of  France. 

Henry  marches  against  them,  sub- 
dues them,  and  destroys  their  castles. 
A.D.  1 169. 

Peace  is  concluded  between  Louis 
and  Henry,  Jan.  6.  The  archbishop 
has  an  interview  with  them,  but  no- 
thing is  concluded. 

The  pope  (Alexander  III.)  appoints 
commissioners  to  effect  a  reconcilia- 
tion, but  they  are  distrusted  by  both 
parties. 

The  archbishop  excommunicates 
Gilbert  Foliot,  bishop  of  London, 
the  king's  chief  adviser  ■. 


*  It  was  then  customary  for  a  borrower  to  swear 
to  make  payment  by  a  certain  dav  ;  his  neglect  of 
his  oath  was  a  spiritual  oflfence,  which  brought  him 
into  the  power  of  the  ecclesiastical  courts. 

y  They  were  received  with  great  kindness  in 
France,  and  the  king  (Louis  VII.)  wannly  es< 


poused  the  archbishop's  cause.    The  pope  (Alex- 
ander III.)  was  then  dwelling  in  France. 

■  The  sentence  was  made  known  in  Foliot*s  own 
cathedral  by  a  young  French  priest,  the  arch- 
bishop's messenger,  on  Ascension  Day  (May  39^ 


A.D.  1 1 69.] 


HENRY  II. 


121 


IRELAND. 


A.D.  1 1 69. 

Dermot  of  Leinster  procures  aid 
from  Richard  de  Clare  \  Maurice 
Fitzgerald  and  Robert  Fitzstephen  ^, 
two  of  Clare's  associates,  are  sent  for- 
ward with  a  small  body  of  Norman 
horse  and  Welsh  foot ;  they  land  near 
Wexford,  June  24,  and  establish  them- 
selves there. 

The  state  of  Ireland,  mainly  in  con- 
sequence of  the  strange  system  of 
elective  monarchy  which  prevailed 
there,  had  long  been  such  as  to  fa- 
vour any  invasion  from  England,  even, 
as  was  now  the  case,  wi£  compara- 
tively small  numbers.  There  were 
five  native  kings, ,  commonly  at  war 
among  themselves ;  and  although  one 
of  them  was  nominally  lord  paramount, 
and  styled  Ardriach,  his  authority  can- 
not have  been  much  regarded,  as  the 
head  of  each  sept,  or  tribe,  was  every- 
where considered  as  an  independent 
ruler.  Each  king's  successor  was 
chosen  by  popular  election,  during  the 
lifetime  of  the  king  himself,  being 
sometimes  his  eldest  son,  but  more 
often  not,  and  so  frec^uently  making 
war  to  obtain  possession,  that  more 
than  half  of  the  Irish  kings  whose  fate 
is  known  are  ascertained  to  have  met 
with  violent  deaths  from  this  cause. 
Primogeniture  was  unknown,  and  on 
the  death  of  any  chief,  his  possessions 
were  equally  shared  among  all  his 
male  issue,  whether  legitimate  or  not 
To  add  to  the  confusion,  the  Ostman 
kings  and  bishops  were  in  constant 
communication  with  the  kindred  Nor- 
man rulers  in  England ;  and  Norman 
mercenaries  sold  their  services  to  every 
chief  who  could  pay  them. 

A  people  thus  divided  into  as  many 
(iEictions  as  families,  of  course  could 
offer  no  more  effectual  opposition  to 


the  new  invaders  than  to  their  pre- 
cursors ;  but  though  easily  estabhshed, 
the  rule  of  the  English  kings  in  Ireland 
was  in  reality  for  a  long  period  re- 
stricted to  very  narrow  Umits;  little 
more  indeed  than  the  Ostman  sea- 
ports which  had  been  reserved  for  the 
crownby  Henry  II.  The  natives,  see- 
ing their  invaders  begin  to  quarrel 
over  their  spoil,  which  they  speedily 
did,  reconquered  much  of  the  country 
that  had  been  overrun,  and  disclaimed 
their  recent  formal  submission.  The 
king's  officers  were  equally  set  at 
nought  by  the  Norman  settlers,  who 
soon,  in  hatred  to  all  newer  comers 
and  defiance  of  authority,  became 
"more  Irish  than  the  Irish  them- 
selves ; "  they  strove  to  dispossess 
the  old  inhabitants,  but  yet  they  in- 
termarried with  them,  and  adopted 
their  language,  with  much  of  Uieir 
manners  and  customs. 

The  kings  of  England  took  the  title 
of  Lords  of  Irehmd,  but  their  authority 
was  little  more  than  nominaL  Statutes 
and  proclamations  for  nearly  400  years 
speak  of  three  classes  in  the  country, 
the  king's  subjects,  the  king's  rebels, 
and  the  king^  enemies.  The  first, 
never  more  than  an  insignificant  num- 
ber, were  the  inhabitants  of  the  Eng- 
lish Pale,  a  limited  district  on  the 
east  coast,  who,  dwelling  in,  or  im- 
mediately adjoining,  Dublin,  Drog- 
heda,  or  other  fortified  towns,  were 
thus  by  military  force  compelled  to 
yield  a  semblance  of  obedience ;  the 
second  ordinarily  comprised,  in  the 
east  and  south,  Uie  Butlers  and  Fitz- 
geralds,  in  the  north  and  west,  the 
De  Courcys,  De  Burghs,  and  other 
Anglo-Irish  chiefs,  who  occupied  in 
almost  independent  sovereignty  the 
open  country;  the  last  were  the  na- 


•  He  was  a  descendant  of  Richard  of  Brionne, 
a  Nonnan.  who  fought  at  Hastings,  and  appears 
ia  Domesday  Book  possessed  of  manors  in  Kent, 
Suffolk,  and  seven  other  counties.  His  grandfather 
Gflbcjt  made  con<;^uest  of  great  ^ut  of  West  Wales, 
and  received  the  title  of  earl  of  Pembroke,  which  is 
also  sometimes  given  to  him,  but  he  is  better  known 
as  StroQgbow,  or  Richard  of  Strigul  (Chepstow), 
from  his  place  of  residence.  He  was  a  man  of 
broken  fortune  and  in  disgrace  with  the  king,  but 
his  military  skill  and  courteous  manners  gave  him 
great  iafluen<»,  which  he  was  induced  to  exert  by 
the  liberal  promises  of  the  fugitive.    Strongbow 


married  Eva,  the  daughter  of  Dermot,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  his  kingdom  in  ixto;  he  was  obliged  to 
surrender  this  to  Henry  II.,  but  had  the  lands  re- 
granted,  except  Dublin,  Waterford,  and  the  other 
Ostman  seaports,  which  the  kinjg  retained  in  his 
own  hands.  He  died  in  Dubhn  in  1177.  His 
granddaughter  Isabel  married  William  Marshall, 
who  became  earl  of  Pembroke,  and  was  guardian 
of  the  realm  in  the  minority  of  Henry  III. 

*>  They  were  the  sons  of  NesU,  one  of  the  mis- 
tresses of  Henry  I.,  and  so  half-brothere  of  Robert, 
earl  of  Gloucester.    See  p.  xoa. 


122 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.t>.  1 169 — 1 171, 


tives,  the  "mere  Irish,"  who  fiercely 
contended  for  their  rocky  fastnesses 
and  remote  districts,  in  which  strug- 
gle they  received  occasional  assist- 
ance from  both  Scotland  and  Norway. 
Though  emphatically  styled  the  king^s 
enemies,  they  really  appear  to  have 
been  less  hostile  to  the  royal  govern- 
ment than  the  other  classes,  for  diey 
made  frequent  applications  for  the 
benefit  of  the  laws  and  the  king's 
protection,  but  failed  to  obtain  either ; 
thev  had  then  no  hope  but  in  aims, 
and  thus  they  remained  barbarous 
and  poor,  though  probably  not  much 
more  so  than  their  opponents.  Thus 
the  history  of  Ireland  is  for  ages 
nothing  but  a  dreary  picture  of  con- 
vulsions and  blood,  painful  to  peruse, 
and  but  slightly  connected  with  that 
of  any  other  country. 


A.D.  1 169. 

Owen  Gwynneth  dies  ;  his  son  Da- 
vid succeeds,  after  a  civil  war  ^ 

The  papal  legates  endeavour  to 
bring  about  a  reconciliation  between 
the  king  and  the  archbishop,  iHio  ac- 
cordingly meet  in  November,  at  St. 
Denys,  but  part  without  any  agree- 
ment ^ 

A.D.  1170. 

Henry,  the  king's  son,  is  crowned 
by  the  king's  command  at  Westmin- 
ster, on  Sunday,  June  14,  by  the  arch- 
bishop of  York  (Roger  of  Bishops- 
bridge)  and  other  prelates.  Becket 
complains  to  the  pope,  who  forwards 
him  a  sentence  of  suspension  against 
them,  as  invaders  of  the  rights  of  the 
see  of  Canteriiury 

The  king  and  the  archbishop  meet 
at  Mont  Louis,  near  Tours,  and  are 
formally  reconciled,  July  22. 

Richard  de  Clare  goes  to  Ireland  in 


August,  and  captures  Dublin.  He  is 
soon  after  besieged  there  by  the  Irish 
in  conjunction  with  the  Ostmen,  but 
holds  his  groimd  *. 

The  archbishop's  possessions  are 
restored  to  him,  Nov.  12.  He  returns 
to  Canterbury,  Dec  3,  and  finds  that 
the  property  of  the  see  has  been  griev- 
ously wasted  by  Ranulf '  and  Robert 
de  Broc,  the  sequestrators. 

He  publishes  the  sentence  against 
the  prelates,  who  repair  to  tiie  long  in 
Normandy,  and  beseech  his  protec- 
tion. Heniy  gives  utterance  to  angry 
expressions,  which  prove  the  imme- 
diate cause  of  the  archbishop's  death. 

The  archbishop  proposes  to  visit 
the  young  king  at  Woodstock,  but  is 
prevented.  His  provisions  are  inter- 
cepted, and  his  life  threatened.  He 
preaches  in  the  cathedral  on  Christ- 
mas-day, and  afterwards  excommuni* 
cates  l6mulf  and  Robert  de  Broc. 

Four  Norman  knights  (Richard 
Brito,  Reginald  Fitzurse,  Hugh  de 
MoreviUe,  and  William  Tracy)  having^ 
secretly  left  the  king's  court,  repair  to 
Ranulf  de  Broc,  at  Saltwood,  Dec.  28. 
On  the  following  day  diey  proceed  to 
Canterbury,  when,  feigning  a  commis- 
sion from  the  king,  5iey  in  vain  en- 
deavour to  induce  the  archbishop  to 
recall  the  sentence  against  the  arch- 
bishop of  York  and  the  other  prelates. 
At  length  they  follow  him  into  the 
north  transept  of  the  cathedral,  and 
there  murder  him  near  the  altar  of 
St.  Benedict,  Dec.  29.  His  body  is 
hastily  buried  in  the  crypt,  Dec  30'. 

A.D.  1 17 1. 
The  king  sends  ambassadors  to  the 
pope,  to  deny  all  complicity  in  the 
archbishop's  death;  the  pope  pro- 
notmces  a  sentence  of  excommunica- 
tion against  the  murderers  in  general. 


•  Several  Wel^  cludbdns  bong  exiles  in  con- 
sequence of  this  war,  some  of  them  sought  the 
protection  of  the  king,  and  did  homage  to  him  as 
their  liege  lord  at  Gloucester.  July  25,  11 73.  One 
of  the  exiles,  named  Madoc,  (probably  a  son  of 
Owen.)  is  said  by  the  bards  to  have  pieiened 
putting  to  sea  with  a  few  of  his  friends,  and  to 
have  reached  America;  a  statement  whidi  xecent 
researches  have  shewn  to  be  by  no  means  im- 
probable. 

'  They  had  had  meetings  before  as  early  as 
November,  1x67,  but  without  any  good  result, 
neither  psuty  being  willing  to  put  laith  in  the 
other. 

«  Dermot  died  soon  after,  and  by  the  terms  of 
their  treaty  de  Clare  became  king.    He,  however. 


lost  no  time  in  explauning  to  Henry  that  he  only 
held  his  conquests  in  trust  for  him.  The  king, 
however,  at  once  set  on  foot  the  army  with  whidi 
he  invaded  Ireland  in  xztx. 

f  The  knight  who  had  received  Saltwood  from 
the  king  seven  years  before.    See  a.i>.  1x63. 

f  There  it  remained  until  the  year  xaao,  when  it 
was  with  solemn  pomp  transfezred  to  a  splendid 
shrine  which  had  oeen  prepared  immediately  be- 
hind the  high  altar.  Becket  was  canoai»ed  by- 
Pope  Alexander  III.,  March  3,  XX73,  and  although 
his  shrine  was  destroyed,  and  his  name  erased 
from  the  Anglican  calendar,  by  Henry  VIII.,  no 
less  than  sixty-four  churches  still  exist  in  England 
dedicated  to  hint.  The  first  was  built  by  Richard 
de  Lucy,  the  justiciaxy,  in  1Z7SL 


A.D.  1 171— "75] 


BENRT  II. 


I2J 


and  appoints  legates  to  examine  who 
are  the  really  guilty  parties  \ 

The  kii^  letums  to  England  in 
August,  equips  an  anny,  and  invades 
Irdland;  he  lands  at  Waterford,  Oct. 
18. 

The  Irish  prelates  hold  a  council  at 
Armagh,  in  which  all  English  slaves 
are  ordered  to  be  set  at  liberty;  in 
another  council,  held  at  Cashel,  Nov.  6, 
Henry  is  acknowledged  as  king;  he 
arrives  in  Dublin,  Nov.  12. 

A.D.  1 172. 
The  king  leaves  Ireland,  April  17, 
and  TCtums  to  Normandy  in  May.  At 
a  council  held  at  Avranches,  May  21, 
he  is  formally  absolved  from  all  guilty 
knowledge  of  the  archbishop's  death. 

A.D.  1 173. 

Henry,  Richard,  and  Geofirey,  the 
king's  sons,  flee  to  the  court  of  the 
king  of  France,  March  S.  'Eleanor, 
their  mother,  endeavours  to  join  them, 
but  being  captured,  is  imprisoned 
during  the  remainder  of  the  king's 
life*. 

The  kings  of  France  and  Scotland 
support  the  young  princes,  and  a  civil 
war  breaks  out  bom  in  England  and 
Normandy. 

Richard,  prior  of  Dover,  is  elected 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  "and  im- 
mediately,'* says  Roger  of  Wendover, 
"the  bishop-elect  swore  fealty  to  the 
king, '  saving  his  order,'  and  no  men- 
tion was  made  of  observing  the  cus- 
toms of  the  kingdom.  This  took  place 
at  Westminster,  in  the  chapel  of  St. 
Catherine,  with  the  consent  of  the 
Idng^s  justiciary  \" 

Roger  de  Mowbray,  who  had  forti- 
fied the  isle  of  Axhcdme  for  Prince 
Henry,  is  obliged  to  surrender;  the 
earl  of  Leicester  is  captured,  Oct  16. 
1*^  Hugh  Lacy  is  appointed  governor 
of  Ireland,  receiving  the  district  of 
Meath  as  his  fee. 

'  ^'  A.D.  1 174. 

Carlisle  is  besieged  by  the  Scots. 

Norwich  burnt  by  Hugh  Bigot, 
a  partisan  of  Prince  Henry. 


Henry  comes  over  to  England,  and 
does  penance  at  the  tomb  of  the  arch- 
bishop, July  12. 

The  king  of  Scotland  OVilliam  the 
Lion)  is  captured  by  suiprise  at  Aln- 
wick, on  tiie  next  day,  July  13.  David, 
his  brother,  retreats. 

The  Irish  make  a  desperate  effort 
to  drive  out  the  Normans,  and  cut  off 
many  of  their  garrisons. 

The  king  returns  to  Normandy ;  he 
raises  the  siege  of  Rouen,  Aug.  14 ;  is 
reconciled  to  his  sons,  Sept.  29. 

Rich2u^  and  Geofirey  do  homage 
for  their  counties,  Oct.  11. 

The  king  of  Scotland,  who  had  been 
imprisoned  at  Falaise,  is  released, 
Dec.  8,  on  doing  homage  to  Henry 
and  his  son,  and  promising  to  sur- 
render the  castles  of  Jedburgh,  Rox- 
burgh, Berwick,  Edinburgh,  and  Stir- 
ling. 

The  Scottish  kings  had  before  done 
homage  to  the  kings  of  England,  but, 
in  all  probability,  onlv  for  the  English 
lands  which  they  hdd,  as  Cumberland 
and  Huntingdon.  This  homage  was, 
however,  for  the  kingdom  of  Scotland, 
and  its  exaction  was  an  ungenerous 
attempt  to  turn  the  personal  misfor- 
tune of  the  king  into  a  sacrifice  of  the 
rights  of  an  independent  nation.  Wil- 
liam the  Lion  paid  a  sum  of  money  to 
Richard  I.  for  the  abandonment  of 
the  homage  and  the  surrender  of  his 
castles,  and  thus  placed  the  relations 
of  the  two  crowns  on  their  former 
footing. 

The  king  returns  to  England,  ac- 
companied by  the  young  King  Henry. 

A.D.  1 175. 

The  bull  of  Pope  Adrian  IV.*  is 
brought  forward  in  Ireland ;  Rodcric, 
king  of  Connaught,  and  many  other 
chiefs,  formally  acknowledge  Henry 
as  their  lord  paramount. 

At  a  council  at  Northampton,  the 
archbishop  of  York  (Roger  of  Pont 
l'£v6que)  claims,  in  vain,  canonical 
obedience  from  die  Scottish  prelates, 
Jan.  25. 

The  archbishop  of  York  thrown 
down  and  trampled  on  by  the  par- 


\  TIk  legates  after  m  «Ule  uumjaul  diemaelres 

1  nnt  uW  oiujr  cmnuiali  were  the  above- 

^  Owing  to  the  conflict  of  dvil  and 

_   ludictiofi  €ttcf  seem  to  haTe  escaped 

pujushment. 

'  She  was  set  at  liberty  for  a  short  time  in  the 


Sar  1x84,  on  occasion  of  the  Tisit  of  her  danghtcr 
adlda,  and  her  boshand,  Henry  of  Saxony,  brt 
was  again  imprisoned  on  their  departure. 

k  The  pope  (Alexander  III.)  consecrated  him  at 
Anagni,  April  7,  X174. 
*  See  A.D.  X155. 


124 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1175 — ^'S'» 


tisans  of  the  see  of  Canterbury,  at  a 
council  held  in  St  Catherine's  chapel, 
Westminster  Abbey,  March  14, 

A.D.  1 176. 

The  king  levels  the  castle  of  Leices- 
ter, and  several  other  strongholds  be- 
longing to  the  favourers  of  his  sons. 

A  great  council  held  at  Northamp- 
ton, at  which  England  is  divided  into 
six  districts,  nearly  corresponding  to 
the  judges'  circuits  of  the  present  day, 
and  three  judges  assigned  to  each", 
with  powers  to  hear  and  determine 
most  of  the  causes  that  had  formerly 
been  cognizable  only  before  the  king  ". 


A.D.  1 177. 

A  great  council  held  at  Oxford,  in 
May,  at  which  several  Welsh  chiefs 
attend,  and  do  homage  to  the  king. 

Earl  John  is  declared  Lord  of  Ire- 
land (Hugh  Lacy  being  his  deput>')i 
and  the  whole  country  is  allotted  to 
various  knights  and  nobles,  who  un- 
dertake to  achieve  its  complete  con- 
quests 

A.D.  1 178 
The  kings  of  England  and  France 
are  reconciled,  and  profess  an  inten- 
tion to  undertake  a  crusade  together. 


THE  KINGDOM  OF  JERUSALEM. 


The  Christian  kingdom  in  the  Holy 
Land  was  at  this  time  in  imminent 
danger.  Its  king  (Baldwin  IV.)  was 
a  leper,  unable  to  conduct  the  affairs 
of  the  state,  and  the  regency  was  con- 
tended for  by  his  sister  Sibylla'  and 
Raymond  of  Tripoli,  his  most  powerful 
vassal;  Raymond  was  unsuccessful, 
and  is  generally  believed  to  have  allied 
himself  with  the  infidels,  who,  with 
Saladin  «  at  their  head,  were  preparing 
for  the  reconquest  of  the  country.  The 
promised  crusade  of  the  two  kings, 
however,  never  took  place ;  the  king 
of  France  (who  had  indeed  thirty 
years  before  served  and  suffered  in 
Palestine')  died  shortly  after,  and 
Henry,  when  pressed  on  the  matter, 
positively  refused  to  leave  Europe, 
but  the  enterprise  was  carried  out 
by  their  sons,  Philip  Augustus  and 
Pochard  Cceur  de  Lion. 

A.D.  1 179. 
The  eleventh  general  council  (of  the 


Lateran)  held  at  Rome,  on  matters  of 
discipline,  March  5  to  19. 

The  king  of  France  visits  the  tomb 
of  Archbishop  Becket  as  a  pilgrim,  in 
September. 

A.D.  1 180. 

Richard,  the  king's  son,  ravages  the 
territory  of  Geoffrey  de  Luneville,  in 
Poitou,  "  scarce  regarding  the  sanctity 
of  the  churches." 

The  king  of  France  dies,  Sept  18, 
and  is  succeeded  by  his  son  Philip 
Augustus. 

A.D.  1 181. 

The  king  issues  an  ordinance  com- 
manding every  person  to  provide  him- 
self with  arms,  according  to  his  degree. 
Complete  suits  of  armour  were  to  be 
provided  for  each  knight  and  each 
freeman  of  the  wealthier  class,  and 
lighter  equipments  for  each  burgher 
and  poor  freeman. 

Pope  Alexander  III.  dies,  Aug.  30. 


"■  Itinerant  justices  existed  even  in  the  time  of 
Henry  I^  but  apparently  they  had  no  fixed  cir- 
cuits. The  regulation  of  their  proceedings,  not 
their  institution,  is  owing  to  Henry  II. 

"  The  court  styled  Aula  Regis  consisted  of  the 
king  himself,  his  justiciary,  clumcellor,  and  trea- 
surer, the  constable,  chamberlain,  marshal,  and 
steward  of  his  household;  its  powers  were  un- 
limited, and  every  kind  of  cause  came  imder  its 
cognizance.  It  apparently  could  only  be  held  at 
the  place  where  the  king  had  his  residence,  and 
hence  parties  had  to  travel  from  England  to  Nor- 
mandy and  from  Normandy  to  England  in  search 
of  Justice,  and  were  commonly  ruined  before  their 
suits  were  decided. 

°  Wales  had  been  similarly  partitioned  by  Wil- 
liam Rufus  and  Heruy  I.  (see  a.d.  1090,  1105.) 

P  She  was  married  to  William  of  Montferrat,  and 


had  a  son  who  became  Baldwin  V. 

1  Saladin  was  a  Koordish  military  adventurer, 
who,  after  serving  in  Egypt  under  the  fkmous 
Noureddin,  on  the  death  ot  that  prince,  in  X173, 
made  himself  master  of  the  whole  country  between 
the  Nile  and  the  Tigris.  He  shortly  after  attacked 
the  Christians  of  Palestine,  but  at  first  with  little 
success.  In  1x87  he  again  made  war  on  them,  and 
overran  the  whole  country;  Tyre,  however,  wa« 
held  against  him  by  Conrad  of  Montferrat,  Acre 
and  other  coa.st  towns  were  captured  by  Richard  I., 
and  Saladin  died  shortly  after  (>Iarch  4,  1193): 
the  vast  empire  that  he  had  acquired  was  broken 
up  by  his  death  ;  his  brother  Saphadin  dispossess- 
ing nis  nephews,  as  Saladin  himself  had  dispos- 
sessed the  son  of  nis  master,  Noureddin. 

'  Sec  p.  115. 


A.n.  1 182 — 1 189.] 


HENRY  ir. 


125 


A.D.  1 182. 

The  king  gives  a  large  sum  for  the 
service  of  the  Holy  Land, "  in  atone- 
ment,'* says  Matthew  of  Westminster, 
"  of  the  death  of  the  blessed  Thomas, 
the  punishment  for  which  he  dreaded 
above  all  things,  for  himself  and  for 
his  posterity." 

A.D.  1 183. 
Henry  and  Geofirey,  the  king's  sons, 
make  war  on  their  brother  Richard. 
Henry  dies  at  Castle  Martel,  near 
Limoges,  June  11,  and  the  war  is 
brought  to  an  end. 

A.D.  1 1 84. 
Geoffrey  and  John  renew  the  war 
against  Richard;  the  king  at  length 
commands  them  to  desist,  and  the 
brothers  are  formally  reconciled  at 
a  great  council  held  at  London,  Nov. 
30- 

A.D.  I 185. 

Earl  John  repairs  to  Ireland,  in 
March.  He  greatly  offends  the  na- 
tive chiefs  who  come  to  pay  him 
homage,  by  his  insolent  behaviour, 
and  he  is  recalled  by  the  end  of  the 
year. 

The  patriarch  of  Jerusalem  endea- 
vours in  vain  to  induce  the  king  to 
proceed  on  his  promised  crusade,  offer- 
ing him  the  kingdom  of  Jerusalem ". 

A.D.  1 186. 
Geoffrey  is  thrown  from  his  horse 


and  killed  at  a  tournament  at  Paris, 
Aug.  19. 

A.D.  1 187. 

The  Christians  sustain  a  signal  de- 
feat at  Tiberias,  July  4 ;  Saladin  cap- 
tures Jerusalem,  Oct.  2. 

Richard,  the  king's  son,  "the  first 
of  all  the  nobles  beyond  the  sea,  de- 
voutly received  the  cross mur- 
muring at  and  reproaching  his  father 
because  he  declined  to  take  upon  him- 
self the  defence  of  the  kingdom  which 
was  offered  to  him." 

Conrad  of  Montferrat*  successfully 
defends  Tyre  against  Saladin. 

A.D.  1 1 88. 

The  emperor  (Frederic  I.)  and  the 
kings  of  France  and  England  assume 
the  cross,  and  make  preparations  for 
the  crusade. 

A  quarrel  arises  between  Henry  and 
the  king  of  France,  regarding  the  lands 
of  Adelais,  Philip's  sister,  who  had 
been  betrothed  to  Richard. 

Richard  does  homage  to  the  king 
of  France,  in  his  father's  presence, 
Nov.  18. 

A.D.  1 1 89. 
■    Henry  is  expelled  from  Touraine  by 
Philip  and  Richard,  June  14 ;  he  soon 
after  agrees  to  a  peace,  and  pays  a 
large  indemnity  to  Philip. 

Henry  retires  to  the  castle  of  Chinon, 
and  dies  there,  July  6,  his  natural  son 
Geoffrey  alone  being  with  him.  He 
is  buried  with  slight  ceremony  at  Fon- 
tevraud,  "  Earl  Richard  following  the 
corpse  in  much  tribulation." 


Events  in  General  History 


Rivalry  of  the  pope  (Alexander  III. ) 

and  an  anti-oope  (Victor  IV)   .     11 59 

Milan  taken  and  destroyed  by  the 

emperor,  Frederic  I.        •  1 162 

League  of  the  Italian  cities  against 


Frederic  • 

Rise  of  Saladin  to  power 
The  emperor  and  the  ]^ope  (Alex- 

ander  HI.)  are  reconcUecl   . 
Jerusalem  taken  by  Saladin    , 


A.D. 

1164 
1171 

1178 
11^7 


*  Hie  tluone  was  then  held  by  Baldwin  v.,  but  he 
vaioooBderedtobeonthepointofdeath.  On  his 
decease  the  crown  was  bestowed  on  Guv  de  Lusig- 
san,  who  had  married  Sibylla.  Baldwin^  mother. 


*  He  was  the  brother  of  William  of  Montferrat, 
the  first  husband  of  Sibylla ;  and  he  was  eventually 
chosen  king  by  his  immediate  followen. 


Gnat  Beta  of  Bldutfd  tlM  Ilzit. 


RICHARD   I.,   CALLED   CCEUR-DE-LlON 


Richard,  the  third  son  of  Henry  11^ 
was  born  at  Oxford,  Sept  13,  11 57. 
The  possession  of  Aquitaine,  his  mo- 
ther's patrimony,  seems  to  have  been 
destined  for  him  from  his  earliest 
days  ;  hence  his  residence  was  usually 
on  the  continent ;  he  was  styled  count 
of  Poitou,  and  he  acted  like  an  in- 
dependent prince,  attacking  without 
scruple  the  count  of  Toulouse  when 
he  gave  aid  to  his  revolted  barons, 
and  pushing  his  arms  to  the  Pyre- 
nees. His  nature  seems  to  have  been 
.generous  and  unsuspicious,  and  he 
thus  became  for  a  while  the  confede- 
rate of  his  more  crafty  brothers,  who 
first  induced  him  to  rebel  against  his 
father,  and  then  deserted  and  even 
made  war  on  hinu  But  his  military 
prowess  was  far  superior  to  anything 
that  could  be  brought  against  him, 
^nd  he  retained  Aquitaine,  although 


at  the  expense  of  doing  homage  to  the 
king  of  France. 

Even  before  he  became  king  (in 
1 1 89)  Richard's  whole  soul  was  turned 
to  that  great  enterprise  with  which  his 
name  is  indissolubly  connected,  the 
Crusade.  Participating  fully  in  the 
mingled  grief  and  indignation  which 
the  news  of  the  capture  of  Jerusalem 
diffused  over  Christendom,  he  was 
one  of  the  very  eariiest  to  take  the 
cross,  and  he  thought  no  sacrifice  on 
his  own  part,  or  on  that  of  others,  too 
great  for  the  attainment  of  his  object. 
Hence  the  reckless  or  violent  means 
to  which  he  resorted  to  equip  bis 
forces,  and  which  had  the  effect  of 
raising  the  most  formidable  fleet  and 
army  that  had  ever  left  the  shores  of 
England.  But  his  success  was  unhap- 
pily rendered  impossible  by  the  envy 
of  those  who  saw  in  his  generous  de- 


RICHARD  I. 


127 


votion  a  reproach  of  their  own  luke- 
warmness  ;  ne  endured  shipwreck  and 
imprisonment,  his  kingdom  was  neariy 
wrested  from  him  by  the  treachery  cJf 
his  In^her,  and  he  received  his  death- 
wound  before  the  insignificant  strong- 
hold of  a  rebellious  baron,  in  the  tenth 
year  of  his  reign,  March  28,  1 199,  and 
died  a  fortnight  after.  He  was  buried 
at  Fontevraud. 

When  a  youth  Richard  was  be- 
trothed to  Adelais,  daughter  of  Louis 
VI L  of  France;  from  strong  suspi- 
cion of  impropriety  on  her  part,  the 
union  did  not  take  place,  and  he  mar- 
ried Berengaria,  sister  of  Sancho  VII. 
of  Navarre,  who  accompanied  him  to 
the  Holy  Land,  but  by  whom  he  left 
no  issue*. 

A  natural  son,  Philip,  lord  of  Cuinac, 


is  said  to  have  revenged  Richard's 
death  by  killing  the  viscount  of  Li- 
moges ;  and  a  natural  daughter,  Isabel, 
married  Llewelyn  ^  Jorwerth,  prince 
of  North  Wales. 

Henry  II.  added  a  third  lion  to  the 
two  of  the  Norman  kings  as  the  arms 
of  England,  but  Richard,  for  some 
time  aSEter  his  accession,  nsed  the 
arms  he  had  before  borne  in  Aquitaine, 
"  Gules,  two  lions  combatant,  or.* 
After  his  return  from  the  crusade, 
however,  he  bore  the  present  arms 
of  England.  He  also  used  as  devices, 
a  star  issuing  from  between  the  horns 
of  a  crescent,  the  star  and  the  crescent 
separately,  a  mailed  arm  holding  a 
broken  lance,  and  a  sun  on  two  an- 
chors, with  the  motto  **  Christo  duce.'* 


Arms  and  Badge  of  Kicbaid  I. 


Some  modem  writers,  who  affect  to 
despise  the  generous  emotions  which 
led  men  to  the  crusades,  have  de- 
picted the  Lion-hearted  king  as  a  mere 
brutal  swordsman,  and  his  reign  as 
a  calamity  to  his  subjects.  Such  was 
not  the  view  of  his  contemporaries. 
They  saw  in  him  a  generous  high- 
spirited  prince,  an  eloquent  orator,  an 
accomplished  poet^  and  a  knight 
without  fear  and  without  reproach. 
"  Oh  t"  exclaims  Richard  of  London  «, 
in  a  passage  which  furnishes  a  sum- 
mary of  his  reign,  "Oh!  how  inequit- 


ably was  he  recompensed  for  his  ex- 
ertions in  the  common  cause  t  His 
inheritance  was  seized  by  another, 
his  Norman  castles  taken,  his  rivals 
made  cruel  assaults  on  his  rights  with- 
out provocation,  and  he  only  escaped 
from  captivity  by  paying  a  ransom  to 
the  emperor.  To  gather  the  money, 
the  taxes  were  raised  to  the  uttermost 
a  heavy  talliage  was  laid  on  all  his 
lands,  and  everything  was  put  under 
contribution ;  even  tfie  chalices  and 
hallowed  vessels  of  gold  and  silver 
were  gathered  from  the  churches^,  and 


■  She  sorriTcd  him  dll  about  die  year  1230^  but 
her  dovcr  of  xooo  marks  was  venr  imregularly 
paid  by  hk  nccessor  John,  with  whom  Pope  In- 
nocent  IIL  mnonfttrated  in  vaia  on  the  subject. 
She  chiefly  resided  in  her  dower  city  of  Mans,  and 
was  buried  in  the  abbey  of  Lespan,  to  which  she 
was  a  benefactor. 

^  A  unichmg  poem,  which  he  wrote  during  his 
capdrxty,  has  been  preserved,  of  which  the  first 
pertaoB  is  here  given,  dwugh  die  Eiq^lish  transla- 
tioa  does  not  preserve  the  measure  of  the  original, 
and  hsrdly  does  justice  to  its  sentiments  j^"— 

"  No  wretdMd  capdve  of  his  prison  speaks, 
UnkeiB  widi  p«:n  and  bitfiemcss  of  sool. 
Yet  cuosolatSoB  fipom  the  Mme  he  seeks. 

Whose  voice  alone  misfbrtme  can  control 
WiMfe  DOW  is  each  ally,  cadi  baron,  friend. 
Whose  &oe  I  ne'er  beheld  withovt  a  saule? 


Will  nose,  his  sovereign  to  redeem,  e3tp«ad 
The  smallest  p<Miion  of  his  treasure  vile  ? 
'*  Though  now  may  blush,  that,  near  two  tccSoos 


Vtthovt  relief  my  bondage  has  endured. 
Yet  know,  my  English.  Norman,  Gascon  peers. 
Not  one  of  you  should  thus  remain  imnrared : 
The  meanest  subject  of  my  wide  domains. 

Had  I  been  free,  a  ransom  should  have  loond ; 
I  mean  not  to  reproach  you  with  my  chains. 

Yet  still  I  wear  them  on  a  foreign  ground  I" 
•  The  author  of  the  "  Itinerary  of  King  Richard,* 
wrongly  ascribed  to  Geoffrey  de  Vinsauf. 

'  Restitution  was  made  as  soon  as  possible  amt 
the  king's  return :  "for  "  says  the  dmnrickr,  " he 
esteemed  it  a  personal  rcfwoach  diat  dke  dtvine 

offices  should  becondoctedwithoirt  t"   * ' 

^tettdovr  on  his  accotmL** 


128 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1 1 89,  1 1 90. 


the  monasteries  parted  with  their  or- 
naments ;  nor  was  this  against  the 
decrees  of  the  holy  fathers;  nay,  it 
was  a  duty,  for  no  saint,  many  though 
there  be,  ever  during  life  suffered  so 
much  for  their  Lord  as  did  King 
Richard  in  his  captivity.  He  who 
had  gained  so  many  triumphs  over 
the  infidels  was  basely  circtunvented 
by  the  brethren  of  his  own  faith,  and 
seized  by  those  who   only  in  name 


BloliArdl., 
fhnn  his  noniiinfint  ftt  FOnlbvr&Tid* 


A.D.  1 1 89. 

Richard  is  received  as  sovereign  of 
Normandy,  July  20. 

He  liberates  his  mother  from  con- 
finement, and  appoints  her  regent  in 
Eneland ;  he  also  bestows  the  county 
of  Mortain  and  great  estates  on  his 
brother  Tohn. 

Guy  ae  Lusignan,  the  expelled  king 
of  Jerusalem,  commences  tne  siege  of 
Acre,  in  August,  but  is  shortly  after 
himself  assailed  by  Saladin,  when 
English,  French,  and  German  cru- 
saders hasten  to  his  assistance. 

Richard  comes  to  England  and  is 
crowned,  Sept.  3  • ;  a  number  of  Jews 
venture  to  appear  at  his  coronation, 
which  leads  to  a  massacre  among  them 
in  London. 

The  kine  raises  money  by  violent 
means  for  his  crusade.  The  earldom 
of  Northumberland  is  sold  to  the  bi- 
shop of  Durham  (Hugh  de  Puiset) ; 
and  the  castles  on  the  Scottish  border 
are  given  up,  and  the  homage  of  the 
Scottish  king  for  his  kingdom,  ex- 
torted by  Henry  II.',  renounced  for 
a  sum  ot  money,  Dec  5. 


were  members  of  Christ At  last 

restored  to  his  native  soil,  and  the 
kingdom  of  his  ancestors,  he  soon  re- 
stored all  things  to  tranquillity  ;  then, 
crossing  into  Normandy  to  avenge 
himself  on  the  king  of  France,  he 
more  than  once  defeated  him,  and  by 
the  power  of  his  sword  and  his  spear 
he  recovered  his  alienated  rights,  evea 
with  augmentation.'' 


finm  lier  xnonnment  In  tlie  abbey  Of  LeBpan. 

He  fills  up  several  vacant  bishop- 
rics, and  returns  to  Normandy  in  De- 
cember. 

A.D.  1 190. 

The  massacre  of  the  Jews  is  re- 
newed in  several  places,  particularly 
at  York,  where  many,  being  besieged 
in  the  castle,  commit  suicide  after  kill- 
ing their  wives  and  children  and  de- 
stroying their  treasures,  March  17  '. 

Richard's  fleet  assembles  at  Dart- 
mouth, whence  it  sails  in  April.  It 
consisted  of  upwards  of  100  large, 
and  many  smaller  vessels,  and  was 
under  the  nominal  command  of  Ge- 
rard, archbishop  of  Aix^  and  Bernard, 
bishop  of  Bayonne,  assisted  by  Rich- 
ard cie  Camville,  Robert  de  Sabloil, 
and  William  de  Fortz,  who  were  styled 
"leaders  and  governors  of  all  the  king^s 
ships,"  or  "sea  justices."  The  fleet, 
on  its  passage,  assists  the  people  of 
Lisbon  against  the  Mohammedans, 
arrives  at  Marseilles,  Aug.  22,  and 
reaches  Messina,  with  the  troops  on 
board,  Sept.  14. 

William  de  Longchamp\  chancel- 
lor, and  bishop  of  Ely,  is  appointed 


•  The  years  of  his  reign  are  computed  from  this 
day. 
,     '  See  A.D.  1174. 

«  Richard  sent  hb  chancdlor  (William  de  Lofig> 
champ,  who  had  served  him  in  Poitou)  to  York  to 
punish  the  rioters.    Many  fled  to  Scotland,  and 


others  had  to  compound  for  thdr  offence  by  heavy- 
fines,  beside  paying  the  debts  which  they  owed  to 
the  Jews,  and  of  which  they  had  hoped  to  get  rid 
by  murdering  their  creditors. 

^  He  was  a  Norman,  and  had  formeriy  been  ia. 
the  service  of  Geoffrey,  the  archbishop. 


A.D.  iigoy  XI9I-] 


laCHASD  I. 


X29 


guardian  of  the  realm  durinc^  the  king's 
absence.  Earl  John',  and  Geoffrey, 
archbishop  of  York,  are  forbidden  to 
repair  to  England,  for  the  space  of 
three  years. 

Richard  assembles  his  army  at 
Tours,  and  thence  marches  to  Veze- 
laif  where  he  joins  the  French  forces, 
July  I ;  embarks,  vrith  his  personal  at- 
tendants only,  at  Marseilles,  August  7, 
coasts  Italy,  and  arrives  at  Messina, 
Sept  23. 

The  mhabitants  of  Messina,  '^  com- 
monly called  Griffons^,  a  wicked  and 
cruel  race,  many  of  them  of  Saracen 
extraction,"  insult  and  injure  the  Eng- 
lish crusaders.  King  Richard  erects 
gibbetSy  and  tries  and  executes  the 
offenders ;  ''for,  esteeming  the  country 
of  the  guilty  of  no  consequence,  he 
considered  every  one  his  subjects,  and 
left  no  transgression  unpunished.'' 

Richard  seizes  La  Bagnara,  a  castle 
in  Calabria,  which  he  bestows  on  his 
sister^  for  a  residence,  Oct.  i,  and  oc- 
cupies a  monastery  on  the  straits  of 
Messina  as  a  stronghold,  putting  the 
garrison  to  death. 

The  Messinese  continuing  their  at- 
tempts to  destroy  his  troops,  Richard 
assatdts  and  captures  the  city  ''in  less 
time  than  a  priest  could  chant  matins," 
Oct.  4.  He  also  builds  a  stout  wooden 
fortress  on  the  hill  overlooking  the 
dty,  styling  it  Mategriffon,  and  sup- 
ports his  men  with  provisions  from 
the  fleet,  the  Messinese  refusing  all 
supplies. 

Henry  II.,  count  of  Champagne',  is 
sent  forward  with  a  portion  of  the 
armament  for  the  rdief^of  Acre. 

The  kings  of  England  and  France 
quarrel,  the  latter  siding  with  the 
Messinese. 

Richard  obliges  Tancred  to  pay  a 
heavy  compensation  to  Queen  Joanna, 
and  in  return  engages  to  support  him 
on  the  throne". 


Richard  celebrates  the  Christmas 
festival  in  splendid  style  at  his  castle 
of  Mategriflon,  and  bestows  liberal 
gifts  on  his  people.  "The  knights 
were  amply  relieved,  who  had  spent 
great  part  of  their  substance,  the  foot- 
men and  attendants  received  100  sols 
each  at  least,  and  noble  women  of 
Palestine,  whether  widows  or  virgins, 
who  had  been  despoiled  of  their  in- 
heritance and  exiled,  were  bountifully 
enriched." 

A.D.  1 191. 

The  king  grants  a  charter  admit- 
ting Rye  and  Winchelsea  to  many  of 
the  privileges  of  the  Cinque  Ports', 
March  27. 

The  French  force  sails  from  Sicily, 
March  30,  and  arrives  at  Acre  April  20. 

Queen  Eleanor  arrives  at  Messina 
with  the  princess  Berengaria  of  Na- 
varre. 

The  English  fleet,  which  sails  April 
10,  is  scattered  by  storms.  Richard 
reaches  Rhodes  April  22 ;  his  queen 
and  sister  are  driven  to  Limasol,  in 
Cyprus,  but,  distrusting  the  tyrant 
Isaac  %  do  not  land  ;  others  of  his  ships 
are  seized  and  plundered. 

Richard  repairs  to  Cyprus,  dethrones 
Isaac,  confirms  their  ancient  laws  to 
the  people,  and  appoints  Richard  de 
Camville  and  Robert  de  Tumham  go- 
vernors of  the  island,  with  directions 
to  form  magazines  for  the  support  of 
his  troops  in  Palestine. 

The  king  marries  Berengaria,  at  Li- 
masol, May  12  ;  she  is  crowned  the 
same  day. 

The  fleet  sails  from  Famagusta, 
June  3,  and  off  Beyrout  captures  a 
very  large  Saracen  vessel,  June  7. 

Richard  arrives  at  Acre,  June  8. 

Both  the  kings  fell  ill  almost  imme- 
diately after  their  arrival  at  Acre,  but 
they  vigorously  pushed  on  the  siege, 
and  King  Richard  especially  exerted 


*  Tlioogh  Tohn  had  been  most  generously  treated, 

tiie  estates  bestowed  on  him  amounting  to  nearly 

dom,  he  had  already  begun  to 


one-third  of  the  1 
iotngne  against  his  c 

i  A  corruption  of  Greeks,  by  which  name  the 
iahabitanU  of  southern  Italy  were  generally  known 
to,  aiul  despised  by,  the  crusaders. 

■Joanna,  the  widow  of  William  the  Good,  king 
of  ^idly.  She  had  been  defiled  of  her  dower 
and  imprisoned  by  Tancred,  his  successor. 

>  He  was  die  son  of  Mary,  daughter  of  Queen 
Kkanor,  br  her  first  husband,  Louis  Vfl.  of 
France,  and  consequently  Richard's  nephew. 

*  He  thus  made  an  enemy  of  the  emperor, 
Heory  VI. ,  who  claimed  possession  of  Sioly  in 


right  of  his  wife  Constance,  the  aunt  of  Tancred. 

■  See  Note,  p.  xia. 

o  He  belonged  to  the  imperial  family  of  G)n- 
stantinople^  and  having  been  appointed  viceroy  of 
the  island  m  zi8a,  made  himselt  independent,  and 
ruled  the  people  with  great  cruelty.  Being  de- 
feated and  captured  by  Richard,  ne  was  com- 
mitted to  the  charge  of  the  Hospitallers^  and  im- 
prisoned at  Margath,  a  fortress  on  the  Synan  coast. 
The  Cjrpriotes  rose  on  their  new  governors  and 
chose  an(^er  of  the  Comneni  for  king,  but  he  was 
taken  and  hanged.  Isaac  escaped  after  a  while  by 
bribinff  his  guards,  and  endeavoured  to  establish 
himself  in  Asia  Minor ;  he  was  at  last  poisoned  by- 
one  of  his  attendants. 


130 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[A.D.    IIQIy    1 192. 


himself  in  constructing  mangonels  and 
other  battering  engines,  by  means  of 
vMch  the  city  was  speedily  reduced 
to  extremity,  as  the  English  fleet 
blockaded  the  harbour,  and  cut  off  the 
supplies  it  was  in  the  habit  of  receiv- 
ing oy  sea. 

Several  partisans  of  Earl  John  take 
up  arms ;  ne  arrives  in  England,  and 
seizes  the  castles  of  Nottingham  and 
TickhilL 

Acre  is  surrendered  ',  July  12.  Hos- 
tages are  given  for  the  delivery  of  the 
cross  (captured  at  Tiberias*),  the  re- 
lease of  Christian  prisoners,  and  the 
payment  of  a  heavy  ransom. 

The  kings  of  England  and  France 
quarrel  about  the  claim  of  Conrad  of 
Montferrat  to  the  crown  of  Jerusalem'. 

The  Idng  of  France,  after  taking  an 
oath  not  to  injure  the  king  of  England 
in  his  men  and  possessions  in  Europe, 
sails  from  Acre  July  31,  "receiving, 
instead  of  blessings,  execrations  and 
maledictions  from  the  army." 

Disputes  arise  with  Saladin,  when 
he  murders  bis  prisoners,  Aug.  18. 
Richard  retaliates  by  executing  the 
hostages,  marches  out  of  the  town, 
and  prepares  for  his  advance  on  Jeru- 
salem, Aug.  20. 

"During  the  two  winters  and  one 
summer,  and  up  to  the  middle  of  the 
autumn,  when  the  Turks  were  be- 
headed (as  they  deserved  to  be),"  says 
Richard  of  London,  "in  the  sight  of 
God  and  man,  iii  return  for  the  ruin 
of  our  churches  and  slaughter  of  our 
men,  many  of  the  Christians,  who  at 
great  sacrifice  had  engaged  in  the  siege 
of  Acre,  died.  The  common  men  of  so 
great  an  army  who  perished  appears 
to  surpass  computation,  but  the  sum 
total  of  the  chiefs  a  certain  writer  has 
thus  estimated :  We  lost  in  the  army 
six  archbishops  and  patriarchs,  twelve 
bishops,  forty  counts,  and  five  hun- 
dred men  of  noble  rank ;  we  lost  also 
a  vast  number  of  priests  and  others 
who  cannot  be  counted." 


'  Richard,  after  waiting  two  days  out- 
side the  city  for  his  men,  many  of 
whom  are  unwilling  to  join  him,  com- 
mences his  march  along  the  coast  to- 
wards Ascalon,  August  22,  his  fleet 
keeping  conq>any ;  the  Saracens  harass 
his  march.  He  passes  Caesarea,  and 
at  Arsouf  defeats  the  Saracens,  Sept  7. 
Tames  of  Avesnes  being  killed  in  the 
battle  is  solemnly  buried  the  next  day 
at  Arsouf,  "in  the  church  of  Our  Lady 
the  Queen  of  Heaven." 

Saladin  destroys  many  of  the  for- 
tresses, and  Richard  encamps  at  Joppa 
(Jaffa),  Sept  la  Many  of  his  troops 
return  to  Acre,  but  are  brought  back. 

Geoffrey,  archbishop  of  Yoik,  comes 
to  England,  Sept  14 ;  he  is  seized  and 
imprisoned  by  Longckamp,  Sept  19U 
Earl  John  espouses  his  cause,  Oct  4  ; 
Longchamp  is  expelled,  Oct  lOt,  and 
retires  to  Normandy. 

Richard,  while  hawking  with  a  small 
escort,  is  surprised  by  the  Saracens, 
and  only  escapes  capture  through  the 
devotion  of  William  de  Pratellis  (des 
Preaux)  ■,  Sept  29. 

Richard  advances  towards  Jerusa- 
lem, restores  several  of  the  ruined 
casdes,  and  rescues  a  body  of  Tem- 
plars from  destruction  by  his  personal 
efforts,  Nov.  6. 

Saladin  makes  overtures  for  peace. 

Richard  encamps  at  Ramla,  and  re- 
mains there  six  weeks  ;  Saladm  retires 
to  Jerusalem.  The  Christians  sufier 
much  from  bad  weather,  and  their  sick 
and  wounded  are  waylaid  and  mur- 
dered. "But,"  says  the  Chronicler, 
"  surely  these  are  all  to  be  accounted 
martyrs,  and  there  is  this  consoladon, 
that  though  the  Turks  slew  them  with, 
evil  intentions,  yet  they  suffered  but 
for  a  moment,  and  gained  the  reward 
of  a  long  service." 

A.D.  1 192. 
A  council  held,  at  which  it  is  de- 
termined to  abandon  the  march  on 
Jerusalem,  Jan.  13 ;  the  army  retires 


'  9  The  duke  of  Anstria  (Leopold  V.).  ha^g  cap* 
tured  one  of  the  towers  and  placed  his.  banner 
thereon,  it  was  thrown  down  by  Richard's  order ; 
hence  toe  hatred  of  the  duke,  and  Richard's  cap- 
tivity. 

«  See  A.0. 1x87. 

'  Guy's  wife  died  during  the  sieve  of  Acre,  and 
Ills  claim  to  the  throne  was  generally  considered  to 
have  expired  with  her ;  he  was,  too.  despised  as 
'-wanting  capacity  and  courage,  whilst  Conrad  was 


popular  from  his  gallant  defence  of  Tyre,  (see  a.i>. 
X187X  Connd  married  Isabel,  the  sister  of  Sibyllai» 
and  obtained  the  nominal  kingdom,  but  was  aoon. 

•  He  had  long  senred  in  Palestine,  and  oonld 
speak  the  Saracenic  language;  he  cned  out  th^ 
he  was  the  melech  (king),  and  was  earned  oJt. 
Richard  gave  ten  Saracen  chiefs  in  exchange  fcr 
him,  when  about  to  quit  the  Holy  Land. 


A.D. 


1 192.] 


RICHARD  L 


i3r 


to  Ascalon,  which  it  reaches,  after 
much  suffering  from  the  weather, 
Jan.  20. 

The  fortifications  of  Ascalon  re- 
stored. 

Richard  receives  intelligence  of  the 
proceedings  of  his  enemies  in  Europe, 
and  prepares  for  his  return,  April 

Conrad  of  Montferrat  chosen  Idng 
of  Jerusalem.  He  is  assassinated  at 
Tyre  very  shortly  after,  April  28. 

Henry  of  Champagne  is  chosen  king 
of  Jerusalem  ;  when  Richard  bestows 
Cyprus  on  Guy. 

Richard  captures  the  fortress  of  Da- 
rum,  May  22. 

The  army  resolve  on  the  siege  of 
Jerusalem,  even  though  Richard  should 
leave  them. 

Richard,  being  strongly  exhorted  by 
his  chaplain,  William  of  Poitiers,  pro- 
claims his  intention  Qune  4,)  of  not 
quitting  the  army  before  the  following 
Easter. 

Richard  sets  out  on  his  second 
march  against  Jerusalem,  June  7.  He 
encamps  at  Betenoble  (about  six  miles 
from  tiie  city),  June  11,  and  remains 
there  untQ  Jidy  3 ;  then,  the  capture 
of  Jerusalem  being  found  hopeless,  he 
breaks  up  his  camp,  dismantles  Darum, 
strengthens  Ascalon  and  Joppa,  and 
reaches  Acre  July  26. 

Saladin  attacks  Joppa,  July  26 ;  he 
obliges  the  inhabitants  to  promise  to 
surrender  on  August  i.  On  that  day 
they  are  relieved  by  Richard,  who  re- 
stores their  ruined  walls. 

Richard  falls  ill,  and  concludes  a 
truce  with  Saladin,  Sept  2,  according 
to  which  Ascalon  is  to  be  demolishec^ 
Joppa,  with  the  sea  coast  as  far  as 


Tyre,  is  secured  to  the  Christians,  and 
the  freedom  of  pilgrimage  to  Jerusa- 
lem established  *. 

Various  companies  make  the  pil- 
grimage, and  are  kindly  treated  by 
Saphadin  and  Saladin,  who  control 
the  fanaticism  of  their  followers  ■. 

"When  the  count  [Henry  of  Cham- 
pagne] and  the  bishop  [of  Salisbury] 
had  returned  from  the  sacred  places,'* 
says  Richard  of  Devizes,  "they  en- 
deavoured to  persuade  the  king  to  go 
up ;  but  the  worthy  indignation  of  his 
noble  mind  could  not  consent  to  re- 
ceive that  from  the  courtesy  of  the 
Gentiles  which  he  could  not  obtain  by 
the  gift  of  God" 

Richard  sets  sail  from  Acre,  Oct.  9*. 

"All  night  the  ship  sped  on  her  way 
by  the  light  of  the  stars,  and  when 
the  morning  dawned,  the  king  looked 
back  with  yearning  eyes  on  the  land 
he  had  left,  and  after  long  meditation 
he  prayed  aloud,  in  the  hearing  of 
several,  in  these  words ;  *  Oh  I  holy 
land,  I  commend  thee  to  God;  and 
if  His  heavenly  grace  shall  grant  me 
so  long  to  live  that  I  may,  in  His  good 
time,  afford  thee  assistance,  I  hope  to 
be  able  to  be  some  day  a  succotur 
to  thee J^!'" 

The  king's  fleet  reaches  Sicily,  but 
his  own  vessel  is  driven  to  Corfu^ 
Nov.  II  ;  he  is  soon  after  shipwrecked 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  Adnatic,  and 
attempts  to  make  his  way  in  disguise, 
as  Hugh  the  merchant.  He  at  length, 
reaches  Vienna,  where,  being  recog- 
nised, he  is  seized  by  Leopold,  duke 
of  Austria*,  Dec.  20. 

The  emperor  (Henry  VI.)  claims  the 
custody  of  Richard,  Dec.  28,  and  con- 


*  Rldiard  agreed  to  this  truce  with  reluctance, 
fyt  alter  it  was  concluded,  "he  sent  ambassadors 
to  Saladin,  announcing  to  him  that  he  had  only 
asked  this  ttuce  of  three  years  for  the  purpose  of 
rerisjting  his  country,  and  collecting  more  men 
sad  money,  wherewith  to  return  and  rescue  all  the 
bad  of  Jerusalem  from  his  domination."  Saladin 
replied  in  terms  of  high  commendation  of  Richard's 
Yaknr. 

•  The  first  paurty  of  pilgrims,  advancing  without 
precantion,  feU  in  with  a  large  lx>dy  of  Turks,  who, 
2>  Richard  of  London  says,  "  grinned  and  frowned 
*-n  them,  and  made  them  wish  themselves  back 
.igain  at  Acre."  Saladin  afterwards  posted  guards 
00  the  roads  for  their  protection,  out  still  they 
conld  only  visit  the  holy  places  in  haste  and  fear. 
*'We  saluted  them  with  tears,  and  then  we  de- 
parted together  with  speed,  for  it  was  unsafe  to  go 
anywhere  but  in  a  body ;  the  unbelievers  secreUy 
<-tran2led  three  or  four  of  our  men  who  strayed 

into  tne  crypts  of  the  church  on  Mount  Zion 

The  Turks  spumed  us  from  them,  and  we  grieved 
ever  the  pollution  of  the  diurches  and  sepulchres. 


now  used  as  stables  by  the  infidels." 

*  His  queen,  his  sister,  and  the  daughter  of  the 
dethroned  tyrant  Isaac,  sailed  with  the  main  body 
of  his  fleet  on  Sept  29,  and  landed  in  Italy  soon 
after.  They  pursued  their  journey  to  Richard's 
castle  of  Chinon  under  the  special  charge  of  Ste- 
phen de  Tumham,  but  did  not  reach  it  until  May, 
1 194,  as  they  had  to  remain  six  months  in  Rome^ 
from  fear  of  the  emperor.  Having  at  length  reached 
Genoa,  they  took  ship  for  Marseilles,  where  the 
kin^  of  Aragon  (Alfonso  II.)  gave  them  his  pro- 
tection till  they  reached  the  lands  of  Raymond  of 
Toulouse,  who  escorted  them  to  Chinon,  and  sab- 
sequently  married  Queen  Joanna. 

y  Richard  of  London. 

■  Though  this  prince  has  rendered  himself  de- 
tested for  this  base  act,  he  had  gready  distinguished 
himself  at  the  sie^e  of  Acre.  He  was  ordered  by 
the  pope  (Celestme  III.)  to  return  to  the  Holy 
Lana,  and  serve  there  as  long  as  the  king  had  been 
kept  m  captivity  (June  6, 1x9^),  but  he  was  unable 
to  do  so,  as  he  was  thrown  from  his  horse  in  the 
following  December,  and  died  shortly  after. 


K  2 


132 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1 192 — 1 197. 


fines    him    at    Diirrenstein,   on    the 
Danube. 

A.D.  I 193. 

Earl  John  surrenders  part  of  Nor- 
mandy to  Philip  and  does  homage  to 
him  for  the  remainder.  Philip  shortly 
after  endeavours  to  seize  the  whole 
province. 

Richard's  prison  is  discovered  by 
Longchamp.  The  queen-mother  ap- 
peals to  the  pope  (Celestine  III.),  who 
exconmiunicates  his  oppressors,  but 
fails  to  obtain  his  freedonL 

Richard  is  brought  before  the  diet 
at  Hagenau,  after  Easter  (March  28), 
where  he  clears  himself  by  oath  from 
the  murder  of  Conrad.  A  heavy  sum 
is  settled  for  his  ransom,  June  28. 

Richard  receives  the  nominal  crown 
of  Provence  from  the  emperor,  and 
does  homage  to  him,  Dec.  22. 

Richard's  ransom  having  been  raised 
in  England,  Philip  of  France  and  Earl 
John  promise  large  bribes  to  the  em- 
peror to  keep  him  in  prison.  The 
emperor  delays  his  release. 

A.D.  1194. 

The  German  princes  compel  the 
emperor,  against  his  will,  to  release 
Richard,  who  is  set  at  liberty  %  Feb.  4. 

The  English  fleet  is  despatched  to 
Antwerp  for  the  king,  and  he  lands  at 
Sandwich  March  20^. 

Richard  captures  the  castle  of  Not- 
tingham, and  disperses  the  adherents 
of  John. 

Is  a  second  time  crowned  at  Win- 
chester, April  17,  the  king  of  Scotland 
bearing  a  part  in  the  ceremony. 

Richard  passes  over  to  Normandy 
early  in  May.    At  the  solicitation  of 


his  mother,  he  pardons  his  brother 
John  and  his  adherents. 

Marches  against  the  king  of  France, 
defeats  him  at  Fretteval,  in  the  Or- 
leanais,  and  captures  the  records  of 
his  kingdom  %  July  15.  The  French 
retire  from  Normandy,  Touraine,  and 
Maine,  and  beg  a  truce  for  a  year, 
July  23. 

David  of  Wales  dies ;  he  is  suc- 
ceeded by  his  nephew  Llewelyn  ap 
Jorwerth. 

A.D.  I 195. 

Hubert,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
who  is  also  papal  legate  and  guardian 
of  the  realm,  raises  enormous  sums  of 
money  for  the  war  against  France; 
WiUiam  FitzOsbert  (called  commonly 
William  with  the  Beard)  inflames  the 
discontent  of  the  Londoners  against 
hinL 

A.D.  T196. 

A  truce  concluded  with  the  king  of 
France,  but  soon  after  broken  by  him. 

A  tumult  in  London,  in  consequence 
of  which  FitzOsbert  is  seized  and  ex- 
ecuted, April  6. 

Richard  demands  the  guardianship 
of  Prince  Arthur*",  which  the  Bretons 
refuse. 

A.D.  1197. 

The  counts  of  Flanders  and  Cham- 
pagne, and  the  Bretons,  join  Richard 
against  the  king  of  France. 

Philip,  bishop  of  Beauvais,  is  cap- 
tured;  the  pope  ineffectually  claims 
his  release  •. 

An  indecisive  action  is  fought  at 
Gisors,  Oct  28. 

A  truce  for  a  year  is  agreed  to. 
Richard  builds  a  strong  and  stately 
castle  at  Andelys,  on  the  Seine,  above 
Rouen '. 


*  The  whole  of  the  ransom  not  being  then  raised 
(70,000  marks,  equal  to  ;C6oo.ooo  at  the  present 
day),  hostages  were  given  for  the  remainder.  The 
pope,  however,  inteitered,  and  (June  6,  1194)  com- 
manded that  they  should  be  set  at  liberty,  and  the 
money  received  restored.  Neither  the  duke  nor 
the  emperor  would  part  with  the  money,  though 
they  dismissed  the  hostages.  They  both  died 
shortly  after  (the  duke  killed  by  Deing  thrown 
from  his  horse,  Dec  1x94,  and  the  emperor,  Sept. 
38.  XZ97),  and  their  heirs  were  threatened  with  ex- 
communication by  Pope  Innocent  III.  QAay  30, 
31,  ZZ98)  unless  they  made  restitution;  but  it  is 
not  known  that  they  did  so. 

*  He  was  brougnt  over  in  "  Trenchemer,"  by 
Alan  of  Yarmouth,  the  same  man  and  ship  as  had 
conveyed  him  to  Palestine. 

*  This  misfortune  led  in  France  to  the  abandon- 
ment of  the  practice  of  carrying  all  grants  and 
charters  about  with  the  kin^.  Commissioners  were 
appointed,  who  laboured  diligently  to  recover  the 


lost  documents  or  procure  copies  of  them  from 
the  grantees,  and  when  this  was  accomplished 
thev  were  deposited  in  the  monastery  of  St.  Denys, 
as  tne  first  Public  Record  Office,  under  the  diarge 
of  Guy,  archbishop  of  Sens. 

*  The  young  pnnce  was  only  in  his  tenth  year, 
havine  been  bom  March  29,  Z187. 

*  He  had  served  in  the  crusade,  and  shewn  him- 
self hostile  to  the  English.  He  remained  in  con- 
finement until  Richard's  death,  when  he  was  re- 
leased by  John  for  a  ransom  of  9,000  marks ;  his 
imprisonment,  however,  had  not  quenched  his  mar- 
tial spirit,  as  he  fought  at  the  battle  of  Bouvines, 
and  there  captured  William  Loiige^>ee,  earl  of 
Salisbury,  the  natural  brother  of  the  king. 

'  He  planned  it  himself,  personally  superintended 
and  urged  on  the  workmen,  and  when  it  was  com- 
pleted within  the  year,  he  so  admired  it  that  he 
exclaimed,  "  My  daughter  of  a  year  old,  is  she  not 
a  saucy  castle?^  (Chateau  Gaillard.  which  name 
is  still  borne  by  its  picturesque  ruins.) 


A.D.  119B9  1199-] 


THE  SIEGE  OF  ACRE. 


133 


A.D.  1 198. 

Geoffrey  FitzPeter  appointed  guar- 
dian of  the  realm  in  place  of  Arch- 
bishop Hubert,  July  11. 

The  French  are  defeated  at  Gisors, 
Sept  20,  when  Philip  narrowly  escapes 
widi  his  life. 

A«D.  1 199. 

A  five  years'  truce  is  concluded  by 


the  mediation   of  the  papal  legate, 
Jan.  13. 

A  rebellion  breaks  out  in  Poitou ; 
Richard  is  mortally  wounded  before 
the  castle  of  Chalus-Chabrol,  March  28. 
He  acknowledges  his  brother  John  as 
his  successor,  dies  April  6,  and  is 
buried  at  Fontevraud,  bequeathing  his 
heart  to  the  city  of  Rouen  », 


Events  in  General  History. 


A.D. 

The  third  Crusade         .  .     1 189 

The  Order    of  Tentonic    Knights 

founded 1191 

NaYal  war  between   the  Genoese 


A.D. 

andPisans      •        .        .        -1194 
The  Saracens  successful  against  the 

Christians  in  Spain .        .        .     1 197 


NOTE. 
The  Siege  of  Acre. 


The  anthor  of  the  Itinerary  of  Richard, 
King  of  the  English,  and  others  to  the 
Holy  Land,  gives  a  most  spirited  and  in- 
tere^ine  picture  of  the  chief  feature  of 
Richard's  crusade,  the  si^e  of  Acre.  A 
few  brief  extracts  will  shew  his  style  of 
nanative: — 

"Kimg  Richard  arrived  at  Pentecost  with  an 
army,  the  flower  of  vabur,  and  learning  that  the 
kin^  of  France  had  gained  the  favour  of  all  by 
graog  hia  loldien^  each  three  anrei  a  month,  he, 
mot  to  be  equalled  in  generosity,  proclaimed  by  his 
heralds  that  all  in  his  service,  of  whatever  nation, 
should  have  four  pieces  of  gdd.  His  generosity 
was  fTrtf?^!^  by  aul,  and  he  outshone  every  one 
clae  in  merit  as  he  did  in  ^fts  and  magnificence. 
'  When,'  they  enquired,  '  will  the  attack  be  made 
by  the  man  whom  we  have  so  long  and  so  eagerly 
expected — the  first  of  kings,  and  the  most  skilfm 
wairior  in  Christendom  f  God's  will  be  done,  for 
oar  hopes  aU  rest  on  King  Richard." 

Richard  fell  ill,  but  uised  on  the  pre- 
paration of  machines  to  batter  the  aty ; 
the  king  of  France  meanwhile  made  an 
assault,  and  being  shamefully  repulsed, 
and  his  engines  destroyed,  he  fell  sick  also. 
He,  however,  recovered  before  Richard, 
and  began  to  construct  machines  anew  : — 


"  These  he  determined  to  ply  night  and  day,  and 
he  had  one  netraria  of  vast  force,  to  which  the 
armv  gave  the  name  of  Bad  Neighbour.  The 
I'urks  also  had  one,  which  they  called  Bad  Kins- 
man, which  by  its  violent  casts  often  crippled  Bad 
Neijshbour,.  but  the  king  of  France  repaired  it 
agam  and  again,  until  by  manv  Uows  he  had 
broken  down  a  part  of  the  city  wall,  and  had  shook 
the  tower  Maledicta.  On  one  side  was  plied  the 
petraria  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  on  another  that 
of  the  Templars,  while  the  engme  of  the  Hospi- 
tallers never  ceased  to  scatter  dismay  around.  Be- 
side these,  there  was  one  petraria,  built  at  the 
common  expense,  which  they  styled  God's  petrsria. 
Near  to  it  there  constantly  preaiched  a  priest,  a  man 
of  great  probity,  who  thus  collected  money  for  its 
needful  repairs,  and  to  hire  labourers  to  suppljr  it 
with  stones  for  casting.  By  means  of  this  engine 
a  part  of  the  wall  of  the  tower  Maledicta  was  at 
last  hurled  down,  for  about  ten  yards  in  length. 
The  count  of  Flanders  also  had  a  large  petraria, 
which  King  Richard  purchased  after  me  death  of 
the  count,  and  also  a  smaller  one.  which  two  were 
plied  incessantly,  close  to  one  of  the  gates.  But 
the  great  machines  were  two  of  choice  materials 
and  workmanship,  which  would  throw  stones  to  an 
almost  incredible  distance,  and  these  King  Richard 
had  erected.  He  had  also  another,  very  firmly 
built,  which  they  called  Berefred  :  it  had  steps  to 
mount  it,  was  covered  with  raw  hides  and  ropes, 
and  being  of  most  solid  wood,  was  neither  to  bo 
destroyed  by  the  force  of  blows,  nor  burnt  by  the 
streaming  Greek  fire.     He  also  erected  two  man- 


s  A  coBtemporary  anonymous  account  of  Rich- 
ard's death  has  been  published  by  Labbe,  in  his 
Bibliotheca  MSS.  t.^  u.  p.  309,  and  carefully  in- 
vestigated by  an  eminent  French  andquary  ot  the 
adghbumhood,  M.  Vemeilh,  from  which  it  ap- 
pears diat  the  king  had  forced  his  way  into  the 
anacr  court  of  the  castle,  but  one  small  though  lofty 
round  tower  (still  existing)  held  out.  "  In  Uie  said 
tower  were  two  knightt,  with  about  38  other  men 
and  women.  One  of  the  knights  was  called  Peter 
Bra,  and  the  other  Peter  de  Basile,  of  whom  it  is 
said  there  he  shot  the  arrow  from  the  cross-bow 
that  strode  the  king,  and  of  which  he  died  within 
twelve  days,  namely,  on  the  8th  day  of  April,  the 
loth  hour  ci  the  m|[ht.  In  the  interval  while  he 
was  in,  he  otdered  hu  people  to  besiege  the  castle 


of  the  viscount  [of  Limoges],  called  Nuntrum,  and 
a  certain  other  tower  called  Af  ontagut,  which  they 
did,  but  the  death  of  the  king  being  heard  of.  they 
retired  in  confusion.  The  long  himself  had  pro- 
posed in  his  heart  to  destroy  aU  the  castles  of  the 
said  viscount"  Nuntrum  or  Nontron,  and  Mont- 
agut  or  Pi^^t,  O^T  and  m^m/  are  synonymous,) 
are  a  few  miles  from  Chalus.  There  are  remains 
of  all  these  castles  :  those  of  Chalus  are  consider- 
able. All  these  places,  as  well  as  Basile-Cham- 
pagnac,  a  small  town  of  the  same  neighbourhood, 
belonged  to  the  viscount  of  Limoges,  who  was  halt 
brother  of  Aymer,  count  of  Angouleme,  and  both 
were  bitter  enemies  of  Richard.  See  Ds  Caumont*a 
Bulletin  Monumental,  vol.  xiv.  pp.  426—36. 


^34 


NOTE. 


one  of  which  was  of  tudi  fioice,  that  what 
__  hurWd  reached  the  market-place  of  the  city. 
These  engines  were  plied  by  nieht  and  dav,  and 
it  is  well  known  thau  a  stone  from  one  of  them 
killed  twelve  men  at  a  blow ;  King  Richard  had 
1>rought  this  stone  from  Messina,  when  he  captured 
tibat  dtjr,  and  it  was  sent  to  Saladia  that  he  might 
behold  it.  The  engines  hurled  such  stones  and 
flinty  pieces  of  rock  that  nothing  could  withstand 
them,  for  they  shattered  in  pieces  whatever  they 
struck,  and  indeed  ground  it  to  powder." 

Time  thus  wore  on ;  the  French  made 
another  attack,  and  attempted  to  scale  the 
-walls,  but  were  driven  back  with  great 
loss,  among  others  of  **a  man  of  renown 
for  his  trial  valour  and  excellence,"  Al- 
beric  Clement ;  on  which  King  Richard, 
though  still  sick«  assaulted  the  city,  **  being 
carried  to  the  breach  on  a  silken  bed,  to 
honour  the  Turks  with  his  presence  and 
to  encourage  his  own  men  ;  he  also  em- 
ployed his  arbalest,  and  brought  down 
a  Saracen  who  was  boastfully  parading  on 
the  wall  in  the  armour  of  Alberic.  His 
sappers  mined  a  tower,  which  was  at  the 
same  time  assaulted  by  the  engines^  and 
when  it  began  to  totter  Richard  offered 
first  two,  then  three,  then  four  pieces  of 
gold  for  every  stone  torn  firom  its  walls  : — 

"Verf  many  iailed  in  this  undertaking,  while 
citfien  were  dnven  bade  by  fear  of  death ;  for  the 
TTuiks  above  manliilly  withstood  them,  and  iwither 
idiidds  nor  arms  availed  to  protect  them.  The 
wan  was  Ugh,  and  of  vast  thickness ;  yet  the 
waxrion  tore  many  stones  from  it,  and  wnen  the 
Turks  nidied  on  them  in  dotids,  and  tried  to  cast 


down,  the 
t  in  their 


they  strove  to  repd  them,  but  many 
J  in  their  eagerness  left  thdr  arms  behind, 
they  were  in  a  heiress  condition,  and  at  last  were 
MAJSgod  to  retreat,  on  which  the  enemy  raised  a 
loodihout.'' 

Undismaved  by  this  repalse,  the  "  es- 
<Iiiires  of  toe  armjr,  eager  for  praise  and 
victory,  and  eqmpped  for  war,"  now 
mshed  forward,  and  forced  their  way  into 
the  tottering  tower,  bat  were  driven  back 
l)y  the  Greek  fiie,  and  the  same  ill-fortune 
attended  a  fresh  assault  by  the  Pisans. 
*'  The  captnre  of  the  city  would,  however, 
have  been  that  day  accomplished,  had  the 
battle  been  fought  with  tne  whole  army, 
bat  the  greater  part  was  at  dinner  at  the 
time,  and  the  attempt  was  too  presump- 
tuous, and  therefore  it  friiled."  It,  how- 
ever, had  the  effect  of  inducing  the  Turks 
to  treat  for  the  surrender  of  the  city,  and 
many  of  the  besieged  "  threw  themselves 
4k>wii  fimn  the  waus  by  nig^t^  and  soa|^ 


with  supplications  the  sacrament  of  bap- 
tism. There  was  little  doubt  that  they 
presumptuously  asked  the  boon  more  from 
uigent  fear  than  frt>m  any  divine  prompt- 
ing, but  there  are  different  steps  by  which 
men  arrive  at  salvation." 

At  length  the  city  was  surrendered  "on 
the  Friday  after  the  translation  of  St. 
Benedict,"  (July  12,  1191,)  and 

"  the  cnuaden,  with  the  two  kin^  at  their  head, 
entered  through  the  open  gates  without  opposition, 
with  joy,  and  dance,  and  loud  exclamations,  glori- 
fying God,  and  giving  Him  thanks  that  He  had 
magnified  His  merdes  to  them,  and  had  visited 
and  redeemed  His  people.  Then  the  banners  of 
the  kings  were  raised  on  the  walls  and  towers,  and 
the  city  eqtially  partitioned, ....  as  were  also  the 
captives  and  hostages.  Tlie  lung  of  France  had 
for  his  share  the  statdy  house  of  the  Templars, 
and  King  Richard  had  the  ro^^al  palace,  to  which 
he  sent  the  queens  and  thdr  damsels  and  at- 
tendants. The  army  was  distributed  through  the 
dtv,  amd  gave  itsdf  up  to  indulgence  ;  and  on  the 
following  night  .Saladin  retired  from  his  camp  and 
occupied  a  far-distant  mountain." 

Thus  closed  this  memorable  si^,  and 
it  is  pleasing  to  find  our  author,  who  had 
fought  against  them,  giving  fiill  credit  to 
the  valour  of  the  defenders.  "  Never  were 
there  braver  warriors  of  any  creed ;  the 
memory  of  their  actions  excites  both  re- 
spect and  astonishment "  "  What  can  we 
say  of  the  unbelieving  race  that  thus  de- 
fended their  dty?  Truly,  they  must  be 
admired  for  their  valoiu:,  and  they  were 
the  ^loiy  of  their  nation ;  and  had  they 
happily  known  the  true  faith,  they  would 
not  have  had  their  saperion  in  the  uni- 
vene."  They  exhibited,  too,  a  firmness- 
in  adversity  which  extorted  his  admiratioD, 
for  he  says, 

**  When  the  day  anived  thai  the  Talcs,  to  re- 
nowned for  valonr,  so  active  in  war.  ao  famous  for 
magnificence,  assembled  on  the  walls  ready  to  quit 
the  city,  our  men  went  forth  to  look  on  them,  and 
as  they  remembered  the  deeds  that  they  had  done 
they  honoured  diem.  They  were  greatly  astonished 
at  the  dieeffttl  aspect  of  those  who  were  now 
driven  naked  and  penniless  from  thdr  strondiold, 
yet  exhitttted  no  diange  of  demeanour ;  for  though 
they  had  been  oompelTed  by  dire  necessity  to  allow 
themadves  vanqnisned,  and  to  soe  for  tncir  Uvcs, 
they  now  came  fortib,  exfaibitins  ao  marks  of  care 
nor  any  signs  of  dejection  at  toe  loss  of  all  their 
possessions  ;  indeed  by  the  firmness  of  their  counte- 
nances and  their  courageous  demeanour  the^  still 
seemed  to  be  conquerors  ;  but  their  superstitious 
idolatry  and  their  miserable  state  of  error  and  sin 
dimmed  dieir  aiartial  ^ory." 


8nit  Sell  or  JQIUL 


JOHN. 


John,  tlie  yoangest  son  of  Henry  II., 
mas  bom  Dec  24,  1167,  at  ChionL 
Though  very  early  the  nomiiud  go- 
Tcnior  of  Irelana,  he  was  not  the 
holder  of  any  great  fieis,  as  his  brothers 
werc^  and  hence  the  name  of  Sanstene^ 
or  Laddand^  by  which  he  is  commonly 
known.  He  did  not  opevly  oppose 
his  £ithery  but  he  treacherously  allied 
himself  with  his  enemies  ;  hence^  al- 
thoi^  liberally  treated  by  his  brother 
Ricluurd%  he  was  distrusted  by  him, 
and  forbidden  to  come  to  England 
during  the  latter's  absence  on  the 
crusade.  This  injunction  he  disre- 
garded and  he  had  hopes  of  i^cing 
hhnsdf  on  the  dmme,  when  Richard's 
return  disconcerted  his  schemes  and 
drove  him  into  exile.    He  was  soon 


pankMied  by  the  generous  king,  and, 
oy  die  influence  of  his  mother,  was 
even  named  his  successor.  This  in- 
volved the  setting  aside  of  his  nephew 
Arthur,  and  in  the  war  thereby  oc- 
casioned the  greater  part  of  the  French 
possessions  of  the  crown  were  lost. 
The  remainder  of  John's  reign  was 
filled  up  with  quarrels  with  the  pope 
(Innocent  III.),  vsun  attempts  to  re- 
cover his  lost  possessions,  and  such 
oppression  of  his  subjects  as  led  them 
to  seek  foreign  aid  against  him ;  and 
when  his  troubled  Hfe  was  broug^ 
to  a  sudden  close^  Oct.  19^  lai^y 
Louis  of  France  was  the  acknow^ 
ledged  master  of  a  great  part  of  Eng- 
land. 
John^  when  a  child,  was  coocracted.' 


>  See  A.D.  tx8g^ 


13^ 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


to  Alice,  daughter  of  Humbert,  count 
of  Savoy,  but  the  arrangement  was 
broken  soon  after;  he  afterwards  mar- 
ried his  cousin  Isabel  (or  Hawise,  as 
she  is  sometimes  called),  grand-daugh- 
ter of  the  celebrated  Robert,  earl  of 
Gloucester^  receiving  with  her  the  earl- 


finm  bii  monTunsnt 


OfttheOniL 


children,  who  were  all  by  Isabel  of 
Angouleme,  were — 

1.  Henry,  who  became  king. 

2.  Richard,  earl  of  Cornwall,  bom 


Anns  of  Biohftrd,  Earl  of  OomvalL 

in  1209.  He  served  with  reputation 
and  success  both  in  France  and  the 
Holy  Land,  and  he  was  in  many  re- 
spects a  perfect  contrast  to  his  brother 
the  king,  being  wise,  valiant,  and  rich  *, 
and  he  often  acted  the  part  of  a  me- 
diator between  him  and  his  subjects. 
Richard  was  induced  to  aspire  to  the 
imperial  dignity,  and  bore  the  title  of 
King  of  the  Romans,  but  derived  little 
else  from  his  profuse  expenditure  of 
money  abroad.  He  fought  on  his 
brother's  side  at  Lewes,  and  was  made 


dom,  but  he  divorced  her  after  his 
accession,  on  the  plea  of  consan- 
guinity**, to  marry  Isabel,  daughter 
of  the  count  of  Angouleme,  although 
she  was  alreadv  betrothed,  if  not  mar- 
ried, to  Hugh  ae  Lusignan,  or  le  Brun, 
count  of  La  Marche  S    His  legitimate 


Isaballa  of  Angooleme, 
tmn  her  monvniBnt  at  Fontsnaiid. 

grisoner.  He  was  struck  bv  palsy  at 
is  manor  of  Berkhampstead,  Dec.  12, 
1 27 1,  and  died  there  April  2  of  the 
next  year.  He  married  first  Isabel, 
daughter  of  William  Marshall,  earl  of 
Pembroke;  secondly  Sanchia,  sister 
of  his  brother's  wife,  Eleanor  of  Pro- 
vence ;  and  thirdly,  Beatrice,  niece  of 
the  archbishop  of  Cologne.  He  had 
several  children,  of  whom  one,  Henry, 
was  murdered  in  a  church  at  ^^terbo, 
by  his  fugitive  cousins  the  Montforts, 
in  1 27 1,  and  another,  Richard,  was 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Berwick  in  1296. 
John  left  three  daughters,  of  whom 
Joan  was  married  to  Alexander  II. 
of  Scotland ;  Isabel,  to  the  emperor 
Frederick  II. ;  and  Eleanor,  first  to 
William  Marshal  the  younger,  earl  of 
Pembroke,  and  next  to  Simon  de 
Montfort. 

This  king  had  many  illegitimate 
children,  of  whom  may  be  mentioned, 
Richard,  who  put  to  death  Eustace 
the  Monk ;  Oliver,  who  served  at  Da- 
mietta  in  1249 ;  and  Joan,  married  to 
Llewelyn  II.  (ap  Jorwerth),  prince  of 
North  Wales. 


^  She  afterwards  married  Geoffrey  FitzPeter. 
who  became  earl  of  Gloucester  in  her  right ;  and 
subseouently  Hubert  de  Burgh,  earl  of  Kent 

•  After  John's  death  she  married  Hugh,  and  had 
by  him  a  numerous  family,  who  were  so  greatly 
favoured  by  their  half-brother  Henry  as  to  cause 
much  discontent  among  his  people.  She  also  in- 
duced Hennr  to  go  to  war  with  Louis  of  France 
insupportof  her  nusband,  who  had  rebelled,  and 
caused  so  much  mischief  by  her  intri^es  that  the 
French  turned  her  name  of  Isabel  mto  Jfezebel. 
Hugh,  after  acting  most  treacherously  by  ms  Eng- 
lish allies,  was  obliged  to  submit  to  lx>uis  and  to 
Accompany  him  to  Egypt,  where  he  was  killed. 


being,  as  his  contemporaries  assure  us,  purposely 
placed  in  the  front  rank  as  a  suspected  man.  His 
widow  took  the  veil,  and  dying  soon  after  was 
buried  at  Fontevraud. 

*  Much  of  this  wealth,  however,  was  discredit- 
ably acquired.  Beside  plundering  the  Jews,  who 
were  considered  fair  prey  for  all,  he  gamed  large 
sums  by  purchasing  trom  the  pope  tne  power  to 
release  from  their  vows,  on  his  own  terms,  such  as 
wished  to  be  excused  from  going  on  the  crusade  : 
*'  from  one  archdeaconry  only,  says  Matthew 
Paris,  "  he  is  said  to  have  carried  off  j^^oo." 
William  Longespee  also  raised  money  by  like 
1,  but  he  expended  it  in  the  holy  war. 


A.D.  II99>  I200.] 


JOHN. 


137 


The  arms  borne  by  John  are  the 
same  as  those  used  by  Richard  I.  in 
the  latter  part  of  his  reign,  "Gules, 
three  lions  passant  gardant  in  pale, 


or."  His  badge  appears  to  have  been 
a  star  issuing  from  between  the  horns 
of  a  crescent 


Anns  and  Badge  of  John. 


No  English  king  has  been  handed 
down  to  us  with  so  bad  a  character 
as  John,  but  we  can  hardly  expect 
a  perfectly  ^r  account,  when  we  re- 
member that  all  our  early  historians 
beloi^  to  a  body  with  which  he  was 
at  open  variance  for  the  greater  part 
of  his  reign.  The  treachery  and  in- 
gratitude which  he  is  accused  of  dis- 
playing to  his  father  and  his  brother 
Richard  seem  undeniable,  as  well  as 
a  licentious  life,  and  many  acts  of 
cruelty  and  oppression  when  he  had 
become  Idng;  but  he  probably  was 
not  the  mere  cowardly,  incapable  ruler 
which  he  is  usually  represented  by 
En^sh  writers  ;  foreign  annalists,  on 
the  contrary,  speak  of  him  as  a  fierce 
and  warlike  long.  It  is  certain  that 
he  made  campaigns  in  Scotland  and 
in  Ireland  with  success,  and  the  cause 
of  his  failure  in  France  and  in  Wales, 
is  probably  to  be  found  quite  as  much 
in  the  disaffection  of  his  followers, 
arising  from  his  misgovemment  at 
liome,  as  in  any  want  of  courage  or 
conduct  on  his  own  part 


A.D.  1 199. 
Earl  John  is  received  as  duke  of 
Normandy  at  Rouen,  April  25.    Ar- 


thur, his  nephew,  is  acknowledged  in 
Anjou,  Maine,  and  Touraine,  and 
supported  by  the  king  of  France 
(Philip  11.^ 

Arcnbishop  Hubert,  Geoffrey  Fitz- 
Peter  *,  and  William  Marshal,  being 
despatched  to  England,  obtain  the  re- 
cognition of  John  as  kmg  at  a  council 
at  Northampton. 

John  lands  at  Shoreham,  May  25  ; 
is  crowned  at  Westminster,  May  27 
(Ascension-day  0.  He  returns  to  Nor- 
mandy before  the  end  of  June,  and 
concludes  treaties  with  the  counts  of 
Boulogne  and  Flanders  for  help  against 
France. 

A.D.  1200. 

John  comes  to  England  in  Feb- 
ruary, and  makes  a  progress  through 
the  country;  meanwhile,  the  king  of 
France  garrisons  Arthur's  possessions, 
and  attacks  Normandy. 

John  goes  to  Normandy  at  the  end 
of  April ;  Philip  makes  peace  and  ac- 
knowledges him  as  king,  May  23. 

John  £vorces  his  wife,  and  marries 
Isabel  of  Angouleme,  who  was  be- 
trothed to  Hugh  Lusignan',  count  of 
la  Marche ;  is  crowned  with  her  at 
Westminster  October  8. 

The  king  of  Scotland  does  homage 
to  John  at  Lincoln  ^  Nov.  22. 


•  Hewas  invested  as  earl  of  Essex  shortly  aftcTp  his 
tvifc  Beatrice  heing  the  grandniece  of  the  first  earl, 
Geoffiey  de  Ma^^naville.  He  remained  faithful  to 
the  king ;  but  his  son,  who  succeeded  him  Oct.  a, 
I3I3.  and  mazried  Isabel,  countess  of  Gloucester, 
the  divorced  wife  of  John,  joined  the  party  of  the 
barons,  and  was  one  of  those  named  to  enforce 
the  obsenranoe  of  Magna  Charta. 

'  The  years  of  his  reign  are  calculated  from  one 
Ascenaioa-day  to  another,  and  as  thu  is  a  movable 
feast,  their  commencement  varies  from  May  3  to 

f  kogh  had  been  accepted  as  the  king's  liege- 


man, Jan.  38 ;  he  now  renounced  his  fealty,  and 
joined  the  party  of  Arthur. 

k  What  this  homage  was  for  is  uncertain,  such 
points  being  often  purposely  left  in  obscurity. 
Scottish  writers  maintain  that  it  was  for  the  earl- 
dom (rf*  Huntingdon  and  other  lands  in  England, 
regarding  the  homage  for  the  kingdom  of  Scotland 
extorted  by  Henry  II.  (see  a.d.  1x74)  as  relin- 
quished by  Richard  I.  (see  a.d.  xxS^).  Edward  I., 
however,  maintained  that  the  old  claims  of  England 
as  the  feudal  superior  of  Scotland  remained  m  the 
same  force  as  before  the  capture  and  submtsmm 
of  William  the  Lion. 


^38 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.D.  I20I — I20S. 


A.D.  I20I. 

John  returns  to  Normandy  in  May. 
He  visits  the  king  of  France  at  Paris 
in  July,  and  endeavours  to  induce  him 
to  abandon  the  cause  of  Arthur. 

A.D.  1 202. 

The  king  of  France,  urged  by  Hugh, 
count  of  h.  Marche,  makes  war  on 
John,  and  endeavours  to  establish 
Arthur  in  Poitou. 

Arthur  is  summoned  to  do  homage 
at  Argentan,  March  27.  Instead  of 
attending,  he  and  Hugh  besiege  Queen 
Eleanor   in    the    castle    of  MirabeL 

iohn  marches  to  her  relief,  defeats  the 
'rendi  and  Poictevins,  July  31,  cap- 
turing Arthur  and  his  sister  Eleanor, 
Hugh  de  Lusignan  and  his  brother, 
and  above  two  hundred  other  knights^ 

A.D.  1203. 

The  Bretons  take  up  arms  in  the 
name  of  the  princess  Eleanor,  and 
the  king  of  France  invades  Normandy. 

John,  on  the  complaint  of  the  bishop 
of  Rennes,  is  simimoned  by  the  king 
of  France  to  answer  for  the  presumed 
death  of  Arthur.  He  neglects  the  ci- 
tation, and  at  length  is  branded  as 
a  felon  and  traitor,  and  adjudged  to 
have  forfeited  all  his  lands  in  France. 

John  passes  his  time  idly  at  Rouen 
for  a  wnile,  and  then  retires  to  Eng- 
land in  December. 

A.D.  1204. 
The  conquest  of  Normandy  is  ef- 
fected by  the  king  of  France  in  July  ; 
Anjou,  Maine,  and  Touraine  also  sub- 
mit to  him. 

A.D.  1205. 
Reginald,  king  of  Man^,  is  taken 
under  the  lung's  protection,  Feb.  8. 
John  prepares  a  force  for  the  inva- 


sion of  Normandy  in  May  and  June, 
but  abandons  the  design. 

Hubert,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
dies,  July  13.  The  monks  choose  one 
successor  (Reginald,  their  sub-prior), 
the  king  another,  (John  de  Grey,  bi- 
shop of  Norwich,)  but  both  are  set 
asicfe  by  the  pope  (Innocent  III.) 

A.D.  1206. 

John  invades  France  with  a  large 
army,  landing  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Rochelle,  in  June.  He  captiu-es 
Montauban,  Aug.  i,  and  bums  Angers 
in  September;  then  concludes  a  two 
years'  truce,  by  which  he  renounces 
all  the  country  north  of  the  Loire,  and 
returns  to  England  in  December. 

The  pope  confers  the  archbishopric 
on  Stephen  Langton  V  which  gives 
rise  to  a  breach  between  the  lung 
and  the  Holy  See. 

A.D.  1207. 

The  king  seizes  a  thirteenth  part  of 
all  property,  whether  secular  or  eccle- 
siastical ;  Geoffrey,  archbishop  of  York, 
in  consequence  exconmiunicates  the 
king's  advisers,  is  deprived  of  his  see, 
and  flees  to  France  ■. 

The  monks  of  Canterbury,  having 
accepted  the  pope's  nominee,  are  ex- 
peUed,  and  their  possessions  seized  by 
the  king,  July  15. 

A«D.  1208. 

The  pope  places  England  under  an 
interdict,  March  23  ". 

In  return,  the  king  seizes  the  goods 
of  the  cleigy,  who  obey  it,  and  refuse 
toj)erform  divine  service  ^ 

John  exacts  a  fresh  oath  of  alle- 
giance from  his  subjects,  and  demands 
bonds  and  hostages  from  his  barons  ; 
"  but  the  more  powerful  nobles,  when 
the  king  required  hostages,  refused 
them  to  his  face,  saying,  'How  can 


1  Arthur  was  sent  to  Falaise.  and  thence  to 
Soucn,  and,  althoui^  the  paiticulan  are  not 
ImowUp  there  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt  that  he 
soon  came  to  an  nntiinely  end,  probably  in  April, 
ZS03.  His  sister  was  removed  to  England,  and 
kept  sometimes  at  Salisbury,  sometimes  at  Corfe 
castle,  sometimes  at  Bristol,  until  her  death  in 
1341 ;  from  entries  on  the  KoDs  she  appean  to 
hare  been  treated  as  became  her  rank.  Many  of 
the  other  prisonen  were  confined  in  Corie  castle, 
iihere  they  are  believed  to  have  been  starved  to 
death :  and  there  is  proof  on  the  Patent  Rolls  that 
Hugh  de  I«tnign>n  was  loog  kept  in  fetten  at 
Caen. 


k  He  was  a  natural  8<ki  of  Godred,  the  last 
king,  and  had  expelled  Olaf,  the  true  hdr^  who 
sought  aadstance  from  has  leudal  lord,  the  kmg  of 
Norway. 

I  He  was  conaecnited  at  Vibeibo  by  die  pope 
(Innocent  III.)  June  17,  1907. 

■  He  died  in  exile  in  Normandy,  Dec.  xB,  zaza. 

•  It  was  not  removed  until  the  year  1215. 

•  This  caused  a  division  among  the  clergy,  some 
obeying  the  pope,  others  the  king.  Popular  tumults 
followed,  which  the  king  endeavoured  to  dbeck  by 
issuing  a  proclamation  from  Mariboroui^,  April  xx, 
threatening  hanging  on  the  nearest  oak  to  any  oqa. 
who  iiyured  reUgious  persons  or  clerks. 


A»J>.  120S 1 2 12.] 


JOHN. 


13^ 


we  trust  Idxn  with  our  children,  when 
he  wickedly  slew  his  nephew  with  his 
own  hand?'"  Some  strengthen  their 
castles,  others  flee  to  Ireland  or  to 
Scotland.  Many  of  the  bishops  also 
leave  England. 

A.D.  1209. 

John  marches  into  Northumberland, 
and  obtains  homage  and  tribute  from 
the  king  of  Scotland',  in  August ;  the 
fugitives  retire  to  Ireland. 

John  is  threatened  with  exconunu- 
nication  by  the  pope  in  November. 

He  continues  his  exactions  from  the 

Church,  and  also  extorts  large  sums 

from  the  Jews,  who  begin  to  retire 

from  England.  « 

A.D.  I2ia 

John  goes  to  Ireland  early  in  June, 
and  reduces  the  English  settlers  to  his 
obedience  ^  He  returns  to  England 
in  August,  bringing  with  him  numerous 
captives,  many  of  whom  are  imprisoned 
at  Corfe  or  Windsor  castles,  and  are 
bdieved  to  have  been  starved  to  death'. 

Some  of  the  fugitives  turn  pirates, 
gainst  whom  a  fleet  of  galleys  is 
fitted  out. 

The  king  summons  an  assembly  of 
the  prelates,  abbots,  and  other  heads 
of  religious  communities,  and  extorts 
a  very  large  sum  of  money  from  them. 

A.D.  121 1. 

John  invades  Wales,  but  is  obliged 
to  retire  from  want  of  supplies. 

He  again  takes  the  field  in  July, 
and  penetrates  to  the  region  of  Snow- 
don,  ravaging  the  country.  Llewelyn 
is  obliged  to  promise  submission,  and 
to  give  many  hostages  from  the  fami- 
lies of  his  chiefs'. 

Durand,  a  knight  hospitaller,  and 
Pandulph  %  a  cardinal,  are  sent  by  the 
pope  to  endeavour  to  bring  about  a 
peace  between  the  king  and  the  Church, 
bat  without  success. 


A.D.  I2I2. 

The  pope,  failing  to  procure  any 
concession  from  John,  absolves  his 
subjects  fh)m  their  allegiance  ;  he  also 
forbids  all  persons,  under  pain  of  ex- 
communication, to  hold  communica- 
tion with  him. 

Llewelyn  ravages  the  marches,  when 
John  has  all  the  hostages  hung,  and 
prepares  for  a  fresh  expedition  against 
him,  but  is  deterred  by  the  informa- 
tion from  his  daughter  Joan,  that  his 
barons  have  resolved  to  betray  him 
into  the  hands  of  the  enemy. 

Robert  Fitz- Walter*  and  other  no- 
bles, being  thus  compromised,  flee  to- 


iimi  of  Bobtft  ntB-Walter. 

the  continent,  when  the  king  seizes 
their   estates,    and   hires    mercenary  * 
troops. 

A  fleet  of  galleys  despatched  to  rav- 
age the  coast  of  Wales  in  August 

Philip,  king  of  France,  prepares  ta 
invade  England. 

The  king's  natural  brother  William, 
earl  of  Salisbury,  William  of  Wrotham, 
the  warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  the 
governors  of  Nottingham  and  other 
castles,  the  chanceUor  (Walter  de 
Grey),  the  justiciary  (Geoffrey  Fitz- 
Peter,  earl  of  Essex),  the  bishops  of 
Norwich  (John  de  Grey)  and  Win- 
chester (Peter  des  Roches),  the  chief 
forester,  and  many  Norman  and 
Flemish   military    adventurers  %   ad- 


P  He  is  also  said  to  hare  captured  Berwick,  and 
to  bave  built  a  castle  there. 

4  Hush  and  Walter  de  Lacy,  the  sons  of  the 
late  Atpaly,  as  weD  as  others,  had  ab«ady  adopted 
Bo^  of  the  manners  of  the  native  chiefs,  and  acted 

'  Aaonc  t'^aa  were  the  liumly  of  William  de 
Bnoae,  a  potent  lofd  in  IreUnd;  he  escaped  to 
Wxanet,  aad  died  there  soon  after.  One  of  his 
sons  ftiond  refuge  Sa  Wales  for  a  time,  and  com- 
in  the  mardies,  but  at  length, 
aUic 


F  to  one  of  the  Royal  Letters  in  the  Pul 

Keootd  Office,  he  was  hanged  in  the  presence  of 
a  large  aisembly  at  Crokin,  apparently  by  order 
cf  Llewelyn. 


•  The  peace  was  nanted  at  the  request  of  his 
wife  Joan,  who  was  John's  natural  daughter. 

t  Pandulph  Masca,  afterwards  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich. 

<•  Fits-Walter  belonged  to  the  Glare  family.  He 
returned  in  xaxx,  and  headed  the  *'  army  of  God 
and  Hdy  Churdi,"  which  extorted  Magna  Ghana 
from  the  king.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at  Lincoln, 
in  Z9X7,  and  soon  after  went  to  the  Holy  Land, 
where  he  died. 

*  These  men  became  so  obnoxiotts,  that  their  dU- 
missal  forms  one  of  the  articles  of  Magna  Gharta, 
although  some  of  them  had  been  in  the^  king's  ser- 
vice almost  from  the  beginning  of  his  rdgo. 


I40 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.D.  12 1 2 1 21 5. 


here  to  him,  and  raise  forces  and  a 
fleet  for  his  service. 

The  earl  of  Salisbury  sails  with  the 
Cinque  Ports  fleet,  and  ravages  the 
coast  of  France,  burning  Barfleur, 
Dieppe,  and  other  towns,  and  bring- 
ing home  many  prizes. 


A.D.  1213. 

The  king  of  France  marches  against 
the  count  of  Flanders  (Ferrand),  who 
is  an  ally  of  John,  and  captures  Bruges 
and  other  towns. 

The  earl  of  Salisbury  bums  the 
French  fleet  at  Damme,  (probably 
early  in  April,  but  the  exact  date  is 
unknown,)  which  obliges  Philip  to 
withdraw. 

Pandulph,  the  papal  legate,  is  re- 
ceived by  John.  The  kine  is  solenmly 
reconciled  to  the  Church  at  Dover, 
Ma}r  13 ;  he  does  homage  for  his  do- 
minions to  the  pope,  and  binds  him- 
self and  his  successors  to  an  annual 
payment  to  the  Holy  See,  May  15. 

The  king  issues  letters  of  recall  to 
the  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  the 
bishops  of  Batn,  Ely,  Hereford,  Lin- 


coln, and  London,  and  the  prior  and 
monks  of  Canterbury,  May  24. 

John  prepares  for  an  invasion  of 
France,  m  August,  but  his  barons  re- 
fuse to  follow  him. 

The  bishop  of  Winchester  (Peter 
des  Roches)  is  made  chief  justiciary, 
October. 

The  pope,  in  virtue  of  the  king's 
resignation  of  his  realm,  takes  hun 
under  his  protection,  Nov.  4. 
A.D.  T214. 

John  invades  France,  landing  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Rochelle,  Feb.  15. 

The  citizens  of  London  denounced 
as  rebels  to  the  king,  and  his  protec- 
tion withdrawn.  May  2C. 

The  king  of  France  gains  the  battle 
of  Bouvines  over  the  English  and 
Flemings,  July  27.  The  earl  of  Salis- 
bury is  there  captured  by  Philip,  bishop 
of  Beauvais ;  the  count  of  Flanders  is 
also  taken. 

John  is  repulsed  before  the  castle  of 
Roche  aux  Moines,  in  Anjou,  in  July. 
Hearing  of  the  battle  of  Bouvines  and 
the  captivitv  of  his  brother^  he  makes 
a  truce,  and  returns  to  England  in  Oc- 
tober. 


MAGNA  CHARTA. 


A.D.  1214. 
Stephen  Langton,  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  and  many  of  the  barons, 
meet  at  St.  Edmundsbury,  Nov.  20, 
and  agree  on  demands  for  a  redress 
of  grievances  from  the  king. 

A.D.  1215. 

The  barons  present  their  demands^ 
to  the  king  at  the  New  Temple,  in 
London,  Jan.  6 ;  he  defers  his  an- 
swer till  Easter. 

The  king  endeavours  to  divide  the 
confederates.  He  g^rants  free  elec- 
tion to  the  Church,  Jan.  15  ;  exacts 
anew  the  oath  of  allegiance,  and  as- 
sumes  the   cross,    March  4,    (being 


Ash-Wednesday,)  in  the  Tower  of 
London. 

The  pope  censures  the  archbishop 
and  the  barons,  Mav  19 ;  but  they  as- 
semble at  Stamford,  and  demand  an 
answer  from  the  king. 

The  king  continuing  to  temporize, 
the  barons  march  to  London,  which 
they  enter,  May  24. 

The  king  meets  the  barons  at  Run- 
nymede  (near  Egham),  and  concedes 
Magna  Charta,  June  15,  but  not  in 
good  faith.  He  at  once  appeals  to 
the  pope,  and  begins  to  hire  fresh 
mercenary  troops,  which  the  barons 
suspecting,  they  have  frequent  angry 
comerences  with  him. 


*  They  were  then  in  lea^e  with  the  barons,  who 
in  the  following  year  obtained  the  Great  Charter. 
The  barons  had  entered  the  city,  May  xo. 

>  He  was  liberated  in  February,  13x5,  in  ex- 
change for  Robert,  son  of  the  count  de  Dreux, 
and  cousin  of  the  king  of  France,  who  had  been 
oiptured  the  year  before  in  Britanny. 

7  These  demands,  which  form  the  oasis  of  Magna 
Charta,  contradict  the  assertion  sometimes  made, 
that  the  barons  had  the  interests  of  their  own  class 
only  in  view.  They  claim  that  no  right  shall  be 
sold,  delayed,  or  denied ;  that  Uie  law  courts  shall 
no  longer  follow  the  king's  person ;  that  no  penalty 


shall  be  laid  on  any  free  man,  but  by  the  judgment 
of  his  peers  and  according  to  law ;  that  for  all  of- 
fences only  reasonable  fines  shall  be  imposed  ac- 
cording to  each  man's  degree,  and  "  a  viUein  also 
shall  he  amerced  in  like  manner."  They  demand 
that  new  afforestations  and  weirs  in  rivers  shall  be 
abolished ;  that  weights  and  measures  shall  be  justly 
fixed,  merchants  protected,  and  freedom  of  passing 
to  and  from  the  land  sectued,  except  in  case  of  war. 
They  also  insist  on  the  surrender  of  the  hostages 
and  Donds  that  the  king  had  obtained  from  theOt 
and  that  he  shall  dismiss  his  mercenaiy  troops. 


A-D.  1215.] 


JOHN. 


141 


This  celebrated  charter'  professes 
to  be  granted  by  the  king  "in  the 
presence  of  God,  and  for  3ie  health 
of  our  soul,  and  of  the  sotds  of  all  our 
ancestors,  and  of  our  heirs,  to  the 
honour  of  God  and  exaltation  of  holy 
Qiurch  and  amendment  of  our  realm,'' 
by  the  counsel  of  the  archbishops  of 
Canterbury  and  Dublin,  seven  other 
bishops,  *'  Master  Pandulph,  our  lord 
the  pope's  subdeacon  and  familiar," 
brother  Emeric,  master  of  the  Tem- 
ple, the  earls  of  Pembroke,  Salisbury, 
Warren,  and  Arundel,  Alan  of  Gallo- 
way, constable  of  Scotland,  Hubert 
de  Burgh,  seneschal  of  Poitou,  "  and 
others  of  our  liegemen." 

By  modem  writers  Magna  Charta 
has  been  divided  into  sixty-three  chap- 
ters, according  to  the  various  subjects 
embraced  It  is  often  erroneously  con- 
sidered as  a  grant  of  new  privileges, 
but  such  is  not  the  case  as  regards 
any  class ;  it  is  rather  a  restoration  of 
some  portions  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  con- 
stitution, which  had  been  suspended 
by  the  Norman  kings,  and  a  redress 
ofinjustices  i>erpetrated  by  John  him- 
self. Following  out  the  declaration, 
"to  none  will  we  sell,  to  none  will  we 
deny,  to  none  will  we  delay  right  or 
justice,"  like  the  charters  of  former 
kings,  it  promises  peace  and  freedom 
of  election  to  the  Church,  a  legal 
course  of  government,  and  a  full  re- 
dress of  all  grievances.  It  then  pro- 
ceeds to  concede  all  the  barons'  de- 
mands ;  gives  up  their  hostages  and 
bonds*;  abandons  new-made  forests 
and  fisheries,  amends  weights  and 
measures,  and  dismisses  mercenary 
tn)ops  ^  ;  also  makes  special  mention 
0^  and  promises  redress  for,  many  un- 
just acts,  not  only  of  the  king,  but  of 
his  predecessors,  committed  against 
Alexander  of  Scotland  and  Llewelyn 
of  Wales. 

Magna  Charta   also   requires   the 


great  tenants  to  concede  to  their  de- 
pendants all  customs  and  liberties  as 
freely  as  they  are  granted  to  them- 
selves ' ;  thus  the  humbler  classes 
were  interested  in  its  due  execution, 
and  fkiltd  not  to  support  those  who 
in  later  times  laboured  for  that  end  *.  ■ 
Several  copies  of  it  were  made,  in 
order  that  one  might  be  preserved  in 
each  cathedral,  and  a  body  of  twenty- 
five  barons  was  appointed,  whose  duty 
it  was  to  enforce  its  observance  on  all 
parties. 

Beside  binding  himself  by  oath  not 
to  attempt  the  revocation  of  the  charter 
by  means  of  an  appeal  to  the  pope  (a 
promise  he  at  once  set  about  break- 
mg),  the  king  was  obliged  to  agree 
that  the  Tower  should  be  put  into  the 
hands  of  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
and  the  city  of  London  confided  to  the 
care  of  Robert  Fitz-Walter,  "  marshal 
of  the  army  of  God  and  Holy  Church," 
as  pledges  of  safety  to  the  barons ; 
a  necessaiy  precaution,  as  the  docu- 
ment itself  furnishes  the  clearest  evi- 
dence of  the  tyraimy  he  had  before 
exercised,  and  of  the  grievous  abuses 
that  had  been  engrafted  on  the  original 
requirements  of  me  feudal  system. 


John,  knowing  that  the  mercenaries 
are  near^  positively  refuses  to  abide  by 
the  charter,  exclaiming,  "  Why  do  not 
these  men  ask  my  kingdom?"  and 
withdraws  to  the  Kentish  coast  at  the 
end  of  August. 

The  mercenaries  arrive  in  Septem- 
ber. John  formally  appeals  to  the 
pope.  Sept  13,  and  immediately  be- 
gins to  ravage  the  barons'  estates ;  he 
takes  the  castle  of  Rochester,  after  an 
eight  weeks'  siege,  Nov.  30. 

"  Now  King  John,  accompanied  by 
that  detestable  troop  of  foreigners, 
whose  leader  and  general  wias  Falkes 
de  Breautfe  •,  a  man  of  ignoble  birth, 


.  *  The  diaiter  was  sealed,  like  other  grants  of  the 
tunc,  not  si8:ned,  as  is  often  stated ;  the  earliest 
njil signature  known  is  one  of  Richard  II. 

*  See  A.D.  i3o6,  isi^ 

^  **A]1  foreign  knisnts  and  bowmen"  are  to  be 
ranoved.  Among  tneir  leaders  are  mentioned 
Genrd  de  Atyes,  Andrew,  Gyon,  and  Peter  de 
gmcel,  Cyon  and  EnseUrd  de  Cygony,  Philip 
Marc,  and  Geoffrey  de  Martin.  Gerard  had  been 
m  the  king's  service  in  Poitou  in  1304 ;  the  others 
had  apparently  joined  him  more  recently,  as  their 
Banes  do  not  appear  on  the  Patent  or  Uose  Rolls 
ockn  Z9II.  In  spite  of  the  stipulation,  they  were 
niU  csiploycd,  and  Engelard  was  warden  of  the 


honour  of  Windsor  in  the  next  reign. 

•  Some  writers  have  maintained  that  this  clause 
was  inserted  by  the  king,  against  the  wish  of  the 
barons ;  but  its  equivalent  appears  among  their  de- 
mands.   See  p.  140. 

•  Though  endeavours  were  constantly  made  bv 
several  succeeding  kings  to  set  it  aside,  they  all 
eventually  failed,  and  each  monarch  was  obuged 
to  learn  that  his  most  popular  and  politic  act  was 
a  solemn  confirmadon  of  Magna  Charta. 

•  He  had  long  been  in  the  king's  service,  and 
was  bailiff  of  Glamoi^gan  in  iao8 ;  he  was  «^  one 
of  his  executors.  After  the  war  was  over,  he  held 
Bedford  castle,  plundering  parties  from  which  did 


142 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1215,  1216. 


and  a  bastard,  and  carried  away  by 
hia  fury,  began  to  lay  waste  the  north- 
em  parts  of  England,  to  destroy  the 
castles  of  the  barons,  or  compel  them 
to  submit  to  his  order,  bummg  with- 
out mercy  all  their  towns,  and  oppress- 
ing the  inhabitants  with  tortures  to 
extort  money/ 

The  pope  annuls  Magna  Qiarta,  and 
suspends  Uie  archbishop.  He  also 
exconmiunicates  the  barons;  at  first 
generally,  but  afterwards  by  name, 
December  16. 

A.D.  1 2 16. 

The  barons  surrender  Northumber- 
land to  Alexander  of  Scotland,  and  do 
homage  to  him. 

John  advances  into  Scotland,  ra- 
vaging the  country,  in  January. 

The  barons,  who  occupy  London,  ra- 
vage the  surrounding  districts.  "  They 
plundered  the  farmers  and  the  citizens, 
scarcely  sparing  the  churches,  and 
made  themselves  masters  of  every- 
thing. From  Yarmouth,  Ipswich,  Col- 
chester, and  other  towns,  they  exacted 
a  heavy  ransom." 

The  king  marches  southward ;  De 
Breaut^  plunders  the  isle  of  Ely,  and 
profanes  the  minster. 

The  king  reaches  Enfield,  March 
30.  The  barons  despatch  envoys  and 
hostages  to  offer  the  crown  to  Louis, 
the  son  of  the  king  of  France. 


John  repairs  to  the  Kentish  coast, 
but,  distrusting  his  mercenaries,  on 
the  approach  of  Louis  he  withdraws 
westvnurd  ;  he  passes  some  time  at 
Corfe  castle,  and  then  marches  to 
Shropshire. 

Louis  accepts  the  barons'  offer,  in 
spite  of  the  prohibition  of  the  papal 
legate^  April  26.  He  sends  aid  to  the 
barons,  and  lands  himself  at  Sand* 
wich'.  May  21. 

He  takes  Rochester,  and  receives 
the  barons'  homage  at  London,  June  2. 

Louis  besieges  Dover  ineffectually; 
the  Cinque  Ports  fleet  captures  his 
ships. 

Louis  takes  Winchester  in  June^  and 
other  castles  shordy  after,  but  is  re- 
ptdsed  at  Windsor. 

John,  being  joined  by  some  of  the 
barons,  who  d^trust  their  French  al- 
lies, crosses  the  country,  and  captures 
Lincoln,  Sept  22. 

He  marches  southward,  ravaging 
the  country,  and  reaches  Lynn.  Oct.  9, 
where  the  inhabitants  welcome  him', 
and  remains  there  three  days. 

He  loses  much  of  his  baggage  and 
treasure  in  his  march  on  the  shore  of 
the  Wash  towards  Holbeach,  Oct.  1 1. 

Is  seized  with  illness  at  Swineshead, 
Oct.  12,  but  proceeds  through  Sleafoid 
to  Newark,  Oct  16 ;  dies  there  Oct  19. 
He  is  buried  at  Worcester,  according 
to  his  own  wish  \ 


Events  in  General  History. 


The  Latin  empire  of  Constantinople 

founded 1204 

The  Inquisition  established    .  1206 


Ghengis  Khan  invades  China 
The  i^mohades  driven  from  Spain . 


A.D. 

1210 
1212 


iniich  mischief  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Alban's  ;  and 
hence  perhaps  he  is  represented  as  worse  than  ail 
bis  fellows  bv  Matthew  Paris.  After  a  long  career 
of  violence  he  was  driven  from  the  Idngdooi  by 
Hubert  de  Bur^h.     See  a.d.  1234. 

'  The  inhabitants  opposed  him,  and  the  town 
was  burnt  in  the  struggle. 

K  The  town  received  from  him  its  present  name 
of  King:'s  Lynn,  and  also  a  sword  and  cup,  which 
it  long  preserved ;  what  are  now  shewn  are,  in  the 
opinion  of  antiquaries,  of  later  date.  Indeed,  how- 
ever hated  hj  other  classes,  John  seems  to  have 
been  attached  to,  and  a  personal  favourite  with, 
Che  seafaring  people,  much  of  his  time  in  each  year 


beingordinarily  spent  on  the  coast,  as  appean  from 
the  Close  and  Patent  Rolls.  This  probably  gave 
occasion  to  the  statement  (now  known  <Co  be  incor- 
rect) of  Matthew  Paris,  that  the  king,  inmiediately- 
after  the  ^[ranting  of  Magna  Charta,  retired  to  the 
Isle  of  Wight^  and  there  passed  his  time  in  familiar 
association  with  mariners  and  fishermen. 

^  He  beoueathed  his  body  to  St  Wulstan,  the 
patron  of  that  cathedral,  aluiough  he  had  before 
founded  a  Cistercian  jnonastery  at  BeaoHca  (near 
L^mdhurst  in  Hampshire),  intending  it  for  lus  pboe 
of  burial.    In  1298  his  son  made  application  to  the 


Dunai.    in  X29B  nis  son  made  application  to  the 
»pe  for  permissioi)  to  transfer  the  body  to  Beau- 


pope 
heu« 


but  the  removal  was  not  effected. 


Great  Seal  of  Henrj  m. 


HENRY  III. 


Henry,  the  eldest  son  of  King  John 
and  Isabdla  of  Angouleme,  was  bom 
at  Winchester,  Oct  i,  1207.  The 
kingdom  to  which  he  succeeded  in 
his  loth  year  was  little  more  than 
nominal,  Init  the  vigour  and  ability  of 
his  guardians,  Gualo  the  papal  legate, 
and  WiUiam  Marshal  earl   of  Pem- 


broke •,  soon  effected  a  change  ;  thev 
regranted  Magna  Charta,  on  which 
the  English  barons,  distrustful  of  their 
French  allies,  very  generally  returned 
to  their  allegiance,  and  Louis  retired 
from  the  field. 

On  Pembroke's  death,  Hubert  de 
Burgh  (formerly  seneschal  of  Poitou)*, 


*  He  was  die  gnmdson  of  John  the  Marshal,  a  zeal- 
cus  partisan  of  the  Empress  Maud,  and  obtained  the 


AzDi  Of  the  Sttl  XiiibAl. 


earldom  of  Pembroke  by  marrying  Isabel,  daughter 
of  Richard  de  Clare.  He  served  Uie  young  Henrv, 
Richard,  and  John,  with  great  fidelity,  and  ob- 
tained from  the  latter  king  a  grant  of  the  whole 
province  of  Leinster.  On  John's  death,  he  took 
such  measures  as  caused  the  youthful  Henry  III. 
to  be  received  as  king,  and  acted  as  Protector  of 
the  kingdom  until  hb  own  death,  which  occurred 
in  the  year  13x9.  He  left,  beside  daughters,  five 
sons,  who  aU  in  succession  iMcame  earls  of  Pem- 
broke.   See  A.D.  1245. 

*»  He  was  frequenUy  employed  in  foreign  em- 
bassies by  King  John,  and  strenuously  supported 
his  cause  against  the  barons.  He  was  the  chief 
ruler  of  the  kingdom  during  the  early  years  of 
Henry  III.,  held  a  number  of  the  most  important 
oflkes,  (as  justiciary,  warden  of  the  marches  of 


144 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


and  Peter  des  Roches,  bishop  of  Win- 
chester, ("a  man  well  skilled  in  war  *=,") 
shared  between  them  the  rule  of  the 
kingdom  for  a  while,  and,  though 
hostile  to  each  other,  they  kept  the 
refractory  barons  in  check ;  but  as  they 
failed  to  observe  the  provisions  of 
Magna  Giarta,  fresh  quanrels  continu- 
ally arose.  At  last,  Des  Roches  was 
obliged  to  go  on  a  pilgrimage,  and 
De  Burgh  ruled  alone,  till  he  also  was 
deprived  of  power  and  imprisoned. 

Henry,  when  freed  from  tutelage, 
shewed  himself  quite  unequal  to  his 
station,  and  the  whole  alter-part  of 
his  long  reign  presents  a  melancholy 
picture  of  the  evils  that  may  fall  on 
a  nation  from  the  weakness  of  its 
rulers.  He  engaged  in  tedious  wars 
with  France  for  3ie  recovery  of  Nor- 
mandy, but  only  succeeded  in  en- 
dangering Guienne ;  took  part  with  the 
popes  against  the  emperor  Frederick  II. 
and  his  family,  although  that  emperor 
was  his  brother-in-law ;  made  frequent 
attacks  on  the  independence  of  Wales, 
**  but  without  effecting  anything  worthy 
of  his  rank;''  chose  his  counsellors 
and  servants  rather  among  foreigners 
than  Englishmen  ;  and,  to  supply 
means  for  all  these  idle  projects,  so 
grievously  oppressed  every  class  of 
his  people,  and  so  utterly  disregarded 


all  his  oaths  and  obligations,  that  in 
1258  he  was  in  fact  deposed,  all  power 
being  placed  in  the  hands  of  twenty- 
four  councillors,  of  whom  the  chief 
was  his  brother-in-law^  Simon  de 
Montfort*. 

In  1 261  Henry  attempted  to  resume 
the  royal  power,  but  was  soon  obliged 
to  give  way.  His  queen  and  his  son 
Edward,  however,  procured  the  aid 
of  Mortimer  and  the  other  marchers, 
and  in  1264  Henry  again  took  the 
field ;  he  was  defeat^  and  taken 
prisoner  at  Lewes,  May  13,  by  De 
Montfort,  and  compelled  to  accompany 
him  to  Wales  in  a  campaign  against 
his  own  adherents. 

In  1265,  by  a  sudden  change  of 
fortune,  De  Montfort  was  killed  at 
Evesham,  and  the  king  set  at  liberty, 
but  the  war  lasted  nearly  three  years 
after.  At  length  some  judicious  con- 
cessions were  made  to  the  malcon- 
tents, and  the  few  remaining  years  of 
Henry's  rei^  passed  without  any  veiy 
memorable  mcident  He  died  Nov.  16, 
1272,  at  Westminster,  and  was  buried 
in  the  abbey  church  there  four  days 
after,  but  his  heart  was  removed  to 
the  abbey  of  Fontevraud  in  1291. 

Henry  married  Eleanor,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Raymond  V.,  count  of  Provence. 
She  appears  to  have  been  a  woman 


Wales,  constable  of  Dorer  and  other  castles, 
and  sheriff  of  several  counties,)  and  received  the 
earldom  of  Kent ;  but  at  length  he  fell  into  dis- 
grace, was  accused  of  enormous  crimes^  stripped  of 
most  of  his  possessions,  and  thrown  mto  prison. 
He  escaped  mto  Wales,  and  after  a  time  was  re- 
stored to  the  king's  favour,  but  again  falling  into 
disgrace,  through  affiancing  his  daughter  Margaret 
to  tne  earl  of  Gloucester  without  the  royal  licence, 
be  was  obliced  to  surrender  several  strong  castles, 
and  died  shortly  after.  May  xs.  Z343.  He  had 
been  married  four  times,  one  of  his  wives  being 
Isabel,  the  repudiated  queen  of  lohn,  and  another. 
If  ainuret,  sister  of  Alexander  If.  of  Scotland. 

«  He  was  a  Poictevin,  and  a  knight,  being  styled 
Sir  Peter  des  Roches,  tmt  obuined  the  see  of  Win- 
chester in  zao5  by  a  papal  provision.  He  was  long 
the  rival  in  the  government  of  Hubert  de  Burgh, 
but  being  at  length  driven  from  cotut,  he  went  to 
the  Holy  Land ;  ne  again  became  a  coxutier,  was 
anin  expelled,  and  died  soon  after,  June  9,  1238. 
His  numerous  benefactions  to  religious  houses  are 
praised  by  Matthew  Pari^  who  adds  that  notwith- 
standing ''  he  left  to  his  successor  a  ridi  bishopric, 
with^o  decrease  of  its  plough-cattle." 

'  Simon  de  Atontfort  was  a  younger  son  of  Simon 
de  Montfort  so  well  known  for  his  crusade  against 
the  Albigcnses,  and  who  had  possessed  the  earldom 
of  Leicester  in  the  time  of  Kmg  John,  but  had  for- 
feited it  on  a  charge  of  treason.  On  occasion  of  a 
quarrel  with  the  queen  of  France,  he  came  to  Eng- 
land, was  favourably  received  by  the  king,  re- 
covered (with  the  con^nt  of  his  elder  brother,  Al- 
meric,)  the  earldom,  had  important  posts  bestowed 
on  him,  and  at  length  by  marrying  Eleanor,  the 


widow  of  William  earl  of  Pembroke,  became  allied 
to  the  royal  family.    He  governed  Gasoony  with 


Aznui  of  De  Xontlbrt. 

vigour  and  wisdom  for  several  yt»rs,  also  made 
a  journey  to  the  Hol^  Land  ;  but  being  at  length 
deprived  of  his  provmce,  he  headed  Oie  discon- 
tented barons,  received  also  the  support  of  the 
great  body  of  the  clergy,  expelled  the  Mug's  foreign 
favourites,  and  may  almost  be  said  to  have  ruled 
in  his  stead.  Some  of  his  confederates,  however, 
deserting  him.  Mortimer  and  the  marchers  made 
head  against  him,  and  defeated  and  killed  him  at 
Evesham,  Aug.  4, 1265.  His  body  was  barbarously 
mutilated,  and  denied  Christian  tnirial  by  the  vic- 
tors, while  his  partisans  esteemed  him  a  martyr, 
and  diculated  reports  ascribing  miracles  to  him. 


HENRY  lit. 


MS 


of  beauty  and  spirit,  but  the  excessive 
partiality  of  the  king  for  her  kindred 
rendered  her  unpopular,  and  she  was 
once  in  danger  of  her  life  from  the 
hatred  of  the  Londoners.  She  became 
a  nun  at  Amesbury  in  1286,  and  died 
there  June  24,  1291. 

Their  children  were,  beside  Robert, 
John,  William,  Henry,  and  Catherine, 
who  died  young, 

I.  Edward,  who  became  king. 


2.  Edmund,  earl  of  Lancaster  •,  bom 
1245.  The  title  of  King  of  Sicily  was 
bestowed  on  him  by  the  pope  (Alexan- 
der IV.),  but  he  never  obtained  pos- 
session ;  he  went  to  the  crusade  with 
his  brother  Edward,  and  died  in  1296, 
while  commanding  an  army  in  Gas- 
cony.  One  of  his  sons  was  Thomas, 
earl  of  Lancaster,  who  bore  so  great 
a  part  in  the  troubles  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  XL 


Aims  of  Bdxnimd  of  Lancasterr 


3.  Margaret,  bom  1240;  married  in 
1 25 1  to  Alexander  III.  of  Scotland, 
and  died  in  1275. 

4.  Beatrice,  bom  1242 ;  married  in 


1260  to  John  de  Dreux,  son  of  John  I., 
duke  of  Britannv,  and  died  in  1275. 

Henry  bore  the  same  arms  and  de- 
vice as  nis  father.  King  John. 


Henry  UL,  Ihiizi  his  Itonoment  In  Weetminster  Abloj* 


Anns  of  Henry  m. 


The  character  of  Henry  had  many 
glaring  defects,  among  which  his  utter 
want  of  courage  and  regard  for  his 
word  may  be  particularly  noticed.  He 
suffered  his  people  to  be  oppressed 
with  impimity  by  the  agents  of 
the  papal  court,  and  extorted  large 
sums  from  them  himself,  the  greater 
part  of  which  he  wasted  on  his  foreign 
favourites,  but  some  he  usefully  em- 


ployed on  works  of  devotion  and 
charity.  Beside  decorating  various 
shrines,  he  nearly  rebuilt  the  church 
of  Westminster,  founded  a  house  for 
converts  from  Judaism,  and  left  a  sum 
of  money  by  his  will  for  the  succour 
of  the  Holy  Land. 


A.D.  1216. 
Westminster  being  in  the  hands  of 


*  He  was  called  "  Crouchback,"  as  having  taken 
the  cross.  John  of  Gaunt,  however,  pretended 
that  he  was  really  the  elder  son,  but  set  aside  as 
%  cripple,  and  on  this  fancy  was  founded  the  claim 
to  the  throne  "  by  right  line  of  the  blood  from  good 


Kin^  Henry,"  which  Henry  of  Bolingbroke  umd, 
as  his  mother  was  the  great  granddaughter  of  £ld- 
mund. 

f  This  singular  figure,  termed  the  tricorporate 
lion,  is  foimd  on  his  seal. 


X46 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1216,  1217. 


the  barons,  Henry  is  crowned  at  Glou- 
cester, Oct.  28 »,  by  Peter,  Bishop  of 
Winchester,  in  presence  of  Gualo,  the 
papal  legate.  '*  He  did  homage  to  the 
holy  Roman  Church  and  to  Pope  In- 
nocent for  the  kingdoms  of  England 
and  Ireland,  and  swore  that  as  long 
as  he  held  those  kingdoms  he  would 
faithfully  pay  the  thousand  marks 
which  nis  father  had  given  to  the 
Roman  Church"*."  The  legate  and 
the  earl  of  Pembroke  assume  the 
direction  of  affairs.  A  council  held 
at  Bristol,  Nov.  12,  when  Magna 
Charta  is  confirmed,  with  certain  al- 
terations, giving  it  a  still  more  popular 
character. 

Louis,  who  had  abandoned  the 
siege  of  Dover  early  in  November, 
captures  the  castles  of  Hertford  and 
Berkhampstead  (Dec.  6  and  20),  but 
refusing  to  entrust  them  to  any  but 
his  own  knights,  many  of  the  Eng- 
lish forsake  his  party.  He  retires  to 
I^ondon. 

A.D.  12 17. 

Louis,  being  threatened  with  excom- 
Tnunicatipn  by  the  legate,  agrees  to 
^  truce  until  Easter  (March  26)  and 
crosses  over  to  France ;  many  more 
of  his  English  adherents  leave  him. 

The  king*?  party  besiege  the  castle 
of  Mountsorel ;  it  is  stoutly  defended 
.  by  Henry  de  Braybroke. 

Louis  returns  to  London,  and  de- 
spatches the  count  of  Perche,  Robert 
Fitz- Walter,  and  others,  with  a  band 
of 20,000 "wicked  French  freebooters," 
to  raise  the  siege;  they  accomplish 
this,  and  then  march  to  besiege  the 
^castle  of  Lincoln. 

The  legate  excommimicates  Louis 
-and  the  barons  by  name,  April  18. 

The  earl  of  Pembroke,  assisted  by 
Peter,  bishop  of  Winchester,  raises 
a  force,  with  which  he  attacks  and 
.totally  defeats  the  barons'  army  in 
the  town  of  Lincoln,  May  20.  The 
count  of  Perche  is  killed,  Robert  Fitz- 
Walter,  Gilbert  de  Clare,  and  many 
•other  barons  taken,  and  the  city  plun- 


dered ;  "  nor  did  the  cathedral  escape, 
but  suffered  as  the  other  churches,  for 
the  legate  had  ordered  the  knights  to 
treat  all  the  clergy  as  excommuni- 
cated, inasmuch  as  they  had  been. 
enemies  to  holy  Church  and  to  the 
king  from  the  commencement  of  the 
war.  When  nothing  remained  in  any 
comer  of  the  houses,  thev  each  re- 
turned to  their  lords  as  rich  men,  and 
peace  with  King  Henry  having  been 
proclaimed  through  the  city,  they  ate 
and  drank  amidst  mirth  and  festivity. 
This  battle,  in  derision  of  Louis  and 
the  barons,  they  called  *the  Fair.'" 

The  French  flee  toward  London, 
many  being  cut  off  by  the  towns- 
people on  the  way.  The  castle  of 
Mountsorel  is  abandoned  by  its 
garrison,  and  is  ordered  to  be  de- 
molished by  the  king. 

Louis  sends  for  succour  to  France. 
The  fleet  sent  to  his  relief  is  defeated 
by  Hubert  de  Burgh,  near  Dover, 
Aug.  24 ;  Eustace  the  Monk,  its  com- 
mander, is  captured  and  put  to  death  K 
The  earl  of  Pembroke  besieges  Louis 
in  London.  A  treaty  is  concluded 
between  them.  Sept  11,  and  Louis 
leaves  England. 

The  treaty  stipulated  for  the  re- 
storation of  all  prisoners,  the  absolu- 
tion of  Louis  and  his  adherents  from 
spiritual  censures,  his  immediate  with- 
drawal from  England,  and  his  best 
endeavours  to  induce  his  father,  the 
French  king,  to  restore  the  English 
provinces  ;  King  Heniy  promising  on 
his  part  to  restore  their  estates  to  the 
barons,  and  to  observe  the  provisions 
of  Magna  Charta.  Roger  of  Wendover 
says  Aat  "Louis  received  ;£5,ooo  to 
meet  his  necessities,  and  then,  under 
the  conduct  of  the  earl  of  Pembroke, 
went  with  all  speed  to  the  sea-coast, 
and  thence,  with  lasting  ignominy, 
crossed  to  France."  It  would  seem, 
however,  from  a  document  on  the  Close 
Rolls,  dated  Feb.  12,  12 18,  that  his 
withdrawal  was  procured  by  at  least 
the  promise  of  a  further  sum,  for  in  it 
the  king  says,  **  We  owe  a  heavy  debt 


f  The  years  of  his  reign  are  reckoned  from  this 
day. 

^  Ro^  of  Wendover. 

'  He  IS  saud  to  have  abandoned  the  cloister  to 
seise  the  estate  of  his  deceased  brother,  and  when 
he  had  dissipated  it  he  turned jMrate.  In  1305  he 
•«ras  captured  by  the  Cinque  Ports  mariners,  but 


was  taken  into  the  service  of  King  John  ;  in  19x4, 
having  joined  the  French,  he  commanded  the  fleet 
which  brought  over  Louis  to  Sandwich,  and  did 
much  damage  to  his  former  captors.  Fearing  thfor 
vengeance,  ne  now  hid  himself  in  the  hold  of  kb 
vessel,  but  was  dragged  out  and  beheaded  by  Sir 
RichaJrd,  a  natural  brother  of  the  king. 


JLD.  12x7 — 1223.] 


HENRY  III. 


MT 


unto  Loais,  the  French  king's  son,  by 
agreement  made  between  us,  that  he 
would  depart  out  of  our  realm,  which 
at  length  the  Lord  hath  marvellously 
and  mercifully  procured." 

The  evils  of  the  civil  war  were,  how- 
ever, by  no  means  over.  The  regent 
Pembroke  had  scarcely  the  power  to 
keep  the  treaty  with  such  of  Louis's 
adherents  as  submitted,  for  Falkes  de 
Breaut^  and  other  of  the  king's  cas- 
tellans held  the  castles  that  had  fallen 
into  their  hands  alike  aeainst  him  and 
the  rightful  owners ;  and  many  knights 
and  nobles  of  both  parties  ''whose 
chief  delight  had  been  to  live  by  plun- 
der/' continued  to  pillage  the  people. 
The  legate  also,  rdusing  to  abide  by 
the  treaty,  took  the  most  vigorous 
measures  gainst  the  clergy,  who  had 
favoured  Lmiis :  he  deprived  many  of 
their  benefices,  and  bestowed  them  on 
foreigners ;  from  others  he  extorted 
large  sums ;  the  cases  of  some  he  re- 
mitted to  Rome.  Those  who  resisted 
were  excommunicated,  and  by  an  order 
from  the  king  (to  be  found  on  the 
Close  Rolls),  dated  Stoke,  Feb.  18, 
12x8,  were  directed  to  quit  the  realm 
before  the  following  Midlent  Sunday 
(March  25) ;  the  sherifis  being  com- 
manded to  seize  and  imprison  all 
derks  whom  they  might  find  abiding 
in  excommunication  on  that  account 
after  the  day  named. 

A.D.  1 218. 

The  earl  of  Winchester,  Robert 
Fitz -Walter,  and  other  leaders  of 
the  barons,  go  to  the  crusade,  at 
Damietta. 

Trial  by  ordeal  formally  abolished. 

Guak>,  the  papal  legate,  withdraws, 
:uid  is  succeeded  by  Pandulph^ 

A.D.  12 19. 

Damietta  is  captured  by  the  cru- 
saders. 

Peter  des  Roches,  bishop  of  Win- 
chester, on  the  death  of  the  earl  of 
Pembroke,  becomes  guardian  of  the 
long  with  Hubert  de  Burgh.  Great 
liv^liy  springs  up  between  them. 

Reginald  of  Man  formally  surrenders 
the  i^  to  the  pope,  and  also  acknow- 


ledges himself  the  vassal  of  the  kin|^ 
of  England  *. 

A.D.  1220. 

The  king  is  crowned  a  second  time 
at  Westminstcr,onWhitsunday,  May  17. 

The  castles  of  Rockingham  and 
Salcey  recovered  out  of  the  hands 
of  the  earl  of  Albemarle,  June  29. 

The  remains  of  Thomas  Becket 
translated,  July  7. 

A.D.  1221. 

The  earl  of  Albemarle  plunders  the 
country  around  Burlington,  and  car- 
ries off  the  spoil  to  the  castle  of  Bh 
ham ;  he  is  supplied  with  men  by 
Falkes  de  Breaut^  and  other  of  the 
kin^s  castellans,  and  seizes  the  castle 
of  r  otheringhay.  He  is  besieged  in 
Biham,  by  die  justiciary,  and  obliged 
to  surrender,  Feb.  8,  but  is  pardoned 
on  account  of  his  former  services. 

Peace  is  made  with  Scotland,  and 
the  king's  sister  Joan  married  to 
Alexander  II.  at  York,  June  25. 

The  king  marches  against  the  Welsh 
in  September,  raises  the  siege  of  Builth, 
and  builds  a  new  castle  at  Mont- 
gomery. 

A.D.  1222. 

A  tumult  between  the  citizens  of 
London  and  the  people  of  the  abbot 
of  Westminster,  Aug.  i.  Constantine, 
the  leader  of  the  Londoners,  raises  the 
cry  "  Monjoie,"  (the  cry  of  the  French 
party)  ;  he  is  seized  and  hung,  with 
several  of  his  friends  ;  others  are  mu- 
tilated, and  the  city  magistrates  dis- 
placed. 

A.D.  1223. 

The  archbishop  of  Canterbury  (Ste- 
phen Langton)  and  the  nobles  daim 
the  full  execution  of  the  charter, 
Januar>'. 

Philip,  king  of  France,  dies,  July  14. 
He  is  succeeded  by  Louis,  his  son, 
who  refuses  to  restore  the  English 
provinces  in  France,  alleging  that 
the  terms  granted  to  his  adherents 
had  not  been  kept,  particularly  men- 
tioning the  case  of  Constantine  and 
the  Londoners. 


^  Fndiilph  held  die  legateahip  vftdl  July,  iin. 
He  then  went  to  Rome,  and  was  there  conaecnted 
fMay  »9,  193s)  to  the  see  of  Norwich,  which  had 
teen  vacant  nnrty  ei^ht  yean.  He  died  Septemher 
16,  i3a6,  and  was  boned  in  his  own  calhedraL 


>  The  docamenu  are  dated  at  the  Temple  fat 
London,  Sept.  az.  Olaf,  under  the  style  of  Kmc 
of  the  Isles,  protested  against  the  submission, 
and  avowed  his  feudal  dependence  on  Nonvaj 
(see  A.D.  1098,  X905). 


L2 


148 


THE   PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.D.  1223 I23I, 


The  king  endeavours  to  induce  the 
Norman  barons  to  swear  fealty  to  him, 
promising  them  the  return  of  their  for- 
feited English  lands,  July  23. 

A  council  held  at  Northampton,  in 
December,  where  it  is  determined  to 
force  Falkes  de  Breaut^  and  others  to 
give  up  the  royal  castles.  The  earls  of 
Chester  and  Albemarle  attempt  to  re- 
sist, but  being  threatened  with  excom- 
munication they  submit. 

A.D.  1224. 

The  French  king  seizes  on  Poitou. 

De  Breaute,  having  attacked  the 
king's  justiciaries,  who  had  given  judg- 
ments against  him,  imprisons  one  of 
them,  Henry  de  Braybroke",  in  his 
castle  of  Bedford. 

The  castle  is  besieged  by  the  king 
and  the  justiciary,  Hubert  de  Burgh, 
from  June  to  August ;  it  is  defended 
by  William  de  Breaut^,  but  being  sur- 
rendered, Aug.  15,  he  and  many  of  his 
knights  are  h^ged.  Falkes  de  Breautfe, 
who  had  fled  into  Burgundy,  is  there 
captured,  when  he  is  deprived  of  all 
his  possessions  and  banished,  and  his 
wfe  is,  at  her  own  request,  divorced 
from  him  ". 

A.D.  1225. 

Magna  Charta  and  the  Charter  of 
the  Forests  confirmed  by  the  king,  Feb. 
II,  and  a  fifteenth  of  all  moveables  in 
the  kingdom  granted  to  him  to  enable 
him  to  recover  the  English  posses- 
sions in  France. 

Earl  Richard,  the  king's  brother,  is 
sent  to  Bordeaux,  in  March.  He  de- 
feats the  French,  and  establishes  the 
English  power  in  Gascony. 

A.D.  1226. 

The  pope  (Honorius  III.)  demands 
two  prebends  from  each  cathedral 
church,  and  a  similar  contribution 
from  every  monastery. 

The  earl  marshal ",  being  suspected 
of  hostile  designs,  is  ordered  to  sur- 


render his  castles  of  Caeimarthen  and 
Cardigan,  July  10. 

•  Death  of  Louis  VIII.  of  France,  at 
the  siege  of  Avignon,  September,  r    ,, 

A.D.  1227. 

At  a  council  held  at  Oxford  in  Feb- 
ruary, the  king  declares  himself  of  age, 
and  refuses  to  abide  by  the  Forest 
charters!*.  He  also  dismisses  Des 
Roches,  who  goes  on  a  pilgrimage, 
and  puts  himself  entirely  under  the 
guidance  of  Hubert  de  Burgh. 

Earl  Richard,  having  a  quarrel  with 
the  king  about  the  manor  of  Berk- 
hampstead,  joins  the  discontented  no- 
bles, who  force  the  king  to  do  him. 
justice. 

A.D.  1228. 

The  king  marches  against  Llewelyn, 
prince  of  Wales,  but  soon  concludes 
a  disgraceful  peace,  August  and  Sep- 
tember. 

A.D.  1229.  J 

The  Gascons  invite  the  king  to 
come  to  them,  as  do  deputies  from 
Normandy,  promising  him  their  aid 
in  regaining  the  Enghsh  provinces. 

The  pope  (Gregory  IX.)  levies  a 
tithe  on  all  moveables  in  England. 

The  king  collects  an  army  at  Ports- 
mouth for  the  invasion  of  France,  but 
suddenly  quarrels  with  De  Burgh,  and 
allows  his  troops  to  disperse,  Septem- 
ber, October. 

A.D.  1230. 

Reginald  of  Man  is  killed  in  battle 
by  Olaf,  Feb.  14'. 

The  king  passes  over  to  Britaimy* 
with  a  large  force.  May'.  He  marches 
through  Anjou,  to  Poitou  and  Gas- 
cony, where  he  receives  the  homage 
of  the  people ;  in  October  he  returns 
to  England.  The  earl  of  Chester 
makes  incursions  in  Anjou  and  Nor- 
mandy. 

A.D.  1231. 

A  scutage  of  three  marks  raised  for 
a  fresh  expedition  to  France. 


"  The  baron  who  dHended  Mountsorrel  against 
the  king.     See  a.d.  12x7. 

'  She  was  the  widow  of  the  son  of  the  earl  of 
Devon,  and  had  been  forcibly  married  to  him. 
Falkes  went  to  Francet  and  endeavoured  to  excite 
Louis  to  attempt  another  invasion  ;  he  also  ap- 
pealed to  the  pope  regarding  his  divorce,  but  while 
the  cause  was  pending  he  died  of  poison. 

o  William,  the  eldest  son  of  the  Protector. 

p  He  issued  a  declaration  which  says, — "  When- 
soever and  wheresoever,  and  as  often  as  it  may  be 
our  pleasure,  we  may  declare,  interpret,  enlarge. 


or  diminish  the  aforesaid  statutes  and  their  several 
parts,  by  our  free  will,  and  as  to  us  shall  seem, 
expedient  for  the  security  of  us  and  oiur  land.** 

«  Olaf,  after  many  years'  exile  (see  a.d.  1905)1 
had  obtained  a  fleet  and  army  from  Norway,  and 
he  was  now  received  as  king. 

'  He  landed  at  St  Malo,  May  5,  and  was  joined 
by  the  duke  (who  was  his  vassal,  as  earl  of  Rich- 
mond), and  many  Breton  and  Norman  nobles.  The 
duke  was  Peter  I.,  the  husband  of  Alice,  who  was 
the  half-sister  of  Arthur  and  Eleanor. 


A.D.  I23I— 1235.] 


HENRY  III. 


149 


William  Marshal,  earl  of  Pembroke, 
dies'. 

A  truce  agreed  to  between  the  kings 
of  England  and  France,  July  5. 

The  king  invades  Wales  ;  he  sus- 
tains considerable  loss,  but  strengthens 
the  border  castles. 

The  payment  of  tithe  and  revenues 
to  Rome  resisted,  and  many  agents 
of  the  pope  maltreated. 

A.D.  1232. 

The  king  quarrels  with  Hubert  de 
Burgh,  charging  him  with  many  griev- 
ous offences  ;  Stephen  de  Segrave  is 
made  justiciary  in  his  place,  Judy. 

Hubert  demands  time  to  answer, 
and  takes  sanctuary  at  Merton ;  he 
obtains  a  further  time  to  answer,  but 
before  it  expires  is  dragged  out  of 
a  chapel  and  imprisoned  in  the  Tower. 
He  is  released  the  next  day,  through 
the  interference  of  the  Bishop  of  Lin- 
coln (Hugh  Wells),  and  sent  back  to 
the  chapel ;  is  obliged  by  hunger  to 
surrender  himself,  when  he  is  again 
conducted  to  the  Tower,  and  put  in 
fetters* 

The  king  seizes  Hubert's  treasure, 
and  places  him  in  the  castle  of  De- 
vizes, in  October,  allowing  him  to  re- 
tain his  patrimonial  lands. 

A.D.  1233. 

The  king  makes  Des  Roches,  bishop 
of  Winchester,  his  chief  counsellor, 
and  by  his  advice  dismisses  the  officers 
of  his  court  and  garrisons  his  castles 
with  Poictevins  (Des  Roches'  country- 
men) and  other  foreigners. 

Bichard,  earl  of  Pembroke,  but 
usually  styled  the  earl  marshal  *,  and 
other  nobles,  remonstrate  with  the 
king,  and  being  repulsed,  take  mea- 
sures to  drive  out  the  Poictevins. 

The  king  demands  hostages  from  the 
nobles,  and  appoints  a  conference  in 
London  for  the  redress  of  grievances. 

The  earl  marshal,  apprehensive  of 
treachery,  flees  to  Wales  and  is  de- 
clared a  traitor.  He  makes  a  league 
with  Llewelyn. 


Hubert  de  Burgh  escapesi  from 
prison,  Oct.  12.  He  is  dragged  from 
sanctuary,  and  ordered  to  abjure  the 
realm,  Oct.  15  ;  but  is  sent  back  on 
the  intercession  of  the  bishops  of 
Salisbury  and  London,  Oct.  18.  He 
escapes  to  Wales  to  the  earl  marshal. 

The  earl  marshal  surprises  the  king's 
army  at  Grosmont  (near  Monmouth) 
and  puts  it  to  flight,  Nov.  11.  He 
also  defeats  the  Poictevins  at  Mon- 
mouth, Nov.  25,  and  Dec.  26. 

A.D.  1234. 

The  earl  marshal  and  JLlewelyn 
ravage  the  estates  of  Des  Roches  and 
their  other  enemies,  and  bum  Shrews- 
bury, in  January.  The  king  retires  to 
Winchester. 

The  bishops  remonstrate  with  the 
king  on  the  violent  proceedings  of 
Des  Roches  and  his  confederates. 
They  and  the  Poictevins  are  in  con- 
sequence dismissed,  and  a  truce  made 
with  the  nobles. 

The  earl  marshal  passes  into  Ire- 
land, and,  listening  to  the  treacherous 
advice  of  Geoffrey  Marsh  and  others, 
who  had  been  corrupted  by  Des 
Roches,  attempts  to  subdue  the  coun- 
try. 

He  is  invited  to  a  conference  with 
Maurice  the  iusticiary,  betrayed  by 
Geoffrey  Marsn,  desperately  wounded, 
and  made  prisoner,  April  i.  He  dies 
April  1 6,  and  is  buried  at  Kilkenny. 

A  peace  arranged  with  Llewelyn, 
and  the  proscribed  nobles,  including 
Hubert  de  Burgh,  admitted  to  the 
king's  peace.  May  28. 

The  duke  of  Britanny  (Peter  I.) 
makes  his  peace  with  the  king  of 
France  ". 

A.D.  12*35. 

Olaf  of  Man  is  engaged  to  defend 
parts  of  the  English  and  Irish  coasts  *, 
June  II. 

The  king's  sister  Isabel  married  to 
the  emperor  (Frederick  II.)  at  Worms, 
July  20. 


•  He  had  married  Eleanor,  the  kine's  sbter,  and 
he  chara^ed  his  hrother  Richard,  who  succeeded 
him,  to  vay  her  dower  from  his  vast  estates  in 
Ireland.  This  Richard  neglected  to  do ;  and  within 
a  reey  short  time  of  his  brother's  death  he  is  de- 
nounced in  a  document  in  the  "  Foedera"  as  the 
Itegeman  of  the  King  of  France  (May  25, 1231).  It 
w<juld  thus  appear  that  private  matters  brought 
h'lm  into  the  controversy  which  ended  in  his  death, 
nsher  thaa  his  wish  to  maintain  the  liberties  of  the 


kingdom,  as  usually  stated. 

t  The  second  son  of  the  Protector. 

"  His  EnglUh  earldom  of  Richmond  was  thus 
forfeited,  and  he  reveneed  himself  by  piracy. 

*  Haco  v.,  king  of  Norway,  had  restored  Olal 
(see  A.D.  1230X  and  now  threatened  both  England 
and  Scotland.  Olaf,  however,  being  thus  induced 
to  renounce  his  fealty,  the  intended  enterprise  was 
abandoned. 


ISO 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.D.  1236 I24I, 


'     A.D.  1236. 

The  king  marries  Eleanor,  daughter 
of  the  count  of  Provence,  Jan.  14. 

Earl  Richard  and  many  nobles  as- 
sume the  cross. 

The  king  of  Scotland  (Alexander  II.) 
demands  the  county  of  Northumber- 
land as  the  maxriage  portion  of  his 
wife,  (Joan,  the  king's  sister). 

A.D.  1237. 

The  charters  again  confirmed,  Jan. 
28,  and  a  thirtieth  of  all  moveables 
granted  to  the  king. 

A  madnian  attempts  to  murder  the 
king  at  Woodstock,  Sept  9. 

Cardinal  Otho,  a  papal  legate,  is 
invited  to  England  by  the  king,  much 
to  the  discontent  of  both  clergy  and 
laitv.  He  holds  a  council  in  London 
in  November,  "to  strengthen  and  re- 
form the  state  of  the  Church  in  Eng- 
land." 

A.D.  1238. 

The  king  gives  his  sister  Eleanor 
(widow  of  William  Marshal,  earl  of 
PCTibroke)  in  marriage  to  Simon  de 
Montfort,  Jan.  7.  Earl  Richard  and 
the  other  nobles  are  greatly  displeased ; 
Hubert  de  Burgh  alone  adheres  to  the 
king. 

The  legate  visits  Oxford,  when  a 
quarrel  arises  between  the  students 
and  his  attendants*.  He  lays  an  in- 
terdict on  the  University,  but  removes 
it  after  a  while  on  the  submission  of 
the  scholars. 

The  legate  reforms  the  statutes  of 
the  Benedictines. 

Olaf  of  Man  dies.  His  scm  Harold 
succeeds,  and  disclaims  dependance 
on  England  ^ 

A.D.  1239. 

The  Tower  strengthened,  which  causes 
alarm  to  the  people  of  London. 

The  king's  eldest  son,  Edward,  is 
bom,  June  18  *. 


The  Jews  throughout  England  are 
cruelly  oppressed,  and  obliged  to  sur- 
render one-third  of  all  their  effects  to 
the  king,  on  a  charge  of  having  com- 
mitted a  murder  in  London,  June 
21,  22. 

The  king  suddenly  auarrds  with 
Simon  de  Montfort,  and  drives  him 
and  his  wife  from  England,  August 

The  legate  goes  to  Scotland,  but  is 
very  coldly  received  there,  and  soon 
returns  to  England. 

The  English  nobles  appeal  to  the 
pope  against  the  proceedmgs  of  the 
legate. 

A.D.  1240. 

The  king  causes  an  oath  of  fealty 
to  his  son  Edward  to  be  taken  by  the 
citizens  of  Ixmdon  "and  many  other 
nobles  of  the  kingdomu'' 

The  king  sends  justiciaries  through- 
out England,  who,  ^' under  pretence  of 
administering  justic^"  says  Matthew 
Paris,  ''collected  an  inmiense  sum  of 
money  for  the  use  of  the  king,  but  he 
squandered  it  away."  The  legatte  also 
exacts  large  sums  for  the  pope. 

Earl  Richard  proceeds  on  the  cru- 
sade. 

Llewelyn  of  Wales  dies,  April  11. 
A  civil  war  breaks  out  between  his 
sons,  David  *  and  Griffin. 

Boniface  of  Savoy,  uncle  of  the 
queen,  is  chosen  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury**. 

A.D.  1 241. 

The  legate  quits  England,  Jan.  7. 
having  been  a  few  days  before  placed 
by  the  king  in  his  royal  seat  at  table, 
to  the  great  offence  of  his  subjects. 

Peter  of  Savoy  (uncle  to  the  queen) 
comes  to  England,  and  receives  the 
earldom  of  Richmond  S 

Twenty  thousand  marks  extorted 
from  the  Jews,  under  pain  of  banish- 
ment 

The  new  walls  of  the  Tower  fall 


*  The  master  of  the  legate's  cooks,  who  was  also 
his  brother,  (appointed,  Matthew  Paris  says,  to 
that  office  to  giuurd  him  from  being  p<»soned,  which 
he  greatly  feared,)  threw  boiling  water  in  the  face 
of  a  poor  Irish  chaplain,  who  craved  food  in  God's 
WMir,  and  was  hunseU  killed  by  another  clerk 
from  the  Welsh  border.  The  legate  was  oblised 
to  flee  for  his  life,  and  the  king  sent  the  ean  of 
Warrenne  to  Oxford,  who  brought  maay  of  the 
achdars  away  as  prisoners. 

y  He  regarded  the  king  of  Norway  as  his  feudal 
lord.    See  a.d.  1205. 

■  The  king  extorted  costly  presents  from  those 


to  whom  he  communicated  th«  news,  so  tfiat. 
Matthew  Paiis  says,  one  of  them  remarked,  *'  God 
gave  us  this  child,  but  the  king  sells  him  to  us.** 

•  To  procure  the  assistance  of  the  king,  David 
agreed  to  do  homage  for  his  lands.  May  15. 

^  He  was  not  consecrated  until  la^s.  He  | 
most  of  his  time  abroad  in  wars  and  negotiations, 
and  acted  with  much  insolence  and  cruelty  to  his 
clergy,  "  bein^  ignorant  of  their  rules  and  custom^-, 
and  also  destitute  of  leamine."  He  died  in  the 
castle  of  St.  Helen,  in  Savoy,  Tuly  18,  1270, 

«  Lately  forfeited  by  the  duke  of  Bcitanny.    See 

A.D.  X234. 


A.D.  I24I — 1243-] 


HEXRY  III. 


^5^ 


down;  the  joy  of  the  citizens  dis- 
pleases the  king,  and  he  exacts  a  large 
sum  from  them,  "contrary  to  their 
known  customs  amd  liberties.** 

The  Pieacher  and  Minorite  brethren 
exdte  the  people  to  assume  the  cross, 
and  then  absolve  them  from  their  vow, 
by  which  means  they  raise  a  large 
sum  of  money  in  England,  but  incur 
much  odium. 

The  king  of  France  bestows  Poitou 
on  his  brother  Alphonso,  June  24. 

The  JoDK  assembles  an  army  on  the 
borders  of  Wales  in  August  David 
owns  himself  his  li^e  man',  and 
surrenders  a  part  of  his  territory,  called 
the  Four  Barriers ;  Griffin,  his  brother, 
whom  he  had  imprisoned,  is  carried  to 
London,  where  he  is  confined  in  the 
Tower. 

A.D.  1242. 

Eail  Richard  returns  to  England, 
from  the  crusade,  Jan.  7. 

The  count  of  la  Marche  and  the 
Poictevins  request  the  king  to  assist 
them  against  me  French.  He  is  will- 
ing to  do  so,  but  the  parliament  sum- 
moned refuses  to  grant  money  (''for," 
says  Matthew  Paris, ''  they  knew  that 
the  king  had  often  harassed  them  in 
this  way  with  false  pretences,*)  and  is 
dismissed  in  anger,  February. 

The  king  of  France  equips  a  fleet  to 
guard  Poitou  against  invasion. 

The  king,  accompanied  by  Earl 
Richard,  passes  over  to  Gascony, 
leaving  Walter  Gray,  archbishop  of 
York,  regent  of  the  kingdom. 

William  Marsh,  an  outlaw,  seizes 
Landy  island,  and  turns  pirate ;  he 
is  captured,  and  executed  shortly  after. 

The  king  renounces  the  truce  with 
France.  The  king  of  France  wishes 
to  preserve  peace.  He  feared  the 
hostility  of  several  neighbouring  kings 
and  princes,  who  were  in  some  way 
connected  with  die  king  of  England ; 
"but,  above  aU,"  says  Matthew  Paris, 
''be  feared  to  break  the  oath  of  his 
father  Louis,  before  his  departure  from 
England,  by  which  he  bound  himself 
to  restore  to  the  king  of  England  his 
rights,  if  he  survived  his  father  • ;  and 
his  father,  when  about  to  die,  at  Avig- 


non, had  enjoined  on  him,  his  son,  the 
fulfilment  of  that  oath :  he  therefore 
considered  it  just  and  pious  to  release 
the  soul  of  his  father  from  such, 
a  bond." 

The    king   of   England,    however,, 
"urged  by  those  cr^ty  traitors,  the 
Poictevins,"  openly  denes   him,  and 
the  war  commences. 

The  king  of  France  captures  Fron-* 
tenaye  and  other  castles,  and  is  re- 
ceived  into  TaiUebourg. 

The  king  advances  against  him,  but 
being  betrayed  by  the  Poictevins,  is 
only  saved  from  capture  by  a  truce  of 
a  single  day,  granted  at  the  request 
of  Earl  Richard ',  July  2a 

A  party  of  the  English  defeated  in 
Saintonge,  July  22. 

The  count  of  la  Marche  submits- 
to  the  king  of  France. 

The  king  retires  to  Blaye,  then  to- 
Bordeaux,  and  the  whole  of  Poitou 
is  occupied  by  the  French. 

A  five  years'  truce  agreed  on. 

Earl  Richard  and  many  nobles  and 
knights  retum  to  England,  but  the 
king  remains  behind  at  Bordeaux, 
wasting  vast  sums  of  money  on  the 
Gascons.  He  wishes  to  confiscate 
the  possessions  of  those  who  quit 
him,  but  is  restrained  by  the  arch- 
bishop of  York. 

A.D.  1243. 

Some  of  the  Gascon  towns  rebe^ 
but  are  reduced  by  the  king. 

The  Cinque  Ports  mariners  and  the 
French  carry  on  a  naval  war,  which 
degenerates  into  piracy;  the  arch- 
bishop is  therefore  unable  to  send 
Uie  succours  he  had  prepared  to  the 
king. 

The  truce  is  confirmed,  April  7 ; 
the  king  of  France  retaining  all  his 
conquests,  and  receiving  a  payment 
of  £1,000  yearly. 

The  king  at  length  returns  to  Eng- 
land, landing  at  Portsmouth  Sept.  25. 

He   extorts   large   gifts   from   the 
clergy ;  '*  whoever  refused,  found  him  i 
not  a  king,  but  a  tyrant*    He  also' 
laid  a  heavy  ransom  on  the  Jews,  in 
gold  and  silver.    "The  king  received 


*  By  diarter  dated  at  Aloey,  near  St.  Asaph, 
Aug.  39,  xa4z.  The  pope,  however,  declared  Uiis 
submissioii  null  (see  a.d.  Z244X  and  Wales  main- 
tained an  aiycanince  of  independence  for  forty 


•  See  A.D.  xai7. 

''  The  truce  was  granted  as  an  acknowledgment 
of  many  services  which  the  earl  had  rendered  to  . 
the  French  while  on  his  cnuMde. 


IS2 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[A.D.  1243— 1247. 


from  each  Jew,  whether  man  or  wo- 
man, the  gold  into  his  own  hand, 
acting  the  part,  not  of  king,  but  of 
tax-gatherer,  but  the  silver  was  ga- 
thered by  others." 

A.D.  1244. 

The  pope  (Innocent  IV.)  sends  one 
of  his  Clerks,  Master  Martin,  into  Eng- 
land, who  extorts  rich  gifts  from  the 
clergy,  and  seizes  on  vacant  benefices, 
which  he  bestows  on  his  friends  and 
relatives. 

Griffin  of  Wales  is  killed  in  en- 
deavouring to  escape  from  the  Tower, 
March  i. 

The  king  is  obliged  to  remonstrate 
with  the  pope  on  the  exactions  of  his 
agents. 

The  pope  takes  David  of  Wales 
and  his  territory  under  his  protection, 
and  for  the  annual  tribute  of  500 
marks,  annuls  the  act  of  submission 
which  he  had  made  to  the  king  ' . 

The  Welsh,  under  David,  ravage 
the  marches,  June. 

A  quarrel  with  the  king  of  Scotland, 
who  is  charged  with  receiving  English 
fugitives,  is  arranged  by  the  media- 
tion of  Earl  Richard,  August 

A.D.  1245. 

The  war  is  continued  between  the 
Welsh  and  the  marchers. 

Master  Martin,  warned  by  the  king, 
flees  in  haste  from  England.  A  formal 
complaint  of  the  papal  exactions  is 
made  to  the  council  at  Lyons*  by 
William  de  Powick  and  other  procu- 
rators of  the  king,  July. 

The  king  ravages  Wales,  and 
strengthens  the  castle  of  Gannock, 
near  Conway;    his  troops  suffer  se- 


verely  from   want,   and   he   returns 
to  England  in  October. 

Walter  and  Anselm,  the  last  sur- 
viving sons  of  William  Marshal,  die 
within  a  very  short  time  of  each  other, 
and  without  issued 

A.D.  1246. 

A  talliage  of  1,000  marks  levied  on 
the  Londoners. 

A  parliament  held  in  London  at  the 
end  of  March,  which  despatches  mes- 
sengers to  the  pope  to  complain  of  the 
extortions  of  his  legate. 

The  king  forbids  the  payment  of 
money  to  the  pope  during  the  absence 
of  the  messengers. 

David,  prince  of  Wales,  dies.  Lle- 
welyn, the  son  of  Griffin,  escapes  from 
England,  and  is  chosen  to  succeed 
him. 

The  messengers  return  with  an 
angry  message  from  the  pope,  when 
the  king  and  parliament  give  way, 
*^  and  the  grasping^  of  Roman  avarice 
were  satisfied.'' 

A.D.  1247. 

A  parliament  held  at  London,  Feb.  3, 
which  again  remonstrates  with  the  pope 
on  his  exactions  *. 

Ecclesiastical  judges  prohibited  by 
the  king  to  try  any  other  causes  than 
marriage  or  wills  where  laymen  are 
concerned. 

A  parliament  held  at  Oxford,  early 
in  April,  when  a  sum  of  1 1,000  marks 
is  granted  by  the  bishops  to  the  pope. 

Guy  de  Lusignan,  William  de  Va- 
lence, Aymar,  a  priest,  and  Eliza, 
the  half-brothers  and  sister  of  the 
king,  arrive  in  England  \ 

William  de  Bueles,  a  Norman,  and, 


c  See  A.D.  1940. 

^  This  extinction  of  the  earl's  male  line  is  re- 
corded bjr  Matthew  Paris  as  an  evident  judgment 
for  his  seizure  of  two  manors  from  the  oishop  of 
Femes,  who,  (aiUng  to  procure  redress,  excom- 
municated mm.  The  marshalship  was  given  to 
his  son-in-law,  Roger  Bigod,  and  the  earldom  of 
Pembroke  was  slanted  by  the  king  to  his  own 
half-brother,  William  de  Valence,  who  had  married 
a  niece  of  the  last  earl. 

'  The  document  runs  in  the  name  of  "  the  com- 
munity of  the  clergy  and  people  of  the  province  of 
Canterbury,"  and  concludes,  "  As  our  community 
has  no  sesu,  we  send  these  presents  to  your  holi- 
ness under  the  mark  of  the  community  of  London  :" 
a  proof  of  the  consideration  to  which  municipal 
bodies  had  already  attained. 

k  William  de  Valence  was  soon  married  to  the 
daughter  of  Warin  de  Montchesnil,  "  for  the  sake 
ot  her  rich  inheritance,**  and  was  also  created  earl  of 


Pembroke  ;  Eliza  (or  Alice)  was  married  to  John, 
earl  of  Warrenne,  and  Aymar  was  made  bishop  ot 
Winchester.  Guy  shortly  left  Ensland,  but  with 
so  large  a  sum  of  money  received  from  the  lung 
that  he  was  obliged  to  increase  the  number  of  his 
pack-horses. 


Aims  Of  WUllflin  de  Yalenoe.  earl  of  Funhnikt. 


A.D.  1247 125 1.] 


HENRY  III. 


153 


says  MaLtthew  Paris,  **  after  the  manner 
of  his  countrymen,  great  in  talk,  but 
slow  in  deeds,  and  pusillanimous,'*  is 
appointed  governor  of  Gascony.  By 
his  bad  conduct  he  exposes  the  pro- 
vince to  great  dangers. 

Earl  Richard,  by  authority  of  the 
pope,  ''whose  demands  he  had  se- 
cretly and  wisely  satisfied,"  raises 
large  sums  for  himself  from  those 
who  wish  to  be  absolved  from  their 
vow  of  proceeding  on  the  crusade  K 

A  vessel  said  to  contain  some  of 
the  blood  of  Christ  being  sent  to  the 
king,  he  carries  it  in  solemn  proces- 
sion from  St.  Paul's  to  Westminster, 
and  there  offers  it  at  the  altar  of 
St.  Edward  the  Confessor,  Oct.  13". 

A.D.  1248. 

Simon  de  Montfort"  and  many 
other  nobles  assume  the  cross. 

A  parliament  assembles  at  London 
in  February.  The  nobles  remonstrate 
with  the  king  on  his  partiality  for 
foreigners ;  he  promises  amendment 

The  parliament  re -assembles  in 
June,  when  the  king  positively  re- 
fuses to  alter  his  conduct,  and  the 
assembly  separates  in  anger,  without 
granting  any  supplies. 

The  king  sells  his  plate  and  jewels, 
and  extorts  money  from  the  Lon- 
doners for  buying  them.  A  force  is 
thus  raised  for  the  defence  of  Gascony, 
and  Simon  de  Montfort  takes  the 
government  of  the  province. 

The  king  of  France  (Louis  IX.)  de- 
parts on  the  Crusade,  and  winters  in 
Cyprus. 


A.D.  1249. 

The  king  continues  to  extort  money 
from  the  Londoners,  and  begs  relief 
from  the  nobles,  prelates,  and  abbots  ^ 

De  Montfort  reduces  the  Gascons  to 
obedience. 

A.D.  1250. 

The  king  asks  pardon  of  the  Lon- 
doners for  his  extortions,  March  7 ; 
"  but,"  adds  Matthew  Paris,  "  no  resti- 
tution was  made  of  the  property  he 
had  taken  from  them."  He  on  the 
same  day  assumes  the  cross. 

Large  siuns  of  money  are  wrung 
from  tfie  Jews ;  one  of  their  number 
accusing  the  rest  of  forging  deeds  and 
clipping  the  coin. 

Boniface,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
visits  the  London  regular  clergy  by 
force,  and  violently  assails  the  canons 
of  St.  Bartholomew,  May  13  «•. 

William  de  Raleigh,  bishop  of  Win- 
chester, dies,  Sept  i ;  the  king  pre- 
vails on  the  monks  to  demand  Aymar, 
his  half-brother,  as  his  successor  ">. 

Winchelsea  and  other  towns  greatly 
injured  by  floods. 

A.D.  125 I. 

De  Montfort  comes  to  England  to 
ask  for  aid  in  subduing  Gascony.  He 
receives  3,000  marks  from  the  king, 
but  raises  much  more  from  his  own  . 
estates,  with  which  he  hires  Braban- 
90ns  and  other  mercenaries,  and  re- 
turns to  his  government ;  the  Gascons 
resolutely  oppose  him. 

Several  of  the  bishops  meet  at  Dun- 
stable, Feb.  24,  and  make  a  formal 
protest  against  the  visitatorial  power 


I  He  was  imitated  by  William  Longespee,  the 
d»iiiberited  son  of  the  famous  earl  of  Salisbunr, 
bat  with  the  object  of  equipping  himself  for  the 
holy  war,  in  which  he  died,  under  the  banner  of 
Louis  of  France. 

*  The  der^  were  dressed  as  for  a  festival,  says 
Matthew  Pans,  with  banners,  crosses,  and  lighted 
tapers,  but  the  king  walked  in  a  poor  cloak  without 
a  hood,  and  held  the  vessel  above  his  head  the 
whole  wav.  The  lashap  of  Nonrich  (Walter  de 
Sottthfield)  preached  a  sermon  on  the  occasion,  and 
announced  free  remission  of  penance  for  six  years 
and  Z40  days  to  "all  who  came  to  worship  the 
most  holy  blood.**  Some  of  his  auditors  obstinately 
doubted,  and  asked,  "  How  could  the  Lord,  when 
He  rose  asain  lull  and  entire  of  body  on  the  third 
day  after  Hb  passion,  have  left  His  blood  on  the 
earth  V*  but  the  bishop  of  Lincoln  (Robert  Grosse- 
teste)  *'at  once  determined  the  question  to  a 
nicety."  The  historian  was  present,  and  was  di- 
rected by  the  king  to  make  a  record  of  the  whole 
transacdoo. 

■  His  wife  did  the  same,  their  marriage  being  by 
many  regarded  as  sinful,  as  the  countess  had  t^en 
a  vow  oiwidowhood  on  the  death  of  her  first  hus- 


band, the  earl  of  Pembroke. 

0  Matthew  Paris  dilates  on  the  conduct  of  this 
"  beggar-king,"  as  he  terms  him,  and  records  the 
spirited  reply  of  the  abbot  of  Ramsey  to  an  appli- 
cation of  the  king  in  person ;  "  I  have  sometmies 
given,  but  never  lent,  nor  will  1  now  ;'*  he,  how- 
ever, borrowed  at  heavy  interest  the  sum  of  ;Cioo 
and  gave  it  to  him.  Others,  who  absolutely  re- 
fused, were  loaded  with  reproaches. 

r  The  monastic  orders  had  very  generally  ob- 
tained an  exemption  from  episconal  visitation,  and 
were  responsible  only  to  the  papal  legates. 

1  He  Arst  sent  his  favourite  clerks,  John  Mansel 
and  Peter  Chaceporc.  but  as  they  produced  little 
impression,  he  himself  repaired  to  mnchester,  and 
taking  the  chief  seat  in  the  chapter,  "  as  if  a  bishop 
or  a  prior,  he  began  a  sermon  to  them,  prefacing 
it  with  the  text,  '  Righteousness  and  peace  have 
kissed  each  other.'"  The  royal  sermon,  as  re- 
ported by  Matthew  Paris,  is  a  compound  of  threats 
and  promises,  and  the  monks,  "overcome  by  the 
king^  importunity,  and  despsuring  of  assistance 
from  the  pope  .  .  .  demanded  Aymar,  although  not 
a  priest,  and  neither  by  age  nor  knowledge  fitted 
for  the  office." 


JS4 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[A.D.  1251 1255. 


claimed  by  the  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. 

The  English  laws  introduced  into 
Wales.  The  districts  near  Chester  are 
intrusted  to  Alan  dc  la  Zouche,  who 
farms  the  revenue,  for  the  sum  of 
1,100  marks. 

Henry  de  Bath,  one  of  the  justi- 
ciaries, being  accused  of  corrupt  prac- 
tices, is  protected  by  Earl  Richard, 
and  soon  restored  to  the  king's  favour. 

Vast  numbers  of  shepherds  assem- 
ble in  France  for  a  new  crusade,  led 
by  an  impostor.  They  conrniit  many 
outrages,  but  being  withstood  by  De 
Montfort  and  others,  are  at  length 
dispersed. 

Margaret,  the  king's  daughter,  mar- 
ried at  York  to  Alexander  III.  of 
Scotland,  Dec  26. 

A.D.  1252. 

The  Gascons  send  messengers  to 
complain  of  the  government  of  De 
Montfort 

The  king  solemnly  renews  his  vow 
to  go  to  the  crusade,  April  14. 

De  Montfort  returns  to  England, 
and  answers  the  accusations  of  the 
Gascons.  The  king  sides  with  them, 
when  the  earl  demands  repayment  of 
the  sums  he  had  expended  for  the 
royal  service ;  a  sharp  altercation  en- 
sues. Earl  Richard  and  the  other  no- 
bles supix)rting  De  Montfort 

The  king  bestows  Gascony  on  his 
son  Edward. 

The  pope  (Innocent  IV.)  offers  the 
kingdom  of  Sicily  (then  possessed  by 
Manfred,  a  natural  son  of  the  emperor 
Frederick)  to  the  king,  for  his  brother 
Richarc^  August  3. 

De  Montfort  returns  to  his  govern- 
ment, and  defeats  the  Gascons. 

A  parliament  held  kt  London,  in 
October,  at  which  the  king,  by  virtue 
of  a  mandate  from  the  pope,  demands 
the  tithes  of  the  Chtnich  for  three 
years,  to  accomplish  his  pilgrimage. 


The  bishops  decline  to  grant  his  re- 
ouest ;  the  nobles  support  them,  and 
depart  in  anger,  reproaching  the  king, 
as  only  wishmg  to  extort  money  with- 
out any  intention  of  going  to  the  Holy 
Land. 

The  archbishop  of  Canterbury  and 
the  bishop-elect  of  Winchester  quar- 
rel, and  thus  divide  the  king's  foreign 
favourites  into  the  Provencal  and  Poic- 
tevin  parties. 

Thebishop  of  Lincohi(RobcrtGrosse- 
teste')  makes  a  computation  of  the 
revenues  of  the  foreigners  intruded  by 
the  pope  into  benefices  in  England ; 
they  amount  to  yopoo  marics,  or  more 
than  three  times  the  dear  revenue  of 
the  king. 

AD.  1253. 

The  Jews  expelled  from  France. 

A  parliament  heki  at  London  after 
Easter,  when  a  sum  of  money  is  pro- 
mised for  the  king's  pilgrimage,  ''to 
be  expended  at  the  discretion  of  the 
nobles  f  and  in  return  Magna  CharU 
is  solemnly  confirmed.  May  13  *. 

De  Montfort  resigns  the  govern- 
ment of  Gascony.  The  king  of  Castile 
(Alphonso  IV.)  claims  the  country, 
and  gives  support  to  Gaston  de  Beam 
and  the  other  malcontents. 

The  king  induces  Alphonso  to  aban- 
don the  Gascons,  by  proposing  a  mar- 
riage between  Prince  Edward  and  Al- 
phonso's  sister. 

A  force  assembled  for  the  relief  of 
Gascony.  The  king  passes  over  with 
it  to  Bordeaux  in  August  ^  He  cap- 
tures some  castles,  but  at  once  gives 
them  up  to  his  Poictevin  favourites. 

The  King  ravages  the  vineyards,  at 
which  the  people  are  greatly  enraged ; 
the  English  are  in  dzinger  of  being 
driven  out 

De  Montfort  raises  troops  at  his 
own  eimense,  and  offers  his  services 
to  the  king,  who  now  gladly  receives 
him;  on  which  the  Gascons  feign 
submission. 


*  This  celebrated  preli^  and  scholar  held  the 
see  of  Unodn  firom  1935  to  1953.  He  Tehemeatly 
opposed  the  exactioiis  dT  the  Rc«nan  court,  was  the 
great  friend  and  adviser  of  De  Montfort.  and  was 
said  to  have  prophesied  that  he  and  his  son  should 
lose  tibeir  lives  in  contending  for  the  liberties  of  the 
Church  and  the  Idngdom. 

•  Matthew  Paris  folly  describes  the  remaricable 
seene  on  this  occasion.  Boniface,  an:hlnsh<9  of 
Canterbury,  denounced  excommunication  against 
all  violalon  of  the  privileges  of  the  Church,  and 


ngers  of  Magna  Charta  and  the  Charter  of 
Forests.    Everv  person  except  the  king  hdkl 


inftini 

the  ^  ^  

a  lighted  candle  in  nis  hand,  and  at  the  end  of  the 
sentence  threw  it  down:  "on  being  extinguished 
the^  gave  forth  a  stench,  and  all  exdaimed,  *  Thus 
pensh  and  stink  in  heU  all  who  incur  this  sen- 
tence I '  the  king,  with  his  hand  on  his  breast,  said, 
'  So  help  me  God,  all  these  things  will  I  frioifiilly 
observe,  as  I  am  a  man.  a  Christian,  a  knight,  and 
a  crowned  and  anointed  king.  * 
1  He  sailed  from  Portraumth,  Aog.  6> 


A.D.  1253—1256.] 


HENRY  IIL 


^55 


Robert  Grosseteste,  bishop  of  Lin- 
cobi,  dies  Oct  9. 

A.D.  1254. 

Gaiston  de  Beam  attempts  to  sur- 
prise Bayoime,  in  February. 

The  king  passes  the  year  in  Gas- 
cony.  He  makes  repeated  applica- 
tions for  aid  to  England,  and  obtains 
psut  of  Ae  sums  granted  for  his  pil- 
grimage,  which  he  wastes  at  Bor- 
deaux. 

Earl  Richard  having  declined  the 
crown  of  Sicily,  the  pope  offers  it 
to  the  king's  second  son,  Edmund, 
March  6. 

The  queen  and  her  sons  pass  over 
to  the  king  in  Gascony ;  Prince  Ed- 
ward goes  to  Burgos,  and  marries 
Eleanor  of  Castfle. 

The  king  of  France  returns  from 
his  crusade,  in  July. 

The  king  returns  to  England  at  the 
end  of  the  year ;  he  passes  through 
France,  and  is  splendidly  entertained 
at  Paris  by  "  the  kind-hearted  king  of 
the  French,"  as  Matthew  Paris  calls 
him. 

A.D.  1255. 

Being  overwhelmed  with  debts 
(mainly  contracted  in  supporting  the 
pope  against  the  Emperor  Frederick 
and  his  family,)  the  king  renews  his 
exactions  from  all  classes.  "He  de- 
mzmded  from  the  Jews  8,000  marks, 
which  they  were  to  pay  quickly,  on 
pain  of  hanging.  Instead,  they  de- 
sired licence  of  3ie  king  to  leave  Eng- 
land, never  to  return;  but  the  king 
delivered  them  over  to  Earl  Richard 
[Feb.  24]  to  torture  them  and  extract 
money  from  them,  and  in  consequence, 
the  earl  lent  the  king,  on  sufficient 
security,  a  large  stun  ofgold." 

The  king  desires  assistance  from  his 
nobles,  in  a  parliament  held  at  Lon- 
don after  Easter.  The  nobles  demand 
the  full  observance  of  Magna  Charta, 
and  that  they  should  choose  the  jus- 
ticiary, chancellor,  and  treasurer  of 
the  kingdom,  who  should  not  be  re- 
moved without  their  consent.  The 
king  refuses  to  agree  to  this,  and  the 
matter  is  postponed. 

The  king  goes  to  Scotland  and  re- 


leases the  young  king  and  queen 
(his  daughter  and  son-in-law)  form 
the  tutelage  of  Robert  de  Ros,  John 
Baliol,  and  other  nobles".  ''On  his 
road  back  he  visited  abbeys  and 
priories,  commending  himself  to  their 
prayers,  and  at  the  same  time  enrich- 
mg  himself  with  their  money  \'' 

The  Jews  at  Lincoln  bein^  accused 
of  having  crucified  a  Christian  boy  y, 
eighteen  of  them  are  hanged  ther^ 
and  more  than  eighty  others  im- 
prisoned in  the  tower  of  London. 

The  pope  (Alexander  IV.)  sends 
Rustand,  a  Gascon,  to  raise  money 
in  England ;  he  also  releases  the  king 
from  his  vow  to  go  to  the  crusade,  on 
condition  of  assisting  in  the  conquest 
of  Sicily. 

Both  the  parliament  and  the  assem- 
bly of  the  prelates  refuse  to  secpnd 
the  pm>e's  views,  but  the  king  accepts 
the  offer*. 

AJ).  1256. 

A  quarrel  arises  between  the  king 
and  his  son  on  account  of  the  king's 
exactions  from  the  Gascons.  "The 
king,  taking  prudent  counsel,  made 
amends ;  but  Edward,  as  if  doubtful 
of  his  safety,  increased  his  household, 
and  rode  out  in  public  attended  by 
200  horsemen." 

The  pope  endeavours  to  conciliate 
the  clergy  by  issuing  a  bull  in  con- 
firmation of  King  John's  charter*,, 
March  3a 

Magnus,  king  of  Man,  taken  under 
the  king's  protection,  April  21. 

The  pope  threatens  the  king  with 
exconmiunication  for  not  taking  steps 
to  seize  on  Sicily. 

William,  count  of  Holland,  named 
king  of  Germany  through  the  influence 
of  the  pope,  being  killed  by  the  Fries- 
landers,  the  crown  is  offered  to  Earl 
Richard,  and  accepted  by  him. 

The  Welsh,  headed  by  Llewelyn, 
rise  against  the  oppressions  of  Geoffrey 
Langley,  the  king's,  officer.  Edward, 
"whom  they  would  not  own  as  their 
lord,"  borrows  money  from  Earl  Rich- 
ard, but  is  imable  to  subdue  them. 

A  statute  passed  ordaining  that 
the  extra  day  in  leap-year  and  the 


■  The  royal  pair,  bowcvar,  were  not  fifteen  yean 
ofafe. 

■  He  carried  off  from  Duriiam  by  force  a  hige 
sam  bdonging  to  the  bishop  of  Ely  and  others,  but 


aftervazds  repaid  it,  as  it  bad 
Che  safiqptavd  of  St.  Cuthbext. 


T  Hugh,  the  Bon  of  Beatrix  of  Lincoln. 

■  He,  however,  went  neither  to  Sicily  nor  fa 
the  Holy  Land,  though  he  made  many  promisea 
to  do  so. 

■  See  A.D.  I3Z5. 


156 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1256— 1258. 


day  preceding  shall  be  reckoned  as 
one  day. 

A.D.  1257. 

The  king  obtains  a  grant  of  52,000 
marks  from  the  clergy  for  his  son  Ed- 
mund, the  titular  king  of  Sicily. 

Earl  Richard  is  chosen  king  of  the 
Romans  ;  is  crowned  at  Aix  la  Cha- 
pelle,  May  17. 

A  quarrel  arises  in  the  king's  pre- 
sence between  William  de  Valence 
and  Simon  de  Montfort. 

The  Welsh  ravage  the  march  lands 
as  far  as  Chester.  The  king  in  con- 
sequence ixivades  Wales,  but  soon  re- 
treats without  effecting  anything.  The 
war  is  then  carried  on  between  the 
Welsh  and  the  marchers  *  :  "  the 
country  was  rendered  almost  a  desert ; 
the  people  fell  by  the  sword,  castles 
and  towns  were  burnt,  the  woods  were 
felled,  and  the  flocks  and  herds  an- 
nihilated, either  for  food  or  by  starva- 
tion." 

A.D.  1258. 

The  king  being  refused  further  aid 
by  the  parliament  for  the  conquest  of 
Sicily,  (May  2,)  sends  his  clerk,  Simon 
Passelew,  "a  crafty  and  lying  man," 
to  extort  money  from  various  rehgious 
houses,  but  with  Httle  success. 

After  much  altercation  the  parlia- 
ment is  adjourned,  to  meet  at  Oxford. 
De  Montfort,  the  earl  of  Gloucester 
(Richard  de  Clare  «=),  and  others  arm 
themselves  against  the  king's  half- 
brothers  and  his  other  favourites. 


The  parliament  re-assembles,  at  Ox- 
ford, June  1 1. 

This  assembly  was  as  tumultuous 
as  the  preceding  one,  but  the  confed- 
erated barons  had  brought  with  them 
large  bodies  of  retainers,  under  the 
pretext  of  proceeding  against  the 
Welsh ;  they  were  also  in  possession 
of  the  seaports,  and  had  the  city  of 
London  on  their  side.  They  therefore 
did  not  confine  themselves  to  remon- 
strating with  the  king  on  his  mis- 
government,  and  the  continual  breach 
of  his  promises  and  oaths ;  they  vir- 
tually deposed  him,  and  drove  out 
all  who  refused  to  swear  to  observe 
their  ordinances,  styled  the  Provisions 
of  Oxford  The  chief  provisions  were, 
that  four  knights  should  be  chosen 
in  each  county  to  point  out  niatters 
which  needed  redress ;  that  the  sheriffs 
of  counties  should  be  annually  chosen 
by  the  freeholders ;  that  the  revenues 
of  the  counties  should  not  be  farmed ; 
that  no  new  forests  or  warrens  should 
be  created ;  that  none  of  the  king's 
wards  should  be  entrusted  to  foreign- 
ers ;  that  the  parliament  should  meet 
frequently ;  and  that  the  great  officers 
of  state  should  be  appointed  anew. 

In  consequence,  a  council  of  state 
was  formed,  by  a  rather  complicated 
mode  of  election,  with  Simon  de  Mont- 
fort at  the  head,  which  named  the 
chancellor,  justiciary,  and  other  great 
officers,  and  it  at  once  assumed  all  the 
functions  of  government  *.    The  Poic- 


^  The  most  potent  of  the  marchers  was  Roger 
Mortimer,  lord  of  Wigmore.  Beside  sustaining  an 
almost  perpetual  war  with  the  Welsh,  he  served  in 


Arms  of  Xortliner. 

Ga^cony,  where  he  resisted  the  authority  of  De 
Montfort.  He  opposed  the  Provisions  of  Oxford, 
fought  on  the  king's  side  at  Lewes,  and  though  de- 
feated there,  soon  renewed  the  war,  and  killed  De 
Montfort.  He  then  <)uarrelled  with  his  confed- 
erates about  the  spoil  of  the  defeated  barons, 
and  withdrew  to  the  marches.  His  power  was 
lessened  by  the  vigorous  government  of  Edward  I., 
and  he  died  Oct.  27,  xs8a. 

^  He  was  die  son  of  Gilbert  de  Clare,  one  of  the 
barons  who  extorted  Magna  Charta  from  King 


John.  He  was  placed  in  the  guardianship  of  Hu- 
bert de  Burgh,  to  whose  daughter  he  was  affianced, 
but  the  king  interfered,  set  aside  the  contract,  and 
compelled  him  to  marry  Maud,  daughter  of  the 
earl  of  Lincoln.  ^  He  went  to  the  Holy  Land,  and 
on  his  return  joined  the  i>arty  which  ofnposed  and 
at  length  expelled  the  king's  foreign  favourites. 


Anns  of  Clare,  earl  of  Gloucester. 

He  was  long  an  active  supporter  of  De  Montfort, 
but  at  length  quarrelled  with  and  brought  many 
heavy  charges  against  him.  He  died  June  iS, 
1969. 

*  One  of  its  most  important  acts  was  a  decree 
that  the  parliament  should  meet  thrice  in  the  year. 
being  however  composed  only  of  the  cooacil  and 


A.l>.  1258 — 1263.] 


HENRY  III. 


157 


tevin  nobles  refused  to  swear  to  this  1 
new  constitution,  though  the  king  and  I 
Prince  Edward  had  done  so,  and  with- 
drew in  haste  to  Winchester ;  but 
being  at  once  followed  thither  by  the 
barons,  with  the  king  as  a  prisoner  in 
their  hands,  they  fled  to  France,  taking 
with  them  large  sums  of  money,  by  the 
middle  of  July. 

The  citizens  of  London  publicly 
receive  the  Provisions  of  Oxford, 
July  22. 

The  Welsh  are  treacherously  at- 
tacked by  the  marchers,  but  give  them 
a  signal  defeat. 

The  king  issues  his  charter  for  re- 
formation of  the  state  of  the  realm, 
Oct.  i8. 

A.D.  1259. 

Earl  Richard  (king  of  the  Romans) 
returns  to  England,  but  is  obliged  to 
swear  to  observe  the  Provisions  of 
Oxford,  Jan.  28. 

De  Montfort  goes  abroad,  in  con- 
sequence of  a  quarrel  with  the  earl  of 
Gloucester,  but  returns  early  in  the 
next  year. 

The  king  goes  to  France  in  Novem- 
ber. He  does  homage  for  Gascony, 
and  resigns  all  claim  to  Normandy 
for  a  sum  of  money  and  the  promise 
of  Poitou  after  the  death  of  Louis. 

A.D.  1260. 

John  Legras,  a  foreigner,  who  had 
received  a  prebend  in  St.  Paul's  church, 
London,  from  the  pope  (Alexander  IV.  •) 
attempting  to  take  forcible  possession, 
is  murdered  in  the  street,  Feb.  26. 

Prince  Edward  borrows  money,  and 
assembles  mercenary  troops ;  De  Mont- 
fort and  the  other  barons  are  at  vari- 
ance, and  a  war  between  them  is  about 
breaking  out 

The  king  returns  from  France  at 
the  end  of  April,  but  fearing  treachery 
from  his  son,  remains  for  a  fortnight 
at  the  house  of  the  bishop  of  London 
(Henry  de  Wengham),  not  venturing 
to  go  to  his  palace  at  Westminster  or 


the  Tower.  He  also  borrows  money 
from  the  king  of  France,  July. 

The  barons  hold  a  great  armed  as- 
sembly at  London,  May  i,  but  sepa- 
rate after  a  quarrel  between  De  Mont- 
fort and  the  earl  of  Gloucester. 

A  council  held  at  St.  Paul's,  at  which 
Prince  Edward  clears  himself  of  any 
traitorous  designs,  and  is  reconciled 
to  his  father. 

De  Montfort  also  is  accused  by  the 
earl  of  Gloucester  of  many  offences 
against  the  king,  but  the  charges  are 
abandoned.  He  takes  the  command 
against  the  Welsh,  but  soon  makes 
a  truce  with  them. 

A.D.  1261. 

The  king  openly  refuses  to  abide  by 
the  Provisions  of  Oxford,  and  attempts 
to  resume  his  authority,  February'. 
He  seizes  the  Tower,  and  employs  the 
treasure  found  therein  in  strengthen- 
ing it  and  the  walls  of  London,  and 
calls  on  the  citizens  to  enter  his  ser- 
vice for  pay. 

The  barons  encamp  round  London,, 
and  the  king  retires  to  Dover,  leaving 
John  ManseU,  his  chief  adviser,  in 
charge  of  the  Tower ;  Prince  Edward 
refuses  to  accept  absolution  from  his 
oath,  and  adheres  to  the  barons. 

The  king  hires  a  body  of  mercena- 
ries from  France,  and  seizes  many 
castles  and  cities  from  the  barons. 
The  barons  advance  against  him, 
when  he  dismisses  his  troops,  and 
again  shuts  himself  up  in  the  Tower, 
.in  November"*. 

A.D.  1262. 

The  king  goes  to  France  in  July, 
and  remains  till  December.  On  his 
return  he  again  consents  to  abide  by 
the  Provisions  of  Oxford. 

Llewelyn  ravages  the  marches,  and 
destroys  several  of  the  castles,  Novem- 
ber, December. 

A.D.  1263. 
Prince  Edward,  with  a  large  force 


twelve  barons  to  represent  the  whole  community : 
this  limitation  became  unpopular,  more  members 
were  added,  and  at  length  even  representatives 
from  the  towns  were  admitted,  thus  laying  the 
foundation  of  the  modem  House  of  Commons. 

•  It  was  the  one  that  had  been  hdd  for  several 
yens  by  Rustand  the  Gascon.    See  a.d.  1S55. 

'  He  procured  absolution  from  their  oath  for 
himself  and  his  son  from  the  pope  (April  13). 


*  He  was  a  priest,  but  had  long  served  the  king 
in  embassies,  had  more  than  once  been  the  Ijceper 
of  the  great  seal,  and  was  also  distinguished  for  his 
courage  in  the  field  He  was  provost  of  Beverley, 
and  is  said  by  Matthew  Paris  to  have  held  at  one 
time  the  enormous  number  of  700  benefices. 

k  He  had  before  this  sent  his  jewels  for  safety  t'> 
the  queen  of  France. 


158 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1263,  1264. 


-of  English  and  French  knights,  in- 
vades Wales,  but  effects  little. 

The  barons,  headed  by  De  Mont- 
fort,  attack  the  king's  foreign  fevour- 
ites.  They  seize  and  imprison  Peter 
Aigueblanche,  bishop  of  Hereford,  and 
capture  Gloucester,  Bridgnorth,  and 
other  places  garrisoned  by  his  mer- 
cenaries. 

John  Mansel  flees  from  the  king- 
dom, but  is  seized  at  Boulogne. 

Prince  Edward  garrisons  Windsor 
with  his  foreign  troops ;  he  is  soon 
obliged  to  surrender  it ;  the  queen  on 
her  passage  to  join  him  is  insulted  by 
the  Londoners,  and  withdraws  to  the 
continent. 

The  king,  who  had  remained  in  the 
Tower,  surrenders  to  the  barons,  and 
again  promises  to  observe  the  Pro- 
visions of  Oxford. 

A  great  council  held  in  London, 
Sept  8,  when  the  Provisions  of  Ox- 
fora  are  publicly  promulgated.  Res- 
titution ordered  to  be  made  to  some 
of  the  king's  party,  and  the  bishop  of 
Herdford  and  others  released. 

The  Norwegians  send  a  fleet  to  the 
west  of  Scotland,  but  are  defeated  at 
Largs,  on  the  Clyde,  by  Alexander 
III.,  Oct.  3 ». 

The  king  and  the  barons  appeal  to 
the  king  of  France  to  arrange  their  dif- 
ferences. He,  at  a  council  at  Amiens, 
(Jan.  23,  1264,)  annuls  the  Provisions 
of  Oxford,  as  subversive  of  the  royal 
authority,  but  decrees  that  an  amnesty 
shall  be  granted  to  their  upholders, 
and  that  the  people  shall  preserve 
their  ancient  liberties  K 

Whilst  the  king  and  Prince  Edward 
remain  in  France  \  the  war  is  carried 
on  between  Mortimer  and  Llewelyn. 
De  Montfort  joins  Llewelyn,  and  burns 
Radnor  and  other  castles  belonging  to 
Mortimer. 

Prince  Edward  returns,  and  as- 
sists Mortimer ;  Worcester,  Glouces- 
ter, and  other  cities  are  taken  by 
him,  and  large  sums  exacted  from  the 
burgesses. 

The  Londoners  ravage  the  posses- 


sions of  the  king's  adherents,  and  im- 
prison his  justiciaries  and  the  barons 
of  the  exchequer. 

A.D.  1264. 

The  king  having  returned  from 
France,  is  joined  by  Prince  Edward 
at  Oxford,  in  March.  The  scholars 
are  driven  from  the  city,  which  is 
turned  into  a  garrison. 

The  pope  (Urban  IV.)  formally  sets 
aside  the  Provisions  of  Oxford,  March 
23,25. 

The  king  captures  Northampton, 
April  13,  taking  young  De  Montfort 
and  other  nobles  prisoners.  He  is 
received  into  Nottinghain,  where  he  is 
joined  by  John  de  Baliol,  Robert  de 
Bruce,  and  large  forces  from  the 
north. 

Prince  Edward  takes  Tutbury,  "and 
wherever  the  army  of  the  king  and 
prince  advanced,  three  companions 
attended  it,  rapine,  conflagration,  and 
slaughter." 

Warwick  captured  by  John  Giffard, 
the  governor  of  Kenilworth,  De  Mont- 
fort's  stronghold. 

Some  Jews  detected  in  plots  against 
the  barons  are  put  to  death  in  London, 
and  their  treasure  seized,  before  Easter, 
(April  20). 

De  Montfort  and  the  Londoners 
march  after  Easter  to  besiege  Roches- 
ter Castle  ".  It  is  relieved  by  the  king, 
who  also  captures  Tunbridge,  and  rav- 
ages the  sea-coast ;  *'  and  of  the  barons 
of  the  Cinque  Ports  some  submitted  to 
the  Idng,  and  some  did  not,  and  these 
last  withdrew  themseh'es  by  sea,  hav- 
ing loaded  some  vessels  with  their  pro- 
perty." 

The  barons,  assisted  by  the  Lon- 
doners,  totally  defeat  the  royal  army 
at  Lewes,  May  14.  The  king  and 
his  brother  Earl  Richard  are  made 
prisoners  ■. 

A  truce  (termed  the  Mise  of  Lewes) 
is  agreed  on.  May  15,  by  which  the 
king  is  nominally  set  at  liberty,  his 
brother  being  committed  to  the  Tower, 


•  Their  king  (Haco  V.)  died  at  Kirkwall,  in 
Orkney,  Dec.  i6,  and  hb  successor  (Magnus  VI 1.) 
ceded  his  nomiial  supremacy  over  Man  and  the 
Isles  to  the  Scots  for  a  sum  of  money  in  1266. 

^  This  reasonable  award  was  not  agreeable  to 
cither  party. 

>  The  king  remained  from  Sept.  x8, 1363,  to  Feb. 


Z4,  1061,  but  the  prince  rettimed  at  aoflM  earlier 
date,  which  is  not  accurately  known. 

*  Henry,  son  of  Earl  Kicfaard,  John,  cari  of 
Warrenne,  and  the  eari  of  AtundeL  had  adaed  it 
shortly  before,  and  were  then  in  it,  levying  oontr*- 
butions  on  the  surrounding  country. 

"  Several  of  the  nobles  on  the  king*s  side  Bed 


A.n.  1264,  X265.] 


HENRT  III. 


1 59 


and  Prince  Edward  and  Earl  Richard's 
son  Henry  confined  at  Dover. 

A  council  of  nine  prelates  and  nine 
laymen  named  by  De  Montfort  for  the 
government  of  the  realm,  June  23. 

Mortimer  and  other  marchers,  who 
had  escaped  from  the  battle,  renew 
the  war  in  Wales,  but  are  compelled 
to  surrender  their  castles  and  give 
hostages  to  De  Montfort  and  Lle- 
welyn. 

The  queen  prepares  a  foreign  force 
to  invade  England,  September.  De 
Montfort  forms  a  great  camp  on  Bar- 
ham  Down,  near  Canterbury,  to  op- 
pose them. 

The  queen's  fleet,  being  closely 
watched  in  the  Flemish  harbours  by 
the  Cinque  Ports  mariners,  is  unable 
to  put  to  sea,  and  the  troops  disperse. 

The  pope  (Urban  IV.)  pronounces 
a  sentence  of  excommunication  against 
all  who  adhere  to  the  Provisions  of 
Oxford,  October.  His  legate  (Car- 
dinal bishop  of  Sabina'^)  not  being 
allowed  to  land  in  England,  summons 
some  of  the  bishops  to  Boulogne  to 
receive  the  document,  but  on  their 
return  it  is  seized  at  Dover  and  torn 
to  pieces. 

The  marchers  break  the  truce.  They 
are  declared  outlaws,  and  De  Montfort 
marches  against  them,  taking  the  king 
with  him.  They  attempt  to  prevent 
his  passing  the  Severn,  but  are  de- 
feated, and  obliged  to  surrender  many 
of  their  castles. 

De  Montfort,  now  "  in  all  but  name 
a  king,"  keeps  his  Christmas  in  regal 
state  at  Kenilworth. 

A.D.  1265. 

The  parliament  assembles,  Jan.  28. 

This  assembly  was  differently  con- 
stituted from  any  former  ori^,  and  its 
meeting  is  an  important  constitutional 


epoch.  Only  eleven  prelates  and 
twenty-three  peers  were  summoned  in 
the  ordinary  way  by  writs,  but  to  them  / 
were  added  more  than  one  hundred 
of  the  inferior  dignified  clergy,  two 
knights  from  each  county,  and  two  re- 
presentatives from  each  city,  borough, 
and  cinque  port.  The  whole  appear 
to  have  formed  but  one  house.  This 
innovation  was  apparently  too  popular 
to  be  set  aside  when  the  king  resumed 
his  authority,  and  the  three  estates  of 
parliament,  lords  spiritual  and  tem- 
poral, and  commons,  have  ever  since 
continued  an  integral  part  of  the  con- 
stitution. 

Prince  Edward  is  released  from  his 
confinement  at  Wallingford,  on  sur- 
rendering his  castles,  and  promising 
not  to  leave  England  for  three  years, 
nor  to  plot  against  the  barons,  March 
8.  He  is  sent  to  reside,  in  "free  cus- 
tody," at  Hereford. 

The  earl  of  Gloucester'  quarrels 
with  De  Montfort,  and  joins  his  forces 
to  those  of  the  marchers  ;  William  de 
Valence  also  lands  in  South  Wales 
with  a  body  of  foreign  crossbow- 
men.  Prince  Edward  escapes  from 
his  guards,  May  28,  and  joins  Mor- 
timer. 

De  Montfort,  taking  the  king  with 
him,  marches  against  thenL  He  is 
successful  at  first,  but  is  surprised,  de- 
feated, and  killed  by  Prince  Edward 
at  Evesham,  August  4,  and  the  king 
set  at  liberty. 

Prince  Edward  captures  Dover,  and 
releases  many  of  his  partisans.  He 
then  reduces  the  other  Cinque  Ports ; 
Winchelsea  makes  a  stout  defence, 
but  is  taken  by  assault,  "  and  at  his 
entrance  much  blood  was  shed." 

The  pope  (Qement  IV.)  writes  (Sept 
13)  to  die  clergy,  warning  them  to  for- 
sake the  barons'  party.  He  also  writes 
to  the  king  (Oct  4)  and  to  the  prince 


<fift£EKefiiQy  horn  the  field.    Of  this  number  was 


Anni  of  Bui  Wairenna. 


John,  earl  of  Warrenne  and  Surrey.  He  was 
grandson  oi  the  great  earl  of  Pembroke,  and  had 
married,  when  very  young,  Elixa,  the  king's  half- 
sister.  His  character  was  fierce  add  turbulent,  and 
on  one  occasion  he  stood  a  siege  tn  his  castle  of 
Reigate  against  Prince  Edward.  He  was  after- 
wards employed  against  the  Scots,  with  consider- 
able variety  of  fortune,  and  sustained  a  great  de- 
feat from  them  at  Stirling  in  1297 ;  one  of  his 
daughters  was  the  wife  of  John  Baliol.  He  died 
Sept.  27,  1301. 

o  Guy  Foulquois,  who  in  the  next  year  became 
pope  (Clement  I V.) ;  he  died  in  1968. 

p  Gilbert  de  Clare,  the  son  ot  Richard,  who  .died 
in  1262. 


i6o 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1265 — 1267* 


{Oct  8),  exhorting  them  to  use  their 
victory  with  moderation,  and  to  in- 
cline to  clemency. 

A  parliament  held  at  Winchester, 
eariy  in  September,  at  which  severe 
measures  are  taken  against  the  van- 
quished barons,  and  the  Londoners. 

These  violent  measures  did  not  close 
the  contest  The  dispossessed  knights 
and  nobles  spread  themselves  as  a 
banditti  aU  over  the  country  ;  the  earl 
of  Derby  (Robert  Ferrers')  held  the 
castle  of  Chesterfield ;  Simon  de  Mont- 
fort  the  younger  seized  the  isle  of  Ax- 
holme,  and  was  not  reduced  until  the 
end  of  the  year,  his  resistance  pro- 
ducing this  benefit,  that  his  adherents 
were  allowed  to  redeem  their  forfeited 
estates  by  heavy  fines  ;  but  many  were 
unwilling  or  unable  to  do  this,  and 
they  retired,  some  to  the  castle  of 
Kenilworth,  some  to  the  isle  of  Ely, 
and  continued  to  defy  the  power  of 
both  the  king  and  the  legate. 

A.D.  1266. 

The  castle  of  Kenilworth  is  besieged 
by  the  king  for  several  months  without 
effect ;  it  is  at  last  surrendered  through 
fiamine,  in  November. 

Whilst  the  siege  was  proceeding  an 
assembly  of  clergv  and  laity  was  held 
at  Coventry,  which  drew  up  the  terms 
of  acconmiodation  known  as  Dictum  de 
Kenilworth.  This  document,  which  is 
one  of  the  Statutes  of  the  Realm,  is 
dated  Oct  15,  1266.  It  provides  that 
the  liberties  of  the  Church  shall  be 
preserved,  as  also  the  Great  Charters, 
"which  the  king  is  bound  expressly 
by  his  own  oath '  to  keep ;"  it  also 


declares  that  there  shall  be  no  dis- 
herison, but  instead,  fines  of  from 
seven  years'  to  half  a  year's  rent". 
The  family  of  De  Montfort  and  the 
earl  of  Derby  are  excluded  from  this 
benefit,  and  all  persons  are  forbidden, 
under  both  civil  and  spiritual  penal- 
ties, to  circulate  "vain  and  foolish 
miracles"  regarding  Simon  de  Mont- 
fort, who  was  currently  spoken  of  by 
his  adherents  as  a  saint  and  martyr. 

Many  of  the  defenders  of  Kenil- 
worth refuse  the  terms  offered,  and 
join  their  friends  in  Ely. 

The  Hebrides  and  the  Isle  of  Man 
ceded  by  the  Norwegians  to  the 
Scots*. 

A.D.  1267. 

The  king  marches  against  the  isle 
of  Ely.  In  his  absence  the  earl  of 
Clare  seizes  London,  and  besieges  the 
legate  in  the  Tower*,  who  defends 
himself  there  until  relieved,  and  places 
London  under  an  interdict 

Many  of  the  nobles  from  Ely  join 
the  earl  of  Gloucester  in  London ; 
they  are  welcomed  by  the  Londoners, 
and  together  plunder  the  palace  at 
Westminster. 

The  king  sells  the  jewels  of  the 
church  of  Westminster,  and  hires 
forces  both  from  France  and  Scot- 
land, May. 

Prince  Edward  at  length  reduces 
the  isle  of  Ely,  and  grants  the  terms 
of  the  edict  of  Kenilworth  to  its  de- 
fenders, July  25. 

Peace  is  made  with  Llewelyn,  who 
acknowledges  that  he  holds  his  prin- 
cipality of  the  king.  Sept  29.      He 


4  He  was  a  grandson  of  the  great  earl  of  Pem- 
broke. He  professed  to  belong  to  neither  party, 
but  made  war  on  his  own  account,  ravaged  Wor- 
cester and  other  places,  and  long  after  De  Mont- 


Irms  of  Ferrers,  earl  of  Dei  ^7* 

fcwt's  death  maintained  himself  and  a  numerous 
band  by  plunder.    He  was  at  last  captured,  and 


imprisoned  for  a  while,  and  so  heaver  a  ransom  was 
laid  on  him  that  he  was  unable  to  raise  it,  when  his 
lands  were  forfeited,  and  granted  to  the  king's  son 
Edmund.  He  tried  to  recover  them  by  legal  pro- 
cess, but  was  unsuccessful,  and  died  in  poverty  in 
Z978. 

*  See  A.D.  19$^. 

■  The  reason  for  this  is  given  in  the  document 
itself:—"  Because  the  king  is  bound  to  many  that 
helped  him  and  faithfully  stood  by  him,  for  whom 
he  hath  provided  no  lands,  and  some  have  more 
than  they  should  have,  let  the  king  provide  that  he 
largely  reward  them  of  the  ransoms  to  be  taken, 
lest  it  turn  to  a  matter  of  new  war." 

*  The  people  of  Man  resisted  the  transfer,  and, 
though  subdued  in  1270,  never  became  reconciled 
to  the  Scottish  rule.  In  1990  they  were  taken 
under  the  protection  of  Edward  I. 

■  A  number  of  the  Jews,  with  thdr  wives  and 
families,  took  refuge  with  himt  "and  one  quarter 
of  the  castle  was  committed  to  them,  whidi,  being 
in  desperate  circumstances,  they  defended  vigor- 
ously.'* 


A.D.  126/ 1272.] 


HENRY  III. 


l6l 


promised  to  pay  a  sum  of  money,  and 
was  to  receive  in  return  the  district 
called  the  Four  Barriers,  which  had 
been  seized  by  the  English  in  the  time 
of  Prince  David  *. 

The  earl  of  Gloucester  is  reconciled 
to  Mortimer  and  the  other  marchers, 
and  gives  security  for  his  future  con- 
duct. 

A  parliament  held  at  Marlborough, 
in  November,  at  which  various  pro- 
visions are  made  to  preserve  the  peace^ 
and  curb  the  excesses  of  the  victori- 
ous royalists. 

A.D.  1268. 

The  legate  holds  a  council  at  Lon- 
don, Api^  16,  which  publishes  a  de- 
cree to  remedy  the  evils  of  the  civil 
war.  He  holds  another  at  North- 
ampton, at  which  Prince  Edward  and 
his  brother  Edmund,  together  witJh  the 
earl  of  Gloucester  and  many  other 
nobles,  assume  the  cross. 

John,  carl  of  Warrenne,  having 
wounded  Alan  de  la  Zouche,  the 
king's  justicianr,  in  Westminster  Hall, 
is  besieged  in  nis  castle  of  Reigate  by 
Prince  Edward,  and  obliged  to  sur- 
render. 

The  earldom  of  Richmond  granted 
to  John,  duke  o(  Britanny '',  July  15. 

A.D.  1269. 

A  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce 
made  with  Magnus  VII.  king  of  Nor- 
way, Aug.  21. 

Prince  Edward  agrees  to  go  on  the 


crusade  with  the  king  of  France  (Louis 
IX.),  May  27. 

A.D.  1270. 

The  charters  of  the  city  of  London 
are  restored,  July  16. 

Prince  Edward  sails  from  Dover  for 
his  crusade,  Aug.  19. 

King  Louis  dies  before  Tunis,  Aug. 
25.  Timis  is  taken  shortly  after,  when 
the  French  abandon  the  crusade,  but 
Prince  Edward  proceeds  with  the  Eng- 
lish to  Palestine. 

The  Scots  complete  the  conquest  of 
the  Isle  of  Man ". 

A.D.  1271. 

Henry,  son  of  the  king  of  Germany, 
is  killed  at  Viterbo  in  March,  by  Guy 
and  Simon  de  Montfort 

Prince  Edward  captures  Nsizareth, 
in  May,  and  gains  several  battles 
against  the  Saracens. 

A.D.  1272. 

An  attempt  made  to  assassinate 
Prince  Edward  at  Acre,  June  17  \ 
He  soon  after  makes  a  truce  with  the 
Mohanmiedans,  and  sails  for  Italy, 
Aug.  15. 

The  king  dies  at  Bury  St.  Ed- 
mund's*', Nov.  16.  He  is  buried  at 
Westminster,  Nov.  20,  fealty  being 
at  once  sworn  to  his  son  Edward, 
"though  men  were  ignorant  whether 
he  was  alive,  for  he  had  gone  to  dis- 
tant countries  beyond  the  sea,  warring 
against  the  enenues  of  Christ" 


Events  in  General  History. 


Egypt  invaded,  and  Damietta  taken 

t^  the  Crusaders     .        .        .  1219 

The  Mongols  advance  into  Russia  .  1224 
The  Mongols  rava^  Hungary,  Po* 

land,  and  Silesia     .        .        .  1242 

Russia  tributary  to  the  Mongols      •  1243 

The  Kaiasmians  capture  Jerusalem .  1 243 

Formation  of  the  lianseatic  League  1245 


The  caliphate  destroyed  by  the  cap- 
ture of  Bagdad  by  the  Mongols  125S 

The  Latin  empire  of  Constantinople 

overthrown     ....  1 261 

Antioch  retaken  from  the  Crusaders  126S 

The  Hohenstauffen  dynasty  ended 

by  the  execution  of  Conradin  .  126S 


«  SeeA.D.  xa4Z. 

y  It  hAd  b«en  forfeited  bv  his  £afaer  in  2934.  He 
at  oooe  transferred  it  to  his  son  John,  who  had 
married  the  kind's  daucfater,  Beatrice. 

■  They  ruled  it  untiTxago,  when  the  inhabitants 
took  ad^antafe  of  the  disturbed  state  of  Scotland 
to  claim  the  pmrection  ol  Edward  I. 


•  He  was  supposed  to  be  in  imminent  danger  oT 
death,  and  made  his  will  the  following  day ;  but 
the  statement  that  he  owed  his  life  to  his  wife 
Eleanor  sucking  the  poison  from  his  wound  is,  at 
the  best,  doubtful. 

k  He  had  gone  to  Norwich,  to  punish  some  noters 
who  had  done  great  damage  to  the  abbey  there. 


M 


,202 


THE  JEWS  IK  ENGLAND. 


NOTE. 
The  Jews  in  Englanix 


The  ragn  of  Henry  III.  is  remarkable 
for  the  systematic  opi»essioa  oC  the  Jews 
<see  A.D.  1259,  1241,  1243,  1250,  1255, 
1264),  which  seems  then  to  have  reached 
a  higher  pitch  than  under  any  of  the  pre- 
cedii^  kings,  and  their  expulsion  bom 
England  was  effected  by  his  successor. 
This,  therefore^  seems  the  soitable  place 
lor  a  brief  notice  of  their  condition  during 
the  six  or  seven  centuries  that  they  were 
allowed  to  remain  in  the  land. 

Probably  the  earliest  mention  of  the  Jews 
in  connexion  with  English  history  occurs  in 
the  Penitential  wrongly  ascribed  to  Theo- 
dore, archbishop  of  Canterbury  (A.D.  668 
to  690},  but  wmch  may  fairly  be  taken  to 
reflect  the  feeling  of  Anglo-Saxon  times. 
Speaking  of  them  as  "the  perfidious  Jews," 
the  writer,  whoever  he  may  be,  shews  that 
they  must  have  been  well  known  in  his 
time ;  he  forbids,  under  a  heavy  penance, 
imy  Christian  to  accept  food  or  drink  from 
them,  or  to  sell  any  Christian  into  slavery 
•  to  them;  he  also  forbids  their  burial  in 
consecrated  ground.  In  the  next  centuiy, 
the  Penitential  which  bears  the  name  of 
Egbert,  archbishop  of  York  (a.d.  734  to 
7to),  not  only  repeats  most  of  these  prolu- 
i)ition5,  but  adds  a  remarkable  denuncia- 
tion, against  Christians  who  embrace  Ju- 
daism. The  Jews,  however,  were  not  de- 
terred from  repairing  to  England  as  wdl 
as  other  European  countries,  and  remain- 
ing there;  and  the  laws  ascribed  to  Ed- 
ward the  Confessor  expressly  state  them 
to  be  under  the  king's  saf^uaid.  They 
were  looked  on  with  deep  distrust,  if  not 
absolute  hatred,  by  the  people,  but  their 
wealth  enabled  them  to  gam  the  favour 
of  the  Norman  kings,  who,  however,  sold 
their  protection  at  a  h^vy  price,  and  at 
best  only  shielded  them  from  any  other 
oppression  than 'their  own.  The  eariy 
Plantagenets  pursued  the  samejpolicy,  and 
we  find  Richaxd  L,  in  a  writ  lasoed  from 
Rouen,  March  22,  1190,  expressly  con- 
fiiming  all  the  privileges  that  his  father 
had  granted  to  the  Jews  in  England  axkd 
in  Normandy.  King  John,  of  whose  ra- 
pacity towards  them  many  stories  are  told, 

V  in  a  letter  from  Montfort,  July  29,  1203, 

V  blames  the  Londoners  for  their  ill  usage 

V  of  them ;  but  in  another  document,  April 
15,  1204,  he  speaks  of  Jews  imprisoned  1^ 
himself,  who  are  not  to  have  any  bencnt 
from  a  pardon  then  granted. 

The  pubUc  records  abound  in  instinces 

of  oppression  practised  towards  the  Jews, 

and  in  the  Castle  of  Canterbury  are  still 

.  (o  be  seen  many  inscriptions  in  Hebrew 


which  testify  to  their  imprisonxBOnt  there. 
Yet  they  maintained  their  ground,  and 
most  of  the  great  abbeys  ^H^ear  to  have 
been  thdr  debtors.  The  term  "Tewiy," 
stin  existing,  shews  that  they  had  soQae- 
thing  like  a  separate  quarter  in  London 
and  many  other  towns,  and  the  stone 
mansions  at  Lincoln  and  Baij  St  Ed- 
mund's^ called  Jews'  houses,  prove  that 
they  were  aUowed  to  botld  dwelfings 
almost  resembling  small  fortresses  for  the 
protection  of  their  treasures. 

The  kings,  from  the  time  of  John,  if 
not  before,  apj>ear  ocaeionally  as  their 
patrons,  regulating  thei*'  ecclesiastical  af- 
fairs, oonfirmxn&lf  not  anpointix^  their 
high  priests,  and  lending  tne  assistance  of 
die  avil  power  to  enforce  excommunica- 
tion of  Jews  by  then  own  masters  oi  the 
Law.  Thus  John  (Jan.  5,  1207)  confizms 
a  certain  Josce  as  high  priest ;  and  Henry* 
HI.  (July  20,  1257)  allows  tiiem  to  choose 
whom  they  will  for  the  ofBce;  hot  Ed- 
ward L  (May  5,  1281)  ai»omts  Hagin, 
the  son  oC  Denlaeres.  to  be  oiA  poat  for 
life. 

Such  &vour,  however,  was  no  protection 
against  popular  fury,  for  whenever  this  was 
roused  they  seem  to  have  been  put  to  death 
without  mercy,  and  without  any  attemnt  on 
thb  part  of  the  government  to  save  tnem. 
The  ordinary  complaints  against  them  were 
usury,  and  clipping  the  coin,  and,  as  the 
pubUc  records  shew,  large  numbers  of 
them  were  usually  in  confinement  on  these 
grounds ;  but  now  and  then  the  horrible 
charge  of  murdering  Christian  children 
was  made,  and  St.  William  and  Little  Sl 
Hugh  of  Lincoln  were  believed  to  have 
been  put  to  death  by  the  Jews,  as  a  parody 
of  the  sufferings  of  Our  Lord.  The  prac- 
tice of  magic  arts  was  also  laid  to  their 
chai|[e,  and  to  the  apprehension  of  this  is 
usuaUy  ascribed  the  tumult  at  the  corona- 
tion of  Richaid  L,  which  was  followed  by 
massacre  at  York  and  other  places. 

In  121 8  (March  30)  the  Jews  were  or- 
dered to  wear  two  white  tablets  on  their 
breasts  to  distinguish  them  from  Christians, 
and  all  through  the  reign  of  Henry  HI. 
the  exactions  to  which  they  were  exposed 
were  so  severe,  that  they  repeatedly  soli- 
cited permission  to  leave  tne  kingdom, 
but  this  indulgence  was  not  allowed  them. 
The  hope  of  converting  them  wis  enter- 
tained by  the  king,  and  accordingly,  in  1233 
(April  19)  he  mnted  the  forfeited  hemic 
and  garden  of  a  Jew,  in  the  New  Street  (now 
Chancery  Lane)  to  the  Friars  Preachers, 
who  were  to  labour  for  the  oonvecBion  of 


THE  JEWS   IN   ENGLAND. 


163 


Jews  and  infidels ;  the  establishment  was 
pUu«d  nnder  a  warden,  and  was  styled  the 
House  of  Converts,  a  certain  nnmber  of 
whom  were  to  leteite  siqmort  therein. 
Edwaxd  I.  bestowed  on  it  deodands  and 
forfdtnres,  with  the  direction  that  the  con- 
vexts  were  dil^ently  to  attend  the  preach- 
ingof  the  Friars  (Jan.  2,  1280). 

The  project  of  conversion,  however,  had 
little  SDooess^  and  the  whole  body  of  Jews 
was  driven  from  England  ten  years  later. 
Edwaxd  HL  gave  the  House  of  Converts 
as  a  icpositDxy  for  the  rolls  of  his  chancery, 
and  the  site  is  now  occupied  by  the  PnbHc 
Recxxd  Office* 

The  Jews  remained  a  proscribed  race 
untfl  the  time  of  the  Commonwealth,  when, 
in  1655,  a  proposition  for  their  re-admission 
to  Ei^gfamd  was  often  discnssed  by  the 
couicu,  and  by  committees  of  lawyers  and 
divines^  but  nothing  was  formally  con- 
cfaided.  The  matter  had  been  reoom- 
mended  by  both  Blake  and  Monk  dnrir^ 
the  Dutch  war,  as  a  means  of  damagiittp 
the  oommerce  of  Holland,  and  Cromwd 
appeared  £enourable  to  it.  Its  chief  pro- 
moter, Maaisseth  ben  Israel,  had  a  pen- 
sion of  jf'ioo  a^ear  allowed  him  by  the 
Protector  (Mana  23,  1657),  oonmiencing 
Feb.  20,  1657  ;  and  the  Jews,  encouiaged 
by  this,  b^an  again  to  settle  in  Engird 
in  small  numbers*  At  fe^  this  seems  to 
have  been  fittle  aoCioed,  but  soon  after 
the  Restoration  we  find  amaof  tiie  State 
Papers  loud  com^^aints  on  ue  subject. 
Thus  a  remonstrance,  dated  Kov.  yh  1660, 
charges  them,  not  only  with  injming  the 
trade  of  the  kingdom  by  their  usuxioas 
practices^  but  asserts  that  they  had  offered 
to  buy  St  Paul's  for  a  synagogue  ham 
Cromwell,  and  begs  that  they  may  be 
bani&hed.  The  Levant  Company  also  com- 
plained (May  18,  1661)  that  Jews'  goods 


were  fraudulently  brought  in  ("coloured," 
it  is  termed,  ue,,  represented  as  belonging 
to  Englishmen,  and  so  escaping  heavy 
duties,)  and  they  order  thdr  agents  abroad 
to  endeavour  to  check  the  practice.  No 
notice  appears  to  have  been  taken  by  the 
Government  of  these  complaints^  any  more 
than  of  some  applicatioos  by  nrofessed 
converts  (Peter  Samuel  and  Plnu  Jacob, 
July,  1660)  for  a  share  of  the  benefits  of 
the  House  of  Converts  founded  by  Hemy 
III.  The  dislike  to  the  Jews,  however,  oon- 
tinned,  and  the  £mners  of  the  castoms 
chazeed  them  with  fiauds,  beside  alleging 
that  Doth  their  lives  and  estates  were  for- 
feit under  the  edict  of  Edward  I.  There 
is  in  the  Public  Reoocd  Office  a  petition 
to  the  king,  dated  Aug.  22,  1664,  from 
Emanuel  Martinez  Dormido  and  others^ 
in  behalf  of  the  Jews  trading  in  and  about 
London,  spring  that  the  earl  of  Berkshire 
(Thomas  Howard')  alleges  that  he  has  the 
king's  verbal  oider  to  prosecute  them  (ap- 
parently for  residing  m  England  without 
licence)  and  seize  tixir  estates,  unless  they 
come  to  an  agreement  with  him.  The 
answer  is,  that  the  king  has  gtven  no  such 
order,  and  they  may  remain  so  long  as  they 
demean  themselves  peaceably  and  db^  the 
laws.  Henceforth  tney  seem  to  have  been 
allowed  to  remain  on  the  same  legal  foot- 
ing as  other  aliens^  except  that  by  a  statute 
of  1702  [i  Ann.  c  24]  thc^  were  com- 
pelled to  support  any  of  their  children 
who  mi^  beciame  Christians. 

In  1753  an  act  was  passed  for  the  na- 
♦««K«ifi«>  of  Jews,  but  it  gave  rise  to 
much  popular  clamour,  and  was  repealed 
in  the  foJlowing  year ;  and  it  was  not  until 
185S  that  the  privil^es  of  British-bom 
subjects  were  conceded  to  them.  The 
number  of  Jews  in  Great  Britain  is  roughly 
estimaled  at  50,000. 


'  Some  few  cottveiu  axe  iniiiitinnrd  m  the  pabEc 
records :  as  John  the  Comrcrt,  who  gave  iafimnar 
tioB  iAjoox  uie  dcani  of  Hiipi  ei  IjiioolBy  and 
leotiTed  a  paiiina,  Jan.  to,  TS56 ;  and  lieavy  tte 
Comcrt,  who  had  been  knigtocd  bj  Heniy  ni.; 


lioas  of  silver  oob,  bat  his 

'  He  had  a  gnunt  of  power  lo  cnfene  the  6b> 
aenranoe  of  the  statutes  zespectiac  the  import  and 
export  of  goods,  and  was  cntided  lo  a  Ant  oiany 


U2 


Great  Seal  of  Edward  L 


EDWARD  I. 


Edward,  the  eldest  son  of  Henry 
III.  and  Eleanor  of  Provence,  was  bom 
at  Westminster,  June  i8,  1239,  and 
was  baptized  four  days  after  in  the 
conventual  church.  As  early  as  1252 
the  government  of  Gascony  was  nomi- 
nally bestowed  on  him,  and  his  mar- 
riage in  1254  with  Eleanor  of  Castile, 
sister  of  Alphonso  IV.,  was  attended 
by  the  resignation  of  the  pretensions 
of  that  monarch  to  the  province '. 

Edward  took  a  very  active  part  in 
the  transactions  of  the  latter  years  of 
his  father's  reign,  and  having  replaced 
him  on  the  throne  after  the  death  of  De 
Montfort,  he  afterwards  went  on  the 


crusade  in  concert  with  Louis  IX.  of 
France,  but  his  force  was  too  small 
to  effect  anything  of  consequence,  for 
before  his  arrival  in  the  east  the 
French  had  abandoned  the  enterprise^ 
on  the  death  of  Louis.  The  pnnce's 
reputation  was  such  that  fealty  was 
sworn  to  him  in  his  absence,  and  he 
did  not  return  to  his  kingdom  till 
nearly  two  years  after  his  father^s 
death,  employing  the  interval  in  re- 
ducing the  Gascons  to  obedience,  and 
settling  some  commercial  disputes  be- 
tween his  subjects  and  the  Flemings. 

Llewelyn,  prince  of  Wales,  had  been 
an  active  ally  of  De  Montfort,  and  he 


•  These  daims  were  founded  on  an  alleged  grant  I 
^  Henry  II.  to  Alphonso  III.  who  married  his  I 


daughter  Eleanor,  and  they  were  favoured  by  the 
Gascons,  who  greatly  disliked  their  English  rulers. 


EDWARD  I. 


i6s 


liad  been  included  in  the  peace  made 
before  Edward's  departure  for  the 
crusade.  He  was  now  sununoned  to 
attend  the  English  parliament,  but  re- 
fused, alleging  doubts  as  to  his  safety ; 
his  refusal  was  punished  by  the  inva- 
sion of  his  country,  and  he  was  speedily 
reduced  to  subjection.  The  unbear- 
able oppressions  of  the  marchers  com- 
pelled Him  to  resume  his  arms,  in  the 
year  1282,  but  this  step  was  soon  fol- 
lowed by  his  own  death  in  the  field, 
and  the  execution  as  a  traitor  of  his 
brother  David  ^  when  the  land  was 
filled  with  English  strongholds,  and 
the  title  of  Prince  of  Wales  was  after- 
wards bestowed  on  the  heir-apparent 
of  the  English  crown. 

Edward  thus  destroyed  the  Welsh 
princes  for  disputing  his  feudal  supe- 
riority, but  he  resisted  a  similar  daim 
on  himself  from  the  king  of  France. 
A  piratical  war  having  broken  out  be- 
tween the  Normans  and  the  Cinque 
Ports  men,  Edward  was  summon«i 
to  Paris  to  answer  for  the  conduct  of 
his  subjects  ;  he  refused,  and  his  fiefs 
were  declared  forfeited.  Gasconywas, 
in  consequence,  overrun  by  the  French, 
and  Prince  Edmund  died  in  an  at- 
tempt to  recover  it ;  but  Edward,  who 
had  allied  himself  with  the  Flemings, 
carried  on  a  fierce  war  with  his  and 
their  liege  lord*",  and  eventually  ob- 
tained peace  on  his  own  terms,  Gas- 
cony  being  restored  to  him,  and  the 
sister  of  tihe  French  king  becoming 
his  wife. 

The  success  of  his  iniquitous  enter- 
prise against  Wales  prolxa,bly  inspired 
Edward  with  the  hope  of  uniting  the 
whole  island  of  Britain  under  his  sway. 
This  he  at  first  attempted  by  peace- 
able means,  and  afterwards  by  vio- 
loice,  but  in  neither  was  he  suc- 
cessfuL 


When  Alexander  III.  of  Scotland 
died  (1286)  his  crown  fell  to  his  grand- 
daughter, a  child  of  three  years  old, 
named  Margaret,  the  Maid  of  Norway, 
and  a  marriage  treaty,  intended  to  unite 
the  two  kingdoms,  was  concluded  be- 
tween her  and  Prince  Edward  (Nov.  6, 
1289),  but  this  arrangement  failed 
through  her  premature  death.  Numer- 
ous competitors  arose  for  the  crown, 
and  to  avert  the  danger  of  civil  war  the 
states  of  Scotland  unwisely  referred 
the  decision  of  their  claims  to  Edward. 
He  had  recently  arbitrated  between  the 
kings  of  France  and  Arragon  con- 
cerning the  isle  of  Sicily,  but  here 
he  was  too  deeply  interested  to  be  just. 
Having  assembled  a  laige  army  on 
the  border,  his  first  step  was  to  assert 
that  he  came  to  decide  the  dispute  in 
his  quality  of  sovereign  lord,  a  aemand 
whicn,  as  he  had  not  long  before  been 
understood  to  acknowl^ee  that  he 
had  no  such  right ',  excited  much  sur- 
prise and  remonstrance ;  but  the  states 
and  the  competitors,  being  powerless 
before  his  superior  strength,  were  ulti- 
mately obliged  to  agree  to  it,  as  also 
to  place  in  his  hands  the  royal  castles. 
A  decision  was  at  length  given  in  favour 
of  John  Balliol,  who  did  homage  for 
his  kingdom.  But  though  acquiesced 
in  for  a  while,  this  state  of  vassalage 
was  odious  to  the  great  body  of  his  peo- 
ple :  they,  rather  than  the  nobles,  many 
of  whom  had  lands  in  England,  took  up 
arms,  formed  an  alliance  with  France, 
and  superseded  BallioL  Edward  ad- 
vanced against  them,  mercilessly  ra- 
vaged their  country  from  one  end  to 
the  other,  and  formally  annexed  it 
to  his  dominions;  he  also  captured 
and  executed  Wallace,  who  almost 
alone  kept  the  field  Very  shortly 
after  this,  Robert  Bruce,  the  grandson 
of  one  of  the  competitors,  and  who  had 


^  It  has  been  aUeged  that  he  had  become  a  vassal 
of  Edward  by  accepting  the  nominal  earidom  of 
Derby  fbtfeited  by  Ferrers  in  the  Barons'  War; 
bat  the  statement  does  not  appear  to  be  borne  out 
by  any  ezistuig  record. 

*  This  was  a  very  common  state  of  things  under 
the  feudal  sjrstem,  when  one  sovereign  was  the 
vassal  of  another  for  certain  lands ;  but  Edward 
was  probably  the  only  king  who,  though  guilty 
of  it  nimseU,  punished  such  breaches  of  fealty  in 
another  prince  with  death. 

*  In  the  treaty  concluded  at  Salisbury,  July  i8, 
rago,  the  expression  occurs, "  The  kingdom  of  Scot- 
land [in  the  event  of  the  contemplated  marriage  of 
Edward  and  Marnret]  shall  remain  separate  and 
divided  from  England,  free  in  itself,  and  without 
nibjection,  according  to  its  rights,  boundaries  and 

i  as  heretcrfbre ;"  but  there  was  added  the  i 


proviso,  "saving  always  the  right  of  the  king  of 
England  and  of  any  others,  in  the  marches  or  else- 
where, or  which  cu^  to  belong  to  him  or  them." 
This  was  the  very  phrase  that  Edward  himself  had 
employed  many  years  before(see  a.  d.  1373)  in  doing 
homage  to  the  king  of  France ;  and  the  Scots  at 
least  attached  no  practical  importance  to  it,  any 
more  than  the  king  of  France  had  done.  From 
documents  in  the  Fublic  Record  Office  it  appears 
that  Edward's  claim,  as  the  "  Over  Lord"  of  Scot- 
land, was  based,  among  other  things,  on  the  fan« 
ciful  assertion,  that  Brutus  the  Trojan,  when  di- 
viding his  dominions  among  his  three  sons^  Lo- 
crin,  Albanact,  and  Camber,  had  made  Locnn  the 
superior  lord  of  the  whole  island,  and  Edward  had 
succeeded  to  his  rights  :  consequently,  Albanact's 
kingdom  of  Scotland,  and  Camber's  dominion  of 
Wales,  were  now  feudal  dependencies  of  England, 


i66 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


hitherto  been  on  the  English  side,  as- 
stoned  the  Scottish  crown,  and  though 
most  of  his  £Eunily  fell  into  the  hands 
of  Edward,  he  still  stubbornly  main- 
tained the  contest,  until  at  length  his 
great  enemy  died  on  his  borders,  in 


HAwvd  Li  from  Ub  ooins- 


His  first  wife^  Eleanor  of  CastOe, 
accompanied  him  to  the  Crusade,  bore 
him  mur  sons  and  nine  daughters*. 


and  died  at  Hardby,  near  Lincoln, 
Nov.  2%  1290'.  He  in  1290  married 
Margaret,  sister  of  Philip  IVVoT  France, 
who  bore  him  two  sons  and  a  daughter, 
and  survived  him,  dying  in  1317. 
Of  his  children  by  Eleanor, 
Edward  of  Caernarvon  became 
king. 


the  twelfth  year  of  the  war,  without 
having  accomplished  lus  object. 

Edward  died  at  Burgh  on  die  Sands, 
near  Carlisle,  July  7,  1307,  and  was 
buried,  contrary  to  his  own  directions, 
at  Westminster,  on  Oct.  27. 


Anns  of  Hwui  of  OunarTDiL 


tntk  her  KoKummt 
Abtaf. 

Hie  children  of  Margaret  wexe, 

(i.)  Thomas  of  Brotherton,  bom 
June  I,  1300 ;  he  was  created  eaii  €>f 
NoiklUL  in  1313,  and  had  the  office  of 
Marshal  of  England  bestowed  on  him 
in  1315.  He  died  in  1338,  and  was 
interred  at  Bmy  St.  EdmiukPs. 

(2.)  Edmund  of  Woodstock,  bom 
Ai^^.  $9  1301,  created  earl  of  Kent  in 
1321.  He  was  lieheaded  at  Windies- 
ter,  Maidi  19,  1330,  on  a  charge  of 
conspiracy  against  his  nephew  Ed- 
ward IIL ;  his  daughter  Joan  became 
the  wife  of  Edward  the  Black  Prince. 

Eleanor',  bom  1264,  married  Hemy 
III.,  duke  of  Bar,  in  1293,  and  died  in 
1298. 

Joan  of  Acre,  bom  in  Palestine  in 
1272,  first  married  Gilbert,  eari  of 
Clare  and  Gloucester,  and  afterwards 
Ralph  Monthermer,  a  private  gen- 
tleman of  her  retinue.  She  died  in 
1307. 

Margaret,  bom  1275,  married  John 
II.  duke  of  Brabant,  and  died  in  1318. 

Mary,  bom  1278,  became  a  nun  at 
Amesbury  in  1285,  and  died  there, 
probably  in  the  year  1332. 

Elizabeth,  bom  August,  1282,  mar- 
ried first  John,  count  of  HoUand,  and 
afterwards  Humphrey  de  Bohun,  earl 
of  Hereford,  who  was  killed  at  Borough- 
bridge,  in  1322.  She  died  in  May,  13 16. 

Edward  I.  bore  the  same  arms  as 


•  Joha,  Harjr  Alphomo,  Bcrei«aiu,  Alice, 
Beatnoe  and  Blaadie  died  young. 

'  Sevcnd  elegant  crones,  known  by  her  name, 
yet  aunkjplacei  where  her  corpse  rested  on  its 
way  to  Westrainater.     These,  however,  are  not 


tokens  of  the  affecdoa  of  her  husband,  as  usually 
stated,  hut  were  erected  by  the  queen  s  executors 
in  ooa4>liance  with  directions  in  her  will. 

(  A  second  Eleanor,  the  daughter  of  Maxgaiet  of 
France,  died  young. 


A.ix  1272 — 1275.] 


EDWARb  I. 


i6ir 


his  hJdxr  and  grand&tlier,  but  the 
badge  ascribed  to  him  is  a  rpse  or, 
stalked  proper. 

The  statutse  law  of  England  assumed 
much  of  its  present  shape  in  this 
Idn^s  reign,  bi^  his  own  prooeedings 
wcK  usually  of  as  arbitral  a  charac- 
ter as  those  of  any  of  his  predeces- 
sors. His  £[!equent  wars  ka  him  to 
resoit  to  the  most  violent  means  for 
raisiag  SKmey^,  and  he  was  obliged 
soknmly  to  confirm  Magna  Chaita,  to 
allay  the  disomtents  thus  occaaoned ; 
but  he  obtained  papal  absolution  for 
disregarding  its  provisions,  and  he  is 
accused  by  the  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury (Robert  Winchelsey)  of  imprison- 
ing fnemca  unconvicted  of  any  offence 
for  the  mere  purpose  of  eactordi^  heavy 
ransoms  for  them. 

The  character  of  Edward  L  pre- 
sented a  strong  contrast  to  th^  of  lus 


Izmi  flfldwaifll. 

failier,  being  resolute,  unbending,  and 
cruel ;  and  his  conduct  in  general  was 
oppi^sdve  to  his  subjects,  and  unjust 
to  neighbouring  states*.  His  talents, 
however,  were  great,  both  for  war  and 
government;  he  fevoured  commerce 
and  municipal  institutions^,  and  re- 
medied many  abuses  of  the  law  ;  he 
withstood  the  exactions  and  demands 
of  the  pope,  and  thus  seciured  the  in- 


dependence of  his  crown ;  he  enlarged 
his  domains  by  the  conquest  of  Waiesy. 
and  apparently  he  only  failed  in  hisr 
des^  against  Scotland  from  having: 
there  to  contend  with  men  as  able  as. 
himself,  and  "  thrice  armed"  in  having.. 
"  their  quarrel  just" 


A.D.  1272, 

Edward  is  prodaimed  Idng,  Nov:- 
20 1  Walter  Glfiard,  archbi^op  ol 
Yoik,  the  earls  of  Comwan  and  Gkxi- 
ces?ter,  are  appointed  regents,  and  Wal^ 
ter  de  Merton  chancdlor™. 
A.D.  1273. 

Eduoird  passes  thiough  Italy  an^ 
France,  where  be  does  homage  far  his 
fiefs*.  He  then  repairs  to  Gasconf^ 
which  he  i«l«ces  to  obedience  *. 

Edmund,  earl  of  Lancaster,  sup- 
presses an  attempt  to  raise  a  civil  wax 
m  the  north  of  England. 


1274. 

Edwaid  settles  some  commeRiaE 
disputes  with  the  countess  of  Flan- 
ders (Margaret  IL)  He  thai  returns 
to  Fj^nd,  lands  at  Dover  Aog.  3^ 
and  is  crowned,  with  his  consoEl 
Eleanor,  Aug.  19. 

Edward  reipaks  to  Chester,  in  Sep- 
tember, when  Uewe^  decHnes  tc» 
meet  him.  He  is  in  ccxisequaice 
summoned  to  attend  the  next  paitia- 
ment  at  Westminster'. 

Robert  Bumell  (afterwards  bishops 
of  Bath  and  Wells)  is  appointed  chan- 
ccikfrX 

AJX  1275. 

A  paiBament  held  at  Westminster^ 
near  the  end  of  April,  when  several  re- 
formatory statutes  are  issued ;  espe- 
cially one   to    restrain   the  usurious 


k  See,  inpardcnlar,  a.d.  1394,  2397, 1300. 

>  A  modern  apolog^  who  styles  Edward  "die 
greatest  of  the  Planta^enets/*  maintains  that  the 
good  to  be  cxpc^cd  firom  the  union  of  the  duee 
states  of  Britain  is  a  sufficient  justification  of  his 
coodnct  to  the  Welsh  and  the  Scots.  The  argu- 
ment, if  sound,  would  justify  the  seizure  of  Gas- 
oony  by  the  Frendi  long,  which  the  same  writer 
rdiemently  condemn^  and  which  Edward  snccess- 
fully  withstood. 

k  He  founded  several  towns  in  Gasoony  and 
some  in  Wales,  which  proved  of  great  impcutance 
in  proloqgin^  the  EngCsh  rule  in  the  former  coun- 
try. Some  mteresting  particulan  concerning  the 
Gascon  towns  will  be  found  in  "The  Domestic 
Architecture  of  the  Middle  Ages,"  vol.  ii.  pp. 
»6o— 173. 

■The  years  of  hb  reign  are  computed  from 
thbdaj. 


"  He  was  the  (bander  df  Merton  CoO^ge,  Oae- 
ford,  afterwards  became  bishop  of  Rodiester,  anA 
died  in  7277. 

«  He  used  the  ambiguous  terms,  **  My  lord  m& 
king,  I  do  you  homage  for  all  the  territories  which 
/  tw^ht  to  hold  of  you,"  which  was  considered  ^ 
an  assertion  of  his  chum  to  Normandy  and  Poitvu. 

«  Gaston  de  Beam,  one  of  the  chief  malcontents 
(see  A.D.  1354),  escaped  to  France.  He  was,  hear- 
ever,  sent  bade  to  Edward,  by  whom  he  was  lon^ 
imprisoned,  but  in  3083  he  was  in  the  service  m 
the  long  of  Castile,  and  in  laBi  John  de  Havering, 
the  seneschal  of  Gascony,  was  ofxlered  to  make 
amends  for  injuries  dcme  to  Aim. 

p  He  was  required  to  do  homage,  xmd  aho  to  an- 
swer some  complaints  which  his  brother  David  haA^ 
made  to  the  king  as  his  liege  lord. 

4  He  held  the  office  untH  his  death,  at  Berwick^ 
Oct  27, 129a. 


i68 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1275 — 12S2. 


practices  of  the  Jews'.    Llewelyn  does 
not  appear". 

Eleanor  de  Montfort  and  her  bro- 
ther  yUmeric   (formerly  treasurer  of 
York)  are  captured  at  sea,  near  Bris- 
tol, by  one  of  the  king's  ships '. 
A.D.  1276. 

Llewelyn  is  again  summoned  to  the 
parliament  He  instead  sends  mes- 
sengers to  offer  a  ransom  for  Eleanor 
and  her  brother ;  it  is  refused ;  he  is 
dedared  by  the  parliament  to  have 
forfeited  his  lands,  and  a  force  ordered 
to  be  raised  against  him. 

At  the  same  parliament  justices  are 
appointed  to  hear  and  determine  suits 
of  trespasses  committed  in  the  last 
twenty-five  years.  They  have  power 
to  inflict  fines,  but  are  ordered  to  re- 
mit very  grave  cases  to  the  king  in 
parliament*. 

A.D.  1277. 

Edward  removes  the  courts  of  law 
to  Shrewsbury,  and  leads  a  large  army 
against  Llewelyn,  whilst  the  Cinque 
Ports  fleet  ravage  the  Welsh  coast. 

Llewelyn  retires  to  Snowdon,  but  at 
length  submits  to  the  king,  Septem- 
ber. He  is  carried  to  Westminster, 
and  obliged  to  surrender  all  his  ter- 
ritories except  the  district  of  Snowdon 
and  the  isle  of  Angles^ »,  Nov.  10. 
After  a  considerable  delay  he  is  al- 
lowed to  return,  "having  been  care- 
fully instructed  in  his  duty." 

A.D.  1278. 

The  king  deprives  several  monas- 
teries of  extraordinary  privileges,  which 
they  had  obtained  from  lus  father, 
Henry  IIL^ 

The  Statute  of  Gloucester  [6  Edw.  L 


c  I,]  for  the  better  administration  of 
justice,  enacted,  Aug.  2. 

Alexander  III.  of  Scotland  does 
homage  in  the  parliament  at  West- 
minster,  Sept  29. 

The  Jews  throughout  England  seized 
on  one  day  (Nov.  12),  being  accused  of 
clipping  the  coin;  280  are  hanged 
shortly  after  in  London  alone,  and  **sl 
very  great  multitude"  in  other  places. 
A  number  of  Christians,  '^  principally 
the  rich  citizens  of  London,"  chaiiged 
as  their  confederates,  are  allowed  to 
ransom  themselves '. 

A.D.  1279. 

The  king  goes  to  France,  gives  up 
all  claim  to  Normandy,  and  obtains 
formal  possession  of  Gascony  \ 

The  Statute  of  Mortmain  [7  Edw. 
L  c.  2,]  passed,  Nov.  15.  By  this 
enactment  all  lands  in  mture  given 
into  the  *'  dead  hands"  of  the  Church 
without  the  king's  special  licence  were 
to  be  forfeited\ 

A.D.  1280. 

The  statute  de  quo  Warranto  passed, 
Nov.  7. 

A.D.  I 281. 

The  archbishop  of  Canterbury  (John 
Peckham)  holds  a  council  of  lus  pro- 
vince at  Lambeth,  in  which  sequestra- 
tion is  decreed  against  such  religious 
houses  as  had  neglected  to  send  pro- 
curators to  a  former  assembly.  The 
abbots  of  St  Alban's  and  others  ap- 
peal to  the  pope,  and  the  sentence  is 
not  enforced. 

A.D.  1282. 

The  French  expelled  from  Sicily, 
which  they  had  seized  in  virtue  of  a 
grant  from  the  pope  *. 


'  The  expulsion  of  this  hapless  race  was  near  at 
hand,  "  and/'  says  Matthew  of  Westminster,  "  that 
they  mifffat  be  distinguished  from  the  fisithful,  the 
king  ordered  them  to  wear  on  their  outer  garments 
a  sign  like  a  ublet,  of  the  length  of  a  palm ;"  from 
which  it  would  seem  that  the  ordinance  of  Henry 
III.  (March  30,  iai8)  had  been  allowed  to  fall  into 
disuse. 

•  He  positively  refused  to  come,  saying  that  be 
remembered  the  &te  of  his  father  Griffin.  See 
A.D.  1344. 

<  Eleanor  was  affianced  to  Llewelyn,  and  on  her 
way  to  marry  him. 

•>  The  record  of  their  proceedings  has  been 
printed,  under  the  title  of  "  RotuH  Hundredonim." 

>  He  was  to  hold  these  by  the  annual  payment 
of  rooo  mar^,  and  he  also  agreed  to  pay  ;^o,ooo 
for  the  expenses  of  the  war,  but  this  was  remitted, 
tprobablv  it  was  impossible  for  him  to  raise  it). 
His  bride  was  delivered  to  him,  and  they  were 
married  Oct  13,  xarS.  Almeric  de  Montfort  was 
Icept  in  prisoD  until  April,  1282,  when  his  release 
was  granted  at  the  request  of  the  pope  (Martin  I  V.X 


whose  chaplain  he  was,  on  condition  of  leaving  the 
king's  dominions. 

7  He  restored  the  charters  of  privily  to  the 
church  of  Westminster,  as  also  some  of  lU  jewels, 
which  he  had  seised.  '*  because,"  as  he  said,  */  he 
had  therein  received  the  sacraments  of  baptism, 
confirmation,  and  consecration." 

■  After  a  time  (May  j,  xajo)  the  same  grace  was 
allowed  also  to  a  number  of  the  Jews  who  were 
then  in  the  king's  prisons. 

*  The  peace  was  concluded  at  Amiens  May  23, 
Z379.  and  the  kinz  returned  to  Dover,  June  29. 

*  Matthew  of  Westminster  complains  that  the 
makers  of  this  sutute  "  did  not  understand  that 
the  army  of  Amalek  was  overthrown  rather  by  the 
prayers  of  Moses  than  by  the  swords  of  the  chil- 
dren of  Israel.'*  In  order  to  avoid  the  burden  of 
military  service  it  was  not  unusual  to  make  feigned 
gifts  of  land  to  the  Church ;  this  (wactice  is  forbid- 
den in  Magna  Charta,  but  it  prevailed  long  after,  as 
is  shewn  by  numerous  statutes  directed  against  iL 

*  Sicily  had  been  granted  by  Pope  Alexander 
IV.  to  Henry  III.,  and  on  his  failing  to  undertaka 


A.D.  1282,  1283.] 


EDWARD  I. 


169 


WALES. 


A.D.  1282. 


Llewelyn  and  his  brother  David  are 
Tecondled,  and  the  Welsh  attempt  to 
recover  their  independence.  They  cap- 
ture Hawarden,  March  22 ;  destroy 
the  castles  of  Flint  and  Rhuddlan, 
and  cany  Roger  de  Clifford,  the  jus- 
ticiary ot  North  Wales,  off  prisoner. 

The  king  removes  the  law  courts  to 
Shrewsbury ;  hires  soldiers  from  Gas- 
cony,  and  marches  into  Wales,  July. 
Bodies  of  pioneers  are  employed  to 
dear  away  the  woods. 

The  English  sustain  severe  loss  in 
endeavouring  to  cross  the  river  Con- 
way, Nov.  o ;  Llewelyn,  encouraeed 
thereby,  descends  into  the  plains,  but 
is  surprised  and  killed  by  the  marchers, 
Dec  II*. 

A.D.  1283. 

David,  the  brother  of  Llewelyn,  sur- 
renders himself.  He  is  condemned 
during  the  sitting  of  parliament  at 
Shrewsbury,  and  executed  as  a  traitor, 
Sept.  2a 

All  armed  opposition  having,  for  the 
present,  been  overcome,  the  king  pro- 
ceeded to  settle  the  state  of  his  new 
dominions.  Accordingly  a  statute, 
called  the  Statute  of  Wales  [12  Edw. 
I.]  was  enacted  at  Rhuddkui,  March 
19,  1284,  which  alleges  that  *' Divine 
Providence  has  now  removed  all  ob- 
stacles, and  transferred  wholly  and 
entirely  to  the  king's  dominion  the 
land  of  Wales  and  its  inhabitants, 
heretofore  subject  to  him  in  feudal 
right."  At  the  prayer  of  his  new  sub- 
jects the  king  grants  that  their  ancient 
laws  mav  be  preserved  in  civil  causes, 
but  the  law  of  inheritance  is  changed, 
and  in  criminal  matters  the  English 
law  is  to  be  in  force.  Sanctuary  is  no 
longer  to  be  allowed,  but  those  who 


would  otherwise  be  entitled  to  it  are 
to  abjure  the  realm  within  a  given 
time^  proceeding  by  the  high  road, 
cross  in  hand,  to  some  appointed  sea- 
port Sheriffs  are  appointed  for  An- 
glesey, Caernarvon,  Merioneth,  and 
Flint,  with  coroners  and  bailiffs  in 
each  district,  who  are  all  placed  under 
the  supervision  of  the  justice  of  Ches- 
ter. The  rest  of  the  country  remained 
as  before  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
marchers. 

As  the  sincerity  of  the  people's  sub- 
mission was  reasonably  doubted,  the 
king  erected  manv  new  strongholds, 
and  re-edified  others*,  constructing 
them  on  a  plan  so  different  from  that 
of  the  Normans,  that  the  term  Ed- 
wardian is  usually  applied  to  them. 
Flint,  Rhuddlan,  Hawarden,  Denbigh, 
Caernarvon,  Conway,  Beaumaris,  and 
Harlech,  in  the  immediate  neighbour- 
hood of  Snowdon;  Cilgarran,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Pembroke;  and  Caer- 
philly, in  the  honour  of  Glamorgan, 
are  among  the  number.  As  a  further 
security,  bodies  of  English  were  planted 
in  convenient  stations,  and  endowed 
with  municipal  privileges  ;  from  these 
"borough,  or  English  towns',"  Welsh- 
men were  rigidly  excluded,  not  being 
allowed  to  hold  either  lands  or  office 
therein. 

Popular  tradition  chaiges  the  king 
with  a  systematic  massacre  of  the 
Welsh  bards,  but  this  odious  accusa- 
tion appears  to  be  unfounded,  though 
the  order  may  be  said  almost  to 
have  disappeared  with  the  complete 
subjugation  of  their  country.  The 
bards,  as  we  see  from  the  laws  of 
Dyvnwal  Moelmud',  considered  them- 
selves the  leading  order  in  the  state ; 
they  also  claimed  the  right  of  cele- 


hs  cooqnest,  it  had  been  seued  by  Charles  of  An- 
iou,  brother  of  the  French  king,  who  defeated  and 
killed  Manfred,  the  natural  son  of  the  emperor 
Frederidc  II.  The  natives  rose  suddenly  on  the 
Freacfa,  massacred  great  numbers  of  them  (a 
butchery  known  as  "Uie  Sidltan  Vespers/'  March 
90),  and,  bein^  assisted  by  the  princes  of  Arragon, 
shook  oiflr  their  yoke.  The  quarrel  between  the 
Arragonese  and  the  French  was  at  last  adjusted  by 
Kins  Edward.    See  a.d.  xa86. 

'  He  is  said  to  have  been  betrayed  whilst  sleep- 
ing in  a  bam  by  the  people  of  Builth,  in  Breck- 
nockshire, who  bad  before  refused  to  admit  him 
into  their  town :  hence  they  are  styled  hrcuL' 
tayr  B^allt  ("  the  traitors  of  Bullth»'>  by  Welsh 
writers    His  wife,  the  daughter  of  De  Montfort, 


had  died  shortly  before.  Their  only  child  (W«n- 
dliana),  and  the  daughters  of  his  brother  David 
were  carried  into  England,  and  became  nuns  at 
Sempringham,  a  pension  of  £90  each  being  paid 
for  them.  Wenciliana  was  alive  in  Oct  1397,  but 
how  much  longer  is  not  known.  #.  v  _i- 

•  The  cost  was  in  part  borne  by  the  see  of  York, 
(vacant  by  the  death  of  Archbishop  Wickwane,)  its 
revenues  from  August,  xa8s,  to  April,  1286,  being 
devoted  to  the  purpose.  They  amounted  to  Axoxa 
xas.  4d.,  equal  to  ^30,000  now. 

'  Among  them  may  be  named,  MontgomoT. 
Radnor,  Brecknock,  and  Caermarthen,  which  had 
before  been  in  the  hands  of  the  lords  marchers*  but 
were  now  annexed  to  the  crown. 

f  See  A.D.  640. 


T70 


THE  PLAITTAGENETS. 


[A.a  1183 — 1289. 


brating  marriage  under  the  oak-tree, 
and  ostentatiously  retained  many  cere- 
monies of  Druidic  origin ;  they  were 
thus  avowedly  hostile  to,  and  disliked 
by,  the  dexgy,  who  for  ages  had  main- 
tained a  closer  connexion  with  Eng- 
land^ than  the  rest  of  their  countrymen. 
Many  of  the  bards  too  were  bitter 
sadristSy  and  branded  thdr  opponents 
as  betrayers  of  their  country;  they 
also,  we  know,  often  bore  arms»  and 
many  doubtless  x>erished  in  the  field ; 
others  would  jirobably  be  denounced, 
and  thus  meet  with  death  as  traitors, ; 
hence  thdr  disappearance  under  the 
English  rule  may  be  reasonably  ac- 
counted for,  without  imputing  such 
deep  peisonal  guilt  to  the  conqueror. 


1283. 

The  Statute  of  Merchants  *  [i  i  Edw. 
I.^  to  facilitate  the  recovery  of  their 
debts,  passed  Oct  12,  at  Acton  Bur- 
nell,  in  Shropshire. 

AJ).  1284. 

Maxgaret  of  Norway  acknowledged 
as  heir  to  the  crown  of  Scotland,  at 
Scone,  Feb.  5^ 

The  Idng  promises  again  to  go  to 
llie  Holy  Land.  The  pope  (Martin 
IV.)  in  consequence  grants  him  abso- 
lution for  all  crimes  committed  by 
him  in  the  wars  with  the  barons  and 
the  Welsh  >,  May  26. 

A.D.  1285. 
The  Bng  solemnly  presents  at  West- 
minster many  ikh  s|x>ils  from  Wales. 
Among  them  are  ^  a  large  piece  of  die 
tme  cross,*  and  other  fmKnxs  relics 
adorned  with  gems  and  gold,  and 
"the  crown  of  King  ArAur.* 


A  statute  passed  to  redress  disorders 
in  London  [13  Edw.  I.  c.  5  ■.] 

Justices  of  assize  appomted,  to  go 
into  every  shire  twice  or  thrice  a-year 
for  the  more  speedy  administration  of 
justice  {13  Edw.  L  c.  3a] 

AJX  llSS, 

Alexander  IIL  of  Scotland  dies, 
March  161  Six  r^ents  are  chosen  to 
govern  the  kingdom  in  the  minority  <£ 
hisgraiid-^langhter  Margaret". 

lb  king  ^oes  to  France,  May  13,. 
and  renews  his  h<Hnage  at  Paris,  June 
5.  He  then  reduces  Gascony  to  obe- 
dience, and  stavs  there  tiiree  years  ; 
Edmund,  earl  ot  Cornwall,  is  regent. 

The  king  arbitrates  between  the 
French  aiKl  the  Atragonese  on  ac* 
count  of  Sicily. 

AJ)L  1287. 

The  Kng,  being  seized  with  severe 
illness,  agam  assumes  the  cross. 

The  Welsh,  under  lUiys  ap  Mere- 
di^®^  attempt  to  shake  off  the  Eng- 
lish yoke^  June.  They  are  subdued 
before  the  end  of  the  year  by  Robert 
Tiptoft,  the  king's  justiciary,  and  their 
leader  carried  to  York  and  hanged. 

A.D.  1288. 

The  pope  (Nicholas  IV.)  grants  to 
the  Idng  me  tenth  of  the  revennes  of 
''all  the  chnrcfaes  of  England,  Soot- 
land,  and  Ireland,"  to  enaUe  hnn  to 
imdertake  his  crusade  K 
A.D.  1289. 

The  Idng  returns  to  England,  Au- 
gust 12.  He  directs  a  strict  inquiry 
to  be  made  into  the  conduct  of  the 
judges,  sheriffs,  and  other  ofi&cers 
durmg  his  absence,  Oct  13.  In  con- 
sequence^ he  banishes  some  of  the 


^  See  e^edally  a.x>.  873, 918,  zt9o. 

<  TImk  n  aadtter  itatnte  of  lite  same  name  [23 
Sdar.  I.  c^|>aiMdniia8s,tosifebaMcrefbcitD 
die  |BOvisioxis  of  the  fonner,  but  it  is  eiqpnuij 
piufided  dial  the  Jews  'are  not  to  be  boicfited 
thereby. 

k  She  was  the  grandchild  of  Alexander  III.  and 
Maisaiet,  the  sister  of  Edward  I.,  by  Maisaret, 
ihdr  daqpter,  who  mam'rd  Eric»  ku^  of  Nodrway. 

*  The  Wdsh  dnucbes  seem  to  have  been  phia- 
dered,  and  on  June  %s  the  long  ordered  thdr  tem- 
poralities to  be  restored.  He  also  ^»ointed  com- 
aussiDnexs  to  report  on  aur  iiyuries  that  they  had 
receivodv  June  as  and  boon  the  end  of  the  year 
the  som  at  £445  ^■'■s  granted  as  romprnsarion. 
^  ■  Tlus  statute  Dreaents  a  auaous  picture  of  the 
tifloes.  No  aimed  men  are  to  be  seen  in  the  street 
after  die  curfew  has  tolled  at  Sl  Har£n*s  2e  Grand 
"exccDt  he  be  a  great  man,  or  odicr  la^^bii  person 
df  gooa  KfratCi,  or  their  messenger  with  then:  war- 
rant, and  lantern  in  hand.**  Alfbrokers  are  placed 
under  the  special  direction  of  the  magistrates,  as 
they  were  often  "foreigners  who  for  great  offence 


have  lied  their  country ;"  none  but  fieemea  are  to 
keep  tayems,  and  none  are  to  teach  feaciag  in  the 
city  under  heavy  pfniiltiti. 

•  She  remained  in  Norway  with  her  teher  mtil 
X990,  when,  a  marriage  having  been  arranged  for 
her  with  Edward,  pnnoe  of  Wales,  the  kmg  r*- 
spatched  a  ship  to  t     '  "  " 
was  to  nmain  im« 
should  cooaider  Scotland  in  a  i 
state  lor  her  to  go  there  in  safety,    ^le,  however, 

landed  ia  the  Oilcneys,  she 
/,  «iKi  was  bnried  in  the  cathodml 
of  St.  Mi^nns  at  KiikwaR. 

•  He  was  a  descendant  of  OweaGiyiineih,  and 
had  sided  with  the  English  against  Lkwvlyii  in 
the  espectatioa  of  being  placed  on  the  throne  in 


his  stead,  but  was  ( 
the  war  was  over. 

9  Tht  king  did  not  at  once  vaal  himself  of  dim 
grant,  as  the  survey  {kaown  as  the  Taxatiim  of 
Pone  Nicholas)  was  not  made  ontil  IS91  and  xaga : 
and  whea  the  money  was  collected,  he  used  it  for 
his  war  against  France. 


mince  of  Wales,  the  king  de- 
Ktch  her  to  England,  where  she 
kder  his  gvardianship  until  he 
cotlan'  *  -  •      • 

state  for  her  to  go  there 

fell  iU  at  sea.  mod  being  1 

died  there,  Oct.  7,  and  ik 


189— I29I.] 


EDWARD  L 


(among  them  Thomas  de  Wey- 

the  chief  justice,)  and  imposes 

fines  upon  others  ^ 

;  marriage  treaty  of  Prince  Ed- 

and  Margaret  of  Norway  con- 

d  at  Salisbnrv,  Nov.  6,  between 

ings  of  England  and  Norway, 

parents.    It  recognises  Scotland 

ttee^  absc^te^  and  independent,* 

Ix.    with  a  general  saving   of  any 

cbums  of  the  English  kings. 


A.D.  129a  - 

•The  fierce  multitude  of  the  Jews,"^ 
with  their  wives  and  children,  are  or-\ 
dered  to  leave  England,  July  27'.  The   * 
feast  of  An  Sadnts  (Nov.  i)  was  the 
period  assigned,  which  they  were  not      V 
to  exceed  on  pain  of  death  ■.  v 

Tbe  king  takes  possession  of  the 
Isle  of  Man,  at  the  request  of  the  in- 
habitants, September. 


SCOTLAND. 


Margaret  of  Norway,  qoeen  of  Scot- 
land, dies,  Oct  7. 

No  less  than  thirteen  different  par- 
ties kid  daim  to  the  throne  of  Scot- 


Ann  of  BoBOaiid. 

land  when  it  became  vacant  by  the 
death  of  the  Maid  of  Norway.  Con- 
trary to  all  received  notions  of  inhe- 
ritance, one  of  these  was  her  father, 
Eric  <rf  Norway;  Florence,  count  of 
UoDaiidy  was  a  second,  but  his  claim 
was  withdrawn.  Among  the  other  com- 
petitors, only  three  need  be  named ; 
these  were,  John  BaHlol  lord  of  Gallo- 
way, Robert  Bruce  earl  of  Annandale, 
and  John  Hastings  lord  of  Aber- 
gavenny and  seneschal  of  Aquitaine ; 
they  were  all  descended  from  daugh- 
ters of  David  earl  of  Himtingdon,  the 
younger  brother  of  Malcolm  IV.  and 
William  the  Lion,  and  grandson  of 
David  I. 
Balliol  was  the  grandson  of  Mar- 


garet, the  eldest  daughter*;  Bruce, 
the  son  of  Isabel,  the  second  daughter ; 
Hastings,  the  grandson  of  Ada,  the 
third  daughter.  Hastings  desired  a 
share  only  of  the  kingdom,  but  as  the 
state  was  wisely  held  by  all  parties  to 
be  indivisible,  his  claims  were  at  once 
n^;atived,  and  the  competitors  reduced 
in  reality  to  two,  John  Balliol  and  Ro- 
bert Bruce.  TThe  states  of  the  king- 
dom had  not  the  courage  to  decide  be- 
tween them,  and  in  an  evil  hour  for 
their  country  they  resolved  to  appeal 
to  the  judgment  of  the  king  of  Eng- 
land, as  their  only  resource  for  avoid- 
ing a  civil  war. 


A.D.  1291. 

The  Crusades  are  brought  to  a  dose 
by  the  capture  of  Acre,  and  the  few 
other  strongholds  of  the  Christians  on 
the  Syrian  coast 

The  disputed  succession  to  the 
crown  of  Scotland  b  referred  to  the 
king  of  England  for  his  decisioiL 

He  repairs  to  Norham,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Tweed,  with  a  large  army,  and 
as  a  first  step  claims  to  be  acuiow-. 
ledged  "sovereign  lord  of  the  land  of 
Scotland,*  May  10,  which  is  conceded 
to  him,  after  long  debate,  by  letters 
patent  under  the  hands  of  nine  of  the 


«  IkflW  iBM«i««nd  to  haw  ■■imutpd  to  dw 
cnossMMB  Mm  of  loo^ooo  mxrici,  or  nodi  mm 
dan  the  aaanal  irvenne  of  the  UagdooL 

*  Thef  wtem  to  Isre  htea  penooally  odious  to 
Ike  Vmg,  wte  had  afaindy  hamwhrd  them  from 
Wiadav  and  fixaa  Gascooy ;  and  had  also  gnuitfed 
Itften  patent  to  his auicher fiicbiddiag  them  tore- 
aoia  oa  any  of  her  naaon.  AmooE  the  Royal 
Lenen  in  die  Pahlic  Reooid  Office  is  one  from 
her^oMaplaiainc  of  a  Jew<Jaoob  CokX  whohar. 
tag  been  rn^^lffd  horn  her  town  of  Andovcr,  had 
had  the  hardihood  to  appeal  to  the  king's  coarts, 
and  "coatamiicaottsly  to  diarae  her  servant  Gny 
de  Tauton  with  §daaf  and  robbery.**    What  was 


dM  icmk  of  the  appeal  does  not  appear,  hot  nay^ 
be  ^*ary  |MobabIy  coqjeccnred. 

•  Tben-  aoveahles  they  voe  allowed  to  take 
with  diew,  but  no  compensation  appears  to  hav<e- 
been  made  for  the  houses,  svoacogoes.  burial- 
piaoes,  &c.,  that  they  had  to  aoandon.  The  kins 
gnmted  passes  to  them,  to  the  number  of  x6.sxi, 
and  stiictly  forbade  any  injury  to  be  done  to  them. 
Some  marinen  who,  for  the  sake  of  phander, 
drowned  a  number  of  them  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Thames,  wcie  executed* 

«  John  Cbmyn,  eari  of  Badenoch  falterwaida 
killed  by  the  younger  Bruce),  another  of  the  oom- 
petxton,  was  the  son  of  Maxjory,  a  younger 
daughter  of  Margaret. 


^?7» 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1 291 — 1295. 


/ 


l^ibinpetitors',  Tune  5 ;  he  also  clsdms 
a%e  royal  castles,  which,  by  a  similar 
document,  dated  June  6,  are  put  mto 
^Ais  hands.    After  some  discussion,  the 
oidy  competitors  remaining  sire  John 
Balliol  and  Robert  Bruce,  wHo  name 
fifty  persons  of  Scotland,  aAd  these 
•choose   thirty   Englishmen   as   their 
assistants ;    this   commission  is  em- 
powered to  investigate  the  rights  of 
the  claimants  and  to  report  to  the 
long. 

A.D.  1292. 

The  commissioners  meet  at  Berwick, 
Aug.  2,  and  three  months  after  report 
in  favour  of  John  Balliol,  Nov.  17.  The 
king  delivers  his  judgment  accord- 
ingly, Nov.  30. 

Balliol  does  homage  "for  himself 
and  his  heirs,  for  the  whole  kingdom 
of  Scotland,''  at  Berwick,  the  same 
day ;  he  is  also  summoned  into  Eng- 
land, and  repeats  the  ceremony  at 
Newcastle,  Dec  26. 

A.D.  1293. 

The  Isle  of  Man  restored  to  the 
Scots,  Jan.  5. 

A  war  breaks  out  between  the 
Cinque  Ports  mariners  and  the  Nor- 
mans; the  latter  are  defeated  with 
great  slaughter  at  St.Mah^,  in  Bri- 
tanny,  April  14. 

The  Gascons  also  make  war  on 
the  French. 

Balliol  is  summoned  to  Westminster 
to  answer  various  complaints  of  mal- 
administration'.  He  is  treated  with 
personal  disrespect  in  the  court,  and 
on  his  return  to  Scotland  seeks  means 
of  rendering  himself  independent. 

Philip  IV.  of  France  summons  the 
king   of  England  to   answer   in  his 


court  for  the  conduct  of  his  subjects, 
December. 

A.D.  1294. 

The  king  refusing  to  appear,  his 
fiefs  in  France  are  declared  forfeited 
after  the  third  summons.  May. 

The  king  renounces  his  fealty  to 
France,  nuikes  alliances  with  the 
princes  of  Germany  and  Flanders, 
and  raises  a  large  army.  Being  de- 
tained at  Portsmouth  by  bad  weather 
from  July  to  September,  it  is  recruited 
by  pardoned  malefactors,  who  soon 
desert  for  want  of  jjay. 

Heavy  taxes  levied  on  both  clergy 
and  laity  ^ 

Gascony  overrun  by  the  French. 

The  Cinque  Ports  mariners  capture 
a  Spanish  fleet,  and  ravage  the  coast 
of  France.  "There  was  no  law  im- 
posed upon  the  sailors,  but  whatever 
any  one  could  cany  off,  that  he  called 
his  own." 

The  Welsh,  both  in  the  north  and 
the  south,  take  arms  under  Madoc 
and  Morgan,  of  the  family  of  Llewelyn ; 
they  defeat  the  earl  of  Lincoln  at  Den- 
bign,  Nov.  11,  and  Prince  Edmund 
shortly  after.  The  king  marches  against 
them,  and  cuts  down  the  woods,  but 
his  troops  suffer  greatly  from  DEunine, 
and  he  retires  to  England. 

A.D.  1295. 

The  pope  sends  two  legates  to  Eng- 
land to  endeavour  to  bring  about  a 
peace  with  France.  They  arrive  in 
May,  and  depart  in  August". 

The  French  land  at  Dover,  and  bum 
a  convent  and  several  houses  near  the 
beach,  but  are  beaten  off  with  loss, 
Aug.  I.  They  also  lose  a  galley  with 
300  picked  men  at  Rye. 

The  Welsh  are  subdued,  and  obliged 


«  These  were  Florence,  count  of  HoUaad,  Ro* 
bert  Bruce,  John  Balliol,  John  Hastings,  John 
Comyn,  Patrick  Dunbar,  John  Vescy  (for  his  &• 
ther)I  Nicholas  de  Soules,  and  William  de  Ros. 

*  The  first  of  these  complaints  was  that  of  John 
le  Mason,  a  Gascon,  who  claimed  payment  for 
wine  sold  sereral  years  before  to  Alexander  III., 
and  which  that  king's  executors  declared  had  been 
paid  for.  The  Scottish  court  decided  accordingly, 
but  the  English  one  overruled  their  decision,  and 
ordered  Balliol  to  pay  the  money  under  direat  of 
seizure  of  his  English  lands.  This  was  followed 
by  complaints  of  '^denial  of  justice  "  from  various 
persons,  as  Macduflf,  son  of  the  earl  of  Fife,  Au- 
tiica,  daughter  of  Magnus,  king  of  Man,  the  abbot 
of  Reading,  the  bishop  of  Durham,  and  others, 
and  Balliol  seems  to  luve  attended  in  person  to 
answer  them. 

7  The  king's  mode  of  proceeding  was  peremp- 
tory enough.    He  seized  (July  a6)  on  such  kinds 


of  merchandize  as  were  suitable  for  exportation, 
and  sold  them  in  Flanders,  promising  to  pay  for 
them  at  a  future  period ;  as  auo  on  large  sums  that 
had  been  deposited  in  religious  houses  for  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Holy  Land.  As  the  clergy  did  not 
meet  his  demands  so  readily  as  he  expected,  he 
sent  one  of  his  knights  Qohn  Havering)  to  their  as- 
sembly in  the  refectory  at  Westminster,  (Sept.  ai,) 
who  in  a  loud  and  menacing  voice  delivered  this 
very  intelligible  message:  '^Holy  ikthers,  this  is 
the  demand  of  the  long,— one  halt  of  all  the  annual 
revenues  of  your  churdies.  If  any  one  objects  to 
this,  let  him  stand  forth,  that  he  may  be  taken  nots 
ofl  as  unworthy  of  the  king's  peace.*  Well  may 
Matthew  of  Westminster  add,  '*  When  they  heard 
this,  all  the  prelates  were  disturbed  in  mind,  and 
immediately  they  nanted  the  king's  demand.^ 

•  The  king  autEorized  them.  Aug.  14,  to  con- 
clude a  truce  till  the  zst  of  November  with  the 
king  of  France,  if  he  should  desire  it 


A.D.  1 295— 1 29 7-] 


EDWARD  I. 


175 


to  give  hostages.  Madoc  shortly  after 
again  takes  arms ;  he  is  captured,  and 
dies  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower. 

The  Scots,  in  a  parliament  at  Scone, 
appoint  twelve  peers  as  guardians  of 
the  realm,  thus  in  reality  superseding 
BallioL  They  appoint  commissioners 
to  treat  for  a  marriage  between  his 
son  Edward  and  the  princess  Joanna 
of  France,  July  5. 

The  king,  being  aware  of  the  ne- 
gotiations, demands  from  the  Scots 
possession  of  the  castles  and  towns 
of  Berwick,  Roxburgh,  and  Jedburgh, 
during  the  French  war,  Oct  16. 

The  Scots  having  concluded  their 
treaty  (in  which  aid  from  France  is 
stipulated),  Oct.  23,  refuse  compliance, 
and  hostilities  begin. 

A.D.  1296. 

Prince  Edmund  ravages  the  French 
coast.  He  captures  Bordeaux,  March 
28,  and  dies  soon  after  Qime  4}. 

The  king  marches  against  the  Scots. 
He  captures  Berwick,  March  30 ;  the 
Scots  at  the  same  time  ravage  Nor- 
thumberland, and  besiege  Carlisle. 

Balliol  formally  renounces  allegiance 
to  the  king,  April  5. 

The  king  defeats  the  Scots  with 
great  slaughter  at  Dunbar,  April  27. 
He  ravages  the  surrounding  country 
and  captures  the  Maidens'  Castle  (now 
Edinburgh  Castle)  early  in  June,  whence 
he  carries  off  the  Scottish  royal  insignia. 

Balliol   surrenders  himself  to  the 


king,  July  8.  He  is  obliged  to  make 
a  formal  renunciation  of  his  kingly 
dignity  by  letters  patent  %  and  is  then 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower  of  London. 

The  king  carries  off  the  **  stone  of 
destiny '^  on  which  the  Scottish  kings 
were  crowned  from  the  royal  abbey  of 
Scone,  August. 

John  de  Warrenne,  earl  of  Surrey, 
is  appointed  guardian  of  Scotland, 
Sept.  3,  and  Hugh  Cressingham  trea- 
surer and  justiciary  \  The  king  returns 
to  England,  carrying  many  of  Qie  Scot- 
tish nobles  with  him  as  hostages*^. 

A  large  French  ship,  csdled  the 
King  Philip,  is  captured  and  brought 
into  Sandwich. 

A.D.  1297. 

The  clergy,  refusing  a  fresh  demand 
from  the  king,  are  by  him  declared  out 
of  the  pale  of  the  law ;  they  are  thus 
obliged  to  give  a  large  sum**. 

The  English  forces,  being  treacher- 
ously abandoned  by  the  Gascons,  are 
defeated,  and  John,  Lord  St. John*, 
their  commander,  captured. 

TThe  king's  exactions  causing  much 
discontent,  the  earls  and  barons  re- 
solve on  a  meeting  in  the  marches  to 
enforce  a  redress  of  their  grievances. 
The  earls  of  Norfolk  and  Hereford 
(the  constable  and  marshal)  place 
themselves  at  their  head,  and  also 
re^se  to  discharge  the  duties  of  their 
offices  in  the  war'. 

The  king  solenmly  offers  the  regalia 


•  The  date  is  uncertam :  two  copies  exist  among 
the  public  records,  one  dated  at  Brechin,  Julv  xo ; 
the  other,  Kincardine,  July  s.  Letters  of  submis- 
aaon  also  were  exacted  from  the  bishops  of  Glas- 
cov,  Aberdeen,  and  Whithem,  August  98,  and 
mm  several  nobles,  March  35, 1397,  who  were  in 
Edward's  hands  as  prisoners  or  hostages;  but  many 
of  the  prisoners  were  soon  after  set  free  on  con- 
dition 01  serving  in  the  war  with  France  (July  30, 
Aug.  17). 

*  He  was  an  officer  of  the  English  exchequer, 
and  an  ecclesiastic ;  he  held  several  valuable  pre- 


•  Seine  of  these  were  oompulsorily  settled  in 
England,  receiving  lands  in  exchange  for  their 
own.  One  John  le  Scot,  thus  planted  m  the  south, 
became  the  founder  of  die  £unily  of  Scott  of  Bra- 
boome,  in  Kent. 

^  Tbe  dergy  were  placed  in  a  most  painful 
poatian ;  the  ardibishop  of  Canterbury  (Robert 
wiachdbey)  had  received  a  bull,  (dated  Feb.  24, 
zag6,)  threatening  excommunication  to  all  who 
eranted  the  property  of  the  Church  to  the  king, 
but  their  teir  of  penonal  violence  obliged  them 
todoia 

•  He  was  the  king's  lieutenant  in  Oascony,  and 
bein^  after  a  time  exchanged  for  John  Balliol,  the 
cx-kmg  of  Scotland,  returned  to  England,  when 
he  was  actively  employed  in  the  Scottish  wars. 
He  is  spoken  of  in  the  poem  of  the  Siege  of  Car- 


laverock  as  entrusted  with  the  special  change  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  regarded  as  the  most 
experienced  of  the  leaders  of  the  army.  The  cus- 
tody of  the  marches  of  Cumberland  and  Annan- 
dale  was  given  to  him,  and  he  died  in  the  year 
Z303. 

f  The  kbg  wished  them  to  lead  a  force  to  Gas- 
cony,  whilst  he  went  to  Flanders,  but  they  main- 
tained that  they  were  not  bound  to  8;o  abroad  ex- 
cept in  attendance  upon  him.  To  their  ouarrel  be- 
longs the  traditional  story  of  the  origin  of  the  name 
of  Biffot,  borne  by  the  earls  of  Norfolk  ;  but  it  is  a 
mistake,  as  the  nrst  of  them,  created  by  Stephen, 
was  named  Hugh  Bigot. 

Roger  Bigot,  earl  of  Norfolk  and  earl  marshal. 


Anns  of  Bigot,  Sari  VnnihAU 


174 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1297 — 1300. 


of  Scotland  at  the  shrine  of  Edward 
the  Confessor*,  June  iS. 

Several  of  the  Scottish  nobles  sub- 
mit to  Warrenne  at  Irvine,  July  9 ; 
Wallace,  a  simple  knight,  keeps  the 
field. 

The  king  promises  to  renew  Magna 
Charta,  and  sails  for  Flanders,  Aug.  22, 
with  a  large  fleet,  leaving  his  son  Ed- 
ward as  regent. 

Warrenne,  the  guardian,  is  defeated 
by  Wallace  at  Cambuskenneth,  near 
Stiriing,  Sept.  10  ^  Wallace  also  ra- 
vages iSie  north  of  England. 
.  The  earls  of  Hereford  and  Norfolk 
forbid  the  sheriffs  to  levy  any  taxes 
until  Magna  Charta  is  again  con- 
firmed. 

Prince  Edward  sends  it  and  the 
Charter  of  the  Forests  to  the  king, 
who  confirms  them  at  Ghent,  Nov.  5  K 

AJ>.  1298. 

A  two  years'  truce  with  France  is 
concluded,  and  the  king  returns  to  Eng- 
land, landing  at  Sandwich,  March  14. 

Edward  marches  towards  Scotland, 
which  he  enters  in  June,  while  his 
fleet  proceeds  to  the  Frith  of  Forth. 
He  defeats  the  Scots  at  FaDdrk, 
July  22,  and  after  ravaging  the  west  of 
Scotland  retiuns  to  Engkmd. 


AJ).  1299. 

John  Balliol  is  released  fi:t>m  con- 
finement, July  18,  at  the  intercession 
of  the  pope,  and  retires  to  France  K 

The  Scots  appoint  a  regency,  placing 
Bruce  ^  and  Comyn  at  its  head,  and 
continue  the  war. 

A  truce  concluded  with  France,  June 

19. 

The  importation  of  false  money  pro- 
hibited, and  foreign  exchange  r^u- 
lated  [27  Edw.  I.  st  3]. 

The  king  of  France  overruns  Flan- 
ders. 

A.D.  130a 

The  king  seizes  a  large  sum  of 
money  in  the  hands  of  the  Minorites". 

Magna  Charta  and  the  Charter  of 
the  Forests  again  confirmed,  March 
28,  and  ordered  to  be  proclaimed  in 
future  four  times  in  every  year. 

The  royal  army  assembles  at  Car- 
lisle, June  24.  It  enters  Scotland  early 
in  July,  ravages  Galloway",  and  re- 
turns to  England  in  November. 

The  pope  (Boniface  VIII.)  claims 
the  supremacy  of  Scotland,  in  virtue 
of  which  he  demands  the  release  of 
the  Scottish  ecclesiastics  in  the  king's 
hands'*,  and  the  withdrawal  of  his 
troops  ^ 


was  the  nephew  of  the  preceding'  earL  He  served 
agamst  Llewelyn,  and  long  had  the  custody  of  die 
castles  of  Bristol  and  Nottia^haoi^  b«t  at  lensth 
was  deprived  of  them.  He  received  a  pardoa  lor  his 
conduct  on  the  present  occasiooi  hot  he  was  even- 
tually obliged  to  surrender  his  hereditary  office  and 
his  lands  to  the  king,  by  a  deed  dated  at  Colchester, 
April  IS,  1303;  they  were  regranted  lor  bis  life 
only,  July  z».  He  died  fai  xw^,  when  Ae  oflke 
of  marshal  was  givca  to  die  \m^%  aon,  TIkOBias 
of  Brotherton* 

Humphrey  de  Bohun.  earl  of  Hererord  and 
Essex,  and  lord  ocmstable,  succeeded  his  grand- 
Datfaer  (who  had  been  an  active  partisan  of  De 


Arms  of  Bdhmi,  earl  of  Eerefora. 

Montfort)  in  lajrs.  He  served  in  Wales,  France, 
and  Scotland,  withstood  the  arbitrary  proceedings 
of  the  king,  and  died  in  xaoS,  shordy  aher  Magna 
CharU  had  been  confirmed,  mainly  by  his  efforts. 
His  son,  also  named  Humphrey,  manied  the  king's 


daughter.  Elizabeth,  but  met  his  death  in  the  field 
while  opposing  the  proceedings  of  Edward  II.  and 
his  favoarites. 

s  He  also  placed  there  the  "stone  of  destuiy" 
from  Scone.  The  stone  is  still  at  Westminster  im- 
bedded in  the  coronation  chair,  but  the  regaUa 
were  restored  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IIL 

^  Hugh  Cressingham,  the  treasurer,  who  bad  been 
guilty  of  great  oppressioa  in  die  disdiaxve  of  bis 
office,  was  among  die  killed ;  his  body  was  liorxibiy 
mutilated  by  the  victocs* 

>  A  formal  pardon  was  at  die  same  time  nanted 
to  the  earb  of  Hercfcrd  and  Norfolk,  "at  the  spe- 
cial request  of  our  d^car  son.  Edward"  and  his 
counciL 

^  He  died  there,  at  hh  casde  of  BatDenl,  in  13x4. 

1  The  son  of  the  competitor  fior  the  crowa,  who 
£ed  in  1394* 

■  He  t^them  that  the  rule  of  St  IVaaci^  their 
fiounder,  rendered  poverty  obligatory  on  them,  and 
he  couU  not,  as  a  Chrittian  king*  aUow  it  to  be 

•  One  of  dw  castles  taken  was  that  of  Carlave- 
rock,  on  die  Nith,  die  nege  of  which  farms  the 
sul^ect  of  a  curious  contemponurypoesB.  SeeNoCe, 

*  jtebcit,  litthop  of  GmsEOWy  1 


and  Mark,  fatdMp 

,_  .  .     ksanaboaDi 

to  have  perished  throogh  the  hard^h^  of  t 


of  Sodor,  are  named ;  mapfderks  ne  abo  ^Omi 


r  The  pooe'b  ball  was  dated  at  Anagni,  Tone  tj, 
and  it  was  tbrwarded  to  the  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury. (RflJbert  Winchelsev,)  who  delivered  it  to  die 
king  in  his  camp  near  New  Abbey,  in  GaQow^, 
August  a6,  and  returned  to  his  nflnr  st  Odora. 
in  Kent,  on  or  before  October  8L 


JLD.  1300— 1305.] 


EDWAKD  I. 


175 


A  tnxe  granted  to  tke  Scots  at  the 
interoessiQB  of  tbe  king  of  Fiance^ 
Oct.3P. 

AJX  1301. 

A  pariiament  asscmhles  at  Lincoln, 
Jan.  20y  to  consider  the  pope^  de- 
mands. It  agrees  to  a  letter  assert- 
ing the  feudal  dependence  of  Scotland, 
and  refusing  to  allow  the  king  to  send 
ambassadors  to  justify  his  conduct, 
Feb.  12 1. 

The  king  ^so  replies  in  a  similar 
tone.  May  7. 

The  principality  of  Wales  granted 
to  the  king's  ddest  son,  Feb»  7. 

The  king  again  invades  Scotland, 
in  July.  He  meets  little  opposition, 
and  passes  the  winter  there. 

A.D.  1302. 

A  trace  concluded  with  the  Scots, 
Jan.  26,  until  SLAndrewfs  day,  (Nov. 
30). 

The  Flemings  defeat  the  French  at 
Cambray,  July  11. 

Proposals  are  made  for  peace  with 
France,  but  Philip  refuses  to  treat  un- 
less the  Scots  are  included,  and  also 
icquiics  the  king  to  pass  over  in  per- 
son to  negotiate. 

The  parliament  refuses  to  allow  the 
king  to  go  to  France,  treating  the  de- 
mand as  an  insuh. 

A.D.  1303. 

Stirling  castle  is  taken  by  the  Scots, 
Feb.  iS.  The  English  defeated  at  Ros- 
lin  by  Comyn,  the  re^^ent,  Feb.  24. 

Peace  is  made  with  France^  Gas- 
cony  being  restored,  and  the  Scots 
abandoned  to  the  vengeance  of  Ed- 
ward, May  20. 


The  king  again  invades  Scotland,  in 
Jane,  and  advances  as  far  as  the  Mo- 
ray Frith.  He  captnres  Brediin,  Ang. 
9 ;  bums  Dunfermline,  and  passes  the 
winter  in  that  country. 

William  de  Geynesbnrg,  bishop  of 
Worcester^  is  fined  1,000  marks  for 
an  alleged  contempt  of  the  king's  au- 
thority'. 

Robert  Brace'  and  many  other 
Scottish  nobles  submit. 

A.D.  1304. 

Comyn,  the  guardian,  concludes  a 
treaty  with  the  king,  Feb.  4. 

A  parMaraent  Md  at  St  Andrew^ 
under  the  orders  of  Edward,  at  which 
the  Scottish  noUes  in  general  make 
their  submission  to  hmi*,  and  the 
garrison  of  Stirling  castle  are  declared 
outlaws. 

Stirling  is  besieged  by  the  king,  in 
April ;  it  surrenders,  July  24,  when 
the  lives  of  the  garrison  are  spared  at 
the  intercession  of  the  English  nobles. 

The  king  returns  to  England,  leav- 
ing John  de  Segrave  as  governor  of 

A.D.  1305. 
The  writ  of  TrailbAton  issued,  April 
6.  This  writ  sets  forth  that  murderers, 
incendiaries,  thieves,  and  other  viola- 
tors of  the  Hng^  peace  abound,  and 
directs  the  sheriffs  of  each  county  to 
call  to  their  aid  good  and  legal  men 
to  make  inquiry  as  to  all  such  of- 
fenders and  their  abettors.  The  ;»r- 
ties  discovered  were  tried  before  a  kind 
of  special  commissioners  who  visited 
each  district,  and  promptly  and  rigor- 
ously punished. 


«  Two  colics  of  this  remarkable  docament  itill 
eoai  anoQf  die  public  records. 

'  Tbc  pope  (Bonifiwe  VIII.)haa  praBOled  bia 
to  tke  see  on  tihe  refuse  of  tte  erchbnhop  of  Cn- 
tK^mry  {Robert  WuicbAey)  to  conscorata  the 
bwt^i  enaiinfe,  aad  in  his  boll  profcawd  toenat 
baa  the  teanpetalitiea  m  weB  as  the  niritiMJitiea. 
The  bishoAvaaobliced  to  fcaooMe  the  so<aIled 
It,  and  paid    * 


the  abewe  heavy  &ie  for 
tfaaagriwinn  ia  adaritting  that  the  pope  had  | 
todnoeeoftheiaMlieaipQialitiaa.'^  [PateatRoU, 
3X  Wdw.  1.,  wk.  3a.} 

•  He  died  in  Ai^,  2304,  and  his  son,  who  had 
ihrwuElaiol  adhered  to  the  EncHA  intcrest/soc- 
oaeded  to  him  earidoai  of  Anaaa^Je^  bt  conti— ed 
to  pan  his  tiae  ai  Edward^  couit* 

*  Flaeiaffraasoaetofive  vean^  leats  were  ia^ 
aeaed  oa  soaa,  die  bishop  of  Chimriw  aad  soom 
aw  other  persoas  were  baniBhed,  aad  Wallaioe  was 


'  left  to  the  meiry  of  Kiag^  Edward  ottT  Lord.' 
-^  Joha  de  Scfrave  was  oae  of  the  kiBC*s  most 
I  coastabie  of  his 


army  ia  the  cxpediiioa  to  Scotknd  ia  1996.  He 
was  also  fuveimw  of  BerwidE:  aad  aader  Ed- 
ward II.  he  was  made  keeper  of  the  forests  north 


of  IVent. 
tics  ^M( 


inchided  the  cnstodr  of  the 
and  Dofagp.    He  was 


ptaonei  aft  Baanockbom,  bat  seen  esBhtnged.  aid 
vcGCfved  a  large  great  as  oocspeaation  forhisser- 
inces.  Ia  ly 3,  being  saspccted  of  hanag  CsToared 
Ae  escape  of  itoger  Mortiacr  fnm  the  Tower,  he 
WM  seat  ia  diwrace  to  Gaacooy,  where  ha  ahartty 
after  died,  in  the  70th  year  of  ha  age. 


176 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1305—1307. 


Wallace  is  captured  near  Glasgow, 
in  August,  brought  to  London,  and 
executed  as  a  traitor,  Aug.  24. 

A  councU  held  at  London,  in  Sep- 
tember, when  regulations  for  the  go- 
vernment of  Scotland,  now  considered 
as  conquered,  are  drawn  up.  John  of 
Bretagne  the  younger^  is  appointed 
guardian,  Oct  26. 

Robert  Bruce »  leaves  the  English 
court,  and  repairs  to  Scotland. 
A.D.  1306. 

Bruce,  failing  to  induce  Comyn  to 
join  him  in  throwing  off  the  English 
yoke,  kills  him  in  tae  Minorite  con- 
vent at  Dumfries  ^ 

He  is  joined  by  numbers,  drives  out 
the  English  justiciaries  and  garrisons, 
who  flee  to  Berwick,  and  ravages  the 
lands  of  the  adherents  to  the  king. 

Bruce  is  crowned  king  (Robert  L)  at 
Scone,  March  25,  in  presence  of  the 
bishops  of  St  Andrews  and  Glasgow, 
five  earls,  and  many  knights ;  the  cere- 
mony is  repeated  on  Palm  Sunday, 
March  27. 

Aymer  de  Valence*  appointed  lieu- 
tenant and  commander-in-chief  in 
Scotland,  April  5. 

The  Prince  of  Wales  and  many 
young  nobles  are  knighted  with  great 
ceremony,  May  22;  when  the  king 
takes  an  oath  to  conquer  the  Scots  or 
die  in  the  quarrel. 

De  Valence  defeats  Bruce,  and  o- 
bliges  him  to  flee  to  Cantyre,  and 
thence  to  the  Isles. 

The  king  marches  into  Scotland,  in 
July.  Little  opposition  is  made  to  him, 
but  he  captiures  and  executes  many  of 


Bruce's  adherents  ',  and  commits  thDse 
who  siurender  to  close  custody  ^ 

Bruce  suddenly  issues  from  his  re- 
treat, at  the  end  of  September.  He 
besieges  Henry  de  Percy  in  Tumbury 
castle  (near  Girvan,  in  Ayrshire),  but 
an  English  force  puts  him  again  to 
flight 

The  king  passes  the  winter  in  the 
north. 

A.D.  1307. 

A  party  of  Scots,  headed  by  Alex- 
ander and  Thomas  Bruce,  land  in 
Galloway,  Feb.  10.  They  are  cap- 
tured by  Duncan  Macdonald,  a  par- 
tisan of  the  English,  and  sent  to  the 
king,  who  has  them  all  executed,  Fe- 
bruary 17. 

Peter  of  Spain,  the  papal  legate,  ex- 
communicates Bruce,  Feb.  22'. 

Piers  Gaveston  *,  a  favoiuite  of  the 
king's  son  Edward,  is  banished  from 
England,  Feb.  26. 

A  parliament  meets  at  Carlisle, 
March  12. 

Bruce  again  appears,  (about  the  end 
of  March,)  defeats  Aymer  de  Valence^ 
and  besieges  the  earl  of  Gloucester  in 
Ayr.  The  king  raises  the  siege,  and 
Bruce  retires. 

The  king  summons  his  army  to  as- 
semble at  Carlisle  at  the  beginning 
of  July. 

He  commences  his  last  march  against 
Scotland,  leaving  Carlisle  July  3; 
reaches  Burgh  on  the  Sands  (five 
miles  distant),  July  5 ;  dies  there, 
July  7.  His  body  is  brought  to  West- 
minster, and  buried,  Oct  27  *. 


*  John  de  Dreux,  eail  of  Richmood,  the 
nephew,  being  the  aon  of  John  II.  duke  of 
tanny  and  Beatrice,  daughter  of  Henrv  III. 

*  He  had  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the  king  by 
complaining  of  the  execution  of  Wallace,  and  was 
only  saved  from  imprisonment  by  a  hasty  flight. 

7  The  date  is  uncertain :  Jan.  09,  or  Feb.  10. 
■  Son  of  William  de  Valence,  half-brother  of 
Henry  III. 

*  Among  them  were  his  brother  Nigel  Bruoe, 
his  brother-in-law  Seton,  the  earl  of  Athol,  and 
Simon  Fraser.  His  wifcL  his  daughter,  his  two 
sisters,  and  the  countess  of  Buchan,  were  captured, 
and  most  of  them  remained  prisoners  until  after 
the  battle  of  Bannodcbum. 

k  Among  these  were  the  bishops  of  St.  Andrew's 
and  Glasgow  (WUliam  Lamberton  and  Robert 
Wychard)  and  the  abbot  of  Scone,  who  (Aue.  7, 
2w6)  were  ordered  to  be  kept  in  chains  at  win- 
cnester,  Porchester  and  Mere;  Malise,  earl  of 
Stratheam,  was  confined  at  Rochester,  but  not  in 
letters,  Nor.  26,  1306 ;  and  the  king  of  Norway 
was  requested  to  deliver  up  the  bishop  of  Moray, 
who  hsKi  sought  refuge  in  the  Orkneys,  March  6, 
2307.    The  bishop  of  St  Andrew's  was  released 


from  his  dose  confinement  May  a«,  1308,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  remonstrances  01  die  pope;  he 
took  the  oath  of  fealty,  August  iz,  and  appears  to 
have  been  set  at  liberty  soon  after.  The  earl  of 
Stratheam  was  released,  Nov.  z8;  and  the  bishop 
of  Glasgow  was  delivered  over  to  the  papal  legate, 
Dec.  z.  The  iate  of  the  abbot  does  not  appear  ; 
but  if  then  released,  he  was  again  in  pri«m  at  Pw- 
chester  in  Dec  13x3,  and  he  did  not  regain  his 
liberty  till  after  the  battle  of  Bannockbum. 

«  llie  papal  bull  authorudng  this  is  dated  May 
18,  Z306 ;  it  is  grounded  on  the  murder  of  Comyn 
in  achurdi. 

*  He  was  ihe  son  of  Sir  Arnold  Gaveston,  a  strong 
supporter  of  the  English  cause  in  Gascony,  who 
was  unjustly  put  to  death  by  the  king  of  France, 
his  wife  also  being  burnt  as  a  witch.  Queen  Elea- 
nor compassionately  took  the  orphan  as  a  com- 
panion for  her  son,  who  seems  to  nave  entertained 
the  affection  of  a  brother  for  him. 

•  His  dying  injunction  was  thus  disresardcd,  as 
he  had  desired  that  his  remains  should  be  carried 
about  with  the  army,  and  not  deposited  in  the 
grave  until  the  entire  conquest  of  Scotland  had 
been  achieved. 


THE  SIEGE  OF  CARLAVEROCK. 


177 


Events  in  General  History. 


Rise  of  the  House  of  Hapsburg,  by 
the  election  of  Rudolph  as  Em- 
peror       1273 

The   Prussiaiis   conquered  by  the 

Teutonic  Knights    ,        .  1278 


Massacre  of  the  French  in  Sicily    . 
The  Christians  expelled  from  Pales* 

tine 

War  between  Genoa  and  Venice     . 
Rise  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  • 


A.D. 

1282; 

1 291 

1293 
1299 


NOTE. 
The  Siege  of  Carlaverock. 


A  CURIOUS  poem,  bearing  this  title,  Is 
ftscribcd  to  Walter  of  Exeter,  a  monk  of 
the  fourteenth  century,  who  also  wrote  a 
celebrated  History  of  Guy  of  Warwick ;  it 
is  in  Norman  French,  but  a  translation  was 
published  in  1828  by  the  late  Sir  Harris 
Kicolas.  It  narrates  in  a  lively  manner 
the  si^e  and  capture  of  the  castle  of  Car- 
laverodc  in  Nitnsdale,  at  which  both  Ed- 
vard  L  and  his  son  were  present,  and, 
vhidi  constitutes  its  chief  claim  to  interest, 
describes  the  arms,  the  characters,  and  the 
exploits  of  nearly  a  hundred  of  the  nobles 
and  knights  who  accompanied  them.  These 
notices  are  all  of  a  complimentary  cast, 
bat  the  citation  of  a  few  of  them  may  not 
be  uninteresting. 

The  army,  by  the  king's  command,  as- 
sembled at  Carlisle  on  St  John's  day,  in  the 
year  130a  It  was  divided  into  four  squad- 
rons, commanded  by  the  earls  of  Lincoln 
and  Warrenne,  the  king  himself,  and  his 
son  and  successor,  Edwurd  of  Caemarvon. 
The  castle  was  assaulted  and  captured  be- 
tween the  6tfa  and  the  12th  of  July,  and 
among  the  assailants  are  mentioned  Alex- 
ander Balliol,  Simon  Fraser  and  the  earl  of 
Dunbar,  who  afterwards  more  conunend- 
ably  took  arms  in  defence  of  Scotland. 

"Edward,  kins  of  England  and  Scotland,  lord 
of  Irdand,  prince  of  Wales  and  duke  ot  Aauitaine, 
conducted  the  third  squadron  at  a  little  distance, 
and  managed  d&e  order  of  march  so  closely  and 


Inni  of  Edward  I. 

sUy  that  no  one  was  separated  from  the  others, 
la  nis  bttuer  were  three  leopards  of  fine  gold  set 
OB  red,  crud,  fierce,  and  haughty,  thus  placed  to 


signify  that  like  them  the  king  is  dreadful,  fierce, 
and  proud  to  his  enemies,  for  his  Inte  is  slight  to 
none  who  are  envenomed  by  it ;  not  hut  his  kind- 
ntaa  is  soon  rekindled  when  they  seek  his  friend- 
ship again*  and  are  willing  to  return  to  his  peace. 
Such  a  prince  must  be  well  suited  to  be  the  chief- 
tain of  noble  personages." 

"  The  fourth  squadbon,  with  its  train,  was  led  by 
Edward,  the  king^s  son,  a  youth  of  seventeen  years 
of  zg^.  and  bearing  arms  for  the  first  time.  He 
was  ot  a  well-proportioned  and  handsome  person, 
of  a  courteous  disposition,  and  intelligent ;  and  de- 


Inns  of  Idvard  of  Caornarvon. 

sirous  of  finding  an  occasion  to  dinilay  his  prowess. 
He  managed  ms  steed  wonderfully  well,  and  bore 
with  a  blue  label  the  arms  of  the  good  king  his 
father.  Now  God  give  him  ^ce  that  he  be  as 
valiant  and  no  less  so  than  his  fother :  then  may 
those  fall  into  his  hands  who  torn  henceforward  do 
not  act  properiy. 
"  The  brave  John  de  St  John  f  was  every  where 


Anns  of  Lord  8t  John. 

with  him,  who  on  all  his  white  caparisons  had  upon 
a  red  chief  two  gold  mullets." 

Four  other  knights  are  then  mentioned  : 
Robert  de  Tony,  "who  well  evinces  that 
he  is  a  Knight  of  the  Swan ;"  WiUiam  de 
Leybume,   "a  valiant  man,  without  M, 


f  See  A.D.  1397. 
N 


X78 


THE  SIEGE  OF  CARLAVE&OCK. 


:axid  without  i/;"  WiUiam  de  lAtimer, 
"•'of  whom  prowess  had  made  a  friend ;" 
and  Hemry  le  Tyes,  less  famous  appa- 
ceatly,  as  notfaixii^  is  mentimied  but  the 
colour  of  kb  banner;  bat  m  tiKiir  coat- 
pmy  is  a  well-known  name : — 

**  And  then  Roger  de  Mottiinerff»  who  ma  both 
sides  the  sea  hak  borne,  wherever  he  went,  a  shield 
lorry,  with  a  chief  paly  aud  the  comers  gyronny, 


AsBB  of  WuUbhc* 

aad  emblaaoned  with  goU.  and  with  bluav  wiib  tlic 

escutcheon  voided  of  ermine.  He  proceeded  with 
the  others,  for  he  and  the  before-named  were  ap- 
pointed to  conduct  and  giiard  the  king's  son.  .... 
"Their  friends  and  neighbours  were  two  bro- 
thers, cousins  to  the  long  s  son,  named  Thomas 
and  Henry,  who  were  the  sons  of  Monsieur  £d- 
mond^,  the  wdl-bdovcd*  who  was  formerly  so 
tfaJIed. 


Azmttf 


^Thomas  was  earl  oTLancMter' :  tl^  it  the  de- 
scription of  his  arms ;    those  of  England  with  a 
label  of  France,  and  be  didmot  wish  to  di^hy  any 
others. 
"*;  Those  of  'Jtexaeyi  4-  do  not  repeat  |o  j'ou, 
<  wbbse  whole  daily  study,  was  to  resemble  his^ood 
*  father, -Couc;^  he  batt  the  arms  of  his  brother,'  with  a 
i>hie  baton,'>ilhaut.the  label." 

A  fortunate  private  gentleman  was  also 
.  in  the  royal  host,  who  is  thus  noticed  : — 

**He  by  whom  they  [the  royal  youths]  were 
wen  supported  acquired,  after  great  doubts  and 
fean  until  it  pleased  God  he  should  be  delivered, 
the  love  of  tne  ooanteM  of  Gloucester,  for  whom 
he  a  long  time  endured  gnat  sufferings.  He  had 
only  a  banner  of  fine  goldwith  three  red  chevrons  k. 
Vk  made  no  bad  appearance  whea  aicifedl  in  Us 
•own  arms,  which  were  ydlew  with  a  jpncs  ea^fek 
Xiianam*  was  Ralph  de  Monthermer. 


Aims  of  Glare. 

Beside  this,  his  son-in-law,  two  kins- 
men of  the  khog  were  pnstM.  TIw  first 
was  that  earl  of  Pembroke  wbose  bcao- 
tifiii  feomb  itifl  lenaias  m  We 
Abbey^— 

'*The  vafant  Aymexdc  VakoGe' 
txftti  banner  there  of  silver  and  azure  stu£^ 
reandeidbya  buiuec  or  red  uuutfccs* 


insf  oC  Aymir  it  T9im0B^  «rt  if 


The  other  was  Pembroke^  sncle;.  tiie 
eail  Wanenne  and  Suf  f  ey  *.  ne*  httn 
fled  from  the  field  at  Lrwea^  and  hod 
mofe-  reoemlr  been  totatfy  defeated  \fy 
the  Scots  at  Stirluig,  but  tke  poet  is  jadi- 
cioasty  Aikat  <Mi  r 


"Jolm.  dK  good  Mri  eflVWraae^  hdU  dbe 

rems  to  regulate  and  govern  the  secoad  sqoadroB. 
as  he  who  wdl  knew  how  to  lead  noble  and  ooooor- 


able  men.    His  banner  was  handsomely  checinered 
with  gold  and  azure." 

We  have  also  a  very  favourable  notice 


9  the  vBcfit  of  Rageii  the  favrmfte  c£  Qtieen 

'  StcJLVk  tMS-  ^  See  A.IX  13x0^ 

i  Known  as  Henry  of  Monmouth;  he  obtained  re- 
Ktoiation  of  hb  brodier's  honours,  and  died  in  1345. 
k  xiie  arms  of  his  wife's  first  husband.    MontEtt> 


met  was  **ri<d  eaal  of  GlaiiCTUrt  and  Ilai'aftiwt 
during-  her  uietinic»  but  had  to  reaigp  the  tide  to 
his  stepson  on  her  deceit.    He  married  a  sistev 
of  Aymer  de  Valence,  and  died  about  a.d.  13x8. 
>  Son  of  the  half-brother  of  Henry  III.    See 


A.IX  sa47. 


>  See  A.D.  xa64. 


THE  SIEGE  OF  CARLAVEROCK. 


179 


of  a  famous  churchman,  the  **  proud  An- 
thony Bck»,"  "the  noble  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham, the  most  vigilant  derk  in  the  king- 
dom, yea,  verily,  of  Christendom." 

"Wise  he  was  and  weU  spoken,  temperate,  just, 
and  chaste.  You  nerer  came  near  a  rich  man  who 
better  rnulated  his  Ufe.  Pride,  coretousness,  and 
envy  he  had  quite  cast  cot.  Not  but  that  he  car- 
ried a  lofty  heart  for  the  maintenance  of  his  rights, 
so  that  he  sufiieRd  not  tamely  any  conspiracy  of 
his '     " 


He  had  accompanied  the  king  in  krrmtr 
wars  "with  a  great  and  expensive  reti- 
nue," thon^  he  could  not  appear  here, 
owing  to  some  lawsuit, — 

"  but  ,beiiw  well  inlbrmed  of  his  expedition,  he 
sent  him  ofhis  people  one  hundred  aw)  sixty  men 
at  arms.  Arthur,  in  former  times,  with  sdl  his 
spcUs,  had  not  so  fine  a  present  from  Meiiin.  He 
sent  daere  his  cangn,  which  was  gules  with  a  fer 
du  moulin  of  ermine." 

Our  author's  heraldry  is  at  £udt,  as  the 
bishop's  seal  shews  that  he  bore,  not  a  fer 
du  moulin,  but  a  cross  cerdec^  as  here 
represented. 


Walter  is  usually  laudatory  in  his  men- 
tion of  each  person,   but  occasionally  a 


of  Anthony  ^tt, 

sBght  touch  of  satire,  like  the  following; 
escapes  him: — 

"Alan  dc  la  Zooche,  to  shew  that  riches  were 
perishable,  bore  besaaU  on  his  red  banner ;  for  I 
well  know  that  he  has  H>cnt  more  treasure  than  is 
suspended  in  his  purse.*^ 


>  He  was  a  younger  son  of  Waller,  baron  Bck 
of  Eresby,  and  lield  at  the  same  time  die  office  of 
archdeacon  of  Durham  and  constable  of  the  Tower 
of  London.  In  1283  h^  was  chosen  bidiop  of  Dur- 
ham, but  engaging  in  an  attempt  to  reduce  the 
prior  and  monks  uiere  to  his  authority  he  was 
withstood,  and  venturing  to  leave  the  country 
without  licence  in  order  to  appeal  to  the  pope,  his 
vast  temporal  possessions  were  seized.  He  after 
a  time  re|nined  them,  but  the^r  were  twice  more 
seized ;  still  he  was  eventually  triumphant,  was  ap- 
parently a  personal  favourite  of  Edward  I.,  and 
attended  him  on  his  death-bed.  He  received  from 
■the  pope  the  title  of  patriarch  of  Jerusalem,  bought 


abo  the  sovereignty  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  at 
length  died  (March  3,  i3»i)  the  richest  subject  in 
Chratendom.  Yet  he  had  been  famous  for  the 
magnificenee  of  his  household,  and  he  had  built 
many  castles,  some  coUeses  and  chantries,  and  the 
noble  manor-house  of  Eltham  in  Kent,  which  after- 
wards became  a  royal  palace.  Under  him  the 
power  and  dignity  of  the  bishops  of  Durham,  as 
counts  palatine,  were  carried  to  their  highest 
pitch,  and  he  also  was  the  first  of  their  number 
who  was  buried  in  the  cathedral,  none  before  him 
deeming  themselves,  or  being  deemed,  worthy  of 
sepulture  in  the  same  edifice  with  St.  Cuthbert. 


•■-ON   H 

^  OR  7H6  USi  Or  'H' 


N  2 


emt  Seal  of  Sdwud  n. 


EDWARD  11. 


Edward,  the  fourth  son  of  Ed- 
ward I.  and  Eleanor  of  Castile,  was 
bom  at  Caernarvon,  April  25, 1284.  By 
the  deatii  of  his  brother  Alphonso  in 
the  August  following  he  became  heir 
to  the  throne,  and  in  1301  he  received 
the  title  of  Prince  of  Wales. 

Piers  Gaveston,  the  son  of  a  Gascon 
knight  who  had  been  put  to  death  by 
the  French,  was  chosen  as  the  com- 
|>anion  of  the  youn^  prince,  and  this 
circumstance  exercised  a  most  un- 
happy influence  on  the  destiny  of 
both.  Edward,  whose  disposition  was 
too  light  and  gay  to  please  his  father, 
was  frequently  embroiled  with  him  in 
conseouence  of  his  own  misconduct 
as  well  as  that  of  his  favourite',  and 
one  of  the  last  acts  of  the  dying  king 
was  an  endeavour  to  perpetuate  the 
banishment  of  the  latter. 


Edward  became  king  July  8,  1307, 
being  then  on  the  border  of  Scotland, 
but  he  at  once  abandoned  the  contest, 
recalled  his  favourite,  and  imprisoned 
or  banished  many  of  his  fathers  minis- 
ters. Gaveston,  to  whom  all  affairs 
were  committed,  was  created  earl  of 
Cornwall,  and  married  to  th^  king's 
niece,  Margaret  de  Clare;  his  inso- 
lence was  intolerable  to  the  nobles, 
and  after  being  more  than  once  ban- 
ished and  readied,  he  was  put  to 
death  by  them  in  the  year  1312,  the 
king  having  in  the  meantime  been 
stripped  of  power,  by  his  cousin, 
Thomas  earl  of  Lancaster,  and  his 
associates. 

In  1 314  Edward  invaded  Scotland 
at  the  head  of  a  lar^e  army,  but,  being 
ill  supported  by  his  nobles,  he  was 
signally    defeated    by    Robert    I.    at 


•  A  roll  of  the  prince's  letters  in  the  Public 
Record  Office  shews  that  he  was  harshly  treated 
by  the  king,  but  found  a  warm  friend  in  his  step- 
mother^ Queen  Margaret.  On  occasion  of  a  quarrel 
vith  Bishop  Langton,  theprince's  lands  were  seixed 


and  his  household  broken  ujs  when  his  sisters  sent 
him  money  and  placed  their  property  at  his  di»> 
posal,  and  the  queen  never  ceased  to  uteroedc  for 
him  until  he  was  restored  to  favour. 


EDWARD   II. 


I8l 


Bannockbum,  June  24,  and  never 
after  made  any  serious  attempt  to 
renew  the  enterprise ;  while  the  Scots, 
on  the  other  hand,  ravaged  the  north 
of  England,  and  took  some  steps  for 
the  conquest  of  Ireland. 

After  a  time  the  king  regained  his 
povrer  by  the  help  of  Hugh  le  Despen- 
scr,  vho,  however,  was  soon  banished. 
Edward  took  up  arms,  recalled  De- 
spenser,  and  defeated  and  killed  the 
earls  of  Lancaster  and  Hereford  ;  but 
their  party  was  joined  by  the  queen, 
whom  Despenser  had  offended.  She 
went  to  France,  taking  her  son  Ed- 
ward with  her,  under  the  pretext  of 
accommodating  a  dispute  with  the 
French  Idng  O&er  brother)  about  the 
homage  of  Gascony.  The  earl  of  Kent 
(the  king's  brother),  Roger  Mortimer, 
and  other  nobles,  repaired  to  her,  and 
a  small  mercenary  force  was  raised, 
with  which  she  invaded  England,  in 
September,  1326.  The  king  fled  be- 
fore them,  his  favourites  were  seized 
and  executed,  and  he  himself  beine 
c^tured,  he  was  formally  deposed, 
Jan.  7,  1327,  and  murdered  at  Berke- 
ley castle,  the  21st  of  September  fol- 
lowing. 

Edward  married,  in  1308,  Isabella, 
daughter  of  Philip  IV.  of  France. 
She  bore  him  two  sons  and  two 
daughters,  but  disgraced  herself  by  a 
criminal  amour  with  Roger  Mortimer, 
and  died  Aug.  22,  1356,  at  Hertford, 
after  a  seclusion,  sometimes  more, 
sometimes  less  strict,  of  twenty-seven 


AndBnt  Anni  of  Franoe. 

years.    Of  the  children  of  their  mar- 
riage, 

1.  Edward  became  king. 

2.  John  of  Eltham,  bom  Aug.  25, 
131 5,  was  in  1328  created  earl  of 
Cornwall,  and  in  the  following  year 
named  custos  of  the  kingdom,  during 
the  absence  of  the  king  in  France. 
He  died  at  St.  John's  town,  near  Perth, 
in  Scotland,  Oct.  1336. 

3.  Eleanor,  bom  1318,  married  Rey- 
nald  II.,  count  of  Gueldres,  and,  after 
a  life  rendered  miserable  by  tie  ill 
conduct  of  her  husband  and  her  sons, 
she  died  in  a  nunnery  at  Deventer, 
April  22,  1355. 

4.  Joan,  bom  in  the  Tower,  in  1321, 
was  m  1329  married  to  David,  prince 
of  Scotland,  (afterwards  David  II.) 
She  accompanied  him  in  his  exile 
in  France,  and  solicited  permission 
to  share  his  imprisonment  in  Eng- 
land; but  she  was  at  length  obliged 
to  separate  from  him  through  his  own 
misconduct,  and  retum  to  her  brother's 
court,  where  she  died,  Sept.  7, 1362. 

Edward  II.  bore  the  same  arms  as 


Uvazd  n.  from  Ills  Xonnment  In  OlooooBter  Oatliednl. 


Armi  of  Hdward  n. 


his  father,  but  for  a  badge  he  used 
a  casUe,  probably  in  token  of  his  de- 
scent from  the  kings  of  Castile. 

The    character   of  this   king  was 
manifestly  rather  weak  than  wicked. 


Those  who  deposed  and  murdered 
him  charged  him  justly  with  neglect 
of  his  office,  and  profusion  to  a  few 
favourites^;  but  they  did  not  allege 
against  him  oppressive  exactions  and 


^  GaT«stoa  and  the  Despensen.    These  men,  I  nothing  more  than  trusted  ministers,  but  that  age 
«dioiMly  tenncd   "  fiiTonrites,"  were,  probably,  I  did  not  tolerate  government  by  deputy. 


l82 


THE  PLASTAGEKETS. 


[A.D.  1307— 13  lO. 


merciless  proscription;  yet  was  his 
fate  one  ot  the  hanlest  recorded  in 
history. 


A,D.  1307, 

Edward  is  received  as  king,  at 
Carlisle,  Saturday,  July  8«.  He  shortly 
after  proceeds  towards  Dumfries,  where 
some  of  the  Scottish  nobility  do  homage 
to  him,  early  in  August 

He  appoints  Aymer  de  Valence 
guardian  and  lieutenant  in  Scothuxi, 
Aug.  30"*,  and  returns  to  England. 

Gaveston  is  recalled  *.  Many  of  the 
kingf s  coundl  are  drii^en  from  the 
court,  and  some  nnprisoned '. 

Gareston  is  made  custos  of  the 
Idngdom,  Dec.  16,  on  occasion  of  die 
king  going  to  France. 

A.D.  1306. 

The  Knights  Templars  are  sdzed 
in  each  county  of  England,  on  the 
same  day,  Jan.  10 '. 

The  kmg  marries  Isabella  (dau^ter 
of  Philm  IV.,  king  of  France),  at  Bon- 
logae,  Jan.  28.  He  returns  to  Enp^land 
Feb.  7,  and  is  crowned  at  Westmmster 
Feb.  25  \ 


A  parliament  assembles,  April  2S. 
Great  complaints  are  made  of  tlie 
conduct  of  Gaveston  and  he  is  ban- 
ished, May  18.  The  king  appomts 
him  gorenior  of  Ireland,  Jxme  16^ 
where  he  shews  courage  sand  skill  in 
dealing  with  the  turbulent  English 
and  the  imsubdued  Irish  \ 

The  county  of  Cornwall  granted  to 
Gareston  and  his  heirs,  Aug.  5. 

A.D.  130^ 

A  tmce  concluded  with  Scotland, 
which  lasts  till  August,  131a 

A  parfiament  held  at  Stamford, 
July  26,  which  agrees  to  the  return  of 
Gaveston. 

JLD.  13101 

The  beroBS  generally  refuse  to  meet 
die  kmg  in  a  parliament  whidi  Is  son- 
mooed  at  Yoric  in  Janmry ;  Gaveston 
absconds  in  February. 

The  pariiament  meets  at  West- 
minster m  Lent,  when  the  archbishop 
of  Canterbury  (Robert  Winchclsey), 
seven  other  bisho|is,  and  thirteen 
barons,  are  appointed  to  draw  up 
ordinances  for  the  ''better  regulation 
of  the  king's  household  J." 


*7V 


Ais  rqgDal  ireaxs  are  computed  nx)oi  this 


'  vainNc  tciiKBeil  ukb  ofioe  MBOst  inimctliately, 
mnd  k  was  bestowed  on  Jokn  de  Drciuc,  eari  ol 
Ridimond,  SepL  13. 

•  He  vas«vcD  nfoK  Ut  rdbn  cmated  caxl  of 
OnmaH(AjK.  6,  z^syl,  but  tUs  was  ao  vaaop^Ur, 
"  r  any  one  ooold  be  found  to  ^ve  mm  the 


that  hardi;. 

title  in  orcunary  conversation ;  the  king  was  unwise 
enoush  to  issue  a  proclamation  on  the  subject, 
which  was  univenaUy  disregarded. 

f  The  chancellor  (Ralph  BUdock,  bishop  of  Lon- 
donV  several  of  the  judgo^  the  bsBons  of  the 
cxcnequer.  and  the  treasurer  (Walter  de  Langton, 
bishop  of  LichfiddX  iraK  afl  ifii^aced. 

ff  They  were  also  sdaed  ia  Irdand  and  in  Soot- 
land,  in  virtue  of  a  writ  dated  Dec  ao,  13^7 ;  the 
exact  dav  was  left  to  the  dtief  officers  in  each 
country,  out  it  was  to  be  before  any  news  of  what 
had  been  done  in  England  oocdd  reach  the  knights, 
lest  thev  should  attenqit  to  escape.  Their  estates 
were  placed  in  the  charge  of  the  sherifis,  and  out 
of  them  the  sum  of  ar.  a  day  was  allowed  for  the 
sum>ort  of  the  grand  master.  William  de  la  More. 
and  id.  for  each  of  the  knights.  De  la  Moae  died 
in  the  Tower  before  the  formal  suppression  of  tiie 
Order  by  the  Pope^  and  then  the  remaining  knights 
were  placed  in  various  monasteries.  From  a  reootd 
cf  the  Knights  Hoqntallei^  who  cveatoaHy  re- 
ceived a  larjne  part  of  their  pnperty,  we  leam  that 
some  of  the  Templars  were  alive,  wd  In  receipt  of 
a  MmuB,  as  late  as  A.A. -X39ft. 

^  GavertOB  bore  die  crowa  ia  the  prerfsrion,  and 
Hoger  Mortimer  and  Hugh  Despenser,  with  two 
others,  carried  a  great  "  tables  on  which  royal 
robes  were  displayed. 

i  The  time  of  ins  stay  in  Irebad  is  moatain, 
but  it  was  •     - 


_  to  be  attested  bybim  at  Langley,  Dec  5, 
X30A. 

J  llietr  jpnajntiwrnt  was  by  virtue  of  letters 
pateOL  dated  Slanch  x6,  13x9,  and  they  were  sworn 
idto  tince  four  davs  after. 

The  head  of  the  party  was  the  Un^s  ooorin, 
Thomas,  eari  of  Lancaster,  who  was  Uie  son  of 
Edmund  Crouchback  by  Bhndie,  granddaughter 
of  Louis  VIIL  of  France;  he  became  president  of 
the  council,  assisted  at  the  death  of  Gaveston,  and 
long  had  all  the  power  of  the  kingdom  in  his  hands, 
his  great  ally  bemg  tlm  eari  of  Herefordj  the  king's 
brotner-in-law.  lie  pnoored  the  banishment  of 
the  new  favourite,  Deapenaer,  but  was  soon  after 
forsaken  by  manprvClns  adherents  in  conseqaence 


AXBIlT 


Mil  tf  IttOtttBT. 


of  a  qnaml  widx  bb  wife  (ABc^  the  heirem  of  the 
eari  m  Linooh^ ;  he  then  fanned  a  lei^ue  wiih  the 
king  of  Scotland,  and  marched  northward  to  join 
him.  He  was  intercepted  at  Boroughbridge  bv 
Sir  Andrew  Harda,  defeated,  and  takien  pnsoocr. 
Being  hurried  before  the  king,  he  was  at  onoe  con. 
dcamed  to  death,  «ad  orrcirtcd  wilh  miny  cKCum- 


AJJL  2310—1316.] 


EDVTARD  n. 


t«3; 


The  king  invades  Scotland  in  Sep- 
tember, and  meets  but  little  c^iposi- 
tion.  He  is  joined  by^  Gaveston^  who 
brings  some  meicenaiy  troops  to  his 
as^stanoe. 

Gaveston  is  created  justictaty  of  the 
forests  on  this  side  Trent,  OoL  x. 

The  king  winters  at  Bervidc 

The  king  returns  to  England  in 
Joly,  leaving  Gaveston  with  a  gar- 
rison in  Bamborough  CasUe. 

The  parliament  meets,  and  remans 
in  session  from  August  to  Octobor. 
Its  "ordinances*  for  the  govemroent 
of  his  house  and  realm  are  accepted 
by  the  king,  Oct.  5  ;  the  principal  ones 
providing  for  the  banishment  of  Gave- 
ston^ friMn  Nov.  I,  the  resumptkm  of 
the  king's  grants  to  him,  and  the  ob- 
servance of  the  Charters. 

The  casde  of  Linlithgow  captM>ed 
by  stratagpsm  by  the  Scots. 

AJ).  1312. 

Perth  is  sniprised  by  Robert  Bmce, 
Jan.  8. 

The  king  recalls  Gaveston,  Jan.  18 ; 
r^rants  him  his  estates,  Jan.  20. 

The  bishop  of  Lichfield  is  set  at 
liberty,  at  the  intercession  of  the  pope 
(Gcment  V.),  Jan. ;  and  restor^  to 
office  as  treasurer,  March  14. 

TTic  Older  of  Templars  formally  sup- 
pressed by  the  pope's  bull,  April  3*. 

The  barons,  hesuied  by  Thomas,  earl 
of  Lancaster,  take  up  arms.  The  king 
advances  against  them,  first  placing 
Gaveston  in  Scarborough  castle. 

Gaveston  is  besieged,  and  surrenders 
on  promise  of  life,  May  ig.  He  is,  in 
spite  of  this,  executed,  in  the  presence 
of  the  carl  of  Lancaster  and  other 
nobles,  at  Blacklow  Hill,  near  War- 
wick, June  19*. 

The  king's  forces  desert  him,  when 
he  is  obliged  to  make  peace  with  the 
barons,  and  to  promise  them  pardon 
for  the  death  of  Gaveston,  Dec  20. 


A.D.  I313. 

The  strong  castles  of  Roxburgh  andT 
Edinburgh  captured  by  the  Scots^  and 
Stiilii^  (almost  the  only  remainii^^ 
fortress  in  the  hands  of  the  £n^l2sh>« 
besieged. 

The  kingand  his  queen  go  to  France  . 
M^  23,  to  be  present  at  the  coronatioD'  • 
of  Louis  X. ;  which  occasions  a  dday 
of  the  promised  pardon^  and  greatly 
incenses  the  barons. 

The  king  returns  July  r6,  and  issues- 
safe  conducts  for  the  earl  of  Lancaster 
and  his  confederates. 

The  parliament  meets  in  September.. 
General  and  also  ^)edal  pardons  are 
granted  (472  in  number),  Oct  16^  and 
the  adherents  of  Gaveston  are  in- 
cluded. 

The  king  prepares  for  an  esqicditioir 
against  Scodand. 

AJ>.  1314. 

He  mnrches  with  a  large  force  iota 
Scotland,  in  June.  The  earl  of  Lan- 
caster and  some  other  nobles  refuse 
to  attend,  whilst  Aymer  de  Valence 
and  others  behave  treacherously  in  the 
field.  The  king  is  totally  defeated  at 
Bannockbom  (near  Stirling),  June  24% 
and  flees  to  Berwick. 

Robert  Bruce's  rdadves  *,  and  some- 
Scottish  ecclesiastics,  are  set  at  liberty 
in  exchange  for  some  of  the  chief  £ng- 
lishprisoners  taken  at  Bannockbum. 

The  earl  of  Lancaster  takes  the  con- 
trol of  the  kingdom. 

A.D.  1315. 

Edward  Bruce  (brother  of  Robert) 
invades  Ireland,  in  May;  he  is  warmly 
received  by  the  natives. 

The  Scots  ravage  Northnmbexland^ 
and  besiege  Carlisle,  in  August 

The  earl  of  Pembroke  ravages  Scot- 
land, but  is  obliged  to  retire. 

AJ>.  I316. 

The  Welsh  take  up  arms,  under 
Llewelyn  Bren,  and  form  an  alliance 


stances  of  insalt  and  cmeky,  March  aa,  xaaa,  and 
buried  at  Pomfret.  By  dM  people  in  general  he 
was  regarded  as  a  martyr,  attempts  were  made  to 
procure  his  mnnnrnnioa,  and  oflerings  long  con- 
timied  to  be  made  at  his  tomb. 

k  xiie  kBigr  wrote  ia  his  fitTonr  to  the  duke  of 
Bnihaal;^ Oct.  o;  aad^  when  he  went  abroad  he 
employed  hnudf  m  hning  troops  to  retuni  with 
him  to  Spglaad,  which  they  dia  in  the  following 
veer. 

tfidr  lands  were  granted  to  A« 

^japttallcn,  in  1334  [17  £dw.  II.  c.  3], 


but  many  manon  had  htm.  already  given  by  die.' 
king  to  priTate  iuUTidiisik. 

■  His  body  was  buried  by  the  hfinorites  in  their 
chnrch  at  Oxford,  but  it  was  removed  in  11x4  to 
Langley*  vhere  the  loaf  had  founded  a  diurch 
with  jmests  to  pray  for  his  sonL 

*  Amoo^  the  slam  was  the  young  eari  of  Glonoes* 
ter,  the  long's  nephew.  As  he  left  no  issue,  his 
estates  fdl  to  hu  sisters,  one  of  whom  had  been 
the  wife  of  Gaveston,  and  another  was  aaxried  l» 
Hu^  le  Deapenser. 

•See  A.D.  X306. 


i84 


THE  PLANTAGBNETS. 


[a.d.  1316 — 1321. 


with  Edward  Bruce.  They  are  in- 
duced to  submit  before  the  end  of  the 
year'. 

The  king  proposes  a  fresh  invasion 
of  Scotland  in  August ;  but  the  earl 
oif  Lancaster  and  his  partisans  re- 
fuse to  join  the  royal  army,  and  it  is 
absmdoned. 

The  Irish  are  defeated  with  vast 
slaughter  at  Athenree,  in  the  west,  by 
the  English,  Aug.  ib. 

Robert  Bruce  passes  into  Ireland, 
to  the  assistance  of  his  brother,  Sep- 
tember. 

A.D.  1 31 7. 

The  Scots  traverse  Ireland,  as  far 
as  Limerick,  early  in  the  year,  but 
lose  many  men  in  their  return  to  the 
north ;  Robert  Bruce  retires. 

The  pope  (John  XXII.)  attempts  to 
negotiate  a  peace  between  England 
and  Scotland.  Bruce  being  only  styled 
**  governor  of  Scotland,"  refuses  to 
treat,  or  to  admit  the  papal  legates ; 
he  is  excommunicated  a  second  time, 
March  28,  and  his  ki^dom  placed 
under  an  interdict 

The  Irish  appeal  to  the  pope  against 
the  tyranny  otitic  English  settlers,  and 
desire  either  to  be  left  independent,  or 
to  hold  their  lands  inmiediately  of  the 
king.  The  pope  expostulates  with  the 
king,  and  procures  a  promise  of  better 
government  for  the  future. 

The  earl  of  Lancaster's  power  shaken 
by  a  quarrel  with  the  earl  Warrenne. 


A.D.  1318. 

Bruce  retakes  Berwick,  April  2 ;  the 
Scots  ravage  Yorkshire  \ 

A  parliament  held  in  July,  when 
a  council  of  sixteen  is  appointed  to 
"assist  the  king  V 

Edward  Bruce  is  defeated  and  killed, 
at  Faughard,  near  Dundalk,  Oct.  14. 

A.D.  1319. 

The  king,  assisted  by  the  Cinque 
Ports  fleet,  besieges  Berwick,  but  is 
unable  to  retake  it 

A  two  years'  truce  concluded,  Dec. 
21,  between  ^Edward,  king  of  Eng- 
land" and  "  Sir  Robert  de  Brus." 

A.D.  1320. 

The  king  goes  to  France,  and  does 
homage  for  his  possessions  there,  June, 
July. 

A  parliament  held  in  October,  in 
which  the  supremacy  of  the  English 
in  the  narrow  seas  is  asserted ". 

The  king  chooses  a  new  favourite, 
Hugh  le  Despenser,  and  bestows  vast 
estates  on  him  K 

A.D.  1321. 

The  earl  of  Hereford  and  other 
nobles  ravage  Despenser's  lands,  and 
form  an  association  to  drive  him  and 
his  father  from  the  kingdom. 

They  seize  on  London,  hold  a  par- 
liament, and  banish  the  Despensers  % 
Aug.  19. 


P  They  appear  to  have  been  more  leniently  treated 
than  was  then  usual ;  as,  eariy  in  the  year  (Feb.  7), 
the  king  ordered  that  certain  andent  customs  should 
be  observed  and  abuses  removed,  and  in  Novem- 
ber many  prisoners  were  liberated  and  their  lands 
restored. 

«  Thdr  expeditions  were  conducted  with  sdch 
daring,  that  at  one  time  the  queen,  at  another  the 
king,  very  narrowly  escaped  falling  into  their 
hands. 

'  The  eari  of  Lancaster  was  at  its  head,  and 
soon  after  (October  as)  a  formal  treaty  was  pro- 
posed between  him  and  the  king  for  the  pardon  of 
their  adherents,  but  the  earl  refused  to  include 
Warrenne. 

•  Bv  authority  of  ^liament  a  treaty  was  con- 
dudea  with  the  Flemmgs,  for  the  redress  of  various 
grievances  of  which  thev  had  complained  :  in  the 
proceedings  it  is  stated  on  both  sides  that  the 
king  is  "lord  of  the  sea"  between  England  and 
Britanny. 

*  He  received  in  marriage  Eleanor,  one  of  the 
co-heiresses  of  the  eari  of  Gloucester  (who  had 
been  killed  at  Bannockbum);  a  great  part  of  South 
Wales  thus  fell  to  his  share,  but  he  was  soon  em- 
broiled with  his  neighbours,  the  marchers,  among 
whom  the  Mortimers  were  the  most  formidable. 
Hb  great-grandCaither,  Hugh  le  Despenser,  was 
keeper  of  the  castle  of  Bridgnorth  in  the  eariy  part 


of  the  reign  of  Henry  III. ;  his  grandfather  was  in 
the  service  of  Richard,  king  of  the  Romans,  but 
afterwards  joined  the  barons,  became  Uieir  lusti- 
dary,  and  was  killed  on  thdr  side  at  Evesnam ; 
his  father  served  with  great  reputation  in  idl  die 
id  was 


wars  of  Edward  I., 


i  was  one  of  his  *•<"""**- 


AnnsofSeBpeiuar. 

sioners  to  condude  a  peace  with  France.  In  coo- 
sequence  of  the  favour  of  his  son  the  dder  De- 
Spenser  was  created  eari  of  Winchester,  in  zjaa,  and 
he  was  involved  in  his  ialL 

*>  The  younger  Despenser  turned  pirate,  and 
selnd  many  nch  vessels,  p«iticularly  two  large 
ships  at  Sandwich. 


A.D.   1321—1325-] 


EDWARD   II. 


»8S 


The  queen  is  refused  admission 
Into  Leeds  castle*,  in  Kent ;  the  king 
inarches  against  it,  and  having  cap- 
tured it,  hangs  the  governor,  Oct.  31, 

He  recalls  the  Despensers,  Dec  8, 
and  ravages  the  lands  of  the  barons. 

The  earl  of  Lancaster  forms  an  al- 
liance with  the  Scots  %  and  draws  to- 
gether his  partisans  in  the  north  of 
England. 

A.D.  1322. 

The  king  marches  against  the  ba- 
rons, but  oners  them  pardon,  March  3. 
Lancaster  retreats  before  him ;  is  de- 
feated at  Boroughbridge,  March  16, 
and  taken  prisoner  next  day,  tried  by 
a  military  council,  and  executed  at 
Pontefract,  March  22.  Many  of  his 
adherents  are  slain  ^,  others  taken, 
(among  the  latter,  Roger  Mortimer* 
and  lord  Badlesmere).  Many  of  the 
forfeited  estates  are  given  to  Hugh  le 
Despenser. 

The  king  invades  Scotland,  but 
without  effecting  anything,  and  his 
forces  are  greatly  harassed  on  their 
retreat. 

A.D.  1323. 

Sir  Andrew  Harcla  •,  warden  of  the 


west  marches,  is  detected  in  corre* 
spondence  with  the  Scots,  and  exe- 
cuted, Feb.  27. 

A  truce  for  thirteen  years  concluded 
with  Scotland,  May  30. 

Roger  Mortimer  escapes  to  France, 
early  in  August.  Others  of  the  Lan- 
castrian party  ravage  Hugh  le  De- 
Spenser's  lands. 

The  king  is  summoned  to  France 
to  do  homage  to  the  new  king,  Charles 
IV. 

A.D.  1324. 

The  French  attempt  the  conquest 
of  Gascony. 

A.D.  1325. 

The  queen,  being  sent  to  France  in 
March,  arranges  a  treaty  on  the  affairs 
of  Gascony,  May  31. 

The  king,  fallmg  ill  at  Dover,  trans- 
fers his  foreign  possessions  to  his  son 
Edward,  and  sends  him  to  do  the 
homage  agreed  on  for  them,  Septem- 
ber 12. 

The  queen  forms  an  intrigue  with 
Roger  Mortimer,  and  refuses  to  return 
to  England  unless  the  Despensers  are 
banished  ;  the  earl  of  Kent  (the  king's 
brother)' joins  her. 


*  This  castle,  which  was  part  of  her  dower,  had 
been  placed  in  the  keeping  of  Bartholomew.  Lord 
Badlesmere,  who  was  also  warden  of  the  Cinque 
Ports,  and  the  king's  steward.  He,  however,  had 
joined  the  earl  of  Lancaster,  and  had  directed  the 
governor,  Thomas  Colepraer,  to  admit  no  one  ex- 
cep|t  by  order  from  lumself.  The  queen,  being  on 
a  pilgrimage  to  Canterbury,  wished  to  lodge  in  the 
castle,  but  this  was  refused,  and  several  of  her  at- 
tendants were  killed  b^  volleys  of  arrows  from  the 
sate.  Badlesmere  bemg  captured  a  few  months 
later  at  Boroi^hbridge,  was  sent  into  Kent,  and 
thonrii  a  noble,  was  hanged  like  any  ordinary 
malHactor,  at  Blean,  near  Canterbury.  His  wife 
and  fiunily  also  were  imprisoned  in  the  Tower. 

>  This  was  now  openly  done,  but  a  secret  un- 
iierstanding  had  long  existed  between  them. 

/  Htunpnrty  de  Bohun,  earl  of  Hereford  and 


Seal  Of  Bohim,  earl  of  HezeTord. 

Essex,  was  among  them.  He  was  the  son  of  the 
earl  ol  Hereford  already  mentioned  (see  a.d.  1397), 
and  in  1302  he  married  Elirabcth,  daughter  to  tne 


king,  and  widow  of  John,  count  of  Holland.  Like 
his  father  he  held  the  office  of  constable,  and  served 
in  the  Scottish  wars,  and  bein^  taken  at  Bannock- 
bum  was  exchanged  for  the  wife  of  Robert  Bruce. 
He  vehemently  opposed  the  favourites  of  his  bro- 
ther-in-laWf  was  one  of  the  peers  appointed  to 
regulate  his  household,  and  m  every  way  sup- 
ported the  earl  of  Lancaster,  bein^  at  last  killed 
m  his  cause,  March  16,  1332.  His  wife  died  in 
May,  1316,  and  was  buried  at  Walden,  and  in  his 
will,  made  at  Gosforth,  nth  August,  1319,  he  de- 
sires  to  be  buried  beside  her^  but  his  wish  was 
neglected,  and  he  was  interred  in  the  church  of 
the  Friars  Preachers  at  York. 

■  Roger  Mortimer,  lord  of  Wigmore,  was.  bom 
in  1287.  He  was  the  grandson  of  the  chief  oppo- 
nent of  De  Montfort.  He  served  in  Scotland,  had 
also  the  office  of  great  justiciary  of  Wales,  and  in 
13x7  was  appointed  lieutenant  of  Ireland.  He  sui>- 
ported  the  earl  of  Lancaster,  and  when  taken  pri- 
soner was  committed  to  the  Tower;  he  was  sen- 
tenced to  death,  Aug.  a,  1332,  but  this  was  the 
next  day  commuted  to  perpetual  imprisonment. 
After  a  time  he  escaped  and  repaired  to  France, 
when  his  wife  and  daughters  were  seized  and  im- 
prisoned in  his  stead.  He  shortly  after  returned 
to  England,  and  in  concert  with  the  queen  go- 
verned the  kingdom  at  his  pleasure,  being  created 
earl  of  March,  and  enriched  by  vast  grants,  but 
was  suddenly  seized  by  order  of  the  young  king, 
hurriedly  condemned,  and  hung  at  Tyburn,  Nov. 
3^  1330.  After  remaining  some  days  on  the  gibbet, 
his  body  was  buried  in  his  castle  of  Ludlo^  in 
a  chapel  which  he  had  erected  and  dedicated  to 
St.  Peter  ad  Vincula  to  commemorate  his  own  «• 
cape  from  the  Tower  in  the  time  of  Edward  IL 

•  He  had  been  but  recendy  created  eari  of  Car- 
lisle for  his  services  against  the  earl  of  Lancaster. 


tS6 


THE  TLANTAGEWET& 


[a.d.  1326, 1327. 


A.D.  1326. 

The  queen  contracts  her  son  Ed- 
ward to  Philippa  of  Haiiiauk,  whose 
father,  William,  count  of  H<^land, 
supplies  a  small  foice  to  invade  £ng- 

The  queen  lands  in  Sufiblk,  accom- 
panied by  the  earl  of  Kent  and  Roger 
MoFtimec,  and  other  exiles,  Sqit  24. 
Her  troops  are  conunanded  by  John 
de  Beaumont,  brother  of  the  count  of 
Holland. 

The  queen  is  joined  by  many  of  the 
barcHis ;  the  long  flees  from  London, 
and  is  pursued  into  Wales. 

Walter  Stapeldon,  bishop  of  Exeter 
and  treasurer,  is  seized  and  beheaded, 
Oct  15;  Robert  de  Baldock,the  chan- 
cellor, is  thrown  into  Newgate  *•. 


Prince  Edward  proclaimed  ''costos 
of  the  realm,"  at  Bristol,  Oct  26. 

The  elder  Despenser  is  taSoai  and 
haji|;ed,  Oct  27  «. 

Tne  king  endeavours  to  escape  to 
Lundy  Island**,  but  is  driven  back  by 
bad  weather.  On  landing  at  Neath, 
he  is  seized,  Nov.  16,  when  he  is  car- 
ried to  Kenilworth,  and  placed  in  the 
keeping  of  Henry,  earl  of  Lancaster*. 

Hugh  le  Despenser  is  captured  at 
the  same  time.  He  is  executed  at 
Hereford,  Nov.  26. 

A.D.  1327. 

A  paxfiament  meets  at  Westminster, 
Jan.  7,  when  the  Idng  is  deposed'; 
the  sentence  is  notified  to  faim  at 
Kenilworth,  Jan.  2a 


Events  is  General  Histo&y. 


The  papacy  established  at  Avignon 

The  Order  of  Knights   Templars 

simpressed      .        .        •        . 

The  Ksights  Hospitallen  establish 


A.DL 
1309 


themselves  in  Rhodes      •        .1314 
The  Swiss  gmin  independence  by 

their  victoiy  of  MoigBiten  1315 


^  He  died  there  May  98,  2397. 

•  He  had  been  named  '*  captain  and  chief  leader" 
of  the  king's  troops  at  Chepstow  only  is  days  be- 
fore, and  repairing  to  Bristol  to  defend  the  castle, 
iie  vas  there  captared  and  pat  to  death. 

'  This  vas  a  Doaatihion  off  the  DeqwnseiBi  wlndi 
they  had  atrtm^  fardAtd  as  a  refatge  lor  hm,  hot 
be  vas  unahk  to  land.  It  as  a  place  cf  very  diii- 
cult  aocesi,  and  has  frequeatly  be«i  poascMed  tat 
a  time  by  piiates  and  aaugglers. 

•  The  brolJier  of  the  earirwnttrd  in  zjaa. 

'  The  young  prinoe  Edward  was  iounediaAdy 
froclaimed  kmg  in  Westaainstcr  Hall,  "Edvaid 


the  Third,"  but  he  rehised  to  accept  the  title  with- 
out his  father's  consent;  the  bishops  of  Hereford 
and  Lincoln,  f  Adam  Orleton  and  Henry  Bmg- 
hersh,)  one  of  the  judges,  and  several  of  the  bszoiu 
proceeded  to  Kemhrorth.  to  obtaiiithis:  ihefoyal 
prisoner  aoiplT  replied  that  he  vas  mtiHirpovBi; 
and  Babanttod  t»  their  viL  The  tmo  psdalB 
most  have  been  paitKidariy  ohaonDis  to  lasa: 
Origan  had  been  pboed  in  his  aae  by  tfae  aop^ 
after  a  long  caatcat  with  the  kisK,  mad  had  ap- 
pearad  in  ams  againtt  him  at  Boroq^ihridfle: 
and  Biug^enh  vas  the  nq^hev  of  Lon  Badki- 
flsene.    SctA.D.  zjaa. 


^aUBtAQlMwnim. 


EDWARD  III. 


Edward,  eldest  son  of  Edward  II. 
and  Isabella  of  Fnmce,  bom  at  Wind- 
sor Ncfir.  1%  1312,  sQcoeeded  to  the 
throne  on  t&  depositian  of  hb  fa^ier 
1111327. 

The  first  few  jesars  of  the  rejgn  tiros 
ioausnckmsK'  comnenced  were  passed 
in  a  kind  of  tutdage,  all  real  power 
being  in  the  liands  of  Qaeen  Isabella 
and  her  paramoiar,  Roger  Mortimer. 
Thef  condiided  a  peace  with  Scot- 
land, lAddk  acknowlec^ed  tiie  .inde- 
pendence of  that  Jdngdcm,  pot  the 
deposed  king  to  death,  and  publidy 
eiecnted  his  brother,  the  ead  of  Kent ; 
hot  at  lengdi  Edwaxd  made  himself 
independent  of  them,  when  Mortimer 
vas  hanged,  and  the  qaeen-mother 
put  under  nestaint  for  the  remaonder 
of  her  life* 


Soon  after  this  the  attack  on  Scot- 
land was  renewed,  by  Edward  Balliol, 
die  son  of  the  former  king,  whidi, 
though  at  first  successful,  eventuadly 
failed ;  and  a  little  later  commenced 
a  contest  for  the  crown  of  France, 
which  fbmts  the  great  distinguish- 
ing feature  of  Edward's  reign.  His 
claim  was  contrary  to  the  French 
law,  and  was  unanimously  rejected  by 
the  states  of  Fiance,  yet  he  persisted 
in  it,  and  thus  involved  the  countries 
in  a  war  of  nearly  thirty  years'  dura- 
tion \  The  Fic&di  were  signally  de- 
feated at  Sltqrs,  Crecy,  Poitiers,  and 
elsewhere,  thor  coimtry  was  ravaged 
up  to  the  gates  of  Paiis,  and  their 
king  taken  prisoner;  their  councils 
were  distracted  by  the  rivalry  of  the 
princes  of  the  blood,  and  the  peasantry 


*  She  IS  usoally  saud  to  luYe  been  imprisooed  at 
Castle  Rising  until  her  death ;  bitt  her  Household 
Cocdc  has  been  recently  brought  to  light,  and  it 
shews  tfn^  in  tire  latter  years  of  her  me  at  least, 
sbc  vas  auowed  to  move  about  freely,  and  ho:  son 
pud  h«  occasianal  visks. 

*  Truces  were  frequent!  •  madcj  but  they  ■««« 


ill-observed,  espedally  in  the  vemote  prcmnces  of 
Britann^  and  Guienne;  such  was  also  the  case 
under  his  successors.  French  historians,  indeed, 
sp^  of  the  whole  period,  from  Edward's  claim 
until  the  ezpolsian  of  the  English  by  Charles  VII., 
as  the  Hvndred  Years'  War. 


i83 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


broke  out  into  insurrection;  yet  they 
succeeded  eventually  in  foiling  their 
assailant,  and  when  the  contest  came 
to  an  end,  by  the  peace  of  Bretigny, 
he  accepted,  instead  of  the  whole  king- 
dom, a  comparatively  small  part,  which 
he  erected  into  a  principality  for  his 
eldest  son ;  but  much  of  this  was  lost 
before  his  death,  in  consequence  of 
a  new  war.  In  fact,  his  only  perma- 
nent g^in  was  Calais. 

Beside  attacking  France^  Edward 
endeavoured  to  gain  possession  of 
Flanders,  and  his  son,  Edward  the 


Black  Prince,  interfered  in  the  affairs 
of  Spain.  These  ceaseless  foreign  ex- 
peditions obliged  the  king  to  have 
very  frequent  recourse  to  his  parlia- 
ments, and  in  return  for  their  liberal 
aid  they  gained  many  concessions,  by 
which  the  power  of  the  crown  was  li- 
mited in  several  important  particulars. 
Edward's  latter  days  were  embit- 
tered by  the  deaths  of  his  queen  and 
eldest  son,  and  the  loss  of  most  of  his 
French  acquisitions,  and  he  died  at 
Shene(now  Richmond),  June  21, 1377; 
he  was  buried  at  Westminster, 


Edward  m.  Phllf  ppa  of  Haliuudt 

Prom  tlieir  Ifawmante,  Vestmlnster  Abbey. 


Edward  married  Philippa,  daughter 
of  William,  count  of  Holland  and 
Hainault,  in  January,  1328.  She  ac- 
companied him  on  some  of  his  foreign 
expeditions,  at  other  times  defended 
his  realm  in  his  absence,  and  died 
much  lamented,  at  Windsor,  Aug.  15, 
1369.  Their  children  were  seven  sons 
and  five  daughters  : — 

I.  Edwarc^  usually  styled  the  Black 
Prince,  bom  at  Woodstock,  June  15, 
1330,  became  one   of  the   most  re- 


Edwaid  the  filaok  Prince,  from 
hlB  I^b  At  OuiterbiiiT. 

nowned  warriors  of  his  time.  He 
served  at  Crecy,  and  gained  the  vic- 
tory of  Poitiers;  he  received  as  his 


patrimony  the  English  conquests  in 
the  south  of  France,  and  was  created 
duke  of  Aquitaine  July  19,  1362.  He 
was  unfortunately  induced  to  under- 
take an  expedition  into  Spain,  in  fa- 
vour of  Peter  the  Cruel,  but  ruined 
his  health  there,  and  so  impaired  his 
finances  that  he  was  obliged  to  tax 
his  Gascon  subjects  too  heavily ;  they 
resisted,  and  appealed  to  the  king  of 
France,  who  soon  overran  the  pro- 
vince, and  the  prince  retired  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  died  June  8,  1376, 
leaving  by  his  wife,  Joan  of  Kent«, 
a  son,  Richard,  who  became  king. 

2.  Lionel,  bom  at  Antwerp,  Nov.  29, 
1338,  was  created  duke  of  Clarence ; 
he  was  made  lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
and  also  aspired  to  the  Scottish  crown. 
He  married,  first,  Elizabeth,  the  heiress 
of  William  de  Burgh,  earl  of  Ulster, 
and  had  by  her  a  daughter,  Philippa, 
(bora  at  Eltham  Aug.  16,  1355,)  who 
married  Edmund  Mortimer,  earl  of 
March ;  and  secondly  Violante,  daugh- 
ter of  Galeazzo,  duke  of  MUan,  by 
whom  he  had  no  issue.  He  died  in 
Italy  Oct.  17,  1368. 


•  She  was  Uie  daughter  of  Edmund,  earl  of  i  consequence.  Her  two  sons,  Thomas  and  John, 
Kent,  and  had  been  before  married  to  Sir  Thomas  were  greatly  favoured  by  their  half-brother.  Rich- 
HoUaad,  who  received  the  title  of  Earl  of  Kent  in  |  ard  if. 


EDWARD  III. 


189 


3,  John  of  Gaunt,  bom  at  Ghent, 


Irmfl  of  John  of  Oannt. 

June,  1340,  was  created  earl  of  Derby, 
and  duke  of  Lancaster.  He  succeeded 
his  brother  Edward  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Gascony,  served  also  in  Spain 
and  Scotland,  and  took  a  very  pro- 
minent part  in  the  conduct  of  afuiirs 
in  the  reign  of  his  nephew  Richard  II. 
He  was  thrice  married  ;  his  first  wife, 
Blanche,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Lan- 
caster, brought  him  a  son,  who  be- 
came king,  as  Henry  IV.,  and  two 
daughters ;  his  second  wife  was  Con- 
stantia,  daughter  of  Peter  the  Cruel, 
(in  whose  right  he  assumed  the  title 
of  king  of  Castile  and  Leon,)  who  bore 
him  a  daughter,  Catherine,  who  mar- 
ried Henry  III.  of  Castile;  his  third 
was  Catherine  Swinford,  by  whom  he 
was  the  father  of  the  Beauforts.  He 
died  Feb.  3,  1399,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Paul's,  London. 

4.  Edmund,  bom  June,  1341,  at 
Langley,  was  earl  of  Cambridge  and 
duke  of  York.  He,  like  his  brother 
John,  married  a  daughter  of  Peter  the 
Cmel,  and  had  by  her  two  sons,  Ed- 
ward, duke  of  York,  killed  at  Agin- 
court,  and  Richard,  earl  of  Cam- 
bridge, beheaded;  and  a  daughter, 
Constance,  married  to  Thomas  le  De- 
spenser  **,  earl  of  Gloucester. 


5.  Thomas,  bom  at  Woodstock, 
January  7,  1354,  became  earl  of  Buck- 
mgham  1377,  duke  of  Gloucester  1385, 
and  lord  high  constable.  He  was  en-  . 
gaged  in  constant  struggles  with  his 
nephew,  Richard  II.,  and  after  being 
victorious  on  several  occasions,  was  at 
last  suddenly  seized,  hurried  off  to 
Calais,  and  put  to  death,  in  Sept.  1397. 
By  his  wife  Eleanor,  daughter  of 
Humphrey  de  Bohun,  earl  of  Here- 
ford, he  left  a  son,  who  died  unmar* 
ried,  and  two  daughters. 

6,  7.  William  of  Hatfield  (bom  1336) 
and  William  of  Windsor,  died  young. 

The  king's  daughters  were,  i.  Isa- 
bel, bom  1332,  married  to  Ingelram 
de  Coucy,  created  earl  of  Bedford  ; 
2.  Joan,  bom  1333,  contracted  to- 
Peter,  prince  of  Castile,  but  died  in 
1348;  3.  Blanche,  bom  1342,  who 
died  an  infant;  4.  Mary,  bom  1344, 
married  to  John  de  Montfort,  (after- 
wards John  IV.,  duke  of  Britanny) ; 
and  5.  Margaret,  bom  1346,  married 
to  John  Hastings,  earl  of  Pembroke. 

In  the  early  part  of  his  reign  Ed- 
ward bore  the  same  arms  as  his  im- 
mediate predecessors,  and  styled  him- 
self, as  Uiey  had  done,  king  of  Eng- 
land, lord  of  Ireland,  and  duke  of 
Aquitaine,  but  in  1337  he  took  in  ad- 
dition the  title  of  king  of  France*, 
and  in  1340  he  quartered  the  arms  of 
that  kingdom  with  his  own.  He  is 
said  to  have  introduced  supporters  to 
the  royal  arms,  but  the  fact  is  doubt- 
ftd.  Various  badges  were  employed 
by  him,  of  which,  rays  descending 
from  a  cloud,  the  stupip  of  a  tree, 
couped,  a  falcon,  a  griffin,  an  ostrich 
feather,  and  a  sword  erect,  may  be 
enumerated. 


IzmsofHdir&rdni. 


Do.  avartered  with  France. 


'  The  s;reat-grandson  of  Hugh  le  Despenser  the 
joaagtr,  by  the  sister  of  the  earl  killed  at  Ban- 
BodcDum.     See  a.d.  131^. 

*  The  yean  of  his  nominal  reign  over  France  are 
however  dated  from  Jan.  35,  X34a    The  title,  but 


not  the  arms  of  France,  was  relinquished  by  the 
treaty  of  Bretigny,  but  as  the  terms  of  that  treat/ 
were  not  fulfilled  by  the  French,  Edward,  bv  the 
advice  of  his  parliament,  resumed  the  tide  in 
2369. 


igo 


THE  PLANTAGBNETS. 


[a.d.  1327 — 133a 


Edward  in  1337  created  a  new  dig- 
nity in  England,  that  of  duke,  bestow- 
ing the  titl&  of  duke  of  Cornwall  on 
his  son  Edward;  he  also  established 
the  Order  of  the  Garter  soon  after, 
probably  in  commemoration  of  the 
siege  and  capture  of  Calais. 

The  character  of  Edward  is  usually 
highly  estimated,  and  he  is  commonly 
represented  as  chaigeaUe  with  few 
other  faults  than  those  inseparable 
from  ambition ;  but  this  is  too  favour- 
able a  picture*  He,  however,  evinced 
great  abihty  in  dealing  with  public 
affairs^  Though  almost  constandy  en- 
gaged in  war,  he  also  laboured  to 
improve  the  axnmerce  and  manufac- 
tures of  his  pec^le,  and  they  were  thus 
reconciled  to  tne  heavy  burdens  he 
imposed  on  them,  notwithstanding 
that  he  frequently  disregarded  the 
provisions  of  the  Charter,  and  at- 
tempted to  raise  funds  with  littk  le- 
gara  to  parliamentary  usages. 


A.D.  1327. 

Edward  is  crowned  at  Westminster, 
Feb.  i«. 

The  great  Charter  of  the  Liberties 
and  the  Charter  of  the  Forest  or- 
dained to  be  kept  in  every  article' 
[I  Edw.  IIL  c  i]. 

A  regency  is  appointed  by  the  par- 
liament, Henry  earl  of  Lancaster  being 
nominaHjr  the  head,  but  all  power  re- 
siding with  Queen  Isabdla  and  Mor- 
timer, who  share  the  estates  of  the 
Despensers  between  them. 

Restitutioii  of  estates  and  honoors 
made  to  the  partisans  of  Thomas,  eail 
of  Lancaster. 

A  new  charter  is  granted  to  the 
Londoners. 

The  Scots  invade  England;  the 
young  king,  in  pursuing  them,  nar- 
rowly escapes  captur^  Aug;  4. 

The  deposed  king  is  removed  from 


'  His  peace  was  proclaimed  oa  Jan.  34,  but,  for 
some  reason  now  unknown,  his  regnal  years  are 
computed  from  Jan.  35. 

V  The  charters  were  agab  confirmed  in  1338, 
»330,  1331.  «336,  «340,  1341,  1357,  1363.  1364,  1368, 
1371,  and  1377. 

h  A  piece  of  the  "tzue  cross,"  set  in  jewels,  which 
had  belonged  to  Margaret,  the  sister  of  Edgar 
Athdmc  was  tadnde^  but  the  fiunoos  stone  of 
Scone  (sec  a.d.  lageX  wm  aot  lurreDdcred,  tfaRmgh 
fear  of  a  popshr  turaulL 

i  Philip  III.  of  France,  who>died  in  laBs*  was 


the  care  of  the  earl  of  Lancaster,  har- 
ried from  place  to  place,  and  at  length 
murdered  at  Beikdey,  Sept  21.  Seve- 
ral nobles,  ignorant  of  his  fate,  form 
plans  for  his  release. 

AJX  132& 

Peace  is  conduded  with  Scotland,  at 
Edinburgh,  March  17.  The  claim  of 
feudal  superiority  is  reuDunced,  the 
Scottish  regalia  given  up*»,  many 
Scottish  prisoners  relesised,  and  a 
marriage  agreed  on  between  Joan, 
the  kin^  young  sister,  ind  David, 
son  of  Robert  Bruce ;  on  their  part, 
the  Scots  agree  to  pay  the  sum  ^ 
£20,000  in  three  years. 

Charies  IV.  of  France  dying  without 
male  issue,  the  king  daims  the  crown 
of  France  in  right  of  his  mother  *.  His 
claim  is  rejected  by  the  states  of  the 
kingdom,  and  Philif)  of  Valois,  cousin 
of  the  deceased  king,  succeeds  as 
Philip  VI.  ^\''-U 

Robert  Bruce  dies,  June  7.  His  son, 
a  child  of  seven  years,  succeeds,  as 
David  II.,  and  is  crowned  at  Scoo^ 
Nov.  2^ 

Ajx  1329. 

A  confederacy  £ormed  against  Mor* 
timer  is  dissolved  by  the  want  of  spirit 
of  the  earls  of  Kent  and  Norfolk,  the 
half-brothers  of  the  late  king. 

The  king  goes  to  Fiance,  ^foy  26. 
He  does  homage  for  his  lands  dierc^ 
June  6. 

A.IX  133a 

A  parliament  meets  at  Winchester, 
March  11,  when  the  earl  of  Kent  is 
accused  of  designing  to  overthrow  the 
government,  March  13;  he  is  exe^ 
oiced,  Marcji  19. 

The  king  becomes  impatient  of  the 
rule  of  Mortimer,  has  him  seized  at 
Nottingham,  Oct.  19,  and  takes  the 
government  into  his  own  hands,  by 
a  proclamation  dated  Oct  2a  Mor- 
timer is  sent  to  the  Tower,  and  after 


the  common  ancestor  oCthe  competitors,  as  is  shewn 
by  the  following  slight  genealogical  uble. 

Phiuc  III. 


Philip  IV. 


'ofValois. 


Phiup  vr. 


Lotus  X.  Philip  V.  CharksXV. 


r.I]L 


Edwaxo  IU. 


A.D.  1330—^337-] 


EZHRAAD  Ilk 


iqj 


a  mock  trial  ^  hanged  at  Tybum,  Nov. 
2^    Queen  Isabdlla  is  imprisoned. 

Tlie  dactioBS  of  the  royal  purveyors 
restzained  b^r  statute  [4  Edward  LIT. 
c  3I  ''pec^^  beiag  greartly  gzieved 
by  thm^s  beiog  takeoi  withoat  pay- 
niextt." 


A.D.  1331. 
The  king  again   goes  to  France^ 
April  4.      He   repeats   his.  homage 
at  Amiens^  April   13,.   aad   retnnis 
April  aa 

A  parliament  hdd.  at  Westminstecy 
September  and  October. 


SCOTLAND. 


The  year  1332  saw  the  renewal  of 
the  attempt  to  bring  Scotland  under 
fendal  snbjeetkoi  to  England.  One 
of  tlie  stipalatioBS  of  the  tna^  a£ 
peace  of  132&  provided  that  any  lands 
«iii<^  English  nobles  had  held  in 
Scotland  and  had  lost  during  the  war 
should  be  aestored  to  tbem»  hot  this 
was  nol  cfene.  Edwaod  Ballk>l  (son 
of  the  competitor)  was  among  ike 
mmibcrwfao  dms  snfiered;  he  Eaised 
a  small  force,  with  the  assistance  of 
fioeads  wmfciriy  pkioed^  landed  in 
Scotland,  and  anet  with  sach  saccess 
that  in  little  more  than  a  month  he 
was  crowned  king.  He  was,  how- 
ever, soon  eiq)eHed ;  was  restored, 
again  eroeUed,  and  returned  in  com- 
panv  with  the  king  of  England^  whom 
he  had  fiocmaUy  acknowledged  as  his 
liege  lord,,  and  to  whom  he  had  ceded, 
as  far  as  treaties  went,  the  whole  of  the 
cootttiy  south  of  the  Forth  and  Qyde. 
But  though  the  aHies  ravaged  the  land 
as  faLT  north  as  Inverness,  killed  the 
earl  of  Douglas,  who  acted  as  regent 
for  David  II.,  smd  captured  Berwick, 
their  enterprise  fuled,  and  the  king- 
dom of  Scotland  remains  to  die  pre- 
sent day  dt  facto  and  d£  jun  inde^ 
pendent  of  any  other. 


AJD.  I33F2. 

Edward  BaQisi  aad  his  ftiends  in- 
vade Scotland;  ihey  land  at  Kmg-- 
hom,  in  Fifeshire^  Aug.  7  ;  and  defeat 
the  Scots  near  Perth,  Aug.  1 1,  12. 

SaUM  is  czowncd  at  Scone»  S^t  27. 
He  aidiiecis  the  crown  of  Scotland  to 
^at  of  En^aad,  and  nafces  a  grant 
of  tbe  town  <^  Berwkk,  by  his  kttess 


patent,  dated  Roxburgh,  Nov.  23 ;  he 
is  suddenly  attacked  by  the  Scots  at 
Annan,  at  Christmas,  and  expelled 

A.B.I3» 

The  Sicots  invade  EnglamL  The 
king  marches  into  Scotland^  and  be- 
sieges Berwidc ;  Dougjas,  dxe  regent, 
attempts  to  relieve  it,  bat  is  defatted 
and  killed  at  Halidoo^  (near  Berwick,) 
July  19,  and  the  town  surrenders, 
Ju^-2o. 

The  yoong  nng  and  qneen  fiee  to 
Frances 

BaSiol  rs  received  as  kmg  by  a  par- 
liament held  at  Perth  in  October. 

A.IX  1334. 
Ballibl   oflbnds  his  siqiporters   by 
ceding  the  whole  south  of  Scotland 
to  Ae  English,  June  13.  He  is  obliged 
to  flee  to  Berwick 

AJ).  1335. 
A  pariiament  heid  aft  York^  in  May, 
in  which  freedom  of  tradiiw  is  flanaa- 
teod  to  firagn  meudiantsl^  Eda.  Hi. 

The  king,  in  concert  wfth  BaDSoI, 
mvades  Scothad  in  August,  advanc* 
ing,  in  the  course  of  the  next  yeai^  as 
fiuraalBicmeak 

AJ).  1336. 

The  war  is  carried  oa,  with  scsieral 
intermissions  of  trac^  in  Scot&md. 

The  Scots  hire  shqis  from  the 
French,  attack  Guernsey  and  Jersey, 
and  capture  vess^  near  the  Isle  of 
M^^ght. 

AJX1337. 

The  Frendi  give  consideraUe  snc*- 
cours  to  the  Scots.     In  letaKatioi^ 


Bjr  *r  l«r  dtTtmutt  \atmn  m  dbe  SiSe  fenr, 
fanJM  caofit  OfM  mcastd  to  Ae  Araae^  but  Ed- 
van!  aflnrtnf  db£  the  dEidiairy  vas  cnlf  penonaL 
^id  that  »  df^  to  the  OKMrn  coold  be  transautted 
libnnf^L  Aan*  ]%iiip  amixisuiiBB  t&e  contrarr. 
Etfaranl  faw  ^"<ir  ^"^  ^^^  Qoe^  imu  levived  bn 
•daiai  ia  xsaSh  bona  profaafclsr  u»rbicrrf  to  do  id 


192 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1337— 1343- 


the  king  forms  continental  alliances, 
and  assumes  the  title  of  King  of 
France,  Oct  7. 

The  export  of  wool  prohibited*^,  and 
foreign  cloth-workers  allowed  to  settle, 
in  England*  [ii  Edw.  III.  c  i]. 

The  religious  houses  lend  their 
jewels  and  plate  to  the  king  for  the 
war  with  France. 

A.D.  1338, 

The  French  bum  Portsmouth,  in 
June, 

The  king  embarks  for  Flanders, 
from  the  Orwell,  July  16,  leaving  his 
scm  Edward  regent,  but  is  unable  to 
attack  France  imtil  the  next  year". 

The  French  make  an  attack  on 
Southampton,  Oct  4. 

A.D.  1339. 

The  king  invades  France  from 
Flanders,  in  September,  but  most  of 
his  allies  desert  him,  and  he  is  obliged 
to  retire  after  ravaging  the  Cambresis 
and  other  frontier  districts. 

A.D.  1340. 

The  king  returns  to  England, 
Feb.  21.  He  holds  a  parliament, 
March  29,  obtains  supplies,  and  sails 
from  the  Orwell,  June  22. 

The  clergy  exempted  from  purvey- 
ance [14  Edw.  III.  c  i]. 

Sheriffs  directed  to  be  appointed 
annually,  at  the  Exchequer,  on  the 
morrow  of  All  Souls"  [14  Edw.  III. 
C.7I 

One  weight  and  one  measure  esta- 
blished for  the  whole  kingdom  <^  [14 
Edw.  III.,  c  12I 

The  king  defeats  the  French  fleet 
at  Sluys,  June  24 ;  he  orders  a  public 
thanksgiving  for  his  victory. 

He  besieges  Toumay,  and  chal- 
lenges "  Philip  of  Valois"  to  a  single 
combat,  July  26;   the  French   kmg 


refuses  to  meet  him,  July  30.  A  truce 
is  concluded,  Sept.  25,  to  last  till  June 
25,  1 341,  but  it  is  prolonged  till  1342. 

The  king  returns  to  England,  bind- 
ing suddenly  at  the  Tower  at  mid- 
night, Nov.  30.  He  displaces  and 
otherwise  punishes  the  chancellor 
(Robert  Stratford,  bishop  of  Chi- 
chester',) and  many  of  the  chief 
officers  of  state, 

A.D.  1341, 

A  parliament  held  at  Westminster 
in  ApriL  Some  of  the  statutes  passed 
there  are  afterwards  set  aside,  as  hav- 
ing been  obtained  against  the  will  of 
the  king. 

Peers  of  the  realm  to  be  tried  for 
offences  only  by  the  parliament  [15 
Edw.  III.  c.  2]. 

A  dispute  arises  in  Britanny^i  con- 
cerning the  succession.  The  king  sup- 
ports John  de  Montfort  in  opposition 
to  Charles  of  Blois,  the  nephew  of  the 
king  of  France. 

A.D.  1342. 

The  wife  of  De  Montfort  (Jane, 
sister  of  Louis  I,,  coxmt  of  Flanders,) 
defends  herself  in  Hennebon  untif 
relieved  by  Sir  Walter  Manny. 

The  French  again  bum  Portsmouth, 
and  threaten  Southampton,  Sept. 

The  king  passes  over  to  Britanny, 
sailing  from  Sandwich,  Oct.  5. 

A.D.  1343. 

A  truce  concluded  with  France, 
Jan.  19,  to  last  till  Michaelmas,  1346. 
The  king  returns,  landing  at  Wey- 
mouth, March  2. 

Negotiations  for  a  peace  are  carried 
on  before  the  pope  (Clement  VI.)  at 
Avignon,  but  without  success. 

The  barons  remonstrate  with  the 
pope   on  the   abuse   of  provisions'. 


k  It  was  subsequently  made  felony  [37  Edw.  III. 
It  9,  c.  3]. 

1  Some  had  before  done  so,  by  the  king's  spedal 
licence  (as  William  and  Hanekin,  weavers  from 
Brabant,  permitted  to  exercise  their  trade  at  York, 
Dec.  xa,  1336). 

■  An  invasion  of  England  being  expected,  an 
order  was  issued,  Nov.  so,  13^8,  that  onlv  one  bell 
should  be  rung  in  churches  within  seven  leagues  of 
the  sea,  so  that  in  case  of  attack  the  people  might 
be  warned  by  the  ringing  of  all  the  bells. 

■  The  statute  recites  that  many  sheriffs  had  been 
guilty  of  great  oppression  in  their  office,  which  they 
considered  themselves  to  hold  for  life. 

"  This  was  one  of  the  remedies  promised  by 
Magna  Charta,   but,  Kke   many   other  valuable 


pmnts.  it  seems  to  have  been  neglected. 

p  He  was  succeeded  by  Sir  Kobert  Boarduer« 
the  first  layman  who  held  the  office  of  chaacdlor. 

«  John  lU..  duke  of  Britannv  (the  grandson  of 
Henrv  III.),  dying  without  mak  issue,  the  duchy 
was  claimed  by  his  half-brother,  John  de  Montfort 
Oohn  I  V.Xand  Oiaries  of  Blois,  who  had  married 
his  niece.  The  FVench  court  adjudged  it  to  Charies, 
but  he  was  vigorously  opposed  by  the  Montfertt, 
and  at  length  killed  in  the  field,  fohn  de  Montfort 
the  younser  (John  V.)  married  Mary,  daughter  oC 
Edward  III.,  and  was  powerfully  supported  by 
him ;  he  was  thus  established  in  Britanny,  but  in 
the  next  reigUi  to  conciliate  the  king  of  France,  he 
abandoned  the  English  cause. 

'  The  papal  court  had  long  been  In  the  habit  of 


A.D.  1343—1347] 


EDWARD  III. 


T93 


May  i8.  The  king  also  complains 
of  them,  Aug.  30,  Sept  10. 

The  eaii  of  Salisbury  (William 
Montacute)  obtains  possession  of  the 
Isle  of  Man,  and  is  crowned  there. 

When  the  islanders  put  themselves 
under  the  protection  of  Edward  I.  % 
he  bestowed  Aufrica,  the  granddaugh- 
ter of  the  last  native  king,  on  Sir  Si- 
mon Montacute,  and  she  transmitted 


Amu  of  Xontaoate,  earl  of  Sallslnirr. 

her  rights  to  her  husband,  who  mort- 
gaged the  isle  to  Anthony  Beck,  Bishop 
of  Durham.  It  was  afterwards  granted 
by  Edward  II.  to  Gaveston,  and  in 
1313  was  recovered  by  the  Scots,  but 
their  rule  was  unpopular,  and  the 
natives  invited  Montacute  to  drive 
them  out  *. 

A.D.  1344. 

The  truce  with  France  broken.  The 
carl  of  Derby  (Henry  Grismond")  is 
successful  in  Guienne. 

The  florin,  the  first  English  gold 
coin*,  struck  this  year. 
A.D.  1345. 

De  Montfort  escapes'  from  prison 
and  repairs  to  Britanny. 

The  king  goes  to  Flanders,  to  en- 


deavour to  gain  that  earldom  for  his 
son  Edward*.  He  sails  from  Sand- 
wich July  3 ;  but  his  chief  partisan, 
Jacob  van  Arteveldt,  being  killed  in 
a  popular  tumult  at  Ghent,  July  17, 
the  attempt  fails,  and  he  returns  to 
England,  July  26. 

A.D.  1346. 

The  king  invades  Normandy,  land- 
ing at  La  Hogue  July  10.  He  ravages 
the  country  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Seine  as  far  as  Paris,  but  is  reduced 
to  great  difficulties  by  the  bridges  be- 
ing broken  down. 

Having  repaired  the  bridge  at  Poissy, 
he  crosses  the  river,  bums  the  suburbs 
of  Beauvais,  and  defeats  a  body  of  the 
French  beyond  the  Somme,  Aug.  24. 

He  halts  at  Crecy,  near  Abbeville, 
Aug.  25  ;  is  attacked  there  by  a  greatly 
superior  French  force,  but  totally  de- 
feats them*,  Aug.  26;  marches  on- 
ward. Sept  I,  through  the  cotmty  of 
Boulogne,  and  invests  Calais. 

David  II.  of  Scotland,  incited  by 
the  French,  invades  England;  he  is 
defeated  and  taken  prisoner  at  NeviU's 
Cross,  near  Durham,  Oct  17  K 
*  Balliol  ravages  the  south  of  Scot- 
land. 

A.D.  1347. 

Charles  of  Blois  is  captured  in  Bri- 
tanny by  the  English  %  June  20. 

Calais  is  surrendered,  Aug.  4;  Al- 
meric  of  Pavia  is  appointed  governor''. 

A  truce  is  concluded,  and  the  king 
returns  to  England,  landing  at  Sand- 
wich Oct  12. 


gnncmf  what  were  tenned  provisions,  in  virtue  of 
which  (cnons  (usuaUv  foreign  priests)  were  in- 
traded  mto  Kngfish  cnurcfaes,  and  even  bishops* 
sees,  in  Tiolation  of  the  rights  of  Uie  Idng  and  other 
Ihe  abuse  had  been  often  resist^  (see 


A.D.  ia6o]L  but  it  was  too  profitable  to  be  readily 

"  See  A.1X  1990. 

*  He  was  the  grandson  of  Aufrica,  and  a  military 
mnmandex  of  eminence.  He  died  in  13^6,  and  was 
buried  in  the  church  of  the  White  Frian  m  London. 
His  son  William  sold  the  island  in  1395  to  Sir 
William  Scrope. 

•  Aftenrards  created  duke  of  Lancaster.  He 
Sed  March  34, 1361.  Jc^  of  Gaunt  married  his 
daaxghter,  and  uience  derived  his  dukedom. 

,  ■  That  IS,  the  first  that  remained  any  length  of 
time  in  circulation.  Henrv  III.  coined  a  "  gold 
peany,"  but  it  appears  to  have  bete  withdrawn ; 
and  a  gold  coin  attributed  to  Edward  the  Confessor 
exists.     See  p.  35. 

T  He  had  been  captured  by  the  partisans  of 
Charles  of  Blois,  and  unprisooed  in  Pari^  and  was 
s^  coofiaed  in  spite  of  the  stipulation  for  his  re- 


lease in  the  articles  of  truce.    He  died  soon  after» 
but  the  war  was  continued  by  his  son. 

■  The  count  (Louis  I.)  had  refused  to  abandon 
Us  fealty  to  the  king  of  France,  and  Edward, 
in  revenge,  endeavoured  to  avail  himself  of  the 
discontent  that  had  long  existed  between  the  rulers 
and  the  great  tradingr  towns  of  Flanders. 

■  His  success  is  said  to  have  been  partly  owing 
to  the  emi^oyment  of  cannon,  some  pieces  of  which 
were,  accordmg  to  Barbour,  used  by  him  against 
the  Soots  as  early  as  1397. 

^  Queen  Phihppa  is  usually  said  to  have  been 
with  the  anny,  but  this  is  incorrect ;  she  remained 
at  York. 

•  He  was  confined  in  the  Tower  till  August, 
Z348,  when  he  was  ransomed,  and  soon  resumed 
the  war. 

*  The  French  populadon  was  in  part  removed, 
and  their  houses  offered  as  a  eift  to  any  English 
who  would  settle  there :  and  a  Uiree  years' exemp- 
tion from  tolls  was  granted.  A  stable  for  tin,  lead, 
feathers,  and  cloth,  was  also  appointed.  No  French- 
man was  to  be  allowed  to  hold  any  office  in  the 
town,  or  to  serve  in  the  ^[arrison ;  but  these  re- 
strictions soon  came  to  be  disregarded. 


194 


THE   PLANTAGEKETS. 


[A.Dfc  1348 1354. 


A.D.  1348. 

The  truce  is  renewed  with  the 
"French ;  but  they  intrigue  with  Al- 
meric  of  Pavia,  the  captain  of  the 
lung's  galleys  at  Calais,  to  regaia  pos- 
.session  of  the  town. 

A.D.  1349. 

The  king  passes  over  to  Calais,  in 
January,  and  beats  off  a  sudden  attack 
of  the  French. 

England  ravaged  by  a  tdague,  called 
the  First  and  Great  Pestilence: 

The  Statute  of  Labourers  passed* 
I23  Edw.  III.  c.  i]. 

A.D.  135a 

Philip  VI.  of  France  dies^  Aug.  2a 
He  is  succeeded  by  John  II. 

A  fleet  of  Spanish  ships  defeated  by 
the  king,  off  Winchelsea,  Aug.  29. 

Sir  Thomas  Thorpe  chief  justice,  is 
sentenced  to  death  for  receiTing  bribes, 
Nov.  3 ;  the  sentence  is  remitted,  No- 
vember 19. 

A.D.  1351. 

A  parliament  held  at  Westminster 
in  Froruary. 

Children  of  the  king  or  of  his  sub- 
jects born  abroad  declared  natural- 
bom  subjects,  [25  Edw.  III.  c.  2]. 

Papal  provisions  forbidden,  and  the 
presentation  for  that  tenn  forfeited  to 
the  king  [25  Edw.  III.  c  6]. 

AJ5.  1352. 

Treasons  defined  by  statute'  [25 
Edw.  III.  St.  5,  c.  2I 

Ordinances  for  me  clergy  enacted 
f25  Edw.  III.  c.  4],  in  virtue  of  which 
<.icrks  convicted  of  offences  are  to  be 
delivered  to  their  ordinary  for  punish- 
inenL 

The  French  receive  a  signal  defeat 


jGrom  the  English  at  Maoron,  in  Bri- 
tanny,  Aug.  14. 

A.l>.  1353. 

A  statute  passed  forbidding  any 
questioning  of  the  judgments  of  the 
king's  courts,  or  suing  in  focei^ 
courts'  [27  Edw.  II L  c.  i]^  tmder  pain 
of  fine  and  imprisonment,  or  outlawrv* 

Fruitless  negotiations  for  peace.  The 
king  offers  to  resign  his  claim  on  the 
crown  for  the  formal  cession  of  Guienne 
and  Calais,  but  John  refuses. 

France  is  disturbed  by  the  intrigues 
of  Charles  the  Bad,  king  of  Navarre  \ 
who  leagues  with  the  English. 

The  staple  regulated  by  statute  [27 
Edw.  III.  St  2]. 

The  five  great  or  staple  conunodities 
of  the  kingdom  were  wool,  woolfells, 
leather,  lead,  and  tin,  and  these  were 
allowed  to  be  dealt  in  for  exportation, 
only  by  a  corporation  called  the  mer- 
chants of  the  staple,  and  in  certain 
specified  towns  ^,  where  they  were  dis- 
posed of  to  foveigners.  The  corpora- 
tian  had  its  own  hiws  and  officers,  and 
was  exempt  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
ordinary  magistrates.  Attempting  to 
carry  the  merchandize  of  the  staeple  to 
other  than  the  appointed  ports  was 
strictly  forbidden,  and  it  was  even 
made  felony  for  any  but  the  authorized 
merchants  to  deal  in  the  staple  goods 
[27  Edw.  III.  St  2,  c.  3]. 

A.D.  1354- 

Negotiations  commenced  for  the 
ransom  of  David  II.  of  Scotland ;  the 
payment  of  90,000  marks  in  nine  years 
IS  required,  but  is  refused  by  the  Scots. 

Iron  forbidden  to  be  exported,  under 
forfeiture  of  double  its  value  [28  Edw. 

III.  c.  si 
An  inquiry  into  the  bad  government 


•  The  pesdtence  having  gready  reduced  the 
working  population,  the  survivors  eadcsvoured  b^ 
combination  to  cbtaan  enhanced  prices  for  their 
labour:  but  by  this  statute  they  are  directed  to 
woik  for  their  accustoned  wages  for  anv  that  will 
<mploy  them.  Subsequent  statutes  rendered  diem 
liable  to  heavy  punishaents  for  contumacy,  even 
•  outlawry  being  incurred  by  depsuting  from  their 
V  own  counties. 

[  Additions  were  made  to  this  list  in  the  time  of 
Richard  11. ,  but  these  new  treasons  were  abolished 
hy  his  successor. 

K  This  act  was  cansideted  necessary  to  enforce 
the  obeervance  of  the  act  against  papal  provisions. 
The  foreign  courts  meant  were  those  of  the  pope. 
'Which  from  1305  to  1377  were  generally  held  at 
Avignon,  or  in  France,  and  were  therefore  supposed 
40  be  biassed  against  the  English  king. 

^  Charles  was  one  of  the  most  detestable  cha- 
vTactcrs  in  history.    Although  he  had  married  a 


daughter  of  John  11.,  he  endeavoured  to  < 
his  throne,  and  he  leagued  with,  and  < 
every  party  in  turn.  He  obtained  possessioo  of 
part  or  Normandy  and  Britanny  during  the  war 
between  De  Montfort  and  Charies  of  BIok^  and, 
to  gain  the  alliance  of  the  English,  sold  to  diem 
Cherbourg,  which  he  had  strongly  fortified.  He 
made  war  against  both  Peter  the  Cruel  and  his 
successor,  Henry  of  Trastamare,  but  was  oasac- 
cessful,  and  lost  p^  of  his  dominioaa.  He  was  at 
length  accidentally  burnt  to  death,  m  the  year 
1387,  in  the  55th  year  of  his  age. 

'  The  staple  towns  were  London.  Bratol,  Can* 
terbury,  Chichester,  Exeter,  lincoui,  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  Norwich,  and  York;  Caeroiarthea,  in 
Wales :  and  Dublin,  Cork,  Drogheda,  and  Water- 
ford,  in  Ireland  :  and  often  Middleburgfa,  in  Zea- 
land, and  Calais ;  bnt  the  staple  was  tmnA  times 
removed  from  the  latter  towns,  ia 
of  war. 


A.D.  1354—1360.] 


EDWARD  III. 


195 


of  the  city  of  London  ordered  to  be 
made  by  Uie  jurors  o£  other  counties, 
and  the  writs  in  consequence  enforced 
by  the  constable  of  the  Tower  [28 
Edw.  HI.  c  10]. 

The  attainder  of  Mortimer^  earl  of 
March,  reversed'*. 

A.D.  1355. 

Edward  the  Black  Prince  is  suc- 
cessful in  Gascony. 

The  king  invades  the  north  of  France 
in  November,  but  soon  returns  to  Eng- 
land. 

The  Scots  surprise  Berwick,  Nov.  6. 

A.D.  1356. 

Balliol  renounces  his  nominal  crown 
in  favour  of  the  king,  by  letters  patent, 
dated  Roxburgh,  Jan.  20'. 

The  king  invades  and  ravages  the 
south  of  Scotland,  and  retakes  Ber- 
wick. 

Edward  the  Black  Prince  marches 
from  Bordeaux  in  July ;  he  penetrates 
as  far  as  Bern.  On  his  return  he  is 
attacked  by  King  John  and  the  French 
at  Poitiers,  Sept.  19 ;  he  totally  defeats 
them,  and  takes  the  king  and  his  son 
Philip  prisoners. 

A.D.  1357. 
An  ordinance  made  for  the  estate  of 
the  land  of  Ireland  [31  Edw.  III.  sL  4, 
c  I — 19J  This  very  remarkable  do- 
cument IS  undeniable  evidence  of  the 
state  of  the  country,  and  its  slight  con- 
nexion with  England  near  200  years 
after  its  nominal  conquest.  It  pro- 
mises liberty  to  the  Church  and  peo- 
ple, and  that  they  shall  have  the  same 
laws  as  the  English ;  but  it  states  that 
the  king's  authority  is  almost  wholly 
disregarded,  and  that  he  is  constantly 
deceived  by  the  false  reports  and  cer- 
tificates of  his  own  officers.    It  then 


directs  that  the  public  business  is  to 
be  discussed  in  parliament  only,  that 
all  private  councillors  are  to  be  dis- 
missed, that  no  man  is  to  be  unduly 
imprisoned,  and  that  no  general  par- 
don shall  be  granted  except  by  parlia- 
ment ;  a  strict  inquiry  is  to  be  made 
yearly  into  the  conduct  of  the  sheriffs 
and  other  officers,  and  the  deputy  and 
his  fellows  are  exhorted  to  certify  truly 
of  the  state  of  the  land. 

A  truce  concluded  with  France, 
March  23.  It  was  to  last  till  Easter, 
1359,  but  was  prolonged  till  Midsum- 
mer of  that  year. 

TTie  Black  Prince  brings  his  pri- 
soners to  England.  He  lands  at  Ply- 
mouth May  5,  and  enters  London  in 
triumph,  May  24. 

David  II.  of  Scotland  is  released,  in 
November  ". 

A.D.  1358. 

A  fearfiil  insurrection  of  the  pea- 
sants against  the  nobles  breaks  out  in 
France.  The  English  assist  to  put  it 
down. 

A.D.  1359. 

Charles  the  Bad  claims  the  crown  of 
France.  The  king^akes  advantage  of  f  o.nr . 
the  circumstance  to  offer  hard  terms 
of  peace,  which  the  regency  refuse.  He 
in  consequence  invades  France,  in 
November,  and  ineffectually  besieges 
Rheims. 

A.D.  1360. 

The  king  besieges  Paris.     Peace  is 
at  length  concluded  at  Bretigny",  near 
Chartres,  May  8.    King  John  is  set  at  . 
liberty,  July  2.  f  1^  ^ 

A  statflt&TJassed  regulating  the  of-      (^  ' . 
fice  of  justice  of  the  peace  [34  Edw. 
III.  c.  i]. 

France  is  ravaged  by  bands  of  dis- 
charged soldiers,  who  style  themselves 
the  Free  Companies  •. 


k  His  son  Edmund  married  Philippa,  danghter 
of  Lionel  duke  of  Clarence^  and  through  this  alli- 
ance the  Mortimen  were  recognised  as  heirs  to  the 
tiinme  in  1385. 

*  He  lived  in  England  on  an  annuity  of /s^ooo, 
which  be  received  for  the  surrender,  charged  on 
the  customs  of  Hull  and  Boston,  and  was  formally 
released  from  homage,  but  retamed  his  title.  He 
died,  without  i»ue,  m  1363. 

■  This  was  in  virtue  of  a  treaty  dated  at  Ber- 
wick»  Oct.  3,  by  which  the  Scots  agreed  to  pay 
the  sum  of  soc^ooo  marics  in  the  term  of  zo  years, 
during  which  uroe  there  was  to  be  a  truce  between 
the  two  kii^doms. 

*  The  French  were  to  pay  3,000,000  golden 
crowns,  and  they  resigned  the  south-west  of  France, 
and  the  country  rounid  Calais.    In  return  Edward 


abandoned  his  claims  to  the  crown,  and  dropped 
the  title  of  King  of  France. 

»  After  vain  attempts  to  subdue  them,  Du  Gues- 
clin  put  himself  at  their  head,  and  led  them  from 
France  against  Peter  the  CrueL 

Bertrand  du  Guesdin,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
names  in  French  history,  was  bom  in  Britanny  in 
xiif  He  was  a  strenuous  suppwter  of  Charles  of 
Bloas.  and  also  served  the  king  of  France  against 
Charles  the  Bad  of  Navarre.  He  relieved  the 
country  of  the  Free  Companies  by  leading  them 
against  Peter  the  Cruel,  whom  he  speedily  de- 
throned, but  was  himself  captured  by  the  Black 
Prince,  and  only  set  at  liberty  on  paying  a  very 
heavy  ransom.  He  became  constable  of  France, 
and  was  the  chief  actor  in  driving  the  EnglUh 
from  their  conquesu  in  Britanny  and  Normandy^ 


02 


ig6 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1361— 1369.. 


A.D.  1361. 

Lionel,  the  king's  son,  appointed 
lieutenant  of  Ireland  p,  July  i. 

The  Second  Great  Pestilence  in 
England. 

Queenborough  Castle  built  by  Wil- 
liam of  Wykeham. 

A.D.  1362. 

On  occasion  of  the  king's  jubilee, 
the  abuse  of  purveyance  is  restrained 
by  statute  [36  Edw.  III.  c  2—5],  The 
king  states  that  he  has  redressed  the 
grievances  of  "his  subjects  in  this  mat- 
ter of  his  own  will,  without  motion  of 
either  great  men  or  commons,  and  he 
directs  the  "heinous  name  of  pur- 
veyors" to  be  changed  to  that  of 
buyers. 

The  laws  directed  to  be  pleaded  in 
English  [36  Edw.  III.  c  15J. 

A  general  pardon  granted  for  all 
such  acts  as  tend  not  to  the  perma- 
nent injury  of  the  Crown,  Oct.  13  [36 
Edw.  III.  c.  16]. 

A.D.  1363. 
Diet  and  apparel  of  each  class  of 
the  community  regulated  by  statute 
[37  Edw.  III.  c.  8—14]. 

King  John,  being  unable  to  fulfil  the 
terms  of  his  release,  returns  to  Eng- 
land •». 

A.D.  1364. 
Charles  of  Blois  is  killed  at  Auray, 


near  Vannes,  Sept.  29 ;  his  rival  De 
Montfort  obtains  possession  of  Bri- 
tanny. 

A.D.  1365. 

The  pope  (Urban  V.)  claims  the 
tribute  promised  by  John',  but  it  is 
refused  by  the  parliament  A  contro- 
versy springs  up  on  the  subject,  in. 
which  John  WiddifTe*  inveigM  vehe- 
mently against  the  demand. 
A.D.  1366. 

Lionel,  duke  of  Clarence,  holds   a 
parliament  at  Kilkenny,  in  February, 
at  which  severe  enactments  are  made 
against  the  Anglo-Irish  *. 
A.D.  1367. 

The  Black  Prince  espouses  the  cause 
of  Pedro  the  Cruel,  of  Castile".  He 
gains  the  battle  of  Najara,  April  3, 
and  thus  re-establishes  him  on  the 
throne,  but  is  ungraciously  treated^ 
and  having  suffered  much  from  illness^ 
returns  to  Bordeaux. 

A.D.  1368. 

He  levies  heavy  taxes  on  the  Gas- 
cons, when  they  appeal  to  the  king 
of  France. 

A.D.  1369. 

The  Black  Prince  is  sunmioned  to 
Paris,  to  answer  the  complaints  of  the 
Gascons  ',  May  i.  Instead  he  prepares 
for  war,  and  the  king,  by  advice  of 
parliament,  resumes  the  title  of  King 
of  France,  June  3. 


At  length  he  relinquished  his  office  of  constable, 
being  dissatisfied  with  the  conduct  of  CSiaries  V. 
towards  his  native  country,  and  detennined  to 
withdraw  to  Spain,  but  delaying  his  journey,  to 
complete,  as  a  urewell  service  to  France,  the  con- 
quest of  Randon,  held  by  the  English,  he  died 
before  its  walls,  Tuly  13,  1380 ;  the  fortress  sur- 
rendered a  few  days  alter,  and  its  k^ys  were  laid 
iiT>on  his  coffin,  the  governor  having  sworn  to  sub- 
mit only  to  Du  Guesclin. 

p  He  was  eaxl  of  Ulster,  in  right  of  his  wife,^nd 
in  consequence  of  some  successes  was  in  flie  fol- 


lowing year  created  duke  of  Clarence. 

4  He  had  a  •safe  conduct  for  that  purpose.  Dec. 
TO,  but  did  not  long  survive  his  arrival ;  tM  died  at 


the  Savoy,  April  8,  Z3^ 

'  See  A.D.  xaxi.  The  tribute  was  paid  by 
Henry  III.  and  Edward  I.,  but  after  the  removal 
of  the  papacy  to  Avignon  m  1309,  it  fell  into  ar- 
rear,  the  pope  being  considered  a  mere  instrument 
in  the  hands  of  the  French. 

•  John  WicklifTe,  probably  a  native  of  York- 
shire, and  bora  about  1394,  was  a  verv  popular 
lecturer  on  theology  at  Oxirord,  where  ne  taught 
doctrines  opposed  to  those  then  generally  received, 
but  not  so  much  so  as  they  are  ordinarily  repre- 
sented. He  translated  the  Scriptures  into  Eng- 
lish, and  wrote  many  works  in  which  he  inveighM 
against  the  avarice  of  the  court  of  Rome  and  the 
scandalous  lives  of  many  of  the  clergy,  and  advo- 
cated the  Wlpgyragcy  of  the  civil  magistrate.    His 


doctrines  were  authoritatively  condemned,  he  was 
obliged  to  retire  from  Oxford  to  his  living  of  Lut- 
terworth, and  strenuous  efforts  were  made  to  bring 
him  to  condign  punishment ;  but  being  powerfully 
protected,  espeaally  by  the  duke  of  Lancaster,  he 
was  saved  from  further  harm,  and  died  quietly  in 
his  house,  Dec  31,  X384.  His  bones  were  several 
years  after  taken  up  and  burot,  hy  order  of  the 
council  of  Constance,  but  his  doctrines  had  taken 
deep  root,  and  his  followers,  termed  Lollards,  main- 
tained and  widely  propagated  them  in  qute  of  the 
most  strenuous  efforts  of  the  heads  of  both  Church 
and  State ;  whence  John  Wickliffe  is  ordinarily  re- 
garded as  the  father  of  the  English  Reformation. 

*  Their  use  of  the  Irish  laws,  intermarriage,  and 
adoption  of  Irish  surnames  and  customs,  are  pro- 
hibited, as  is  also  the  supplying  the  natives  with 
arms,  horses,  or  armour,  under  the  penalty  of  for- 
feiture of  lands  or  imprisonment. 

«  Peter  had,  among  other  atrocities,  murdered 
has  queen,  Blanche  01  Bourbon,  and  he  had  been 
dethroned  by  his  natural  brother,  Henry  of  Tras- 
tamare,  assisted  by  Du  Guesdin  and  the  Free 
Companies.  On  the  withdrawal  of  the  Black 
Prince,  he  was  again  assailed  by  Henry,  defeatr<^. 
and  put  to  death.  John  of  Gaunt  married  one  of 
his  daughters  soon  after,  and  in  consequence  as- 
sumed the  title  of  King  of  Castile  and  Leon. 

V  The  king  of  France  acted  unjusstifiablv  in  this. 
as  all  feudal  claim  on  the  ceded  provinces  had  been 
expressly  renounced  by  tlie  treaty  of  Bretigny. 


A.D.  I36l>— 1376.] 


EDWARD  III. 


197 


The  staple  removed  from  Calais,  in 
consequence  of  the  war  [43  £dw.  III. 
c.  i]. 

A  fourteen  years'  truce  concluded 
with  Scotland,  June  18. 

The  Third  Great  Pestilence,  from 
July  2  to  Sept.  29. 

A.D.  1370. 

The  French  enter  Gascony  in  Janu- 
ary. 

Limoges  admits  a  French  garri- 
son ;  the  Black  Prince  retakes  it,  and 
jfives  quarter  to  the  French  knights, 
but  butchers  the  inhabitants  in  cold 
blood  «. 

A.D.  1371. 

David  II.  of  Scotland  dies,  Feb.  22. 
His  nephew  Robert  succeeds,  being 
the  first  king  of  the  house  of  Stuart  \ 

The  chancellor*  resigns  the  great 
seal,  March  14,  being  charged  with 
corruption  by  John  of  Gaunt 

Large  sums  are  granted  by  the  par- 
liament for  the  war  with  France.  In 
return  Magna  Charta  is  again  con- 
firmed. 

A.D.  1372. 

The  earl  of  Pembroke  (Jol^n  Hast- 
ings *)  is  defeated  and  captured  at  sea 
by  the  Spaniards,  June  23. 

Dn  Guesclin  is  successfiil  against 
the  English  and  their  adherents  in 
Britanny. 


The  king  embarks  to  invade  France, 
Aug.  31,  but  is  driven  back  by  bad 
weather. 

A.D.  1373- 

De  Montfort  (John  IV.)  is  expelled 
from  Britanny  **. 

The  Black  Prince  surrenders  his 
principaHty  of  Aquitaine  to  the  king, 
April. 

John  of  Gaunt,  appointed  captain 
general,  June  12,  undertakes  to  re- 
store the  English  power,  and  marches 
through  France  from  Calais  to  Bor- 
deaux. The  march  occupied  from  July 
to  December ;  the  French  did  not  at- 
tempt to  dispute  his  passage,  but 
harassed  his  troops  with  continual 
skirmishes,  causing  them  very  heavy 
loss. 

A.D.  1374. 

A  truce  concluded,  Feb.  1 1,  to  last 
till  May  i,  1375,  is  but  ill  observed, 
and  Gascony  is  meanwhile  almost 
entirely  reduced  by  the  French. 

A.D.  1375. 
De  Montfort  lands  in  Britanny,  and 
recovers  much  of  the  duchy.  The  truce 
is  extended  to  April  i,  1377,  and  he  is 
obliged  to  abandon  his  conquests. 

A.D.  1376. 
The  king  falls  ill,  when  the  duke 
of  Lancaster  administers  the  govem- 


«  It  is  to  be  rnrretted  that  the  last  exploit  of 
this  renowned  warrior  was  not  more  in  accordance 
with  the  chiTalxxMU  character  usually  ascribed  to 
him.  He  retired  shortly  after  to  England,  in  broken 
health,  and  was  succeeded  in  his  command  by  his 
brother,  ^ohn  of  Gaunt. 

y  David,  aUter  his  release  in  X3S7>  had  paid  fre- 
quent visits  to  the  Englbh  court,  and,  as  he  had 
00  son,  had  endeavoured  to  secure  the  succession 
to  his  nephew,  Lionel,  duke  of  Clarence,  but  the 
parliament  ol  Scotland  indignantly  rejected  the 
propo^aL 

■  This  was  the  famous  William  of  Wykeham, 


Arms  of  lev  Oollege,  Oxford. 

who  was  bom  at  Wvkeham,  in  Hampshire,  in 
1324.  He  long  served  the  king  in  the  quality  of 
surveyor  of  works,  and  built  for  him  many  noble 
edifice^  both  dvil   and   military,  the  castles  of 


Windsor  and  Queenborough  among  the  number: 
became  warden  of  the  forests  south  of  Trent, 
keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  president  of  the  council, 
bishop  of  Winchester,  and  at  length  chancellor, 
in  Sept,  1367.  In  137*  he  was  driven  from  court, 
and  his  temporalities  seized  on  charges  of  corrup- 
tion, which  were  proved  afterw;irds  to  be  un- 
founded. On  the  accession  of  Richard  II.  he  was 
restored  to  favour,  but  took  little  further  part  in 
public  ai&irs.  (though  his  name  appears  in  the 
commission  of  regency,  and  he  again  became  chan- 
cellor for  a  short  period,)^  devoting  his  energies 
instead  to  the  administration  of  his  diocese,  and 
the  founding  and  endowing  of  the  noble  establish- 
menu  of  Mew  College,  Oxford,  and  St.  Mary, 
Windiester.  He  died  SepL  37,  1404,  and  was 
buried  in  his  cathedral. 

•  He  had  married  Margaret,  the  kins's  youngest 
daughter,  but  she  died  soon  after.  Tnough  thus 
alliM  to  royalty,  he  was  not  ransomed  tmtil  he 
had  suffered  a  three  years'  imprisonment,  and 
he  then  died  at  Arras,  on  his  way  to  Calais,  AprU 


•*iW.'i 


took  refuge  in  England,  where,  except  for 
a  short  period  in  1375,  he  remained  until  13^,  in 
which  year  he  was  mvited  back  by  his  subjects. 
In  X380  a  large  force  was  sent  to  his  assistance, 
under  the  command  of  the  earl  of  Buckingham, 
but  he  soon  after  made  his  peace  with  the  king  of 
France,  on  condition  of  renouncing  the  alliance  he 
had  so  long  maintained  with  the  English.  He  died 
in  1399. 


198 


THE  PLAMTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1376, 1377. 


inent  Much  discontent  is  occasioned 
by  the  extortionate  and  illegal  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Lords  Latimer  and 
Neville,  his  counsellors,  and  of  Alice 
Ferrers,  the  king's  mistress. 

The  parliament  (afterwards  known 
as  '^  the  Good  Parliament'O  assembles. 
Sir  Peter  de  la  Mare,  a  Herefordshire 
knight,  takes  the  lead  in  their  deliber- 
ations ^ 

Supported  by  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
the  Commons  complain  vehemently 
of  the  proceedings  of  the  duke  of  Lan- 
caster. They  suspect  him  of  aspiring 
to  succeed  to  the  throne,  to  the  pre- 
judice of  the  young  son  of  the  Pnnce 
of  Wales,  and  at  length  induce  the 
king  to  appoint  a  new  council  of 
government,  from  which  Lancaster 
and  his  friends  are  excluded. 

The  Commons  present  articles  of 
accusation  against  Latimer,  Neville, 
Alice  Perrers,  and  others,  charging 
them  vrith  extortion,  fraud,  and  inter- 
ference with  the  administration  of 
justice.  The  Lords  investigate  the 
complaints,  are  satisfied  of  their  truth, 
and  procure  the  removal  of  the  of- 
fenders from  the  court. 

The  Black  Prince  dies,  June  8. 
The  Commons  request  that  his  son 
may  be  declared  Prince  of  Wales,  but 
the  king  declines  to  comply**. 

The  duke  of  Lancaster  returns  to 


power.  He  procures  the  ^missal  of 
the  new  council,  and  imprisons  De  la 
Mare  in  Nottingham  Castle. 

A.D.  1377. 

A  new  parliament  assembles,  diiefiy 
composeci  of  the  partisans  of  the  duke 
of  Lancaster. 

The  duke  endeavours  to  exclude 
William  of  Wykeham  from  the  par- 
liament, but  on  the  other  bishops 
taking  up  his  cause,  he  gives  wav. 

The  bishop  of  London  (William 
Courtenay)  cites  Wickliflfe  to  appear 
before  him  in  St  Paul's,  to  reply  to 
a  charge  of  heresy,  Feb.  19.  On  his 
appearance  the  duke  of  Lancaster  and 
Lord  Percy  accompany  him,  treat  the 
bishop  with  much  rudeness,  and  thus 
provoke  a  tumult  in  tiie  city ;  they  are 
obliged  to  retire  precipitately,  to  save 
their  lives. 

In  consequence  of  the  tumidt,  the 
mayor  and  aldermen  are  deprived  of 
office,  March  29. 

A  poll-tax  of  fourpence  on  each  per- 
son over  fourteen  years  of  age  is 
granted*. 

A  general  pardcm  granted,  on  occa- 
sion of  the  king's  royal  jubilee  [50 
Edw.  IILc.  31. 

The  king  dies,  at  Shene,  (dow  Rich- 
mond,) June  2 1,  and  is  buried  at  West- 
minster. 


Events  in  General  History. 


The  Turks   ravage  the  coasts  of 

Greece 1330 

Rienzt,  tribune  of  Rome         .  1347 

Maritime  war  between  Genoa  and 

Venice 1350 

Kiend,   senator   of  Rome^ 


sinated 1354 

Timour  (or  Tamerlane)  begins  his 

conquests  ....  1357 
Commencement  of  the  electiTePohsh 

monarchy       .        •        .        •  IJT^ 

The  papacy  Inrought  bade  to  Rome  1376 


•  He  ii  benoe  nsttally  spoken  of  as  the  first 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

•  The  dignity  was  not  conferred  on  him  till  die 
aext  year,  when  a  new  parliament  assemUed. 

•  A  similar,  bat  much  hearier  grant  in  the  fol- 


lowing reign  gave  occarion  for  Ae  great  rising  of  die 
common  people  under  Wat  the  13^  and  othexs. 

'  In  some  copies  of  this  statute  a  clause  is  found 
excluding  William  of  Wykeham,  the  late  chan* 
cellor,  from  its  benefit. 


exist  8«a  of  Blobftrdn. 


RICHARD  II. 


I^ICHARD,  die  son  of  Edward  the 
Black  Prince  and  Joan  of  Kent,  was 
bom  at  Bordeaux,  April  3,  1366.  Soon 
after  the  death  of  his  father,  he  was 
created  Prince  of  Wales,  and  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  when  only  in  his 
twelfth  year.  The  first  ten  years  of 
his  reign  were  passed  in  tutelage, 
while  the  state  was  disturbed  by  the 
contentions  of  his  ambitious  uncles, 


John  of  Gaunt  and  Thomas  of  Wood- 
stock ;  and  though  on  occasion  of  the 
insurrection  of  the  commons,  which 
occurred  in  the  sixteenth  year  of  his 
age,  he  gave  proof  of  courage  and 
ability,  he  soon  fell  into  the  fatal  error 
of  abandoning  the  management  of  af- 
fairs to  his  ministers  (or  "  favourites," 
as  they  were  disparagingly  termed), 
Michael  de  la  Pole*  and  Robert  Vere*',. 


*  Hb  fiunily  had  long  Cumed  the  customs  at  | 
Hull,  and  his  grandfather  was  the  fint  mayor  of  i 
that  towB.     He  served  with  distinction  in  France  i 
binder  the  Black  Prince,  and  also   accompanied 
John  of  Gmunt  to  Spain.    Under  Richard  II.  he  | 
attached  l»i»»'^lf  to  the  court,  soon  jgained  the  i 
roval  fanmr.  and  at  leneth  was  appomted  chan-  I 
cellor,  rMarcfa  x^,  X383X   He  obtained  many  lavish 
Srants  nom  the  king,  and  in  1386  was  created  earl  | 
ci  SuSbOc     In  the  same  year  he  was  impeached  ' 
by  the  Coomons,  and  beuij^  afterwards  appealed  , 
of  treason  by  the  di^e  of  Gloucester  and  others,  j 
he  fled  in  disguise  to  Calais,  and  thence  to  Paris, 
where  he  died,  Sept.  5,  1388  ;  his  vast  possessions  , 
were  forieitcd,  and  his  magnificent  house  in  Lon-  ! 
don  given  to  Sir  John  Holland,  the  king's  half- 
brother.     His  son,  also  named  Michael,  was  re-  j 
stored  in  blood  by  Henry  IV.,  and  of  hL»  t>^o 


grandsons,  Midiael  was  killed  at  Agiocourt,  and 
William,  duke  of  Suffolk,  became  the  well-lmown 
minister  of  Margaret  of  Anjou. 

^  Robert  de  Vere,  son  of  Thomas,  earl  of  Ox- 
ford, was  bom  in  136a :  he  was  of  a  light  and 
profligate  disposition,  and  acquiring  the  favour  of 
Richard  II.,  was  loaded  with  extraordinary  ho- 
nours by  him.  First  he  received  in  marriage  the 
lady  Philippa  de  Coucy,  the  granddaughter  of 
Edward  III,,  and  the  grant  of  her  lands ;  then  he 
was  created  marquis  of  Dublin,  and  at  length  duke 
of  Ireland  (Oct.  13,  ip86,)  by  a  patent  which  ren- 
dered him,  as  far  as  the  king's  wishes  were  allowed 
10  take  effect,  a  sovereign  prince.  He,  however, 
abandoned  his  wife,  and  married  a  waiting-woman 
of  the  queen  :  this  was  speedily  followed  by  his. 
being  imprisoned  on  a  charge  of  treason,  but  he 
escaped  ui  dis^jvuse,  and  raising  some  troops,  en- 


200 


THE   PLANTAGENETS. 


whom  he  loaded  with  wealth  and 
honours.  At  length  John  of  Gaunt 
engaged  in  an  expedition  into  Spain, 
when  Gloucester  became  supreme,  and 
the  favourites  were  impeached  and  ban- 
ished, or  put  to  death.  The  lords  ap- 
pellants, as  Gloucester  and  his  asso- 
ciates were  called,  declared  that  by 
these  proceedings  no  dishonour  was 
meant  to  the  king,  whose  youth  and 
inexperience  had  been  imposed  upon, 
but  they  left  him  only  the  shadow  of 
power.  He  bore  this  for  a  while,  but 
in  the  year  1389  he  came  suddenly 
into  the  council,  and  formally  in- 
quiring his  age,  on  the  reply  that  he 
was  in  his  24th  year,  declared  he  would 
no  longer  endure  the  government  of 
tutors,  and  at  once  deprived  of  office 
and  drove  from  the  court  the  duke 
and  his  party. 

A  few  years  of  peace  and  apparent 
contentment  followed  this  resolute  step, 
during  which  the  king  made  a  visit  to 
Ireland,  and  by  his  afiability  and  libe- 
rality conciliated  many  of  the  most 
powerful  chiefs;  but  his  popularity 
was  marred  by  a  peace  with  France 
and  marriage  with  a  French  princess, 
as  it  was  generally  suspected  that 
Calais  and  the  Channel  Islands  were 
intended  to  be  given  up,  as  Brest  and 
Cherbourg  had  already  been.  The 
duke  of  Gloucester  took  advantage  of 
the  discontents  thus  occasioned,  and 
intrigued  to  regain  his  lost  ascendancy, 
but  the  king  was  now  directed  by  his 
half-brother,  the  earl  of  Huntingdon, 
a  bold  and  cruel  man,  and  the  duke 
and  his  confederates  were  suddenly 
seized  and  put  to  death. 

Richard  now  appeared  firmly  esta- 
blished on  the  throne,  when  a  quarrel 
between  the  dukes  of  Norfolk  and 
Hereford,  who  had  been  among  the 


appellants  of  1388,  but  had  since  aided 
him  against  his  uncle,  induced  him  to 
banish  them  both.  Norfolk  submitted 
to  his  sentence  and  died  abroad,  but 
his  opponent  (who  had  lingered  in 
France,  and  had  become  duke  of  Lan- 
caster by  the  death  of  his  father,)  soon 
returned  with  a  few  friends  under  pre- 
tence of  claiming  his  inheritance,  was 
joined  by  the  Percies  and  others,  seized 
the  king  on  his  return  from  a  second 
expedition  to  Ireland,  brought  him 
captive  to  London,  and  procured  his 
formal  deposition,  Sept.  30,  1399,  after 
a  troubled  and  inglorious  reign  of 
twenty-three  years '. 

Richard  was  then  in  the  Tower,  but 
the  parliament  soon  after  desired  that 
he  might  be  "kept  secretly,"  and  so 
fully  was  this  carried  out,  that  he  soon 
after  disappeared,  and  nothing  is  cer- 
tainly known  of  the  time,  place,  or 
manner  of  his  death.  It  is,  however, 
tolerably  certain  that  the  received  ac- 
count that  he  was  murdered  at  Pomfret 
by  Sir  Piers  Exton  is  untrue,  and  that 
the  body  exposed  at  St.  Paul's  (March 
12,  1400)  was  not  his,  but  probably 
that  of  Maudelyn,  a  priest  who  bore 
a  strong  resemblance  to  him,  and  is 
believed  to  have  been  his  natural 
brother. 

The  English  writers  of  the  period 
all  speak  vaguely  on  the  subject  of 
Richard's  death '^  and  acknowledge 
that  reports  of  his  being  alive  were 
long  circulated,  but  they,  appear  to 
have  been  too  much  under  the  in- 
fluence of  the  usurping  Lancastrians 
to  venture  to  sav  more.  From  docu- 
ments among  the  public  records,  of 
both  England  and  Scotland,  however, 
and  the  statements  of  Scottish  and 
French  chroniclers,  it  has  been  sur- 
mised with  a  high  degree  of  proba- 


d  savoured   to   overthrow  the   rule   of  the  duke 
cf  Gloucester.    He  was  defeated,  outlawed,  and 


Arms  of  De  Yen,  earl  of  Oxford 
obliged  to  flee  to  the  continent,  where  he  was 


lulled  while  hunting  in  Lorraine,  in  130s.  The 
king  retained  an  affection  for  him  which  ne  mani- 
fested by  having  the  corpse  brought  to  England 
and  bestowing  a  pompous  funeral  on  it,  in  the  year 
Z395- 

"  Richard  Mras  very  unpopular  with  the  Lon- 
donen,  who  commonly  styled  lum  only  Richard 
(or  John)  of  Bordeaux,  and  aflected  to  doubt  his 
legitimacy.  He  had  seized  their  charters  and  ex- 
torted mone]^  from  them,  and  they  had  so  great 
a  share  in  his  overthrow,  that  the  people  of  the 
north  afterwards  spoke  of  Henry  of  Lancaster  as 
only  chosen  by  "the  villeins  of  London." 

*  Some  say  he  was  killed  by  Exton.  some 
that  he  was  starved  to  death,  others  that  be 
starved  himself:  qualifying  their  accounts,  how- 
ever, with  '*  as  it  IS  said,"  ^' according  to  owuion 
rumour/'  &c. 


RICHARD   II. 


201 


bility%  that  Richard  escaped  from 
Pomfret  early  in  the  year  1400,  simul- 
taneously with  the  rising  in  his  favour 
of  the  earls  of  Huntingdon,  Kent, 
Salisbury,  and  others,  and  found  a 
shelter  in  Scotland,  where  he  was 
visited  by  some  of  his  friends  in  1402, 
and  in  1405  by  Creton,  an  emissary 
of  his  wife,  Isabella  of  France;  that 
he  was  found  by  Creton  in  a  state  of 
mental  imbecility,  occasioned  by  grief 
for  the  tragical  fate  of  his  friends,  and 
that  the  story  of  his  murder  at  Pom- 
fret  was  subsequently  devised  to  serve 
the  political  views  of  the  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy (the  actual  ruler  of  France  in  con- 
sequence of  the  illness  of  Charles  VI.). 


That  some  one  existed  in  Scotland 
who  for  many  years  was  ordinarily 
taken  for  King  Richard  is  evident 
from  the  accounts  of  the  chamber- 
lain of  that  kingdom,  which  speak 
of  the  expenses  of  the  "custody  of 
King  Richard  of  England"  as  late  as 
1417 ;  in  the  same  year  Henry  V.  al- 
ludes to  the  "mammet**  (impostor) 
"  of  Scotland,"  in  a  manner  which  is 
conceived  to  shew  that  the  term  was 
dishonestly  employed ;  and  several 
Scottish  chroniclers  speak  of  Rich- 
ard's death  at  Stirling  in  1419:  one 
saying  he  died  "a beggar  and  out  of 
his  mind,"  and  another  giving  his 
epitaph. 


lUdiazdn.  InneofBohemiA. 

From  KonumeBts,  Westminster  Abbej. 


In  1382  Richard  married  Anne  of 
Bohemia,  sister  of  Wenceslaus,  king  of 
the  Romans,  who  exerted  herself  to  calm 
the  animosities  and  jealousies  which 
reigned  in  his  court,  and  thus  earned 
the  title  of  the  "good  Queen  Anne." 
She  died  in  1394,  much  lamented,  and 
her  husband  at  once  forsook  their 
favourite  residence  of  Shene  (now 
Richmond).  Two  years  after  he  passed 


over  to  Calais,  and  there  married 
Isabella,  daughter  of  Charles  VI.  of 
France,  a  child  of  eight  years  of  age ', 
and  thus  put  an  end  to  the  war  which 
had  now  (with  a  few  intervals  of  ill- 
observed  truce)  for  more  than  fifty 
years  existed  between  the  two  nations. 
He  left  no  issue. 

Richard  bore  in  the  early  part  of 
his  reign  the  arms  of  England  quar- 


Arms  of  Richard  n. 


•  This  view  of  the  matter  was  suggested  by  Mr. 
Tytler,  in  his  History  of  Scotland.  Several  emi- 
nent writers  have  dissented  from  it,  but  some  of 
them  were  not  aware  of  documents  existing  in  the 
F.nffHsh  Record  Office,  which  seem  to  establish 
Rid)ard*s  escape  from  Pomfiret ;  others  allege  that 
one  Thomas  Ward  (whose  name,  however,  does 
not  occur  in  contemporary  writers)  was  employed 
to  personate  Richard,  in  order  to  embarrass  the 
gorenimeat  of  Henry. 


'After  his  deposition  she  returned  to  France, 

and  though  declared  free  from  all  matrimonial  ties, 

on  account  of  her  youth,  she,  according  to  the 

French  chronicles,  manifested  much  affection  for 

!  Richard.    She  rcsoluteljr  refused  to  acknowledge 

1  Henry  of  Lancaster  as  king,  attempted  more  than 

j  once  to  land  in  England,  or  to  join  Richard  in  Scot- 

I  land,  and  apparency  only  married  Charles,  duke  of 

Orleans  (June  29,  1406)  when  deceived  by  a  false 

I  account  of  his  death.    She  died  Sept.  23,  X409- 


203 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[A.D.  1377. 


tered  with  those  of  France,  but  after- 
"wards  he  impaled  these  with  the  bear- 
ings ascribed  to  Edward  the  Con- 
fessor. 


Various  badges  and  devices  are  at- 
tributed to  him;  as  the  sim  behind 
a  cloud,  the  sun  in  splendour,  the 
white  hart  couchant  (inherited  boxa 


mm 


Badges  of  Richard  n. 


his  mother,  Joan  of  Kent),  the  stump 
of  a  tree,  and  a  white  falcon  ;  but  this 
latter  probably  belongs  to  his  queen 
Isabella. 

The  character  of  Richard  was  evi- 
dently weak  rather  than  wicked.  He 
was  doubtless  luxurious  and  extra- 
vagant, and  he  listened  too  readily  to 
the  evil  counsels  of  his  half-brother, 
the  earl  of  Himtingdon,  and  others, 
which  cost  the  lives  of  his  tiu-bulent 
uncle  Gloucester,  and  the  earl  of  Arun- 
del <f ;  but  towards  many  who  were 
equally  his  enemies  he  was  far  from 
acting  with  rigour^ ;  and  that  his  con- 
duct m  private  life  was  amiable  may 
be  justly  inferred  from  the  devoted 
affection  with  which  he  was  regarded 
by  both  his  consorts,  and  his  personal 
attendants  *• 


A.D.  1377. 

Richard,  grandson  of  Edward  III.,  . 
succeeds  to  the  throne,  June  22  \    He 
is  crowned  at  Westminster,  July  16. 

The    French    ravage   the    Isle    of 
Wight,  attack  Southampton  without 
success,  and  bum  Hastings  and  Rye  \  . 
July,  August. 

A  parliament  meets,  October  13. 
The  duke  of  Lancaster  openly  defies . 
any  who  may  accuse  him  of  treason- 
able intentions ;  a  council  of  nine  per- 
sons is  chosen  to  conduct  the  govern- 
ment"; funds  to  support  the  war 
against  France  are  placed  in  the 
hands  of  John  Philpot  and  William 
Walworth,  citizens  of  London ;  and 
Alice  Ferrers  (the  favourite  of  the  late 
king)  is  banished. 


t  Richard  Fits-Alan,  earl  of  Arundel,  was  the 
son  of  Richard,  the  grandson  of  the  earl  executed 
in  the  time  of  Edward  II.,  and  Eleanor,  daughter 
of  Henry,  earl  of  Lancaster.  He  succeeded  his 
lather  as  earl  in  2375,  and  like  other  nobles  of  the 


Arms  of  earl  of  Inrndel. 

period  served  in  France  and  Scotland,  but  he  was 
chiefly  renuu^ble  for  his  valour  and  conduct  at 
sea.  He  was  for  several  years  admiral  and  cap- 
tain-general of  the  east,  south,  and  west,  gained 
several  naval  victories,  and  also  capture  Brest. 
The  duke  of  Ireland  attempted  to  depreciate  his 
services,  which  induced  him  to  join  tne  duke  of 
Gloucester  in  seizing  the  reins  of  government ;  he 
became  thus  personally  obnoxious  to  the  king,  was 


deprived  of  his  office,  when  the  latter  freed  him- 
self from  restraint,  and  was  afterwards  involved  in 
Gloucester's  fall,  being  seized,  tried,  and  beheaded, 
in  Sept.  1397.  His  estates  were  shared  among  the 
royal  favourites,  ftwo  of  them  were  his  sons-in- 
law,)  and  his  son  fled  to  the  continent,  but  return- 
ing with  Henry  of  Lancaster,  was  restored  in 
blood  in  the  first  parliament  of  Henry  IV.  The 
earl  was  buried  in  the  churdi  of  the  Augustiu 
Friars  in  London,  and  bdng  a  popular  favourite, 
reports  were  spread  of  nincles  wrought  at  his 
tomb. 

■>  Henry  of  Lancaster,  Archbishop  Arundel,  and 
the  earl  of  Warwidc  may  be  named  ;  it  cannot  be 
doubted  that  they  were  ready  to  take  his  life»  ycc 
he  spared  theirs. 

'  Several  of  these  latter  adhered  to  him  in  every 
change  of  fortune,  and  cheerfully  suffered  death  in 
his  cause. 

^  His  regnal  years  are  computed  from  this  day. 

I  They  also  atUcked  Winchelsea.  but  were  beaten 
off.  Laiter  in  the  year  the  men  of  these  two  towns 
landed  in  Normandy,  ravaged  several  places^  and 
recovered  the  church  bells  of  Rye. 

■  These  werCjthe  bishops  of  Loodon,  Gariisle* 
and  Salbbury  (William  Courtenay,  Thomas  Ap- 
pleby,  and  Ralph  ErghumX  the  earls  of  March 
and  of  Stafford,  Sir  Richard  Stafford.  Sir  Henrr 
Scrope,  Sir  John  Devercux,  and  Sir  Hnsh  Se> 
grave. 


A.D.  1378— 1381.] 


RICHARD  II. 


«05 


A.D.  1378. 

John  Philpot  captures  Mercer^  a 
Scottish  sea-rover. 

John  of  Gaunt  makes  a  fruitless 
attempt  on  St  Malo. 

Cherbouig  is  ceded  to  the  English 
by  the  king  of  Navarre  (Charles  the 
Bad). 

A  parliament  hdd  at  Gloucester,  in 
October.  Urban  VI.  recognised  as 
pope;  persons  adhering  to  his  rival 
(Clement  VII.)  to  lose  the  Idi^s  pro- 
tectioo,  and  forfeit  their  goods  [2  Rich. 
II.C7J. 

Roxbuig^h  bumt|  and  Berwick  cap- 
tured by  surprise  by  the  Scots,  m 
November.  Berwick  is  soon  retaken 
by  Henry  Percy,  earl  of  Northum- 
berland. 

A.IX  1379. 

Dc  Montfort  recovers  the  greater 
part  of  Britanny. 

Heavy  duties  aic  granted  on  wool, 
woolfeDs,  and  leather,  to  support  the 
garrisons  in  France,  and  a  capitation- 
tax,  ranging  from  £6  ly.  4^  to  4d. 
per  head,  imposed". 

AJ>.  138a 

The  earl  of  Buckingham  marches 
from  Gdais  to  Britanny  to  assist  De 
Montfort,  but  is  coldly  received. 

The  south  coast  from  Portsmouth 
to  Romney  is  ravaged  by  a  fleet  of 
French  galleys,  August;  they  also 
bum  Gravesend  in  September. 

Charles  V.  of  France  dies,  Sept  16. 
He  is  succeeded  by  his  son  Charles  VI. 

John  of  Gaunt  invades  Scotland, 
but  agrees  to  a  truce  at  Berwick, 
Nov.  I, 

The  parliament  meets  at  Northamp- 
ton, Nov.  5,  and  grants  a  poll-tax  of 
twelve-pence  on  every  person  above 
iiftecn  years  of  age  •• 


Aliens  forbidden  to  hold  benefices- 
fa  Rich.  II.  c  3]. 

A.D.  1381. 

The  duke  of  Britanny  makes  a  treaty 
with  France,  Jan.  15,  and  dismisses 
his  English  allies. 

The  poll-tax  which  had  been  re- 
cently granted  by  the  parliament, 
mainly  for  the  expenses  of  this  fruit- 
less expedition,  was  most  unjust  in 
itself,  as  demanding  a  like  sum  from 
those  with  small  as  from  those  with 
more  ample  means ;  for  the  provision 
that  ''the  richer  should  aid  the  poorer 
sort"  was  little  regarded.  The  collec- 
tion proceeded  but  slowly,  and  the  sol- 
diers who  had  returned  from  Britanny 
being  clamorous  for  their  pay,  the 
ministers  borrowed  a  large  sum  from 
foreign  merchants,  assigning  the  tax 
to  them,  and  allowing  them  to  appoint 
their  own  collectors.  The  greediness 
and  insolence  of  these  men  was  soon 
foundintolerable;  and  thus  was  brought 
to  a  head  the  discontent  with  which 
the  mass  of  the  people  in  the  south 
and  east  of  England  had  long  re- 
garded their  condition ;  for  the  rustics 
were  oppressed  by  the  landlords,  and 
the  poor  townsmen  by  the  guilds.  The 
collectors  would  seem  to  have  been 
first  openly  opposed  in  Essei^  and 
when  Sir  Robert  Belknap,  a  judge, 
was  sent  to  punish  the  rioters,  he  was 
obliged  to  flee  for  his  life.  The  news 
spr^id  from  shire  to  shire,  and  a  tax- 
collector  was  killed  at  Dartford  by 
a  workman,  called  Wat  the  tyler.  Soon^ 
according  to  documents  in  the  Public 
Record  Office,  '^  a  cry  was  raised  that 
no  tenant  should  do  service  or  custom 
to  the  lords  as  they  had  aforetime 
done',**  and  bands  were  formed,  of 


■  The  icd«  of  dutks  for  this  tax  is  curious,  and 
u  birijr  ippaitiooed  shews  the  hiffh  station  of 
joogcs,  Wttistnites,  and  lawren  of  that  period. 
l>ukcs  paid  jC6  19*.  M^**  chief  Justices,  £$ ;  caris, 
ud  the  maTor  of  London,  £a  :  barons,  wealthy 
kugbts,  aldennen  of  London,  mayors  of  sreat 
twni*  seQeancs  and  gieat  apprentices  of  the  law. 
f2i  mayors  of  lesser  towns,  great  merchants,  and 
knights  of  St.  John  of  Jenisalem,  £t,  **  Suffiaent " 
n«*duats  paid  13*.  ^i. ;  fimners  or  lessMs,  the 
»mc,  or  more,  according  to  the  value  of  their 
InldinB ;  boigLisu,  husbandmen  and  others,  from 
^V'  jd.  downward  to  U. ;  labourers,  ^.  for  a  man 
snd  hu  wife,  and  the  like  sum  for  «u^  tuunarried 


penon  above  the  a«  of  si] 

^This  new  tax  fell  three  times  as  heavily  on  the 

'Over  orders  as  the  capitation>taz  of  the  former 


year.    The  principle  of  the  latter  is  the  same  as 
that  of  the  income-tax  of  the  present  dav. 

p  Even  before  this  time  efiorts  had  been  made, 
but  in  a  less  violent  manner,  to  shake  off  the  yoke 
of  the  nobles ;  confederacies  of  villeins  for  the  pur- 
pose of  withstanding  their  lords  are  spoken  of,  and 
prohibited,  by  statute  in  1377  [x*  Rich.  IL  c.  6], 
but  there  was  no  objection  to  their  boti^aining  for 
their  firnedom,  which  many  of  them  did :  and  if 
a  villein  fled  to  a  town,  and  remained  there  un- 
claimed by  his  lord  for  a  year  and  a  day,  he  be- 
came free :  though,  such  was  the  exclusive  spirit 
of  the  guilds  of  craftsmen,  that  he  could  not  hope 
to  rise  above  the  condition  of  a  mere  labourer. 
Sir  Simon  Buriey,  a  knight  of  the  court,  claimed 
a  villein  who  had  taken  refuge  at  Gravesend,  and 
lodged  him  in  Rochester  casue,  shortly  before  the 


204 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  ijSx. 


to>vn  workmen  in  some  cases,  and 
of  rustics  in  others,  who  under  leaders 
bearing  the  assumed  names  of  Wat 
Tyler  or  Jack  Straw,  committed  great 
ravages.  In  Kent,  for  instance,  they 
broke  open  the  gaols,  seized  the  sheriff 
(William  de  Septvanz)  and  obliged 
him  to  give  up  his  taxation  rolls, 
which  were  forthwith  burnt,  and  took 
summary  vengeance  on  various  ob- 
noxious individuals ;  some  were  mur- 
dered, whilst  others  had  their  houses 
plundered,  or  were  driven  from  their 
lands,  or  were  put  to  ransom.  Similar, 
or  greater  outrages  were  perpetrated 
in  many  other  places,  and  the  deter- 
mination was  taken  to  proceed  to  Lon- 
don, and  demand  from  the  king,  not 
merely  the  abolition  of  the  unjust  tax, 
but  charters  that  should  free  the  rural 
population  from  the  more  grievous  op- 
pressions of  their  lords.  From  par- 
dons subsequently  granted,  we  see 
that  these  commotions  extended  from 
Cornwall  all  along  the  south  and  east 
of  England  into  Yorkshire,  and  we 
see  also  that  they  had  a  far  more 
adequate  cause,  as  well  as  a  much 
longer  duration,  than  is  usually  as- 
cribed to  them. 

In  Suffolk  and  Norfolk  the  insur- 
gents were  led  by  one  John  Litster  (or 
the  Dyer),  and  committed  great  ex- 
cesses, murdering,  among  oUiers,  Sir 
John  Cavendish,  the  chief  justice,  and 
John  of  Cambridge,  the  prior  of  Bury ; 
but  they  were  put  down  by  Henry 
Spenser',  who  is  known  in  history 
by  the  unseemly  title  of  "the  warlike 
bishop  of  Norwich." 

The  Essex  men  reached  the  neigh- 
l>ourhood  of  London,  had  the  desired 
charters  granted  to  them,  and  appa- 
rently returned  home  satisfied,  without 
doing  any  great  amount  of  mischief. 


Not  so  those  of  Kent,  in  whose  ranks 
were  many  beside  mere  rustic  la- 
bourers'. They  rendezvoused  on  Black- 
heath,  June  12,  entered  London  on 
the  following  day,  burnt  the  palace 
of  the  duke  of  Lancaster  ■,  and  other 
edifices,  and  butchered  many  foreign- 
ers. The  next  day  they  seized  the 
Tower,  murdered  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  (Simon  of  Sudbury)  and 
the  king's  treasurer  (Sir  Robert  Hales'), 
and  prepared  for  further  excesses.  On 
the  15th  they  had  a  conference  with 
the  king  in  Smithfield,  when  their 
leader  Wat  was  killed  by  William 
Walworth,  then  mayor  of  London* 
The  young  king,  however,  had  the 
address  to  lead  them  out  of  the  city, 
on  a  promise  of  granting  them  fidl 
charters  of  freedom,  as  he  had  done 
the  day  before  at  Mile-end  to  the  peo- 
ple of  Essex,  but  whilst  they  were  en- 
gaged in  this  matter  they  were  sud- 
denly confronted  by  a  body  of  well- 
armed  men,  raised  hastily  among  the 
citizens,  under  Sir  Robert  KnoUys,  a 
renowned  conmiander,  when  they  dis- 
persed with  precipitation. 

The  immediate  danger  thus  removed, 
the  royal  councillors  at  once  set  about 
recalling  the  concessions  that  had  been 
made  and  punishing  the  insui^gents. 
The  military  tenants  of  the  cro^*n 
were  ordered  to  assemble  on  Black- 
heath  on  June  30;  and  on  that  day 
the  king  issued  a  proclamation  from 
Havering-atte-Bower,  ordering  that  all 
tenants,  whether  free  or  bond,  should 
render  all  accustomed  services  as  here- 
tofore ;  and  on  July  2  he  formally  an- 
nulled the  charters  of  freedom  ■.  Com- 
missions for  the  trial  of  offenders  were 
next  issued  (July  10),  and  under  them 
Tresilian  and  other  judges,  supported 
by  a  strong  force,  made  circuits,  in 


outbreak  at  Dartford.  The  Kentish  ixuurgents 
set  the  man  free,  and  also  released  from  prison 
John  BaB,  one  of  the  friars  preachers,  who  was 
confined  at  Maidstone  on  a  charge  of  seditions  and 
who  is  said  to  have  devised  a  couplet  asserting  the 
original  equality  of  man,— 

"When  Adam  delved  and  Ev^  span. 
Where  was  then  the  gentleman  ?" 

which  they  understood  as  an  incitement  to  the 
murder  of  all  the  higher  orders. 

1  He  was  the  grandson  of  the  favourite  of  Ed- 
ward II.  He  held  the  see  of  Norwich  from  1370 
till  his  death,  Aug.  23,  1406. 

'  Bertram  de  Wilmyngtonei  "armiger**  is  men- 
tioned as  the  leader  of  a  party  that  remained  in 
arms  at  least  up  to  July  x.  In  indictments  subse- 
quently found  against  them,  we  find  the  chaplain 


of  one  church,  the  sacristan  of  another,  and  the 
clerk  of  a  third  charged  with  heading  motw  that 
sacked  stewards'  houses  and  burnt  court-rolls ;  car- 
penters, sawyers,  masons  and  tylers ;  tailots  and 
weavers:  a  baker,  a  buckler-player,  a  cobbler, 
a  cook,  a  glover,  a  piper,  and  seven!  senring-men, 
were  in  their  ranks ;  also  some  small  farmers,  who 
had  been  forced  to  j<nn  them  by  threats,  and  were 
in  consequence  acquitted. 

■  The  duke  was  absent  in  Scotland,  where  be 
negodated  a  truce  till  Candlemas-day  (Feb.  9). 
X384;  his  son.  afterwards  Henry  IV.,  was  sav^ 
from  the  mob  oy  one  John  Ferrour. 

*  He  was  sJso  the  prior  of  die  Knights  of 
St.  John. 

"  This  revocaUon  was  sanctioned  by  the  parlia« 
ment,  which  met  in  November  [5  Rich.  II.  c  ^ 


A.D.  1381—1384.] 


RICHARD   ir. 


205 


which  it  would  appear  that  as  many 
as  1,500  persons  were  executed'.  All 
idea  of  resistance,  however,  was  not 
immediately  abandoned.  From  pro- 
ceedings in  the  courts  at  London  in 
the  years  1 381  to  1383  it  appears  that 
an  attempt  was  made  in  July,  1381, 
to  raise  a  force  to  hold  Canterbury 
against  the  approaching  royal  troops  ; 
and  this  failing,  one  Stephen  Hardyng 
and  others  rose  in  arms  at  Linton,  in 
Kent,  in  the  following  September,  for 
the  purpose  of  forcing  the  king  to  con- 
firm anew  the  revoked  charters  of 
freedom.  They  were  betrayed  by  a 
confederate,  apprehended,  and  exe- 
cuted. One  remarkable  document  con- 
nected with  these  trials  is,  the  confes- 
sion of  one  John  Cote,  who,  when 
questioned  in  the  Tower,  "acknow- 
ledged that  certain  strangers  from  the 
north  country  had  come  to  Canter- 
bury, who  related  that  the  duke  of 
Lancaster  had  set  all  his  'natives' 
[slaves  by  birth  of  the  lord  of  the 
manor]  me  in  the  different  counties 
of  England ;  on  which  Hardyng  and 
the  rest  wished  to  send  messengers  to 
the  duke  to  ascertain  if  this  were  true, 
and  if  it  were  so,  to  make  him  king 
of  England.  Their  apprehension  seems 
to  have  prevented  their  taking  any 
steps  to  further  this  design,  but  the 
pardon  granted  to  the  accuser,  when 
his  life  was  forfeited  by  the  law,  looks 
suspiciously  like  a  desire  to  bury  the 
matter  in  oblivion  *.'* 


Unlicensed  preachers  (Lollards)  or 
dered  to  be  arrested  and  held  in  strong 
prison,  "until  they  will  justify  them- 
selves according  to  the  law  and  rea- 
son of  Holy  Church,"  [5  Rich.  11. 
St.  2,  c.  5.] 

A.D.  1382. 

The  war  continued  with  France  ; 
the  French  are  successful  in  Flan- 
ders. 

Pardon  granted  to  the  late  insur- 
gents, with  certain  exceptions  [6  Rich. 
IL  c.  13]. 

A  great  earthquake  in  England, 
May  21. 

A.D.  1383. 
The  bishop  of  Norwich  (Henry 
Spenser)  makes  an  expedition  into 
Flanders,  May  to  October.  He  is  un- 
successful, and  on  his  return  is  cen- 
sured in  parliament. 

A.D.  1384. 

A  truce  concluded  with  France, 
Jan.  26 ' ;  also  with  Scotland  shortly 
after. 

A  parliament  meets  at  Salisbur>% 
April  25,  when  John  Latimer,  an  Irish 
friar,  accuses  the  duke  of  Lancaster  of 
treasonable  designs.  A  day  is  ap- 
pointed for  a  public  hearing,  and  the 
friar  is  meanwhile  given  into  the  charge 
of  Sir  John  Holland ',  but  he  is  shortly 
after  found  dead  in  his  chamber. 

John  of  Northampton  %  a  vehement 


*  Among  them  was  John  Ball,  the  friar :  he  was 
hanged  at  St.  Albon's,  July  15. 

■  See  "Archaeologia  Cantiana,**  vols,  iil  and 
IT.,  where  the  documents  are  printed. 

1  It  was  at  first  only  to  last  till  the  following 
Michaelmas,  but  was  afterwards  extended  to  May 

*  He  was  half-brother  to  the  king,  and  was  created 
eari  of  Huntingdon.  He  had  a  principal  share  in 
the  death  of  the  duke  of  Gloucester,  after  which  he 
was  made  duke  of  Exeter.  He  attempted  to  restore 
Richard,  and  was  in  consequence  beheaded  early 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV. 

*  He  had  lately  held  the  office  of  mayor  of  Lon- 
don, the  dtixens  of  which  in  general  were  violently 
hostile  to  the  king,  partly  from  his  exactions,  but 
more  from  the  prevalence  among  them  of  certain 
opinioos  of  the  Lollards,  which  were  incompati- 
ble with  due  respect  for  the  kingly  office.  I'he 
duke  of  Lancaster  and  his  soo  affected,  from  poli- 
tical motives,  to  favour  their  views,  while  Richard 
led  a  gay  extravagant  life,  surroimded  by  idle 
courtiers  and  greedy  favourites,  who  considered  all 
sober-minded  people  as  disaffected  ;  hence  the  mu- 
tual dislike  and  distrust  of  the  parties  was  as  great 
as  it  was  in  later  days  between  the  Cavaliers  and 
the  Puritans. 

A  distinguKthed  member  of  what  would  now  be 
called  the  Liberal  party  was  Ceofirey  Chaucer, 


iimi  of  John  of  VorUianiptoii. 

justly  styled  the  (ather  of  English  poetry.  He 
was  bom,  probably  in  London,  in  2338,  was  first 
a  page  in  the  court  of  Edward  III.  and  afterwards 
empbyed  in  embassies  abroad,  where  he  made 
himself  familiar  with  the  literature  of  France  and 
Italy.  He  became  connected  by  marriage  wiih 
John  of  Gaunt;  inflamed  by  his  writings  the  ill 
feeling  of  his  party  against  the  court  and  cl':<^^y. 


206 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1384— 1387. 


partisan  of  the  duke,  is  tried,  and  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  and  forfeiture. 
An  attempt  is  also  made  to  put  the 
duke  on  his  trial,  but  he  retires  to 
the  castle  of  Pontefract,  when  a  war 
is  averted  by  the  mediation  of  the 
king's  mother,  and  the  duke  returns 
to  the  court. 

Aliens  rendered  incapable  of  hold- 
ing any  ecclesiastical  preferment*', 
[7  Rich.  II.  c.  12], 

A.D.  1385. 

The  French  send  aid  to  the  Scots, 
who  invade  England.  The  king  ad- 
vances against  them,  takes  and  bums 
Edinburgh,  and  ravages  the  coimtry. 

The  French  also  prepare  to  invade 
England,  but  their  fleet  Deing  detained 
at  Sluys  by  contrary  winds  the  at- 
tempt is  postponed  to  the  next  year. 

Roger,  earl  of  March,  is  declared 
by  the  king  presumptive  heir  to  the 
throne  •=. 

The  duke  of  Lancaster  forms  an 
alliance  with  the  king  of  Portugal, 
(John  I.)  in  order  to  obtain  posses- 
sion of  the  crown  of  Castile. 


A,D.  1386. 

The  French  invasion  is  again  post- 
poned. 0U 

The  duke  of  Lancaster  lepds  his 
army  to  Spain ;  lands  at  the  Groyne, 
Aug.  9. 

The  parliament  meets  Oct  r,  when 
the  earl  of  Suffolk  is  impeached  by 
the  House  of  Commons,  deprived  of 
his  recent  acquisitions,  and  commit- 
ted to  the  custody  of  the  duke  of 
Gloucester*. 

A  council  of  regency  of  eleven  per- 
sons formed*,  the  duke  of  Gloucester 
being  at  their  head,  by  which  the  king 
is  deprived  of  all  power '. 

A.D.  1387. 

The  king  holds  conferences  with  the 
duke  of  Ireland,  Sir  Simon  Burley, 
and  others,  to  devise  means  for  over- 
throwing the  regency. 

A  quarrel  arises  among  the  leaders 
of  the  French  expedition,  which  causes 
the  design  to  be  laid  aside. 

The  earl  of  Arundel  captures  a  lai^e 
Flemish  fleet,  near  Sluys,  March  24. 


in  consequence  foifuted  some  royal  erants  nrfiich 
he  had  received,  and  was  at  lengtn  obliged  to 
withdraw  to  the  continent,  where  he  remained  in 
poverty  for  several  years.  At  length  he  returned 
to  Englaadf  but  was  seized  and  imprisoned,  and  is 
charged,  it  is  to  be  hoped  imtruly,  with  purchasing 
his  liberty  by  betraying  his  confederates.  On  the 
duke  of  Lancaster  regaining  the  royal  fiivour, 
Chaucer  shared  his  good  fortune,  and  bved  to  see 
the  son  of  his  patron  seize  the  throne.  He  died 
about  a  year  after,  leaving  a  number  of  works, 
both  in  poetry  and  prose,  of  which  the  Canterbury 
Tales  have  still  a  well-merited  popularity. 

An  almost  equally  eminent  poet  of  the  same  era 
was  John  Gower,  wno  also  was  a  courtier,  and  has 
left  numerous  works  in  English,  French,  and  Latin, 
on  a  great  varietur  of  subjects.  He  was  bom  about 
1320,  and  died  in  1403,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  St.  Mary  Overy,  Southwark,  where  his 
tomb  still  remains.  He  nas  been  supposed,  but 
seemingly  without  sufficient  authority,  to  have 
been  c^  the  same  stock  as  the  present  duke  of 
Sutherland. 

■>  Several  other  statutes  to  the  same  effect  were 
passed  in  this  and  the  two  following  reigns,  but 
they  were  seldom  enforced. 

*  He  was  the  son  of  Edmund  earl  of  March, 
and  Phtlippa,  daughter  of  Lionel  duke  of  Clarence. 
John  of  Gaunt,  against  whom  this  measure  was  con- 
sidered as  directed,  endeavoured  to  prevent  the 
recognition  of  Roger  by  asserting  that  his  own 
son  was  the  true  heir,  as  the  representative  of  Ed- 
mund Crouchback,  earl  of  Lancaster,  who,  accord- 
ing to  him,  was  the  elder  brother  of  Edward  I., 
but  set  aside  on  account  of  deformity.  This  claim 
"by  right  line  of  the  blood"  was  then  rejected, 
but  it  was  successfully  urged,  though  probably 
not  believed,  by  Henry  a  few  years  later,  to  give 
a  colour  to  lus  usurpation. 

'  Suffolk  was  accused  of  obtaining  extravagant 
grants  from  the  king,  of  committing  various  frauds 
on  the  revenue,  and  of  taking  bribes  in  the  execu- 
tion of  his  office.    As  instances,  it  was  stated  that 


he  had  fraudulently  received  for  himself  an  ananity 
out  of  the  customs  of  Hull,  which  had  belonged 
to  a  merchant  of  Flanders,  and  had  been  forfeited, 
and  that  he  had  also  extorted  a  bond  for  £100 
a-year  for  himself  and  his  son  John  before  he  would 
give  possession  of  the  mastership  of  an  ho^ital 


Anns  Of  De  Ift  Pole,  earl  of  SofEOIk. 

in  the  king's  gift.  He  escaped  from  cnstody,  and 
fled  to  France,  where  he  died. 

•  The  king  was  oUiged  to  grant  his  patent  for 
this,  dated  Nov.  19,  1386.  llie  members  were, 
the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury  and  York  (William 
Courtenay  and  Alexander  NevUIX  the  bishops  of 
Winchester  and  Exeter  (William  of  Wykeham  and 
Thomas  Brentingham),  and  the  abbot  oC  Walt- 
ham;  the  dukes  of  Gloucester  and  Yoilc,  the 
earl  of  Arundel,  Lord  Scrope,  Lord  CoUaun, 
and  Sir  Tohn  Devereux;  but  the  ecclesiastics 
were  merely  named  for  form's  sake,  beios  friends 
to  the  king. 

f  The  duke  of  Ireland,  the  archbishop  of  Yorir, 
the  bishop  of  Chichester  (Thomas  RoshookX  Sir 
Simon  Burley  (formerly  the  king's  tutor,  Iwt  bow 
keeper  of  Dover  castle),  and  Str  Nicholas  Brem- 
bre  (late  mayor  of  London)^  who  had  bees  active 
in  procuring  the  condemnation  of  John  of  North- 
ampton (see  A.D.  1384),  and  a  few  persooal  attend- 
ants, alone  adhered  to  the  king. 


A.D.  1387— ^39^-] 


RICHARD  11. 


207 


Tbe  duke  of  Lancaster  is  obliged  to 
retiie  to  Gascony,  having  lost  nearly 
his  whole  army,  mainly  by  sickness. 

Tbe  king  obtains  an  opinion  from 
the  judges  (Tresilian.  Belknap,  Holt, 
Ful&orp,  and  Burgh,;  at  Nottmgham, 
Aug.  25,  that  the  commission  of  re- 
gency is  illegal,  and  all  who  act  under 
it  traitors. 

He  returns  to  London  in  November, 
when  the  duke  of  Gloucester  and  his 
partisans,  called  "the  appellants,^'  take 
1^  anns,  and  accuse  tne  king's  coun- 
oUors  of  treason ;  they  seize  the  Tower, 
and  imprison  or  banish  all  their  op- 
ponents. 

The  duke  of  Ireland  escapes,  and 
raises  a  force  in  Cheshire,  but  is  de- 
feated and  put  to  flight  at  Radcot 
Bridge,  in  Oxfordshire,  Dec  ao. 

The  king  issues  a  commission  to 
seize  the  books  of  John  Wickliffe  and 
others  described  as  heretics. 

A.D.  1388. 

A  parliament  (called  **  the  Wonder- 
worlang  Parliament*)  meets,  Feb.  3, 
when  articles  of  treason  are  exhibited 
against  the  king's  favourites'.  They 
<lo  not  am)ear,  but  are  condenmed  as 
traitors,  Feb.  13  \ 

Several  of  the  judges  who  had  con- 
demned the  council  of  regency  are 
sentenced  to  death,  but  imprisonment 
for  life  in  Ireland  is  substituted,  Feb. 
13.  Lord  Beauchamp  of  Holt,  Sir 
Simon  Burley  and  three  other  knights 
are  executed.  May  5  and  12. 

The  Scots  under  the  earl  of  Douglas 
besiege  Newcastle ;  they  are  driven 
off  by  Henry  Percy,  son  of  the  earl  of 
Northumberland.  Percy  pursues  them 
to  Otterbum,  near  Wooler,  where  a 
battle  is  fought,  Aug.   10,  in  which 


Douglas  is  killed,  and  Percy  taken 
prisoner*. 

The  duke  of  Lancaster  marries  his 
daughter  Catherine  to  Henry,  son  of 
the  king  of  Castile,  and  thus  closes 
his  Spanish  wars. 

A.D.  1389. 

A  truce  concluded  with  France,  to 
last  till  Aug.  16, 1392. 

The  king  takes  the  government  into 
his  own  h^ds.  May  3  *.  The  duke  of 
Lancaster  returns  to  England  shortly 
after,  and  effects  a  seeming  reconcilia- 
tion between  the  king  and  the  duke  of 
Gloucester. 

A.D.  1390. 

The  duchy  of  Aquitaine  granted  to 
the  duke  of  Lancaster  for  his  life. 

Robert  II.  of  Scotland  dies  April  19. 
His  son  John  succeeds,  and  takes  the 
tide  of  Robert  IIL> 

The  jurisdiction  of  the  constable, 
marshal,  and  admiral  defined  by 
statute  [13  Rich.  II.,  c.  2,  5! 

Uniformity  of  weights  and  measures 
established  oy  statute,  except  in  Lan- 
cashire, "where  they  have  by  custom 
larger  measure  than  elsewhere,"  [13 
Rich.  II.,  c.  9]. 

A-D.  1391. 
The   king's   prerogatives   acknow- 
ledged  by  parliament   not   to   have 
been    affected  by  the   late  changes, 
Dec.  2". 

A.D.  1392. 

A  truce  with  France  is  arranged,  to 
last  till  Michaelmas,  1393. 

The  charters  of  the  Londoners  are 
forfeited,  owing  to  tumults  in  the  city, 
but  are  restored  after  a  time". 


K  The  appellants  were  the  duke  of  Gloucester, 
the  earls  ot  Derby,  Arundel,  Warwick,  and  Not- 
tmgham the  Earl  Marshal. 

^  Sir  Robert  Tresilian  and  Sir  Nicholas  Brem- 
bre  woe  amtured  and  executed,  Feb.  29  and  20 : 
as  were  Uske  and  Blake,  who  had  acted  under 
P.rembre  in  the  city,  March  4.  The  archbishop  of 
Vcrk  and  tbe  bishop  of  Chichester  were  banished, 
iht  first  to  Flanders,  where  he  died  in  May,  1303, 
the  other  to  Ireland,  where  he  received  die  bi- 
shopric of  Kilmore  from  the  pope ;  De  Vere  and 
De  la  Pole  had  already  escaped  to  the  continent, 
aad  they  died  there. 

'  The  famous  ballad  of  Chery  Chase  is  founded 
«o  this  tnttle,  but  full  poetic  licence  is  taken  with 
rezard  to  the  bcidents  of  the  struggle. 

'  WUVtam  of  Wykeham  again  became  chancellor, 
but  finally  resigned  the  office  Sept.  si,  z 391. 


'  Robert  III.  was  a  cripple,  and  he  committed 
the  charge  of  the  realm  to  his  brother  Robert,  duke 
of  Albany,  who  abused  his  trust. 

■*  This  declaration  appears  on  the  Paziiament 
Ron,  in  the  usual  form  of  a  prayer  of  the  prelates, 
lords  temporal,  and  commons,  to  which  the  king, 
thinking  their  request  "honest  and  reasonable," 
fully  agrees  and  assents. 

•  The  king  wished  to  borrow  money  of  them, 
but  they  positively  refused,  and  even  murdered  an 
Italian  merchant  who  would  have  lent  it  to  him. 
In  consequence  the  mayor  and  sheriffii  were  im- 
prisoned, and  a  warden  of  the  dty  apoointed,  and 
the  courts  of  law  were  transferreo  to  Nottingham 
and  York.  The  dtixens  after  a  while  paid  a  n«^ 
sum  as  a  fine,  and  they  then  obtained  a  pardon, 
Feb.  28,  1393. 


9o8 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


[A.D.  1393— 1397. 


A.D.  1393. 

Severe  penalties  denounced  on  per- 
sons endeavouring  to  evade  the  statutes 
against  papal  provisions^,  [16  Rich.  XL, 
C.5]. 

A.D.  1394. 

A  four  years'  truce  concluded  with 
France^  May  27. 

The  idng  goes  to  Ireland  in  October. 
He  is  favourably  received  there,  and 
holds  a  parliament. 

A.D.  1395- 

The  Lollards  present  a  remonstrance 
to  the  parliament,  complaining  of  the 
power  and  wealth  of  the  clergy.  They 
%nd  many  favourers,  in  consequence 
of  which  the  archbishop  of  York 
(Thomas  Arundel)  and  the  bishop 
of  London  (Robert  Braybrooke)  are 
dispatched  to  the  king  in  Ireland  to 
crave  his  protection,  and  to  exhort 
him  to  return.    He  returns  in  July. 

The  sovereignty  of  the  Isle  of  Man 
is  purchased  from  the  earl  of  Salisbury 
by  Sir  William  Scrope. 
A.D.  1396. 
The  king  marries  Isabella,  the 
daughter  of  the  king  of  France,  at 
Calais,  Oct.  31,  and  a  truce  for  twenty- 
five  years  is  concluded  ^ 

The  duke  of  Gloucester  engages  in 
plots  to  recover  his  lost  ascendancy. 
A.D.  1397. 

The  dismissed  garrisons  of  Cher- 
bourg and  Brest  return  in  great  po- 
verty and  discontent. 

The  judges  Belknap,  Holt,  and 
Burgh,  are  allowed  to  return  from 
Ireland  S  ("20  Rich.  II.,  c.  6]. 

The  duke  of  Gloucester,  and  the 
earls  of  Arundel  (Richard  Fitz-Alan) 
and  Warwick  (Thomas  Beauchamp) 
are  seized  by  the  king's  command', 
and  a  parliament  sunmioned  for  their 
trial. 

The  parliament  meets,  Sept.  17. 


The  charges  against  Gloucester  and 
his  associates  were  preferred  (as  ap- 
pears by  the  Parliamentary  Roll)  by 
Edward  earl  of  Rutland,  Thomas  earl 
of  Kent,  John  earl  of  Huntingdon, 
Thomas  earl  of  Nottingham,  John 
earl  of  Somerset,  John  eari  of  Salis- 
bury, Thomas  lord  Despenser,  and 
William  Scrope,  the  king's  chamber- 
lain. William  Rikhill,  one  of  the 
judges,  who  had  been  sent  to  visit 
Gloucester  at  Calais,  brought  back 
with  him  a  very  full  confession  of 
the  duke's  misdeeds,  made  by  him 
Sept.  8.  In  it  he  acknowledges  that 
he  has  in  many  ways  acted  unlawfully, 
but  solemnly  aifirms  that  it  was  "  never 
in  his  intent,  or  will,  or  thought,"  to 
harm  the  king's  person,  and  prays  for 
mercy  in  most  urgent  terms  :  "  There- 
fore I  beseech  my  liege  and  sovereign 
lord  the  king,  that  he  will  of  his  high 
grace  and  l^nignity  accept  me  to  his 
mercy  and  his  grace,  as  that  I  put  my 
life,  my  body,  and  my  goods  wholly  at 
his  will,  as  lowly  and  meekly  as  any 
creature  can  do  or  may  do  to  his  liege 
lord;  beseeching  his  high  lordship 
that  he  will,  for  the  passion  that  God 
suffered  for  all  mankind,  and  for  the 
compassion  that  He  had  of  His  mo- 
ther on  the  cross,  and  the  pity  that 
He  had  of  Mary  Maudele3me,  vouch- 
safe to  have  compassion  and  pity,  and 
accept  me  to  his  mercy  and  his  grace, 
as  he  hath  ever  been  full  of  mercy 
and  grace  to  all  his  lieges,  and  to  all 
others,  that  have  not  been  so  nigh 
unto  him  as  I  have  been,  though  1  be 
unworthy." 

The  commission  of  regency'  is  de- 
clared illegal,  and  all  pardons  granted 
to  those  who  had  acted  under  it  can- 
celled [21  Rich.  II.  c.  12].  The  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  (Thomas  Arun- 
del, brother  of  the  earl,  and  chancellor) , 
is  banished  • ;  the  earl  of  Arundel  be- 


•  The  writ  in  execution  of  process  under  this 
statute  commences  with  the  word  **  Prttrntoure" 
(probably  itxtpree  moMere,)  whence  that  term  came 
to  designate  the  offence  of  upholding  a  foreign 
power  against  the  crown ;  it  was  afterwards  also 
applied  to  oflRsnces  of  very  different  kinds  by  which 
like  penalties  were  incurred. 

P  In  consequence,  Brest  was  given  up  to  the 
duke  of  Britanny,  as  Cherbouig  had  been  while 
the  treaty  was  bemg  negotiated,  which,  added  to 
a  suspicion  that  Calius  and  the  Channel  Isles  were 
to  be  surrendered  to  the  French,  rendered  the 
king  more  unpopular  than  before,  and  encouraged 
his  uncle  Gloucester  to  form  anew  traitorous 
cl&iigns. 


4  See  A.D.  X388. 

'  The  kin^  went  in  person  to  arrest  the  duke, 
who  was  seised  at  his  castle  of  Pleshy,  in  Essex, 
about  the  end  of  July  (two  orders  exist  for  his 
apprehension,  dated  July  23  and  ?8),  and  shipped 
on  to  Calais.  Arundel  was  confined  at  Carisbrookc 
and  Warwick  at  Tintagel  until  the  meeting  of  par- 
liament 

•  See  A.D.  Z386.  By  a  subsequent  statute,  at- 
tempting to  procure  the  reversal  of  the  acts  of  this 
pariuunent  was  declared  to  be  treason  [ax  Rich. 
II.  c.  to]. 

'  The  pope  appointed  Roger  Walden,  dean  of 
York,  to  the  see,  out  he  was  displaced  in  1399  oa 
the  return  of  Arundel 


A.D.  1,397—1399-] 


RICHARD  II. 


209 


headed,  Sept.  21 ;  the  earl  of  Warwick 
condemned,  but  (on  account  of  a  con- 
fession made,  and  at  the  intercession 
of  the  carl  of  Salisbury)  his  life  spared* ; 
the  duke  of  Gloucester  having  in  the 
meantime  come  to  an  untimely  end 
at  Calais  \ 

The  king  confers  higher  titles  on 
the  chief  actors  in  the  late  changes  ^ 

The  county  of  Chester  erected  into 
a  prindpali^,  with  the  addition  of 
several  adjoining  districts  in  Shrop- 
shire and  Wales  [21  Rich.  II.  c.  9']. 

A.D.  1398. 

The  parliament  meets  at  Shrewsbury, 
Jan.  27.  All  the  acts  of  the  parlia- 
ment in  1388  are  reversed,  and  many 
of  the  surviving  actors  in  it  are  con- 
demned to  imprisonment  and  for- 
feiture*. Liberal  supplies  are  granted 
to  the  king,  who  henceforth  rules  as 
an  absolute  monarch. 

By  desire  of  the  parliament,  a  bull 
is  procured  from  the  pope  (Boniface 
IX.)  confirming  its  acts,  and  declaring 
them  not  subject  to  reversal  by  any 
future  assembly. 

The  duke  of  Hereford  accuses  the 
duke  of  Norfolk  of  slandering  the  king, 
by  imputing  to  him  a  design  to  murder 
several  of  nis  nobles.  The  charge  is 
denied,  and  a  single  combat  ordered 


between    the    parties    at    Coventry, 
Sept  16. 

The  two  dukes  appear  at  the  ap- 
pointed time  and  place  %  when  the 
king  forbids  the  combat,  and  banishes 
the  duke  of  Hereford  for  ten  years  and 
the  duke  of  Norfolk  for  life  \ 

A.D.  1399. 

The  duke  of  Lancaster  dies,  Feb.  4. 
His  estates  are  seized  by  the  crflU'n,' 
March  18'. 

The  king  sails  from  Milford  Haven 
for  Ireland,  in  May'*. 

The  young  duke  of  Lancaster,  in- 
vited by  his  friends,  sails  from  Bri- 
tanny,  near  the  end  of  June,  and  lands 
at  Ravenspur,  in  Yorkshire,  July  4, 
ostensibly  to  claim  his  estates.  He  is 
joined  by  the  earls  of  Northumber- 
land and  Westmoreland,  and  other 
barons,  and  marches  towards  the  west 
of  England. 

The  duke  of  York,  regent  of  the 
kingdom,  holds  a  conference  with 
Lancaster  at  Berkeley,  July  27,  and 
joins  his  party. 

The  duke  of  Lancaster  captures 
Bristol,  and  puts  to  death  the  earl 
of  Wiltshire. 

The  king  lands  in  Wales  •,  but  find- 
ing himself  deserted  by  his  troops,  re- 
tires to  Conway.    He  there  agrees  to 


i^+t/, 


■  He  was  imprisoned  in  the  Isle  of  Man  for 
X  tiine,  and  then  brought  to  the  Tower,  where  he 
remained  until  the  lan£ng  of  Henry,  duke  of  Lan- 
caster. His  place  of  confinement  there  was  the 
veU-known  Beauchamp  Tower. 

'  According  to  the  confession  of  one  John  Hall, 
vbo  was  executed  shortly  after  the  accession  of 
Henry  IV.,  die  duke  was  removed  from  the  castle 
at  CalatB,  soon  after  the  judge  had  left,  and  was 
carried  to  a  house  in  the  town,  where  he  was 
sinothered.  This  appears  to  have  been  done  on 
his  own  respouaibih^  by  the  earl  marshal,  (Thomas 
Mowbray  earl  of  Nottmgham,)  who,  when  called 
on  to  produce  his  prisoner  before  the  parliament, 
ninply  rq»tied,  that  being  in  the  king^i  prison  at 
Cafak.  he  had  died  there. 

'  The  earis  of  Derby,  Rutland,  Kent,  Hunting- 
den  and  Nottingham  were  created  dukes  of  Here- 
ibfd,  AlbemaHe,  Surrey,  Exeter,  and  Norfolk ;  the 
eari  of  Someiaet  was  made  marquis  of  Dorset;  and 
the  lords  Despenser,  Nevill,  Thomas  Percy  and 
William  Scrape,  earis  of  Gloucester,  Westmore- 
Isad.  Worcester  and  Wiltshire. 

'  Hanv  of  these  districts  had  belonged  to  the 
carl  of  Anuidel.  The  sutute  was  repealed  by 
I  Hen.  IV.  c.  3.  »—         7 

*  For  the  less  prominent  parties  a  general  pardon 
was  prodaimed  with  the  ordinary  condition  that 
a  special  pardon  should  be  sued  out  by  each  in- 
dividual before  June  94.  Vast  sums  were  raised 
by  the  lung's  favourites,  from  some  who  had  ex- 
ceeded the  term  of  grace,  but  others  refused  the 
offer,  and  prepared  for  another  struggle. 


•  Hereford's  pavilion  was  "covered  with  red 
roses,**  a  French  writer  of  the  time  tells  us ;  which 
accounts  for  Uie  red  rose  of  Lancaster  of  after 


b  They  both  had  licence  to  go  beyond  sea,  Oct. 
3,  1308.  Hereford  went  to  France,  where  he  had 
an  allowance  from  the  king  of  £9000.  Norfolk, 
who  had  an  allowance  of  zooo  marics,  went  on 
a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  and  died  at  Venice 
on  his  return,  Sept.  aa,  1^99. 

•  Letters  patent  had  been  granted  to  both  the 
dukes  prior  to  their  departure,  empowering  them 
to  constitute  attorneys  to  receive  any  estates  that 
might  fall  to  them  during  their  exUe,  but  these 
were  now,  as  far  as  regarded  the  duke  of  Hereford, 
declared  null  and  void,  he  being  charged  with 
slandering  the  king  at  Paris,  and  consorting  with 
the  king's  enemies,  which  was  certainly  true. 

'  The  occasion  of  his  going  was  to  redress  the 
disorders  which  followed  on  the  death  of  the  lord 
lieutenant,  Roger  Mortimer  earl  of  Marclu  who 
had  fallen  in  a  skirmish  with  the  natives  at  Kenlys 
in  Ossory,  July  ao,  1398. 

•  He  u  usually  said  to  have  landed  at  Pembroke, 
August  T3,  but  a  contemporary  asserts  that  he  landed 
near  Beaumaris,  about  July  35,  and  that  his  troo^, 
except  a  small  guard  of  Cheshire  men,  were  m- 
duced  to  leave  him  by  the  treacherous  proceeding 
of  hb  seneschal  (Thomas  Percy,  earl  of  Worcester). 
When  they  were  gone,  the  king  wandered  about 
with  his  few  attendants,  from  castle  to  castle, 
lodging  but  a  single  night  in  each. 


210 


THE   PLANTAGENETS. 


[a.d.  1399. 


a  conference  with  the  duke  of  Lan- 
caster, at  Flint,  but  is  made  prisoner 
on  the  road,  Aug.  18,  and  brought  by 
the  duke  to  London,  where  he  arrives 
Sept  I. 

Archbishop  Arundel  returns,  and 
resumes  his  post  as  chancellor '. 

The  duke  of  Lancaster  avows  his 
design  of  seizing  the  crown.  The 
duke  of  York  seconds  him,  and  a  par- 
liament is  summoned  by  them  in  the 
king's  name,  to  meet  at  Westminster, 


Sept  30. 


e  king,  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower, 


is  obliged  to  subscribe  a  deed  of  re- 
nunciation of  the  crown.  Sept  29. 

The  parliament  assembles,  Sept.  30, 
when  thirty-five  articles  of  accusation 
are  exhibited  against  the  king.  He  is 
declared  deposed,  Thomas  Merks, 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  alone  venturing  to 
speak  in  his  favour  ». 

The  duke  of  Lancaster  claims  the 
crown  "by  right  line  of  the  blood ^," 
and  is  declared  king,  being  placed  in 
the  throne  by  the  archbishops  of  Can- 
terbury and  York,  (Thomas  Arundd 
and  Richard  Scrope,)  Sept.  30. 


Events  in  General  History. 


The  great  Scliism  of  the  West  com- 
mences   1378 

League  of  the  German  free  cities 

to  jjreserve  their  privileges       .     138 1 

The  Swiss  gain  the  great  victory  of 

Sempach         ....     1386 


The  Christians  defeated  by  Bajazet 

at  Nicopolis    ....     1396 

The  Union  of  Calmar,  between 
Denmark,  Sweden,   and  Nor- 

>^ay 1397 


^  He  systematically  ienored  all  the  measures, 
ecclesiastical  or  civil,  taken  against  him,  but  the 
precise  date  of  his  return  is  unknown,  except  that 
It  was  before  Aug.  33.  Some  time  in  September 
he  was  succeeded  by  John  Scarle,  the  master  of 
the  rolls,  but  he  agam  became  chancellor  in  1407, 
and  also  in  14x2. 

«  Merks  was  one  of  Richard's  chief  friends,  and 
^as  made  prisoner  with  him  at  Flint,  but  soon  re- 
leased. He  was  now  committed  to  the  Tower,  and 
deprived  of  his  see,  of  which  William  Strickland 
obtained  possession  Nov.  15,  1399.  In  the  June 
following  Merks  was  placed  in  the  custody  of  the 
abbot  of  Westminster,  where  he  had  formerly  been 
a  monk,  and  on  Nov.  a8  he  received  the  king's 
pardon  and  was  set  at  liberty.  In  consequence  of 
nis  "  notable  pover^,**  he  was  allowed  to  receive 
irom  the  pope,  who  had  conferred  on  him  the  title 


of  a  bishop  m  /atiiists,  ecclesiastical  beae6oes  to 
the  value  of  200  marks,  which  the  king  increased 
to  300.  The  abbot  of  Westminster  bestowed  on 
him  the  rectory  of  Todenham,  in  Gknicestsidure» 
in  X404,  and  he  probably  died  there  about  the  end 
of  the  year  1409. 

^  His  claim  appears  thus  on  the  Rolls  of  Pariia- 
ment :  "  In  the  name  of  the  Father,  Son,  and  H<dy 
Ghost,  I  Henry  of  Lancaster  challenge  the  realm 
of  England,  and  the  crown,  with  all  the  menben 
and  appurtenances,  as  that  I  am  descended  by 
right  Ime  of  the  blood  from  ^ood  King  Henry  the 
Third,  and  through  that  right  that  God  of  His 
grace  hath  sent  me,  with  the  help  of  kin  and  of 
my  friends,  to  recover  it;  the  which  realm  was 
in  point  to  be  undone  by  default  of  goveniance^ 
and  undoing  of  the  good  laws." 


THE     PLANTAGENETS. 


HOUSE  OF  LANCASTER. 


Badges  of  the  House  of  Lancaster. 


The  Lancastrian  princes,  who  were 
three  in  number,  and  ruled  for  above 
sixty  years,  being  without  hereditary 
right  to  the  crown,  possessed  it  only 
by  virtue  of  a  parliamentary  settle- 
ment, setting  aside  a  formal  declara- 
tion of  Richard  II.  in  favour  of  Roger 
Mortimer,  earl  of  March  %  which  had 
b.c^n  assented  to  by  the  lords  spiritual 
rend  temporal,  and  commons,  in  the 
face  of  a  claim  made  in  the  name  of 
his  son  by  John  of  Gaunt**,  and  sup- 
ported by  the  production  of  what  were 
considered  forged  documents.  When 
the  unhappy  king  was  a  prisoner  in 
his  hands,  Henry  of  Lancaster  again 
brought  his  rejected  claim  forward ; 
but  not  choosing  to  trust  to  it  alone, 
he  mixed  it  up  with  complaints  of 
Richard's  misgovernment,  and  even 
some  mention  of  conquest,  and  M'as 


declared  king  on  no  intelligible  prin- 
ciple^ by  his  triumphant  faction.  Some 
years  later  he  obtained  a  parliamen- 
tary recognition,  [7  Hen.  IV.  c.  2,]  in 
which  the  unquestionable  right  of  the 
Mortimers  is  passed  over  in  silence ; 
and  he  transmitted  the  crown  to  his 
son,  whose  warlike  achievements  pro- 
mised to  give  him  a  second  kingdom 
in  France ;  but  these  expectations  were 
frustrated  by  his  premature  death. 

Both  these  princes  were  able  men, 
well  fitted  to  preserve  their  acquisi- 
tions ;  their  successor  was  of  a  totally 
different  character,  and  his  weakness 
proved  the  ruin  of  his  House.  His 
ambitious  uncles  struggled  for  power 
during  his  long  minority,  the  result 
being  that  the  French  were  enabled 
not  only  to  recover  their  recently  lose 
provinces,  but  also  to  regain  others 


•  Sec  A.D.  1385. 

•»  The  Lancastrian  ' 


claim  by  blood  **  is  shewn  in  the  annexed  table. 
Henry  III. 


EoMfXP  Crouchback  (alleged  eldest  son) 
Blanche  of  Navarre 

Henry  of  Monmouth 
Maud  dc  Chaworth 


Edward  I.  (younger  son) 
Edward  II. 


Henry  Grismond 
Isabel  de  Beaumont 

Blanche 
John  of  Gaunt 

House  of  Lancaster. 


^Maud 

De  Burgh  of  Ulster 

Elizabeth 

Lionel  ot  Clarence, 
(3rd  son  of  Edw.  III.) 

House  of  York. 
P  2 


Edward  III. 

John  of  Gaunt 
(4th  son  of  Edw.  III.) 

Henry  o!  Lancaster. 


212 


THE  PLANTAGENETS — LANCASTEIL 


which  had  long  been  in  the  hands  of 
the  English ;  and  the  few  that  then 
remained  were  alienated  on  the  king's 
marriage  with  Margaret  of  Anjou. 
The  grievous  discontents  thereby  oc- 
casioned to  a  nation  that  had  long 
looked  on  its  sovereign  as  rightful  lord 
of  France,  added  to  many  personal 
slights  that  he  received  from  the  new 
queen,  and  her  minister,  SuHblk,  in- 
duced Richard,  duke  of  York,  who 
had  hitherto  served  the  king  as  go- 
vernor of  Normandy,  to  bring  forward 
his  claim  to  the  throne  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  Mortimers.  The  duke 
was  killed  in  the  struggle ;  his  place, 
however,  was  well  supplied  by  his  son 
Edward,  and  very  shortly  after  the 
sceptre  passed  from  the  feeble  de- 
scendant of  John  of  Gaunt.. 

An  illegitimate  branch  of  the  house 
of  Lancaster,  the  Beauforts  %  rendered 
themselves  conspicuous  for  courage 
and  ability,  and  were  firm  supporters 
of  the  throne  of  their  relatives.    The 


three  brothers,  Cardinal  Beaufort,  Johi> 
duke  of  Somerset,  and  Thomas  duke 
of  Exeter,  and  their  nephew  Edmund 
duke  of  Somerset,  held  high  offices  in 
the  state ;  and  Margaret,  me  daughter 
of  John  duke  of  Somerset,  was  the 
mouier  of  Henry  earl  of  Richmond, 
the  first  of  the  Tudor  kings. 

Beside  devices  pecuUar  to  each 
prince,  and  the  well-known  symbol 
of  the  red  rose,  the  columbine  and 
the  collar  of  SS.  belong  to  the  House 


Tha  FortoalUs. 


of  Lancaster.  The  portcullis,  adopted 
by  the  Tudors,  was  a  device  of  the 
Beauforts. 


"  They  were  the  descendants  of  Tohn  of  Gaunt 
bv  his  mistress  Katherine  Swinford,  whom  he 
afterwards  married,  but  were  legitimated  by  letters 
patent  of  Richard  II.,  an  act  of  parliament,  and 
a  papal  decree.    Richard's  letters  patent  (Feb.  9, 


*397)  wo*  confirmed  by  Henry  IV.,  (Feb.  ro,. 
X407,}  but  he  of  his  own  authority  introduced  a  re- 
strictive clause,  "excepta  dignitate  r^iali,"  which 
now  appears  as  an  interlineation  on  the  Pateot 
Roll,  (ao  Ric.  II.  p.  a,  m.  6.) 


Great  Seal  of  Henry  IV. 


HENRY  IV. 


Henry,  the  only  son  of  John  of 
Gaunt  by  Blanche,  daughter  of  Henry 
Grismond,  duke  of  Lancaster,  was 
bom  at  Bolingbroke,  in  Lincolnshire, 
in  1366.  As  Sir  Henry  of  Lancas- 
ter*, he  was  celebrated  for  his  skill 
in  martial  exercises  and  his  enter- 
prising character.  In  1390  he  fought 
in  Barbary  against  the  Mohammedans, 
and  in  the  next  year  in  Lithuania 
against  the  pagan  tribes  on  the  shores 
of  the  Baltic ;  he  also  undertook  the 
pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  but  proceeded 
no  further  than  Rhodes.  His  bold, 
active  character  contrasted  strongly 
with  that  of  Richard  II.,  and  he  was 
a  popular  favourite,  though  regarded 
with  jealous  dislike  by  the  king.  He 
shared  in  Gloucester's  proceedings 
ajjainst  De  Vere  and  De  la  Pole,  but 
afterwards  joined  his  opponents,  and 
was  in  consequence  created  duke  of 
Hereford.    A  quarrel  with  the  duke 


of  Norfolk  soon  followed ;  each  accused 
the  other  of  expressing  treasonable 
doubts  of  the  king's  intentions  towards 
his  nobles,  and  both  were  banished. 

The  duke  of  Hereford  withdrew  to 
France,  with  a  promise  that  he  should 
not  be  deprived  of  his  inheritance  in 
the  event  of  his  father's  death  ;  but  he 
allied  himself  with  his  former  enemies, 
the  fugitives  of  the  duke  of  Glouces- 
ter's party,  and  thus  induced  the  king 
to  revoke  the  promise  he  had  made. 
He  returned  to  England,  ostensibly  to 
claim  his  inheritance,  but  being  sup- 
ported by  powerful  friends,  and  feebly 
opposed  by  the  duke  of  York,  the 
regent  in  the  absence  of  the  king  in 
Ireland,  he  was  enabled  also  to  seize 
on  the  throne,  and  found  a  new  roy;il 
house. 

Henry  was  declared  king,  Sept.  30, 
1399,  and  he  held  the  sceptre  for 
nearly    fourteen   years,  amid  all  the 


'  He  also  bore  what  would  now  be  styled  the  courtesy  title  of  carl  of  Dc»by,  derived  (roxn  his 
grandfather,  Henry  Gr'ismond. 


214 


THE  PLANTAGENETS — LANCASTER. 


difficulties  and  cruelties  that  usually 
attend  a  flagrant  usurpation.  His  title 
was  recognised  by  but  few  foreign  states, 
and  he  had  little  success  in  war^  ;  he 
was  repelled  with  scorn  when  attempt- 
ing to  form  a  marriage  for  his  son 
Henry,  with  the  youthful  queen  of  his 
predecessor,  and  personally  insulted 
by  her  kindred,  whilst  pretended  pro- 
phets   styled   him   "Moldewarp,  ac- 


cursed of  God's  own  mouth."  Nume- 
rous plots  were  formed  against  his 
life,  and  most  barbarously  punished ; 
his  parliaments  remonstrated  vehe- 
mently on  his  bad  government,  and 
greatly  increased  their  own  privileges"', 
as  he  could  not  afford  to  quarrel  with 
them,  for  his  finances  were  throughout 
his  reign  in  a  deplorable  condition. 
His  great  friends  the  Percies**  aban- 


^  Among  other  promises  made  by  Hemv  At  his 
accession,  nad  been  one,  that  he  would  nead  ui 
army  against  France,  and  lead  it  farther  than  his 
grandfather,  Edwara  III.,  had  ever  done.  He 
never  even  attempted  to  perform  this  promis^  but 
in  the  year  14x1  he  sent  a  considerable  body  of 
troops,  under  the  duke  of  Clarence,  to  assist  the 
duke  of  Burgundy  against  his  rival,  the  duke  of 
Orleans ;  in  the  following  year  he  joined  the  Or- 
leans faction,  but  the  parties  then  wisely  effected 
a  temporary  agreement,  in  order  to  dispense  with 
such  dangerous  aid. 

'  Beside  procuring  the  removal  of  various  ob- 
noxious officers  of  the  royal  household,^  the  Com- 
mons asserted  their  jnivUcgei  with  vigour,  and 
succeeded  in  establishing  their  exclusive  right  of 
imposing  taxes,  and  also  of  ooDtrolliQg  the  public 
expenditure. 

^  Henrv,  lord  Percy  of  Alnwick,  served  in  France 
and  in  Flanders  in  the  wars  of  the  latter  part  of 
the  reign  of  Edward  III.  He  was  rewarded  with 
the  office  of  marshal,  and,  acting  in  that  capacity 
at  the  coronation  of  Ridiard  I L,  he  was  created 
carl  of  Northumberland.    Being  also  warden  of 


AmB  of  Fsroy.  earl  of  Sortihimteland. 

the  east  marches,  he  was  engaged  in  frequent  hos- 
tilities with  the  ScotSp  and  m  1378  captured  Ber- 
wick, which  he  committed  to  die  care  of  Sir  Mat- 
thew Redman.  Apprehending  an  attempt  at  its 
surprise,  the  earl  directed  Redman  to  admit  no  one 
without  aa  order  from  himself:  John  of  Gaunt 
passed  that  way,  and  was  refused  entry,  of  which 
he  bitterly  complained  to  the  kiog;  and  when 
some  tune  after  a  plot  for  sozing  the  place  was 
discovered,  he  cha^^ed  the  eari  with  treason,  and 
endeavoured  to  procure  his  condemnatioa ;  the  ac- 
cusation, however,  was  disbelieved,  and  Northum- 
berland was  employed  in  negotiating  a  treaty  of 
peace  widi  France.    He  was  nifaseqnently 


iectof 


to  Richard  II.,  was  summoned  to 


court,  and  not  appearing,  his  estates  were   for- 
lieited ;  the  king,  however,  went  on  his  second  ex- 

Sditioa  to  Ireland  without  feetzing  them,  and 
enry  landed,  and  became  king,  mainly  by  the 
aid  of  Northumberland,  who  received  vast  grants, 
.such  as  the  Isle  of  Man.  the  justiceship  of  Chester, 
and  many  castles  in  Wales,  while  the  Isle  of  An- 
£lc:M;y  was  bestowed  on  his  son  Hotspur.    They 


together  defeated  the  Scots  at  Homildon,  in  1403, 
and  captured  the  earl  of  Douglas,  but  either  re- 
penting of  the  part  they  had  acted  against  Richard, 
or  offended  at  the  refusal  of  Henry  to  allow  them 
to  treat  for  the  liberation  of  their  kinsman.  Sir 
Edmun4  Mortimer,  from  die  hands  of  GlyxidwT. 
they  resolved  to  dethrone  the  usurper.  It  is  pro- 
bable, however,  that  meaner  motives  also  actuated 
them.  Henry's  grants  had  been  large,  but  he  had 
left  them  to  conduct  the  Scottish  war  on  their  own 
resources ;  and  Houy  Percy  complains,  in  a  letter 
dated  June  a6,  1403,  remaining  among  the  Privy 
Council  RecordsL  that  ";Cao,ooo  and  more"  was 
owing  to  his  father  and  himself  on  that  account. 
The  great  difficulty  of  Henry's  reign,  as  is  abun- 
dantly evident  from  the  same  class  of  documents, 
was  want  of  money ;  their  claim  was  left  unpaid, 
and  diey  took  up  arms.  Their  enterprise,  which 
had  been  concerted  with  Glyndwr,  miscarried: 
young  Percy  was  killed  at  Shrewsbury,  but  the 
earl  obtained  a  pardon.  He  soon  after  joined 
Archbishop  Scrope's  rising,  was  in  omsequence 
obliged  to  flee  to  Scotland,  and  subsequently  to 
Wales,  and  being  after  a  while  induced  to  return 
to  England,  was  defeated  and  killed  at  Bramham- 
moor,  near  Leeds,  Feb.  19,  1408.  His  body  «-as 
quartered  and  the  portions  set  up  in  London,  Lin- 
coln, Berwick,  and  Newcastle;  but  after  a  few 
months  they  were  taken  down  by  permission  of 
Henry,  and  delivered  to  his  friends  for  burial. 

The  earl's  son,  Henry,  bom  in  1366,  was,  when 
quite  young,  associated  with  his  father  in  the 
chaiee  of  the  Scottish  marches,  and  there  his 
well4mown  appellation  of  Hotspur  was  acquired. 
In  1385  he  WM  sent  to  succour  Calais,  and  made 
many  daring  incursions  into  Picardy ;  aflterwards 
served  at  sea,  then  killed  die  eari  of  Douglas  at 
Otterburn,  but  was  himself  captured,  through  pur- 
suing his  advantage  too  far.  He  soon  obtained 
his  freedom,  and  in  1389  passed  over  to  Calais,  and 
thence  into  Britanny,  bemg  retained  as  the  long's 
soldier  at  the  rate  of  j^zoo  pa-  annum.  He  joined 
Henry,  and  received  from  him  the  wardenship  of 
the  east  marches,  the  jusdceship  of  North  Wales, 
and  the  Isle  of  Anelesey,  but  afterwards  fdl  in 
arms  against  him  at  Shrewsbury.  His  son  Henry, 
after  many  years  of  «icile  in  Scotland,  was  restored 
to  his  title  and  estates  in  1414,  and  was  killed  fight- 
ing on  the  Lancastrian  side  at  the  first  battle  of 
St  Albon's,  in  1455. 

Thomas  Percy,  the  younger  brother  of  the  eari, 
served  in  France  under  the  Bbck  Prince,  and  wa« 
seneschal  of  the  Limousm.  He  was  afterwards 
made  admiral  of  the  north  sea,  and  captain  of 
Calais.  He  was  also  admiral  of  the  fleet  that  con- 
veyed the  earl  of  Buckingham's  troops  to  Britanny 
in  Z380.  His  fleet  was  Aspersed  by  a  storm,  and 
his  own  ship  disabled  .*  while  in  that  oooditioD,  it 
was  attadced  by  a  Spanish  vessel  of  greatly  supe- 
rior force^  but  Sir  Thomas  captured  his  opponent 
by  boarding,  carried  his  prize  into  port,  and  sold 
it,  with  the  money  replaced  the  equipment  which 
the  troops  he  had  on  board  had  lost,  and  led  them 
in  gallant  order  to  join  the  earl.  He  afterwards 
became  steward  of  the  household  to  Richard  11., 
and  was  created  earl  of  Worcester,  tut  treacher- 


HENRY  IV. 


215 


doned  him ;  the  Welsh  foiled  his  at- 
tacla  in  person,  and  the  Irish  very 
nearly  threw  off  the  English  yoke ; 
and  he  was  for  many  years  at  variance 
with  his  eldest  son,  to  whom  he  at- 


tributed a  desire  to  depose  him.  A^ 
length,  worn  out  by  repeated  attacks 
of  epilepsy,  he  died  March  20,  141 3,. 
and  was  buried  at  Canterbury. 

Henry  was  twice  married  :  first,  to 


Henry  IV. 


From  tlieir  Konnment  at  Canterlmr. 


JoanoflfaTar 


Mary  de  Bohun,  youngest  daughter 
and  coheiress  of  Humphrey,  earl  of 
Hereford;  and  secondly,  to  Joan  of 
Navarre  (the  widow  of  John  V.  duke 
of  Britanny),  who  survived  him  till 
July  9, 1437.  His  issue,  who  were  all 
by  his  first  wife,  (she  died  in  1394,  at 
the  age  of  24,)  were  four  sons  and  two 
daughters;  viz. 
L  Henry,  who  succeeded  him. 

2.  Thomas^  bom  in  13S9,  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant  of  Ireland  in  1401, 
and  created  duke  of  Clarence  in  14 12. 
He  served  in  France  in  that  year,  and 
also  under  his  brother,  and  was  killed 
at  Baug^,  in  Anjqu,  March  22,  142 1. 
He  left  no  issue  Sy  his  wife,  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Holland,  earl  of 
Kent,  and  relict  of  John  Beaufort,  earl 
of  Somerset,  but  his  natural  son.  Sir 
John  of  Clarence,  had  a  grant  of  seve- 
ral manors  in  Ireland  from  Henry  VI., 
by  patent  dated  July  11,  1427. 

3.  John,  bom  in  1390,  was  appointed 
constable  of  England  in  1403,  and  was 
created  duke  of  Bedford  in  141 5.  His 
talents  upheld  the  English  rule  in 
France,  and  he  died  regent  of  that 
kingdom,  at  Rouen,  Sept.  14, 1435.  He 
married,  first,  Anne,  sister  of  Philip, 
duke  of  Burgundy,  and  soon  after  her 
death,  (which  occurred  Nov.  14,  1432,) 


Jacquetta  of  Luxemburg,  who  after- 
wards became  the  wife  of  Sir  Richard 
Woodville,  and  mother  of  Elizabeth, 
the  queen  of  Edward  IV.,  and  died 
in  1472. 

4.  Humphrey,  bom  in  1391,  was 
created  duke  of  Gloucester  in  1414. 
He  was  protector  of  England  during 
the  minority  of  his  nephew,  Henry  VI., 
but  his  policy  was  opposed  by  his 
uncle,  Cardinal  Beaufort ',  and  at  last 
he  was  found  dead  in  his  bed,  under 
suspicious  circumstances,  Feb.  1447. 
He  married,  but  was  afterwards  di- 
vorced from,  Jaqueline  of  Holland ; 
his  second  wife,  Eleanor,  daughter  of 
Lord  Cobham,  was  accused  of  witch- 
craft and  treason,  and  after  doing 
pehance  in  London,  was  imprisoned, 
first  at  Calais,  and  afterwards  in  the 
Isle  of  Man,  for  the  remainder  of  her 
life.  He  left  a  natural  daughter,  An- 
tigone, who  married  Henry  Grey,  carl 
of  Tankerville. 

5.  Blanche,  bom  in  1392,  was  mar- 
ried when  only  ten  years  old  to  Louis, 
son  of  Rupert,  King  of  the  Romans, 
and  died  in  childbed.  May  22,  1409. 

6.  Philippa,  bom  in  1393,  married 
Eric  XIII.,  of  Denmark.    She  acted 
with  wisdom  and  courage  as  regent  of: 
the  kingdom  while  Eric  made  a  pil- 


cQslj  fbnook  hum  on  his  return  from  Ireland,  and 
recewed  from  Henry  IV.  the  lieutenancy  of  Wales. 
He  joined  in  the  faul  enterprise  of  his  brother  and 
nephei^  and  being  taken  at  Shrewsbury,  was  be- 
**B>dcd  two  days  after. 

•  Tb«  carHinal  was  the  adrocate  of  peace  with 
Fiance,  whilst  Gloucester  aspired  to  complete  its 
wwquest.  Hennr  Beaufort  was  the  third  son  of 
Joiin  of  Gaunt  by  Katherine  Swinford.     He  en- 


tered the  Church,  became  dean  of  Wcllis,  and  when 
young  was  promoted  to  the  see  of  Lincoln.  He 
succeeded  Wykeham  as  bishop  of  Winchester,  and 
in  later  years  was  made  cardinal  and  papal  legate. 
He  was  esteemed  a  profound  canonLst,  held  the 
office  of  chancellor  thrice,  was  employed  on  fre 
quent  embassies  and  made  the  pilgrimage  to  Jcru  - 
s.ilcm.  He  survived  Gluuccslcr  but  a  thort  lii:>w. 
dying;  April  ii,  1447- 


2l6 


THE  PLANTAGENETS — LANCASTER. 


[A.D.  1399. 


grimage  to  the  Holy  Land,  and  de- 
fended Copenhagen  from  an  attack  of 
the  Holsteiners,  but  failing  in  an  at- 
tempt on  Stralsund,  their  stronghold, 
she  was  brutally  beaten  by  her  savage 
husband,  and  died  of  grief  in  the  mo- 
nastery of  Wadstena,  in  East  Goth- 
land, very  shortly  after,  Jan.  5,  1430 '. 

Henry  bore  the  same  arms  as  his 
rrandfathcr.  Edward  III.,  viz.,  ancient 


Anns  of  Henry  17. 

France  and  England  quarterly.  Sup- 
porters, a  lion  and  antelope,  also  an 
antelope  and  swan,  are  ascribed  to 
him,  but  on  doubtful  authority.  Be- 
side the  collar  of  SS. '  numerous  badges 
and  devices,  as  a  genet,  an  eagle  dis- 
played, crescents,  the  fox's  tail,  panthers 
and  eagles  crowned,  appear  to  have 
been  employed  by  him. 

It  is  impossible  to  form  a  favourable 
estimate  of  the  character  of  Henry. 


Great  talents  he  no  doubt  had,  but  it 
seems  equally  certain  that  he  had  few 
virtues  \  His  persecution  of  the  Lol- 
lards, whose  disUke  to  Richard  had 
been  so  serviceable  to  himself,  proved 
him  utterly  devoid  of  care  for  any  in- 
terests but  his  own ;  his  seizure  and 
imprisonment  of  the  prince  of  Scot- 
land, and  his  siding  alternately  with 
one  and  the  other  party  in  France, 
shewed  him  wanting  in  honourable 
feeling;  his  cruelty  also  was  signally 
manifested  in  many  instances ;  and 
perhaps  the  best  that  can  with  truth 
be  said  for  him,  is,  that  he  probably 
was  not  guilty  of  the  murder  of  his 
predecessor,  as  has  been  often  charged 
on  him. 


A.D.  1399. 

Henry  of  Lancaster  is  received  as 
king  by  the  parUament,  Sept.  30*.  He 
creates  his  eldest  son  prince  of  Wales, 
and  appoints  the  earls  of  Northumber- 
land and  Westmoreland''  constable 
and  marshal 

The  parliament  re-assembles  at  West- 
minster, Oct.  6,  and  sits  till  Nov.  19. 
Most  of  the  transactions  of  the  late 
king  and  his  ministers  since  the  year 
1386  are  set  aside  as  illegal* ;  a  gene- 
ral pardon  is  granted  except  to  the 


f  Eric,  who  was  half-witted,  and  had  before  been 
saved  from  expulsion  onlv  by  the  popularity  of  his 
<iueen,  was  soon  after  driven  from  his  kingdom. 
He  lived  for  a  while  as  a  pirate  in  Gothland,  but 
ended  his  days  in  the  monastery  of  Rugenvald,  in 
i'ometania. 

K  His  tomb  at  Canterbury  is  covered  with  this 
ornament,  which  is  known  to  have  been  borne  by 
htm  when  a  subject.  It  is  presumed  to  stand  for 
'*  Souveraigne,"  and  to  have  been  meant  as  an 
assertion  of  his  claim  to  the  throne. 

^  If  credit  could  be  given  to  the  speech  ascribed 
to  Richard  in  confinement  by  a  French  chronicler, 
(published  by  the  English  Historical  Society,) 
Henry  was  guilty  of  so  many  crimes,  that  even  his 
own  father  wished  him  to  be  put  to  death,  but  the 
king  spared  him,  against  the  advice  of  his  coun- 
sellors. 

'  Archbishop  Arundel  preached  a  sermon  on  the 
occasion,  taking  for  his  text  i  Samuel  ix.  17.  "  Be- 
hold the  man  whom  I  spake  to  thee  of ;  this  same 
shall  reign  over  My  people." 

^  Ralph,  lord  Neville,  had  been  created  earl  of 
Westmoreland  by  Richard  II.,  after  the  murder 
of  the  duke  of  Gloucester,  and  had  received  other 
favours ;  but  he  was  the  brother-in-law  of  Henry 
of  Lancaster,  and  rendered  him  most  esscntijil 
service  against  his  benefactor.  He  joined  him  on 
his  landing,  was  appointed  earl  marshal,  and  go- 
vernor of  the  Tower,  and  adhered  to  him  against 
his  old  associates  and  kinsmen,  the  Perdes ;  pre- 
vented the  earl  of  Northumberland  from  joining 
his  son,  Hotspur ;  checked  the  incursions  of  the 
«>cots;   and,  by  gross  treachery,  got  Archbishop 


Scrope,  the  earl  of  Nott 
Richaid's  partisans,  into  his  r 


and   others  of 
ids.    He  died  Oct. 


Arms  of  Seville,  earl  of  Vettmoreland. 

2X,  Z425,  and  was  buried  at  Staindrop,  in  the 
county  of  Durham,  where  a  stately  monument  10 
his  memory  yet  remains.  He  married,  for  his 
second  wife,  Joan  Beaufort,  daughter  of  John  of 
Gaunt,  and  1^  her  he  had  a  numerous  family, 
of  whom  Richard  became  earl  of  Salisbury,  and 
father  of  "king-making  Warwick;"  Cecilia  mar- 
ried Richard,  duke  of  York,  father  of  Edward  IV. ; 
Eleanor  married  Henry,  eaii  of  Northtunberland, 
killed  at  St.Alban's,  in  1455;  and  Anne  was  the 
wife  of  Humphrey,  duke  of  Buckingham,  kilL^d 
at  Northampton  in  1459.  llie  earl  was  succeeded 
by  his  grandson,  Ralph,  who  married  a  daughter 
of  Hotspur. 

>  The  attainder  of  the  duke  of  Gloucester  anJ 
his  adherents  was  reversed,  and  most  of  the  nobles 


A.D.  i399>  I400-] 


HENRY  IV. 


217 


murderers  of  the  duke  of  Gloucester", 
special  favour  is  promised  to  the  Lon- 
doners for  ''their  good  and  loyal  be- 
haviour;^ and,  (Oct  27,)  at  the  in- 
stance of  Henry,  "  Richard,  late  king 
of  England,"  is  sentenced  to  perpetual 
imprisonment,  "  to  be  kept  secretly  in 
safe  ward*." 

The  new  king  creates  a  number  of 
Knights  of  the  Bath,  three  of  his  sons 
being  among  them,  Oct  11  ^  He  is 
crowned  at  Westminster,  Oct.  13. 

Roger  Walden  is- declared  an  in- 
truder, and  Arundel  replaced  in  formal 
possession  of  the  see  of  Canterbury, 
Oct  21 '. 

The  Isle  of  Man,  lately  forfeited  by 
Scrope,  earl  of  Wiltshire,  is  granted 
to  the  earl  of  Northumberland  \ 

The  young  earl  of  March'  and  his 
sisters  are  imprisoned  at  Windsor". 

The  kings  of  France  and  Scotland 
refuse  to  recognise  Henry  as  king, 
alleging  the  truces  to  have  expired 
with  the  deposition  of  Richard,  and 
prepare  for  an  invasion  of  England. 

The  threatened  invasion  never  took 
place,  but  the  subjects  of  both  crowns 
carried  on  for  years  a  course  of  depre- 
dations on  the  English  coasts.  In 
particular,  Waleran  of  Luxemburg, 
count  of  St.  Pop,  fitted  out  a  strong 


fleet,  which  kept  the  southern  and 
eastern  shores  in  constant  alarm, 
whilst  the  Scots  cruised  in  the  north- 
em  seas,  and  the  Bretons  and  Spa- 
niards* ravaged  the  west  Henry's 
remonstrances  being  disregarded,  for 
these  freebooters  were  not  to  be  con- 
trolled by  their  feeble  sovereigns*, 
private  individuals  and  towns  in  Eng- 
land fitted  out  ships,  to  retaliate  on 
the  enemy,  and  the  narrow  seas  soon 
became  one  scene  of  piracy.  The 
parliament  at  various  times  granted 
simis  for  the  defence  of  the  coasts, 
but  these  were  generally  understood 
to  be  misapplied  by  the  king's  officers, 
and  the  English  trade  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed. At  length  in  1406,  a  body  of 
merchants  came  forward,  who  offered 
to  undertake  the  guardianship  of  the 
seas  for  a  term,  if  certain  subsidies 
were  paid  into  their  hands,  instead  of 
to  the  exchequer.  This  was  done,  but 
the  result  was  not  favourable  ^ 

A.D.  1400. 
The  earls  of  Huntingdon,  Kent,  and 
Salisbury,  Lord  Despenser,  and  others 
league  together  to  release  King  Rich- 
ard, and  murder  Henry  at  a  tourna- 
ment at  Oxford.  The  plot  is  revealed 
by  the  earl  of  Rutland*,  Jan.  4. 


(induing  King  Richard's  half-brother  and  nephew) 
who  after  the  duke's  condeouiation  had  received 
higher  tides,  (see  a.d.  1397)  were  reduced  to  their 
former  ones ;  the  conunons  indeed  requested  that 
they  misht  be  put  to  death.  The  earls  of  Hunt- 
ingdon, Kent,  and  Salisbury,  and  Lord  Despenser, 
were  m  consequence  imprisoned,  but  they  were 
soon  released. 

■  One  of  them,  John  Hall,  was  executed,  and 
his  head  sent  to  Calais. 

*  This  parliament  was  one  of  the  most  violent 
recorded  in  our  annals.  The  nobles  charged  each 
other  (and  with  good  reason)  with  falsehood  and 
disloyalty,  and  more  than  forty  gauntlets  were 
thrown  on  the  floor,  as  pledges  of  combats,  but 
it  does  not  appear  that  they  took  place. 

*  This  is  presumed  to  be  the  date  of  the  regular 
e&taUishment  of  the  order,  although  its  distinguish- 
ing feature,  the  bath,  had  long  oeen  one  of  the 
ceremonies  attendant  on  the  admission  of  knights. 

p  Arundel  whilst  in  exile  had  been  declared  arch- 
bishop of  St.  Andrew's  by  the  pope,  but  he  treated 
this,  as  well  as  lus  deprivation,  as  a  nullity. 

1  This  and  other  great  gifts  bestowed  by  the 
new-made  king  on  his  chieTsupporters  occa-sioned 
the  repeated  remonstrances  of  the  parliament,  and 
statutes  were  passed  to  check  the  evil ;  thus  it  was 
enacted,  that  in  any  petition  for  grants  of  land, 
mention  should  be  made  of  their  value,  [i  Hen.  IV. 
c.  6,}  and  of  what  the  petitioner  had  received  be- 
fore, [a  Hen.  IV.  c.  a,]  but  these  restrictions  were 
evidently  disregarded,  as  we  meet  with  another 
statute  soon  after  against  undue  grants,  [4  Hen.  IV. 
c  4}.  The  royal  family  was  exempted  from  the 
operation  of  these  sututes,  [6  Hen.  IV.  c.  2]. 
Hctry  created  hb  eldest  son  prince  of  Wales ;  of 


his  other  sons,  one  was  made  lovd  lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land, another  constable  of  EngUnd,  and  all  re- 
ceived large  portions  of  the  estates  which  confis- 
cation had  placed  in  his  hands. 

'  He  was  the  son  of  Roger  Mortimer,  killed  in 
Ireland  in  1398,  and  presiunptive  heur  to  the  throne. 
His  friends  leagued  with  the  Percies  and  Glyndwr 
in  behalf  of  hb  right,  but  he  made  his  submission, 
basely  betrayed  tht  counsels  of  hb  adherents,  and 
lived  a  humble  dependant  on  the  Lancastrian 
princes,  until  die  time  of  his  death.  He  died  of 
the  plague  in  the  castle  of  Trim,  in  Ireland,  in 
Z424,  holding  at  the  time  the  office  of  lord-lieute- 
nant. Hb  sister  Anne  was  the  mother  of  Richard, 
duke  of  York. 

■  Their  uncle.  Sir  Edmund  Mortimer,  retired  to 
the  marches  of  Wales,  declining  to  acknowledge 
Henry  as  king. 

t  He  had  resided  in  England,  both  as  a  prisoner 
and  as  an  ambassador,  and  had  married  Maud, 
the  half^bter  of  King  Richard. 

"  The  Spaniards  were  the  subjects  of  the  kin.? 
of  Navarre  (Charles  IllOt  who  was  nearly  related 
to  the  king  of  France. 

'  Charies  VI.  of  France  and  Robert  III.  of 
Scotland  were  both  mere  puppets  in  the  hands 
of  their  unprincipled  relatives,  the  dukes  of  Or- 
Iean5,  Burgundy,  and  Albanv. 

y  The  merchants'  admirals  (Richard  Clyderow 
and  Nicholas  Blackbume)  were  soon  dbmissed  by 
the  king,  and  replaced  by  his  half-brother  Thom.i  , 
earl  of  Dorset,  who  also  held  the  incongruous  ofTico 
of  lord  chancellor.  ^  , 

«  Son  of  Edmund,  duke  of  York :  he  aften*-arf?s 
bore  that  title  himself,  and  was  killed  at  Agtncou:U 


si8 


THE  PLANTAGENETS— LANCASTER. 


[a.D.  i40cr. 


Henry  flees  from  Windsor,  and 
raises  an  army  of  Londoners.  The 
eads  withdraw  towards  the  west,  but 
entering  Cirencester  (in  the  evening  of 
Jan.  6,)  without  their  forces,  they  are 
assailed  by  the  townsmen,  some  killed, 
others  captured,  and  the  rest  put  to 
flight*. 

Heniy  proceeds  as  far  as  Oxford 
wth  his  forces,  when  Sir  Benet  Shel- 
ley, and  Sir  Thomas  Blount,  (personal 
attendants  bf  King  Richard**,)  and 
Hbout  tlurty  otheis  taken  at  Ciren- 


cester, are  executed  ^    Some  others 
are  sent  to  London  for  trial 

The  displaced  ardibishop  of  Can- 
terbury (Roger  Walden),  the  bishop  of 
Carlisle  (Merks),  the  abbot  of  West- 
minster (William  de  Colchester),  Feriby 
and  Maudelyn  (Ridiard's  chaplains). 
Sir  Bernard  Brocas  and  Sir  Thomas 
Shelley,  are  brought  to  trial  in  the 
Tower,  (Febt  4,)  and  condemned.  The 
lives  of  the  prelates  are  spared  ^  but 
the  rest  are  ex^iitsd  the  san&e  even- 
ing by  torchlight. 


WALES. 


Though  the  new  king  had  thus 
crusihed  many  of  his  enemies,  his 
tibrone  was  by  no  means  safe.  While 
preparing  to  meet  the  French  and  the 
Scots,  he  learned  that  the  Welsh  had 
taken  up  arms,  and  commenced  a  des- 
perate effort  to  throw  off  the  Engli^ 
yoke,  or  at  least  to  get  rid  of  the 
tyranny  of  the  lords  marchers,  whose 
rule  appears  to  have  been  almost  as 
intolerable  as  that  of  the  Anglo-Nor- 
mans in  Ireland.  Their  leader  was 
Owen  Glyndwr,  a  man  whose  abilities 
and  enterprise  have  not  been  duly  es- 
timated*. The  struggle  was  eventually 
unsuccessful,  but  the  fact  that  it  was 
protracted  for  full  fifteen  years  is  suffi- 
cient to  shew  that  it  was  well  main- 
tained, and  that  its  chances  and 
changes  of  success  and  failure  are 
deserving  of  more  notice  than  they 
have  hitherto  received. 

Gljmdwr,  who  was  bom  in  1364, 


was,  on  his  mother's  side,  the  great- 
great-grandson  of  the  last  native  prince 
(Llewelyn),  and  fifth  in  descent  from 
Griffith  ap  Madoc,  the  last  Welsli  lord 
of  Dinas  Bran,  from  whom  he  in- 
herited  considerable  estates  in  Meri- 
oneth and  the  adjoining  districts  '.  As 
was  then  customary  with  the  jroung 
gentry,  he  came  to  London,  and  joined 
one  of  the  inns  of  court,  became  squire 
of  the  body  to  Richard  1 1.,  was  knighted 
by  him  in  13S7,  and  was  one  of  his  at- 
tendants when  seized  at  Flint  Castle 
He  was  allowed  to  retire  to  his  coun- 
try, but  Lord  Grey  of  Ruthin,  one  of 
the  marchers,  presuming  on  his  favour 
as  a  zealous  Lancastrian,  seized  some 
lands  which  Glyndwr  had  several  years 
before  gained  from  him  by  a  lawsuit ; 
Glyndm^  appeal  to  the  parliament 
was  disregarded,  and  Grey,  instead  of 
being  obliged  to  make  restitution,  ob- 
tain^ a  grant  of  other  portions  of  his 


*  John  Cosin,  the  constable  of  the  toiwo,  was  re- 
warded with  a  pension  of  xoo  marks,  and  the 
townsmen  received  all  the  goods  and  chattels  of 
the  slain;  even  the  women  were  gratified  with 
a  gift  of  sijc  does  and  a  hozshead  of  wine.  The 
earl  of  Kent  was  killed  in  uxe  skirmish ;  the  earl 
of  Salisbury  was  beheaded  there  without  trial, 
Jan.  7,  as  was  Sir  Ralph  Lumley,  Jan.  zo;  De- 
spenaer  fled  to  Wales,  but  trying  to  leave  the 
country,  he  was  earned,  after  a  dc^>erate  re- 
sistance, to  Bristol,  and  beheaded  there  Jan.  lo ; 
the  earl  of  Huntingdon  escaped,  but  was  seised 
a  few  days  after  at  Prittlewell,  in  Essex,  and  being 
carried  before  the  countess  of  Hereford,  (mother- 
in-law  to  Henry  and  sister  of  the  earl  of  Arundel 
and  the  archbishop,)  was  beheaded  by  her  order, 
and  in  her  presence,  at  Pleshy,  Jan.  15  or  16.  The 
heads  of  the  slain  were  sent  to  London,  and  placed 
on  the  bridge. 

*>  It  is  probable  that  Richard  escaped  at  this 
time  from  Pomfret,  but  his  friends  were  crushed 
before  he  could  join  them,  and  he  had  no  resource 
but  to  flee  to  Scotland. 

'  The  heads  and  quarters  of  eight  of  these,  par- 
boiled, with  twelve  prisoners  for  trial,  were  sent  lo 
London,  preceded  by  music,  and  there  received  by 


the  archbishop  (Arandel)  and  many  other  prelafe«, 
who  chanted  the  TV  Deutn,  "and  the  men  of  l^sm- 
don  cheered,  and  made  great  rejoidngs." 

*  Walden  was  at  onoe  set  at  liberty,  and  was 
afterwards  made  bishop  of  London;  Colchester 
was  allowed  to  hold  his  office,  till  his  death,  in 
1490 ;  Merks's  subsequent  history  has  been  already 
noticed  (see  a.d.  1399^  Feriby  and  Maudelyn 
are  named  executors  m  Richard's  will,  and  the 
latter,  it  is  said,  had  personated  the  king  at  Ciren- 
cester. Brocas  had  been  comptroller  of  Calais, 
and  Shelley  master  of  the  household  to  the  earl 
of  Huntingdon. 

•  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  hictDriaas  have  de- 
voted so  Uttle  attention  to  the  career  of  this  re- 
markable man.  Taking  their  tone  from  the  Lan- 
castrian or  Tudor  chroniclers,  thev  too  frequently 
dismiss  him  as  "the  wretched  rebel  Gfeodower." 
though  he  was  for  a  considerable  time  de  Jaitt* 
prince  of  Wales,  and  was  recognised  as  such  by 
the  king  of  France,  who  studiously  avoided  bc- 
stowiDg  the  regal  style  on  Henry,  styling  him  ouly 
"  our  adversary  of  England." 

^  His  ancestral  residence  was  Sychart,  near 
Corwcn. 


A.D.  1400,  I40I.] 


HENRY  IV. 


219 


property,  but  he  was  captured  whilst 
attempting  to  take  possession. 

Glyndwr  had  now  no  hope  except 
in  the  sword,  and  he  acted  with  vigour. 
He  at  once  assumed  the  title  of  Prince 
of  Wales,  and  burnt  his  adversary's 
town  of  Ruthin,  at  the  fair  time  (Sept. 
50,  1400).  He  next  burst  into  the 
marches,  where  he  burnt  Oswestry, 
and  stormed  several  small  garrisons. 
The  Welsh  repaired  to  him  in  thou- 
sands, and  the  strong  Edwardian  cas- 
tles of  Conway,  Ruthin,  Hawarden, 
and  Flint  soon  fell  into  his  hands.  He 
repelled  three  formidable  armies  led 
against  him  by  Henry  in  person  »,  and 
in  1402  he  was  crowned  at  Machynl- 
leth \  Among  manv  captives  taken 
by  him  was  Sir  Eomimd  Mortimer, 
the  unde  of  the  young  earl  of  March, 
which  led  him  to  enter  into  a  treaty 
with  the  Mortimers  and  Percies,  having 
for  its  object  the  overthrow  of  Henry. 
This  alliance  was  dissolved  by  the 
battle  of  Shrewsbury,  but  Glyndwr 
continued  the  contest;  and  official 
record  remsuns  of  many  acts  that 
prove  the  reality  of  his  power  in 
Wales.  He  displaced  the  bishop  of 
Bangor,  and  appointed  a  partisan 
of  his  own ;  and  the  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph  was  his  ambassador  to  the 
French  king.  Though  occasionally 
suffering  defeat,  he  captured  many  of 
the  " English  towns*"  and  castles,  re- 
ceived aid  from  France  and  from  Scot- 
land, and  marched  with  his  French 
allies  as  far  as  Worcester. 

Henry  of  Monmouth  (afterwards 
Henry  V.)  had  some  success  against 
Glyndwr,  but  was  unable  to  effect  his 
subjugation,  and  several  years  after, 
when  about  to  embark  on  his  expedi- 
tion against  France,  unwilling  appa- 
rently to  leave  so  active  an  enemy 
behind  him,  he  endeavoured  to  enter 
into  an  arrangement  with  him.  While 
the  terms  were  in  debate,  Glyndwr 


died,  at  Monnington,  in  Herefordshire, 
Sept.  20,  141 5.  His  sons  concluded 
the  negociation  (Feb.  24,  14 16),  but 
the  terms  on  which  they  laid  down 
their  arms  were  less  favourable  than 
they  would  have  been  had  he  lived, 
for,  though  a  full  pardon  had  been 
offered  (July  5,  141 5),  Glyndwr  is 
spoken  of  as  attainted  in  a  statute  of 
the  nejct  reign,  [9  Hen.  VI.  c.  3]. 


AJ>.  1401. 

An  act  passed  ;^;ainst  the  Lollards 
[2  Hen.  IV.  c  15].  No  one  was  to 
preach  without  £e  bishop's  license, 
and  persons  accused  of  heretical  opi- 
nions were  to  be  judged  by  the  dioce- 
san, and  punished  at  the  king's  plea- 
sure, if  they  recanted ;  but  if  not,  ta 
be  burnt*. 

William  Savrtre,  a  London  secular 
priest,  is  burnt  under  this  statute, 
Feb.  12. 

Several  statutes  passed  in  relation 
to  the  rising  in  Wales.  Welshmen, 
and  Englishmen  married  to  Welsh- 
women, are  disabled  to  hold  office  or 
to  purchase  lands,  either  in  England, 
or  in  the  "borough  or  English  towns "^ 
in  Wales  ^  [2  Hen.  IV.  cc.  16—20]. 

David,  the  prince  of  Scotland,  being 
imprisoned  by  his  father's  order,  dies 
soon  after  at  the  palace  of  FalHand, 
April  3  ». 

Gl3mdwr  ravages  the  marches  and 
the  English  districts ;  he  also  captures 
Radnor,  and  beheads  the  garrison. 
Henry  marches  against  him  in  June, 
when  Glyndwr  retires  to  a  strong  post 
at  Corwen. 

Henry  finding  Glyndwr's  position 
unassailable,  invades  Scotland  and 
bums  Edinburgh,  in  August  He  re- 
turns into  Wales  in  October,  but  is 
again  obliged  to  withdraw  without 
bringing  Glyndwr  to  a  battle. 


'  Henry  on  each  occasion  met  with  bad  weather, 
^'tiich  the  chroniclers  gravely  ascribe  to  the  ma^c 
arts  of  his  opponent.  Glyndwr  had  a  reputation 
for  dangerous  leaming,  and  was  a  patron  of  bards, 
*ho  reproduced  the  prophecies  attributed  to  Mer- 
lai,  and  declared  him  the  destined  restorer  of  the 
i^Hd^h  monarchy. 

^  Htt  brother-in-law,  David  Gam,  an  English 
partisan,  attempted  to  assassinate  him  during  the 
ceremony.  Gam  was  imprisoned  for  ten  years, 
untU  he  was,  by  formal  permission  of  Henry  IV. 
(June  14,  Z419X  ransomed  by  his  father,  and  he 
was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Agmcourt. 


•  See  A.D.  xa83. 

^  A  similar  act  was  passed  in  Scotland  in  1435. 
It  ordains  that  "heretics  and  Lollards  shall  be 
punished  as  the  law  of  Holy  Church  requires." 

*  These  statutes  were  confirmed  in  a  body  in 
1447  (25  Hen.  VI.  c.  i),  all  grants  of  franchises 
contrary  thereto  being  at  the  same  time  declared 

■  He  was  a  youth  of  dissolute  character.  The 
manner  of  his  death  is  not  known,  but  be  was 
generally  supposed  to  have  been  starved  to  dcaui. 
by  his  uncle,  the  duke  of  Albany. 


220 


THE  PLANTAGENETS— LANCASTER.        [a.D.  I40I,  I402. 


IRELAND. 


A.D.  1 401. 

Thomas  of  Lancaster  (afterwards 
duke  of  Clarence)  appointed  lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  June  27.  He  lands  there 
Nov.  13- 

The  disorders  of  Ireland  were  not 
redressed  by  the  Ordinance  of  1357", 
and  in  1361,  Lionel  (afterwards  duke 
of  Clarence)  was  appointed  lieutenant. 
The  inheritance  of  his  wife  (Elizabeth 
de  Bui|fh,  countess  of  Ulster,)  had 
been  seized  and  partitioned  according 
to  the  Irish  law  by  her  relatives,  and 
he  was  thus  stronglv  prejudiced  against 
the  Anglo- Irish,  wno  opposed  him  in 
arms,  but  were  brought  to  a  nominal 
subjection,  through  the  help  that  he 
received  from  England.  They  dis- 
claimed submission  as  soon  as  he  had 
left  the  country,  and  though  he  re- 
turned in  1366,  and  passed  the  famous 
Statutes  of  Kilkenny  •»,  they  were  en- 
tirely disregarded.  Edmund  Mortimer, 
earl  of  March,  (the  husband  of  his 
daughter  Philippa,)  succeeded  him  as 
lieutenant,  Jan.  24,  1379,  but  died  Dec. 
26,  1380,  when  the  government  was 
granted  to  his  son  Roger,  (Jan.  24, 
1 381) ;  he  being  a  minor,  his  uncle. 
Sir  Thomas  Mortimer,  acted  as  his 
deputy.  In  1386  Richard  II.  resorted 
to  the  desperate  expedient  of  granting 
the  "entire  dominion"  of  Ireland  to 
his  favourite,  Robert  de  Vcrc,  on  con- 
dition of  his  achieving  its  complete 
conquest,  but  nothing  was  done  to- 
wards that  end,  and  at  length  the 
king  himself  passed  over,  landing  at 
Waterford,  in  October,  1394,  with  a 
considerable  army.  The  Anglo- Irish 
kept  aloof,  but  the  native  chiefs  very 
generally  submitted,  acknowledged 
their  feudal  dependence,  engaged  to 
serve  the  king  in  his  wars,  and  pro- 
mised also  to  quit  the  province  of 
Leinster.  Richard  returned  to  Eng- 
land, leaving  the  earl  of  March  as  his 
lieutenant,  who  attempted  to  enforce 
this  last  stipulation,  but  was  strenu- 


ously resisted,  and  at  last  defeated 
and  killed  at  Kenlys,  in  Ossory,  July 
20,  1398.  The  news  of  this  disaster 
brought  Richard  a  second  time  to  Ire- 
land, but  before  he  could  effect  any- 
thing he  was  recalled  to  England  by 
the  landing  of  Henry  of  Lancaster. 

The  Scots  now  leagued  with  the 
Irish,  effected  several  settlements  in 
the  north,  and  defeated  a  fleet  which 
the  citizens  of  Dublin  had  fitted  out 
against  them  ^  Thomas  of  Lancaster 
next  assumed  the  government,  which 
he  held  until  Sept.  141 3,  sometimes  in 
person,  sometimes  by  deputy.  He 
laboured  zealously,  though  with  little 
success,  to  make  the  royal  authority 
paramount ;  he  introduced  many  new 
English  colonists,  resumed  crown  de- 
mesnes, contended  with  various  for- 
tune against  both  the  irish  and  Anglo- 
Ihsh,  received  the  whole  revenues  of 
the  land,  and  was  assisted  by  an  <in- 
nual  subsidy  of  7,000  marks  from 
England  ;  but  he  at  length  was  despe- 
rately wounded  in  a  battle  under  the 
walls  of  Dublin,  and  obliged  to  with- 
draw, when  the  English  pale,  or  sea- 
coast  firom  Dundalk  to  Wexford,  be- 
came in  effect  tributary  to  its  so-called 
subjects,  the  "mere  Irish"  and  the 
Anglo-Irish  %  and  remained  in  that 
condition  until  the  time  of  Henry  VIII. 


A.D.  1402. 

Reports  spread  of  King  Richard 
being  alive  in  Scotland,  and  of  an  in- 
tended French  invasion  in  his  favour ; 
Sir  Roger  Clarendon,  his  natural  bro- 
ther, and  others  arc  executed. 

Glyndwr  ravages  the  marches,  and 
defeats  and  captures  Sir  Edmund* 
Mortimer',  at  Brynglas,  near  Knighton, 
June  22.  He  also  bums  the  cathedrals 
of  St.  Asaph,  Bangor,  and  Llandaff, 
and  the  abbey  of  Cwmhir. 

Henry  again  marches  into  Wales, 
but  is  obliged  to  retire  with  loss. 

The  Scots  invade  England,  in  July, 


■  Sec  p.  15)5.  •»  Sec  p.  196. 

p  The  citizens  equipped  another  fleet  in  2403. 
which  was  more  successful.  It  ravaged  the  coasts 
not  onlv  of  Scotland,  but  of  Wales,  at  that  time 
under  the  rule  of  Glyndwr. 

t  ITie  Anglo-Irish  and  the  natives  were  bitterly 
hostile  to  each  other,  and  thus  alone  was  the  royal 
authority  preserved  from  extinction.  In  1429  the 
Irish  Parliament  voted  a  petition  to  the  king,  re- 
qu Colli  12  hiia  to  endeavour  to  induce  the  pope  to 


publish  a  crusade  against  the  natives,  on  the  plr.i 
that  they  had  not  adhered  to  their  submi>sion  m  i  !•: 
to  Henry  1 1.,  two  centuries  and  a  half  before.  In 
revenge,  M'I)onough,  the  dynast  of  Lcins.ier,  ra- 
vaged the  pale  with  fire  and  sword,  and  was  re- 
pulsed with  extreme  difficulty. 

'  Uncle  of  the  carl  of  March,  the  king,  or  heir 
to  the  throne,  according  as  Richard  was  or  w.i< 
not  alive :  the  real  state  of  the  case  not  bci.i^  .ii'- 
parcntly  known  to  the  parties. 


A.D.  1402 — 1405*] 


HENRY  IV. 


221 


announcing  that  King  Richard  is  with 
them.  They  are  defeated  by  Henry 
Percy  (called  Hotspur)  at  Homildon- 
hill,  near  Wooler,  Sept.  14,  and  the  earl 
of  Douglas  and  other  nobles  taken. 

Henry  offends  the  Percies,  and  they 
meditate  his  overthrow. 

A.D.  1403. 

The  Percies  and  the  Mortimers 
confederate  with  Glyndwr  to  restore 
Richard,  if  alive,  or  to  place  the  earl 
of  March  on  the  throne,  in  case  of  his 
decease. 

The  French  make  a  descent  on  the 
Isle  of  Wight. 

The  Percies  march  to  join  Glyndwr, 
but  arc  intercepted  by  Henry,  and  de- 
feated at  the  place  called  Hateley-field, 
near  Shrewsbury,  July  23.  Henry 
Percy  is  killed ;  his  uncle,  Thomas 
Percy,  earl  of  Worcester,  being  taken, 
is  beheaded,  July  25  ■. 

A  body  of  French  land  in  Wales 
and  bum  Tenby,  in  July ;  they  then 
join  Glyndwr. 

Plymouth  is  burnt  by  the  Bretons; 
and  at  the  same  time  Britanny  is  ra- 
ir-aged  by  English  ships. 

^  Minstreb  or  vagabonds"  forbidden 
to  make  assemblies  in  Wales,  [4  Hen. 
IV.  c  271  The  Welsh  in  general  or- 
dered to  be  disarmed  •  [c.  28]. 

Richard  Yonge,  bishop  of  Bangor, 
is  imprisoned  and  deprived  of  his  see 
by  Glyndwr  •. 


A.D.  1404. 

The  commons  propose  to  seize  the 
temporalities  of  the  Church,  when  the 
archbishop  (Arundel)  appeals  to  Henr>', 
and  the  plan  is  dropped  '. 

"The  craft  of  multiplying  gold  or 
silver"  (alchemy)  declared  felony,  [5 
Hen.  IV.  c.  4^]. 

The  countess  of  Oxford,  several  ab- 
bots and  others,  charged  with  spread- 
ing reports  that  King  Richard  is  alive^ 
are  imprisoned ". 

The  French  ravage  the  Devonshire 
coast,  and  also  besiege  Calais ;  many 
of  their  vessels  are  burnt  at  Sluys  by 
the  duke  of  Clarence  and  the  earl  of 
Kenf. 

The  French  king  enters  into  a  treaty 
with  Glyndwr,  styling  him  "  Owen, 
prince  of  Wales,"  July  14  \ 
A.D.  1405. 

Constance  of  York'  endeavours  to 
liberate  the  young  earl  of  March  and 
his  sisters  imprisoned  at  Windsor, 
Feb.  15.  The, duke  of  York  is  sent  to 
the  Tower  on  suspicion  of  being  con- 
cerned in  the  matter,  but  is  soon  re- 
leased. 

The  prince  of  Wales  takes  the  field 
against  Glyndwr  in  March,  but  is  un- 
able to  subdue  him. 

James,  son  of  Robert  III.  of  Scot- 
land, captured  off  Flamborough  Head^ 
March  30*. 

Thomas  Mowbray,  earl  of  Notting- 


*  Glyndwr  was  at  the  time  besie^png  Caennar- 
then,  and  was  not  hindered  from  joining  his  con- 
federates bv  a  flood  in  the  Severn,  as  is  commonly 
stated.  The  earl  of  Northumberland,  who  was  on 
the  waY  to  sapport  his  son,  hearing  of  his  death, 
(Ittfaanded  his  army,  made  his  submission,  and  was 
pardoned,  (Aug.  zi,)  but  being  deprived  of  the 
Isle  of  Man,  and  his  strongest  castles,  he  with- 
drew into  Scotland  shortly  after.  The  chief  per- 
son Idlled  on  Henry's  side  was  Edmund  Stafford, 
earl  of  Buckingham^  son-in-law  of  Thomas,  duke 
of  Gloucester. 

'  Glpdwr,  whose  lands  had  been  jnanted  to  the 
tang's  brother,  the  earl|of  Somerset  (Nov.  8, 1400), 
vas  outlawed  at  this  parliament,  ana  was  specially 
excepted  from  many  graces  and  pardons  issued 
subsraucntly  bv  Henry. 

*  This  act  of  Glyndwr  received  at  last  the  tadt 
uocttoQ  of  the  pope,  as  he  at  once  promoted  Yonge 
to  the  see  of  Rochester.  Archbishop  Arundel,  how- 
ever,  refused  to  admit  him  by  proxy,  and  he  did 
not  obtain  possession  until  his  release  in  140^.  By 
Glyndwr's  wish  Lewis  Btfort  was  elected  his  suc- 
cessor, and  was  approved  by  the  Pope  (Inno- 
c^t  VII.),  but  as  he  could  not  obtain  consecra- 
turn  from  die  archlnshop  of  Canterbury,  he  is  not 
jBdudcd  m  the  list  of  bishops  of  the  see,  though 
AC  held  it  till  140B,  when  the  pope  (Gre^ry  Xll.) 
y^latcd  him  to  another,  nammg  Benedict  Nicolls 
m  his  stead,  but  he  bore  the  title  of  bishop  of 
i>tt]pr  at  the  Council  of  Constance  in  14x4. 

'  This  was  in  the  parliament  held  at  Coventry. 


called  the  Laymen's  Parliament,  from  the  circum- 
stance that  men  learned  in  the  law  (who  were  then 
commonly  clergymen)  were  carefully  excluded. 
The  scheme  was  probably  devised  by  Henry's 
ministers,  who  resorted  to  manv  strange  expe- 
dients to  raise  money,  as  may  oe  seen  by  the 
Records  of  the  Council,  but  all  who  had  anything 
to  lose  saw  that  it  endamgered  all  property,  and  it 
was  of  necessity  abomdoned. 

7  This  statute  remained  unrepealed  imtil  the 
year  1690^  [i  Gul.  &  Mar.  c  30]. 

■  The  countess  was  the  mother  of  Ridiard's  late  fa- 
vourite, the  duke  of  Ireland ;  she  received  a  pardon 
(Dec.  5I  1404),  but  the  iate  of  the  rest  does  not  ap- 
pear. The  confessions  of  some  of  the  parties,  which 
render  it  probable  that  Richard  was  then  alive  in 
Scotland,  are  preserved  among  the  Public  Records. 

«  Edmund  Holland,  brother  and  heir  of  the  earl 
lulled  in  x^oa  Ho  held  the  post  of  High  Admiral, 
and  was  killed  at  sea  in  1407. 

^  It  was  negotiated  by  John  Trevor.  Inshop  of 
St  Asaph,  expelled  as  a  partisan  of  Glyndwr  in 
X409,  though  his  see  was  not  filled  up  whilst  he 
lived.    He  died  at  Paris  in  14x0. 

•  She  was  the  widow  of  Thomas  Destpenso*,  earl 
of  Gloucester  (see  a.d.  1400),  and  sister  toihe  earl 
of  Rutland,  who  by  the  death  of  his  father  had 
now  become  duke  of  York. 

*  He  was  on  his  voyage  to  France  for  security 
against  the  schemes  of  his  uncle,  the  duke  of 
Albany,  who  had  put  his  elder  brother  David  to 
death. 


222 


THE   PLANTAGENETS — LANCASTER.     [a,D.  I405 — 1407. 


ham*,  Richp»-d  Scrope,  archbishop  of 
York',  the  carl  of  Northumberland, 
Lord  Bardolf"^,  and  others  combine 
together  to  place  the  earl  of  March 
on  the  throne.  The  archbishop  pub- 
lishes a  manifesto  declaring  Henry  ex- 
communicated, May  9. 

Ralph  Neville,  earl  of  Westmore- 
land, gets  the  chief  insurgents  into 
his  hainds  by  treachery.  The  arch- 
bishop and  the  earl  of  Nottingham 
are  beheaded,  June  8,  and  Lords  Hast- 
ings and  Falconbridge  soon  after.  The 
carl  of  Northumberland  and  Lord  Bar- 
dolf  escape  to  Scotland. 

The  French  send  succours  to 
Glyndwr. 

Henry  marches  against  Glyndwr, 
but  is  again  unsuccessful  **. 

A.D.  1406. 

The  crown  settled  by  parliament  on 
Henry  and  his  four  sons,  [7  Hen.  IV. 
<:.  2]. 

Robert  HL  of  Scotland  dies,  April 
4.  His  brother  Robert,  duke  of  Al- 
bany, governs  as  regent,  and  makes 
no  effort  to  procure  the  liberation  of 
the  young  prince  (James  L). 


The  guardianship  of  the  seas  from 
May  I,  1406,  to  Sept.  1407,  com- 
mitted to  an  association  of  merchants ; 
the  parliament  assigns  to  them  the 
taxes  on  wine,  wool,  and  hides. 

The  Isle  of  Man  granted  to  Sir 
John  Stanley,  April  6. 

The  earl  of  Northumberland  and 
Lord  Bardolf,  fearing  to  be  delivered 
up  by  the  Scottish  regait,  flee  to 
Glyndwr  in  Wales. 

A.D.  1407. 

England  greatly  afflicted  by  pes- 
tilence. 

Henry,  in  crossing  from  Queen- 
borough  to  Leigh,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Thames,  is  attacked  by  French 
pirates,  and  narrowly  escapes  cap- 
ture. 

A  strong  body  of  French  auxiliaries 
join  Glyndwr,  who  advances  into  Eng- 
land, and  threatens  Worcester,  but  at 
length  retires. 

A  parliament  held  at  Gloucester,  in 
October,  when  severe  statutes  are 
passed  against  the  Welsh,  [9  Hen. 
IV.  cc.  I,  2,  3,  4]. 


♦FRANCE. 


A.D.  1407. 


Louis,  duke  of  Orleans,  is  murdered 
by  the  duke  of  Burgundy*,  Nov.  23. 

Charles  VI.  of  France  had  several 
years  before  this  fallen  into  a  state  of 
mental  imbecility,  and  the  dukes  of 
Orleans  and  Burgundy  contended  for 
power  with  a  degree  of  violence  that 
proved  fatal  to  their  country,  as  well 


as  to  themselves.  The  queen,  (Isa- 
bella of  Bavaria,)  a  woman  of  dc 
praved  character,  allied  herself  with 
the  duke  of  Orleans,  but  after  his 
death  she  sometimes  inclined  to  the 
opposite  party,  and  at  length  even 
leagued  with  Henry  V.  against  her 
own  son,  the  dauphin.  The  duke  of 
Burgundy  was  assassinated  in  his 
turn,  in  the  year  1419^ 


•  The  son  of  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  banished  with 
Henry  of  Lancaster  by  Richard  II. 

f  Brother  of  William  Scrope.  eaxl  of  Wilts3iii«, 
beheaded  in  x^. 

>  Thomas,  L^rd  Bardolf,  was  bom  in  1367,  and 


Aima  of  Icrd  loiJoIf. 
succeeded  his  father,  William,  in  his  sc\'eDteenlh 


year.  He  had  \axgc  possessions  in  Norfolk,  SuffblL', 
Lincolnshire,  and  Yorkshire,  and  served  in  France 
and  in  Ireland  during  the  latter  years  of  the  reign 
of  Richard  II.  He  joined  Henry  of  Lancaster  nt 
Shrewsbury,  but  afterwards  espoused  the  cause  of 
the  Percies,  and  was  moztaUy  wounded  at  Braro- 
ham-moor.  His  head  was  set  up  at  Lincob,  and 
his  qnajters  at  London,  York,  Lvnn,  and  Shrrvs- 
bury,  but  his  widow  was  allowed  to  remove  them 
at  the  same  time  as  Northumberland  received 
Christian  burial. 

^  The  campaign  was  biiefVhsid  weather  and  want 
of  provisions  oui^nr  the  English  to  retire,  after 
considerablc  loss,  tn  November. 

•  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Charies,  who 
had  shortly  before  mairied  Isabella,  the  widow  of 
Richard  II. 

k  Two  dukes  of  Orleans  and'three  dukes  of  Bor- 
gundy  were  concerned  in  the  transactiotts  which 
brought  about  the  English  rule  in  France;  they 
were  all  descended  firom  a  kinz  (J<^  "•)  ^'^ 
died  a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of  Edward  III.  The 
fullowing  table  shews  their  relationship  to  each 


A.D.  i4o8 — 1413.] 


HENRY   IV. 


223 


A.D.  1408. 

The  earl  of  Northumberland  and 
Lord  Bardolf  again  appear  in  the 
north,  and  take  up  arms;  they  are 
defeated  by  the  sheriff  of  Yorkshire 
(Sir  Thomas  Rokcby)  at  Bramham- 
moor,  Feb.  19,  the  earl  being  killed  in 
the  field,  and  Lord  Barddf  mortally 
wounded. 

A.D.  1409. 
The  council  of  Pisa  deposes  the 
rival  popes,  styled  Benedict  XIII.  and 
Gregory  XII.,  June  5 ;  Peter  of  Can- 
dia  elected,  June  15  or  26,  who  takes 
the  name  of  Alexander  V. 

A  strong  body  of  Welsh  ravage 
Shropshire,  but  are  defeated,  and  their 
leaders,  Philip  Dhu  and  Philpot  Scu- 
damore,  captured,  carried  to  London 
and  executed.  After  this,  the  war 
languishes,  but  some  of  the  marchers 
make  private  truces  with  Glyndwr. 
A.D.  14 10. 
The  confiscation  of  the  temporalities 
of  the  Church  again  proposed  by  the 
commons,  but  rejected  by  Henry. 

The  circulation   of  foreign  money 
prohibited   by  statute  [11    Hen.    IV. 


The 


homas  Badby,  a  Lollard,  is  exe- 
cuted, in  April 

A.D.  141 1. 
Henry  sends  a  body  of  troops  to 
assist  the  duke  of  Burgundy  against 


his  rivals ;  they  gain  a  victory  at  St. 
Cloud  \  and  capture  Paris. 

Donald,  lord  of  the  Isles,  endeavours 
to  make  himself  independent  of  the 
Scottish  crown.  He  is  supported  by 
Henry,  but  being  defeated  at  Harlaw, 
near  Aberdeen,  July  24,  is  reduced  to 
submission. 

The  giving  of  liveries  again  pro- 
hibited by  statute  [13  Hen.  IV.  c.  3]. 
The  practice  had  been  forbidden  in 
the  first  and  seventh  years  of  Henry's 
reign,  but  the  enactments  had  not  been 
attended  to. 

Prince  Henry  is  removed  from  the 
council 

AD.  1412. 

A  six  years'  truce  is  concluded  with 
the  Scots,  May  7. 

Henry  changes  his  policy,  and  joins 
the  Orleans  party,  by  treaty,  May  18. 

Henry  falls  ill,  when  his  eldest  son 
claims  the  regency,  which  is  refused 
to  him. 

The  parties  in  France  are  recon- 
ciled, and  unite  against  the  English, 
who  in  return  ravage  Normandy  ". 

The    first    university   in    Scotland 
founded  at  St.  Andrew's. 
A.D.  141 3. 

Henry  is  seized  with  a  fit  while  at 
his  devotions  in  the  chapel  of  St.  Ed- 
mund at  Westminster.  He  dies  a  few 
days  after,  March  20,  and  is  buried  at 
Canterbury  ". 


Events  in  General  History. 


Tunoar  invades  Asia  Minor,   and 

takes  Bajazet  prisoner     . 
Rome  seized  by  Ladislaus  of  Naples 


A.  a 

1402 
1408 


A.Du 


The  Teutonic  Knights  defeated  by 

the  Poles        ....     1410 

Mahomet,  son  of  Bajazet,  restores 

the  Ottoman  Empire       .        .     1413 


rtHer,  and  to  the  dauphin,  whose  throne  they  cn- 
(iangered. 

John  II. 


Charles  V.  Philip  the  Hardy, 

(duke  of  Burgundy, 
- d.  X404. 

Cmasles  VI.    Loois  of  Orleans,  John  sans  Peur, 
killed  Z407.  killed  14x9. 

ChailesVII.  Charles  of  Orleans,  Philip  the  Good, 
taken  at  Aginoourt. 

'The  French  factions  were  so  embittered  against 
<acn  other,  that  it  was  with  difficulty  that  the  Enc- 
l^^n  could  prevail  on  the  Burgundians  to  spare  the 
vn%  of  their  prisoners. 


■>  Thev  were  commanded  by  the  duke  at  Cla- 
rence. At  lenp^th  they  withdrew  into  Guienne,  oa 
the  promise  of  a  large  sum  of  money,  for  which 
the  duke  of  Orleans  gare  hostages. 

*  The  partisans  of  the  House  of  Yoik  many 
years  after  asserted,  with  the  view  of  blackening 
Henry's  character,  that,  like  Jonas,  his  body  was 
thrown  into  the  waves,  on  its  passage  to  Faver&- 
ham,  in  order  to  appease  a  iriolent  tempest.  The 
curious  statement  of  one  Qement  Maydeston  on 
the  subject,  which  will  be  found  in  Wharton's 
Anglia  Sacra,  and  also  in  Stothavd's  Sepulchral 
Monuments,  was  conclusively  refuted  in  1833,  when 
the  tomb  was  opened  in  the  presence  of  Dr.  Bagot, 
dean  of  Canterbury,  and  others,  and  the  body  of 
the  king  was  found,  the  face  especially  being  ia 
excellent  preservation. 


Great  Seal  of  Eanry  V. 


HENRY  V. 


Henry,  the  eldest  son  of  Hennr  of 
Bolingbroke  and  Mary  de  Bohun,  (one 
of  the  co-heiresses  of  Humphrey,  earl 
of  Hereford,)  was  bom  at  Monmouth, 
Aug.  9, 1388.  He  had  for  his  governor 
the  famous  Sir  Thomas  Percy,  (after- 
wards earl  of  Worcester,)  and  is  said  to 
have  been  educated  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  under  the  care  of  his  uncle, 
Henry  Beaufort,  eventually  bishop  of 
Winchester.  He  early  shared  in  the 
fortunes  of  his  father,  being  carried  to 
Ireland,  as  a  hostage,  by  Richard  II. 
in  his  eleventh  year,  but  apparently 
treated  with  kindness,  and  honoured 
with  knighthood.  On  his  father's  ac- 
cession to  the  throne,  young  Henry  was 
created  prince  of  W^es,  was  summoned 
to  parliament,  and  intrusted  with  mili- 
tary command  against  Glyndwr.  The 
earl  of  March  was  placed  under  his 
wardship,  which  gave  him  possession 
of  the  vast  estates  of  the  Mortimers ; 
he  was  appointed  lieutenant  of  Wales, 


and  also  warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports, 
and  captain  of  the  castles  of  Dover  and 
Calais.  He  was  likewise  for  a  while  a 
member  of  the  council,  but  was  re- 
moved from  it  about  die  year  141 2, 
having  grievously  offended  his  father 
by  demanding  the  regency  during  the 
frequent  illnesses  of  the  latter,  and  be- 
ing suspected  of  aspiring  to  the  crown. 
So  much  active  employment  at  so  early 
an  age  renders  it  very  doubtful  that  he 
could  be  guilty  of  much  of  the  dissipa- 
tion and  violent  conduct  ordinarily  as- 
cribed to  his  youthful  days. 

Henry  succeeded  to  the  throne, 
March  21,  141 3.  Encouraged  by  the 
weakness  to  which  the  civil  wars  of 
the  Orleans  and  Burgundian  factions 
had  reduced  the  country*,  he  at  once 
prepared  to  attack  France,  but  at  first 
professed  to  have  in  view  only  the  re- 
covery of  the  English  provinces.  The 
negotiations  for  this  end  were  pro- 
tracted until  the  summer  of  141 5,  when 


•  See  A.D.  1407. 


HENRY  V. 


225 


he  put  himself  at  the  head  of  his 
army,  landed  in  Normandy^  capttired 
Haiieur,  and  gained  the  victory  of 
Agincourt,  but,  exhausted  by  the  enbrt, 
was  obliged  to  return  to  England. 

In  1417  he  again  invaded  France, 
effected  the  conquest  of  Normandy, 
gained  the  alliance  of  the  Burgun- 
dians,  and  at  length,  by  virtue  of  the 
treaty  of  Troyes,  (May,  1420,)  received 
the  princess  Katherine  in  marriage, 
was  recognised  by  the  queen-mother 
(Isabella  of  Bavaria)  as  heir  to  the 
crown,  to  the  exclusion  of  her  own 
SOD,  the  dauphin,  and  returned  in 
triumph  to  England.  A  few  months, 
hovrever,  shewed  that  his  conquest 
was  not  complete,  and  that  the  dis- 
inherited prince  possessed  the  affec- 
tions of  the  nation ;  the  duke  of  Clar- 
ence was  defeated  and  killed  at  Baug^, 
in  March,  1421,  and  the  king  hastily 
returning,  passed  the  short  remainder 
of  his  life  in  almost  constant  action. 
He  captured  Dreux,  but  failed  before 
Orleans,  and  though  he  passed  the 
winter  at  Paris  as  kin^  of  France,  was 
obliged  in  the  following  year  to  be- 
siege Meaux,  which  only  surrendered 
after  a  most  resolute  resistance.  Shortly 
after  this  he  fell  ill,  and  being  carried 
to  the  Bois  de  Vincennes,  near  Paris, 
died  there,  Aug.  31,  1422,  in  the  35th 
year  of  his  age,  and  the  loth  of  his 
reign. 

Henry  married  the  princess  Kathe- 


Henrj  Y..firom  his  Xonumient,  Westminster  Abtej. 

rine  of  France ;  she  bore  him  one  son, 
Henry,  who  succeeded  him.  Kathe- 
rine in  1423  married  Owen  Tudor,  one 
of  her  attendants,  and  by  him  became 
the  mother  of  Edmund  Tudor  earl  of 
Richmond,  the  father  of  Henry  VII., 
Jasper  earl  of  Pembroke,  and  other 
children.  She  died  in  the  nunnery  of 
Bermondsey,  separated  from  her  hus- 
band, Jan.  4,  i437  ^ 

This  king  bore,  like  his  father, 
France  and  England  quarterly,  but 
with  the  fleurs-de-lis  of  the  former 
only  three  in  number*.  The  same 
supporters  (a  lion  and  antelope)  are 
ascribed  to  him,  but  probably  this  is 
an  error.  For  badges  he  used  an 
antelope  gorged  with  a  crown  and  . 
chained ;  a  swan  similarly  adorned ; 
and  a  beacon  inflamed ;  these  devices 
are  sometimes  seen  united,  as  in  the 
cornice  of  his  tomb  in  Westminster 
Abbey. 


Arms  and  Badges  of  Henry  V* 


The  brilliant  though  transitory  suc- 
cess of  Henry's  attack  on  France,  has 
often  caused  its  injustice  to  be  over- 
looked, and  himself  to  be  regarded  as 
one  of  the  most  eminent  of  the  Eng- 
lish kings.    As  a  stroke  of  policy  it 


doubtless  answered  its  purpose",  as 
it  deferred  to  the  time  of  his  successor 
the  desolating  contest  known  as  the 
War  of  the  Roses ;  yet  it  is  hard  to 
say  to*  which  country  it  was  most 
disastrous.  Henry  has,  however,  better 


^  About  the  time  of  Katherine's  death  it  was  dis- 
covtred  that  her  sister-in-law,  the  duchess  of  Bed- 
find,  had  also  married  one  of  her  squires,  Richard 
Woodyille,  and  as  she  was  now  the  first  lady  in 
the  kingdom,  the  nobilitY  loudly  complained  of 
»ae  matches  as  degrading.  The  more  recent 
offender.  WoodviUe,  had  a  powerful  friend  in  Car- 
dinal Beaufort,  and  so  escaped  punbhment  for  his 

presumptioo,'*  he  and  his  wife  receiving  a  formal 
Pardon,  Oct.  34, 1437 ;  but  Tudor  was  confined  in 


Newgate,  whence  he  made  his  escape.  He  was 
recaptured,  sent  to  die  Tower,  and  not  set  at 
liberty  till  lonp;  after  the  death  of  his  wife. 

'  Tjiis  was  m  imitation  of  an  alteration  made  by 
Charles  VI.  of  France. 

*  The  reproach  of  having  suggested  to  Henry  IV. 
a  war  with  France  as  a  means  of  strcng;thening 
his  throne  is  commonly  cast  on  Bishop  Chicheley, 
of  St.  David's :  but  the  justice  of  the  charge  in 
doubtful. 


226 


THE  PLANTAGENETS— LANCASTER.       [a.D.  I413,  1414. 


claims  on  our  respect  than  spring  from 
even  the  most  complete  conquest.  He 
treated  his  royal  captives  (the  king  of 
Scotland  and  the  carl  of  March)  with 
kindness,  restored  the  Percies,  and 
fimily  attached  them  to  the  interests 
of  his  family ;  his  conduct,  generally, 
was  mild  and  humane*;  hediscouraged 
vice  and  luxury  by  his  own  orderly  and 
sober  life ;  he  attended  to  the  com- 
plaints of  the  humble,  and  was  liberal 
in  his  rewards  of  service.  Though  he 
persecuted  the  Lollards,  he  withstood 
the  extravagant  demands  of  the  papal 
court,  and  restored  the  goods  of  hos- 
pitals to  their  proper  uses ;  he  built 
bridges  and  endowed  religious  houses ; 
and  to  him  rather  than  to  Heniy  VII. 
belongs  the  credit  of  founding  a  royal 
navy'. 

A.D.  1413. 

Henry  V.  is  crowned  at  Westminster, 
April  9  » 

The  parliament  meets  at  Westmin- 
ster in  May. 

An  act  passed  forbidding  Welshmen 
to  bring  actions  for  damages  sustained 
in  "this  rebellion  of  Wales,"  on  pain 


of  treble  damages,  two  years' imprison- 
ment, and  fine  and  ransom  at  the  king's 
pleasure,  [i  Hen.  V.  c.  6  *]. 

^Irishmen,  and  Irish  clerics,  b^- 
gars,  called  chamber  deacons,"  order«l 
to  depart  before  the  feast  of  All  Souls 
(Nov.  2),  *'for  quietness  and  peace  in 
this  realm  of  England,*  [c  S\ 

Sir  John  Oldcastle*  is  condenmcd 
as  a  heretic,  September  23.  He  es- 
capes from  die  Tower  in  the  course  of 
the  following  month. 

The  archbishop  of  Canteriwry 
(Thomas  Arundel)  holds  a  synod  at 
St.  Paul's  from  Nov.  20  to  Dec  4,  ior 
repression  of  the  opinions  of  Wick- 
liffc^ 

A.D.  I414. 

The  king  seizes  a  party  of  the  Lol- 
lards, near  London,  in  the  night  of 
I  Jan.  6,  7.  They  are  accused  of  de- 
signs against  his  life,  are  condemned, 
and  many  of  them  executed. 

An  inquiry  into  and  reformation  ot 
the  state  of  hospitals  ordered  *,  [2  Hen. 
V.  St.  I,  c.  i]. 

The  breach  of  truce  or  safe  conduct 
declared  high  treason,  [c.  6]. 


FRANCE. 


Henry  forms  alliances  with  the  king 
of  the  Romans  (Sigismund),  the  king 
of  Arragon  (Ferdinand  I.),  and  other 


princes.  H  e  despatches  the  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  (Henry  Chicheley,)  Lord 
Grey,  and  other  envoys  to  demand 


•  He  was  probably  influenced  rather  by  what  he 
considered  state  necessity  than  by  natural  cruelty 
of  disposition,  in  putting  to  death  the  earl  of  Cam- 
bridge and  odiers^  and  m  hanging  the  Soots  taken 
in  arms  against  him  in  France;  these  circum- 
sunces,  however,  will  ever  remain  a  deep  stain  on 
liis  character. 

f  Occasional  mention  occurs  of  "the  king's  own 
•<hips,"  in  earlier  times,  but  Henry  kept  constantly 
x  fleet  of  twelve  vciisels  to  guard  the  coast,  which 
had  been  greatly  neglected  in  the  former  reign 
(see  p.  3x7);  they  appear,  each  to  have  had  from 
T-i')  to  100  mariners,  men-at-arms,  and  archers.  Bc- 
•>ide  this,  he  had  at  command  the  navy  of  the 
Cinque  Ports  (about  60  ships),  with  numerous  hired 
vessels^  and  prizes  taken  from  the  Genoese. 

K  His  regnal  years  are  computed  from  March  21. 

^  The  recital,  that  the  Welsh  "  daily  make  Quar- 
rels and  great  pursuit"  against  the  ''king's  liege 
licople"  for  injuries  sustained  by  them  in  the  course 
«  f  the  contest,  shews  that  their  insurrection  had 
i.ot  been  so  completely  crushed  as  writers  usually 
N':ppose;  neither  did  this  statute  at  once  reduce 
tiicm  to  order,  as  in  the  next  year  we  meet  w^ith 
.(  statement  that  the  "king's  liege  people"  are 
<\  lily  carried  off  by  the  WeKh,  against  whom  heavy 
jtualties are  denounced,  [2  Hen.  V.  st.  2,  c.  5]. 

■  Commonly  styled  Lord  Cobham,  from  his  mar- 
1  '.a^e  with  Joan,  the  grand-daughter  of  the  last 

•  The  archbishop  died  early  in  the  next  year, 


and  was  succeeded  by  Bishop  Chicheley,  of  St. 
David's.  Chicheley  was  bom  at  Higham  Ferrer^ 
in  Northamptonshire,  about  1362,  and  was  educated 
at  Wykeham's  foundation  in  Winchester  and  Ox- 
ford. He  particularly  studied  the  civil  and  canon 
law,  and  though  he  became  archdeacon  of  Salis- 
bury, bishop  of  St.  David's,  and  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  he  was  for  many  years  chiefly  em- 
ployed in  embassies  and  other  state  business.  He 
was  present  at  the  council  of  Pisa  in  1410,  and  aha 
attended  Henry  V.  in  his  invasion  of  France :  but 
after  this  longs  death  he  devoted  himsdf  with 
energy  to  the  dischaige  of  his  duties  as  primate. 
In  £ts  capacity  he  firmly  withstood  the  atucLv 
of  the  papal  court  on  the  independence  at  the 
Church,  and  also  repressed  the  vehemence  of  the 
Lollards,  whence  he  is  by  some  writer^  though 
unjustly,  designated  a  persecutor.  In  the  mid»i 
of  these  contentions  he  carried  out  his  design  c( 
adding  a  new  college  to  Oxford,  and  in  the  ycv 
1437  founded  All  S<fuls,  a  noble  monument  of  hts 
pious  liberality.  Worn  out  with  years  and  io' 
tirmity,  he  desired  to  resign  his  see,  but  before 
the  transaction  could  be  completed  he  died,  April 
12.  X443,  and  was  buried  at  Canterbury*  where  his 
splendid  tomb  still  remains,  it  having  been  re- 
edified  by  his  college. 

I  llic  statute  alleges  that  their  goods  are  for  the 
most  part  decayed,  and  spent  to  other  uses,  and 
directs  the  ordinary  of  each  diocese  to  remedy  the 
abuse. 


A.D.  I4I4.  I4IS-] 


HENRY  V. 


227 


from  the  king  of  France  (Charles  VI.) 
the  restoration  of  the  former  posses- 
sions of  England,  June.  A  com- 
promise is  proposed,  which  Henry  re- 
jects, and  prepares  for  war. 

The  rivalry  of  parties  by  which 
France  had  been  so  long  afflicted  was 
not  in  any  manner  abated  by  the  pros- 
pect of  attack  from  England.  The 
duke  of  Orleans,  who  at  that  time  was 
at  the  head  of  affairs,  raised  troops  to 
defend  the  kingdom;  Burgundy  re- 
fused all  co-operation,  but  preserved 
a  suspicious  neutrality,  until  his  rival 
v^as  captured  ^t  Agincourt,  when  he 
seized  on  many  of  die  strong  cities  of 
Normandy^  and  at  length  openly  joined 
ilic  English ;  his  sincerity  was,  how- 
ever, doubted  by  them,  and  French 
clironiders  assert  that  he  was  at  the 
•^ame  time  in  negotiation  with  the 
dauphin. 


A.D.  I414. 

The  council  of  Constance"  holds 
its  first  sitting,  Nov.  16. 

A.D.  14.15. 

The  king  assembles  his  forces  in 
May;  and  joins  them  at  Portsmouth 
in  July. 

The  earl  of  Cambridge",  Lwd  Scrope 
of  Masham,  and  Sir  Thomas  Grey, 
chaiged  with  conspiring  against  the 
life  of  the  king,  arc  executed,  Aug.  2, 5. 
Nothing  is  known  of  the  history  of 
this  conspiracy  except  from  the  re- 
cord of  the  brief  trisd.  of  the  parties. 
We  kam  from  this  that  they  were 
charged  with  intending  to  kill  *''Hcnr>' 


of  Lancaster,  the  usurper,"  and  then 
to  flee  into  Wales,  where  they  were 
to  proclaim  the  earl  of  March  king. 
Rather  inconsistently  with  this,  they 
were  also  chaiged  with  asserting  King 
Richard  to  be  still  alive,  and  with 
sending  into  Scotland  "for  a  certain 
man  who  in  his  shape  of  body  and 
countenance  did  much  resemble  him  f 
for  if  this  had  been  believed  there  must 
have  been  an  end  of  the  assumption  of 
royalty  by  the  earl  of  March. 

The  king  sails  with  a  large  force,  on 
board  1,500  ships,  from  Southampton, 
Aug.  II.  He  lands  in  the  Pays  du 
Caux,  Aug.  13;  lays  siege  to  Har- 
fleur*,  and  captures  it  Sept.  22. 

He  sends  many  of  his  sick  to  Eng- 
land, a^ppoints  the  earl  of  Dorset 
(Thomas  Beaufort,  afterwards  duke 
of  Exeter)  governor  of  Harfleur,  and 
sets  out  on  his  march  towards  Calais, 
Oct.  8. 

The  French,  under  the  dukes  of 
Bourbon  and  Orieans,  harass  his 
march.  He  attempts  in  vain  to  cross 
the  Sonune,  at  Blanche  Tache,  Oct. 
14 ;  then  proceeds  up  the  stream 
through  Abbeville  and  Amiens  to  Pe- 
ronne,  where  he  crosses  the  river  at 
night,  Oct  20. 

The  French,  having  cut  up  the 
direct  road,  taJce  post  at  Agincourt, 
to  intercept  his  course  to  Calais.  The 
two  armies  come  in  sight,  Oct.  24. 

Arthur  of  BritannyP  attacks  the 
English  camp  at  midnight,  during 
a  storm  of  wind  and  rain,  but  is 
beaten  off. 

The  French  arc  defeated  with  ter- 
rible slaughter,  at  Agincourt^,  Oct.  25. 


*  TUs  council  sat  until  April  29,  1418.  It  was 
attended  by  both  bishops  and  laymen  from  Eng- 
land. The  schism  in  the  Church  uas  healed,  by 
tb€  deposition  of  three  rival  popes,  and  the  election 
f'f  Otho  Colonna  as  Martin  V,  The  opinions  of 
Wtcklifie  were  condemned,  and  his  bones  ordered 
to  be  bonit,  a  ta.sk  which  was  committed  to  Richanl 
Menayag,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  who  had  fonnerly 
been  <ae  of  his  party.  'l*hc  most  memorable  act 
of  this  coimcil,  however,  was  the  buminc  of  John 
Ha%  in  nite  df  a  safe  coadua  which  had  been 
granted  to  him  by  Sigismund. 

*  He  was  the  second  son  of  Edmund  of  Langley, 
duke  of  York,  and  had  lately  received  the  tiUe  of 
Cambridfe  from  Henry.  His  son  Richard  became 
duke  of  York,  and  his  daughter  UmkI  mr^rried 
L>oni  Bonrchiar,  who  was  created  earl  of  Essex  by 
Hknephew^  Edward  IV. 

.*  The  kms  had  with  him,  beside  the  more  or- 
^}^orf  waii&  engines,  as  tripgettes,  tows,  bas- 
tiles,  ftc.  several  cannon  of  large  size,  called  bom- 
1  ^*'  *"^  named  ''  I  ondon,"  **  Mesj-agere,"  "  llic 
king's  daushicr."     IhcJic  pieces,  wluch  seem  to 


have  somewhat  resembled  the  modem  mortar,  and 
which,  Elmham  says,  "vomited  from  their  fiery 
mouths  va&t  quantities  of  stones,  with  a  vehement 
expl«)>tion  and  a  terrific  and  intolerable  noise,"' were 
worked  by  gunners  from  Germany,  and  they  con- 
tributed most  materially  to  his  success  in  other 
sieges. 

*  The  son  rf  Joan  of  Navarre,  stepmother  of  the 
king.  He  was  made  prisoner  the  next  day,  anU  wa^ 
confined  until  July,  1490 ;  he  then  look  service  under 
Henry,  and  was  with  hun  at  the  siege  of  Mcaux. 
He  soon  after  abandoned  the  English  party,  and 
became  constable  of  France. 

1  The  English  only  numbered  about  9,000  men. 
whilst  their  opponents  were  between  50,000  and 
60,000.  The  l-rench  leaders  acted  with  so  little 
judgment  that  their  vast  army  was  cut  to  pieces 
with  very  slight  resistance,  yet  it  is  impossible  to 
believe,  as  Is  often  suted,  that  the  victors  lost  only 
the  duke  of  York,  the  eari  of  Snfiolk,  and  about  ao 
othcre  :  St.  Rcmy,  a  French  historian,  more  proba- 
bly makes  their  loss  1,600.  Of  the  >  rench,  io.>>or» 
at  leail  were  slain,  3,000,  or  more,  bcin^  priact»». 


0  2 


22S 


THE  PLANTAGENETS — LANCASTER.      [a.D.  I4IS — 1418. 


The  king  resumes  his  march,  Oct. 
26,  and  reaches  Calais  Oct.  29,  where 
he  remains  until  Nov.  17.  He  lands 
at  Dover  with  his  chief  prisoners, 
after  a  rough  passage,  on  the  same 
day,  and  makes  a  triumphant  entry 
into  London,  Nov.  23. 

A.D.  141 6. 

The  king  of  the  Romans  (Sigis- 
mund)  endeavours  to  bring  about  a 
peace.  He  visits  England,  and  is 
most  honourably  received '. 

The  earl  of  Dorset  makes  an  inroad 
in  Normandy,  in  March.  He  fights 
an  indecisive  battle  at  Cany,  March  14, 
and  with  difficulty  re^ns  Harfleur. 

The  French  land  m  Portland,  and 
lay  it  waste  by  fire,  in  May. 

Harfleur  being  besieged,  is  relieved 
by  the  duke  of  Bedford,  August  15  ; 
and  again  in  October  by  the  earl  of 
Huntingdon',  many  French  and  Ge- 
noese ships  being  captured  on  each 
occasion. 

The  duke  of  Burgundy  (John  sans 
Peur)  allies  himself  to  the  English. 
He  at  the  same  time  becomes  ruler 
of  France  through  the  favour  of  the 
queen,  and  thus  obtains  possession  of 
Rouen,  Dieppe,  and  other  places  in 
Normandy. 

A.D.  1417. 

The  earl  of  Huntingdon  captures 
a  Genoese  fleet  off"  Harfleur',  July  25. 

The  king  embarks  at  Southampton, 
July  28.  He  lands  at  Touque  (near 
Honfleur),  Aug.  i  ;  captures  the  cas- 
tle, Aug.  3 ;  besieges  Caen,  which  is 
taken  by  assault,  Sept.  4.  The  castle 
surrenders,  Sept.  20,  when  Bayeux 
and  many  other  towns  and  fortresses 
submit. 


The  Scots  invest  Berwick  and  Rox- 
burgh, but  soon  retire. 

All  Bretons  not  denizened  expelled 
from  England",  [4  Hen.  V.  c.  3]. 

Coining  declared  treason,  [4  Hen. 
V.  St.  2,  c.  6]. 

The  native  Irish  forbidden  to  hold 
any  great  office  in  their  own  countr}**, 
[4  Hen.  V.  c.  6]. 

The  duke  of  Britanny  agrees  to  a 
truce,  Nov.  16. 

A.D.  1418. 

The  king  holds  his  court  at  Caen, 
early  in  the  year,  and  confiscates  the 
lands  of  those  who  do  not  return  by 
a  given  time;  vast  estates  thus  ac- 
quired are  bestowed  on  the  duke  of 
Clarence  and  others. 

The  duke  of  Gloucester  overruns 
the  Cotentin. 

Pontoise  and  other  towns  submit  to 
the  duke  of  Burgundy. 

The  duke  of  Orleans,  the  rival  of 
Burgundy,  had  been  captured  at  Agin- 
court,  but  his  party  (styled  the  Ar- 
magnacs,  from  Bernard,  count  of  Ar- 
magnac,  his  father-in-law,)  held  pos- 
session of  Paris  for  a  time.  They 
attempted  to  curb  the  turbulent  citi- 
zens, who  with  arms  in  their  hands 
set  at  nought  all  authority,  when  the 
latter  called  in  the  Burgundians ;  the 
Armagnacs  attempted  to  expel  them, 
were  defeated,  and  were  butchered  in 
thousands.  The  dauphin  was  obliged 
to  withdraw  to  Melun,  and  the  duke  of 
Burgundy^  seized  on  the  government. 

The  king  makes  further  conquests 
in  Normandy.  He  besieges  Rouen» 
in  July;  Domfront,  Cherbourg,  and 
other  places  are  captured. 

Sir  John  Oldcastle  is  captured  in 
Wales,  brought  to  London  and  burnt. 


,  afterwards  < 


nobles,  or  knights.  Some  of  the  more  eminent 
-were  interred  in  the  neighbouring  churches,  but 
the  rest  were  buried  in  deep  trenches  in  the  field, 
which  was  consecrated  by  a  bishop,  and  enclosed 
with  a  hedge  and  ditch  by  the  pious  care  of  Philip, 
count  of  Charolois^  afterwards  duke  of  Burgundv. 
Many  of  the  most  unportant  prisoners  were  Ivougnt 
to  England,  where  one  of  tnem  (the  duke  of  Or- 
leans) remained,  unransomed,  for  35  years.  The 
battle  was  fought  on  the  day  of  the  Transbtion  of 
St.  John  of  Beverley,  and  the  king  in  the  following 
year  made  a  pilgrimage  of  thanksgiving  to  his 
shrine. 

'  The  king  accompanied  him  back  to  Calais  in 
August,  when  communications  were  held  with  the 
duke  of  Burgundy.  Henry  had  consented  to  a 
three  years'  truce,  but  the  French  in  the  mean- 
time besieged  Harileur,  and  the  negotiations  were 
broken  off. 


•  John  Holland,  aftehvards  duke  of  Exeter,  and 
oanstable  of  the  Tower;  he  is  said  to  have  in- 
vented new  modes  of  torture  for  his  prisoners  there, 
whence  the  rack  was  styled  "  Exeter's  daughter." 

t  Several  of  these  smps,  termed  canacks,  were 
of  large  size,  and  were  at  once  taken  into  the 
king's  service. 

**  The  misconduct  of  "some  dwelling  near  the 
queen  [the  widow  of  Henry  IV.]  and  about  her 
pnerson"  is  particularly  mentioned  as  giving  occa- 
sion for  this  statute. 

>  It  is  alleged  that  such,  coming  to  parliament, 
will  bring  with  them  attendants,  who  will  betray 
'*  the  secrets  of  the  English.** 

J  He  was  brought  before  the  parliament,  when 
he  denied  their  jurisdiction  over  him,  affinmng 
that  King  Richard  was  still  alive,  and  in  Sc^^- 
land  ;  on  which  he  was  condemned  without  fimher 
hearing. 


A.D.  I419 — 14^2.] 


HENRY  V. 


229 


A.D.  I419. 

The  king  holds  his  court  at  Rouen  *, 
as  duke  of  Normandy,  and  receives 
the  homage  of  the  nobles. 

He  has  several  conferences  at  Meu- 
lan,  on  the  Seine,  in  July,  with  the 
queen  of  France,  who  brings  her 
daughter  "Madame  Katherine,"  and 
the  duke  of  Burgundy,  but  they  sepa- 
rate after  a  time  without  any  agree- 
ment 

The  duke  of  Burgundy  makes  a 
treaty  with  the  dauphin,  July  11 ;  but 
is  assassinated  at  a  conference  with 
him,  at  Montereau,  August  12.  His 
son  (Philip  the  Good)  at  once  joins 
the  English. 

A  truce  is  concluded  between  the 
king  and  the  inhabitants  of  Paris  and 
other  towns  which  adhere  to  the  Bur- 
gundians,  and  steps  are  taken  to  bring 
the  dauphin  to  punishment. 

The  dauphin  throws  himself  into 
Compi^gne,  and  repulses  a  force  of 
English  and  Burgundians. 

The  people  of  Paris  put  themselves 
under  the  English  government. 

The  king  keeps  his  Christmas  at 
Rouen,  and  arranges  terms  of  peace 
with  the  duke  of  Burgundy. 

A.D.  1420. 
A  treaty   is   concluded  at  Troyes, 
May  21,  for  the  marriage  of  Henry 
to  the  princess  Katherine,  and  his  re- 
ception as  king  of  France  '  de  facto. 


Henry  marries  the  princess  Kathe- 
rine at  Troyes,  June  2,  and  keeps  his 
Christmas  in  Paris. 

A.D.  142 1. 

The  king  holds  a  parliament  at 
Rouen,  in  January,  which  decrees 
a  new  coinage  \  He  also  there  re- 
ceives homage  from  his  English  lords 
for  lands  granted  to  them  in  France. 

The  king  comes  to  England  with 
his  queen ;  she  is  crowned  at  West- 
minster, Feb.  23. 

The  duke  of  Clarence  is  defeated 
and  killed  at  Baugd,  in  Anjou,  by 
the  Scottish  auxiliaries  of  the  dauphin. 
Mar.  22. 

The  king  engages  the  earl  of  Doug- 
las and  other  Scottish  nobles  in  his 
service  ^, 

A  statute  passed  concerning  offences 
committed  by  scholars  of  Oxford  •*,  [9 
Hen.  V.  St.  i,  c.  8]. 

The  king  raises  fresh  troops,  and 
returns  to  France,  landing  at  Calais 
June  II.  He  captures  Dreux,  but  is 
obliged  to  quit  the  siege  of  Orleans 
through  want  of  provisions,  and  passes 
the  Christmas  at  Paris. 

A.D.  1422.  ^ 


The  king  besieges  Meaux,  which 
surrenders  after  a  desperate  resistance, 
June  S- 

He  falls  ill  at  Corbeuil,  in  July ;  is 
removed  to  the  Bois  de  Vincennes, 
and  dies  there,  Aug.  31  •. 


Events  in  General  History. 


The  Council  of  Constance 

Ihe  Portuguese  commence  a  course 

of  maritime  discovery . 
The  Hussites  take  up  arms  in  Bo- 


A.D. 

1414 
HIS 


A.n. 

hemia l^l(y 

The  Teutonic  Knights  defeated  by 
the  Poles,  lose  many  of  their 
possessions      ....     1422 


*  He  had  besieged  the  town  for  six  months, 
vhen  the  governor  expelled  the  old  men,  women. 
and  children,  in  order  to  make  his  provisions  hold 
out  the  longer.  Henry  treated  the  outcasts  kindly, 
•bich  had  such  an  e£lect  on  the  garrison  that  they 
roM!  on  their  governor  and  obliged  him  to  surren- 
der, January  13.  Henry  built  a  palace  at  Rouen. 
«hich  was  for  a  while  the  residence  of  the  exiled 
J&me»  II.,  and  existed  until  the  time  of  the  Arst 
French  revolution. 

. '  The  dauphin  was  stated  to  have  forfeited  his 
right  to  the  tnrone  by  his  treachery  to  the  duke  of 
Burj^iindy.  Charles  and  his  queen  were  to  retain 
their  titles,  but  Henry  was  to  have  possession  of 
the  kini^dom,  although  he  was  only  to  be  styled 
heir  during  Charles's  lifetime.  As  early  as  May  6, 
I4W,  Henry  styled  himself  "Haeres  et  Regens 
Kcj^i  Franciae.'' 

^  Agreeably  to  the  treaty  of  Troyes,  the  coins 
hore  the  inscription  *•  Heres  Francte.^ 

'  The  captive  king  of  Scotland  gave  his  consent 


in  the  hope  of  obtaining  his  liberation,  and  himself 
served  with  them  as  a  volunteer.  A  base  advantage 
was  taken  of  this  by  Henry,  and  any  of  the  Scots 
of  the  dauphin's  party  who  were  captured  were 
treated  as  traitors. 

'  It  is  suted  that  many  clerks  and  scholars  of 
Oxford.  *'  armed  and  arrayed  in  manner  of  war," 
have  put  people  out  of  possession  of  their  lands 
and  tenements  in  Oxford,  Berks,  and  Bucks  ;  have 
with  dogs  and  greyhounds  hunted  in  parks,  forests, 
and  warrens,  and  threatened  the  keepers:  and 
have  uken  clerks  convict  of  felony  out  of  the 
hands  of  their  ordinaries,  and  set  them  at  liberty. 
If  they  do  not  surrender,  the^  are  to  be  outlawed, 
and  also  expelled  from  the  University. 

•  The  king's  corpse  was  removed  to  St.  Denys, 
where  a  solemn  service  was  performed.  Sept  15. 
It  was  then  carried  with  much  pomp  to  England, 
three  hundred  torches  being  boms  before  the  fune- 
ral car,  and  was  deposited  at  Westminster,  near 
the  shnne  of  St.  Edward  the  Confessor. 


Great  Eeal  of  Henry  VI. 


HENRY  VI. 


Henry,  the  only  son  of  Henry  V. 
and  Katherine  of  France,  was  bom  at 
Windsor,  December  6,  142 1.  When 
less  than  nine  months  old  he  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  (Sept.  i,  1422,)  and 
was  proclaimed  king  both  in  England 
and  m  France,  the  government  being 
administered  by  his  uncles,  the  dukes 
of  Bedford  and  Gloucester  and  the 
bishop  of  Winchester.  His  educa- 
tion, when  he  had  reached  his  seventh 
year,  was  entrusted  to  the  earl  of 
Warwick*,  who  from  his  proficiency 
in  every  knightly  art  was  styled  "the 


father  of  courtesy/'  but  who  did  not 
succeed  in  imparting  any  portion  of 
his  own  warlike  spirit  and  worldly 
wisdom  to  his  royal  pupil. 

The  events  of  Henry's  reign  were 
most  important,  but  he  had  very  little 
share  in  directing  them.  In  his  youth 
he  was  under  the  tutelage  of  his  uncles, 
who  quarrelled  among  themselves,  and 
thus  sacrificed  his  father's  acquisi- 
tions ;  and  when  advanced  to  man- 
hood, he  was  as  completely  guided  by 
his  ambitious,  intriguing  wife  and  her 
favourite  ministers,  Suffolk**  and  So- 


•  Richard,  son  of  Thomn<i  Deatichamp.  con- 
demned to  death  in  the  time  of  Richard  II.  (sec 
A.p.  1397X  He  was  long  captain  of  Calais,  re- 
ceived the  office  of  regent  of  France  in  1437,  ^'^^ 
died  at  Rouen  in  143^.  Richard  Neville  (the 
King-Maker)  derived  from  him  his  title  of  earl 
of  Warwick,  having  married  his  daughter  Anne. 

•»  William  de  la  Pole,  earl  of  Suffolk,  grandson 
of  the  minister  of  Richard  II.,  was  bom  in  1396. 
His  father  died  at  the  siege  of  Harfleur,  and  his 
brother  Michael  was  killed  at  Aginctmrt.  He  him- 
self served  in  France,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at 
Jcrgcaux,  but  recovered  his  liberty,  was  admitted 
to  the  king's  council,  and  received  a  grant  of  the 


rcvc'-^ion  nf  thccnrljom  of  Pcm!)ro!:e,  in  c;i<e  \hi: 
dulvc  of  Cflouccstrr,  who  then  p>'  -.esscd  it.  sh' i.Vl 
die  childless.  He  w.is  aficrAards  employed  t-> 
negotiate  a  peace  with  the  French,  for  which  he 
was  made  a  marquis;  and  he  was  also  a  chief 
instrument  in  bringing  about  the  king's  marru.;o 
with  Margaret  of  Anjou.  He  now  became  in  ci*.'  a 
prime  minister,  was  created  duke  of  Suffolk,  .n-d 
received  the  offices  of  gnmd  steward,  charab<rl.ii!i. 
and  admiral,  and  the  wardship  of  Margaret  Itc.ri- 
fort,  the  king's  cousin.  He  was,  however,  cxcc''!- 
ingly  unpopular,  being  suspected  of  trcachcnni ^1  y 
surrendering  the  English  possessions  in  Fra-A  •. 
and  also  of  being  concerned  in  the  death  ot  t'lc 


HENRY  VI. 


roersct*.  Their  conduct  occasioned 
bitter  discontent,  and  in  the  end, 
though  personally  beloved  for  his 
pious  and  charitable  conduct,  splendid 
evidences  of  which  remain  to  this 
day**,  the  "meek  usurper"  was  deprived 
of  bis  throne.  He  saw  his  friends  cut  i 
off  in  the  field  or  on  the  scaffold  ;  he  | 
suflfered  exile  and  a  tedious  imprison- 1 
ment  himself,  and  he  died  in  confme- 
ment  in  the  Tower,  presumably  about  | 
the  end  of  May,  147 1".  His  death 
has  usually  been  ascribed  to  violence, 
but  it  was  more  probably  owing  to 
grief  at  the  capture  of  his  wife  and 
slaughter  of  his  son  at  Tewkesbury 
shortly  before.  His  body  was  ex- 
posed in  SL  Paul's,  and  then  buried 
with  little  ceremony  at  Chertsey  Abbey, 
but  by  Henry  VII.  was  removed  to 
Windsor,  and  interred  in  St.  George's 
ChapeL 

In  1445  Henry  married  Margaret  of 
Anjou  (bom  March  23, 1429),  daughter 
of  Rene,  titular  king  of  Sicily,  Naples, 
and  Jerusalem,  but  in  fact  a  dependant 
on  the  king  of  France.  To  obtain  her 
hand  most  of  the  remaining  English 
possessions  in  France  were  given  up,  i 


and  Maigaret  thus  became  unpopular 
with  the  English  from  her  first  comins: 
among  them.     She  was  a  woman  ll 


Kargaret  of  li^oa.  from  a  window* 
Bodleian  Liltrary. 

beauty  and  undaunted  spirit ;  thus  she 
gained  an  ascendancy  over  her  weak 
husband  which  was  often  unwisely  and 
sometimes  cruelly  exercised,  and  was 
the  immediate  cause  of  his  downfall. 
She,  however,  fully  shared  his  suffer- 
ings, and  made  the  most  vigorous  at- 
tempts to  retrieve  his  fortunes,  en- 
during exile,  innumerable  perils  by 
land  and  by  sea,  and  a  four  years' 
imprisonment    (1471  — 1475).      Being 


duke  of  dottcester.    At  length  he  was  impeached 
by  the  Ccnxunons,  and  committed  to  the  Tower. 


Of  Be  la  Pole,  earl  If  SnfTolt. 


He  was  soon  after  hanished,  but  was  beheaded  at 
wa,  by  order  of  the  constable  of  the  Tower,  (John 
Holland,  duke  of  Exeter,)  in  May,  1450.  His  son 
John,  bom  in  1441,  marned  Elizabeth,  the  sister 
of  Edward  IV. 

•  Edmund  Beaufort  was  the  erandson  of  John 
of  Gaunt.  Like  his  brother  John  he  was  made 
prisoner  at  Baugd,  but  afterwards  distinguished 
himself  in  the  French  wars.  He  defended  Koucb, 
and  captured  Harfleur  and  Montreuil ;  relieved 
Cal^  when  besieged,  and  also  ravaged  Britanny. 
He  received  in  succession  the  titles  of  earl  of 
Moretain  and  Perche,  earl  and  marquis  of  Dorset, 
and  doke  of  Somerset,  and  in  1444  was  appointed 
regent  of  Normandy,  m  succession  to  the  duke  of 
York.  He  acted  feebly  in  this  capacity,  and  sur- 
Rndered  Caen,  almost  without  resistance,  by  which 
the  province  was  lost.  He  returned  to  England, 
and,  in  imte  of  the  popular  discontent,  on  the 
death  of  Uie  duke  of  SuflFolk  he  succeeded  to  his 
place  in  the  favour  of  the  queen.  The  duke  of 
Yoik  took  up  arms  to  bring  him  to  trial,  but  after 


some  contention  they  were  formally  reconciled;, 
this  lasted  only  a  short  time,  and  in  1454  Somerset 


1  1  i 

i  1  ;  r 

-*  * 

M^ 

% 

w 

Arms  of  Beaufort,  dnke  of  Somerset. 

was  imprisoned  on  charges  of  treason  preferred  by- 
the  duke.  He  was,  however,  soon  set  at  liberty 
by  the  influence  of  the  queen,  and  taking  the  com- 
mand of  some  troops  he  advanced  to  St.  Alban's, 
where  he  was  met  oy  the  duke  of  York,  defeated 
and  killed.  May  33,  1455,  ^^^  assault  being  led  by 
his  brotber-in-law,  the  carl  of  Warwick.  He  Id't 
three  sons,  who  all  died  in  the  Lancastrian  cause. 

*  He  founded  Eton  College  in  1440,  and  King's 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1443,  beside  assisting 
Chicheley's  foundation  at  Oxford  ;  his  queen  en- 
dowed a  second  college  at  Cambridge. 

•  In  1453  a  subsidy  was  imfioscd  on  aliens,  which 
was  made  payable  yearly  during  Henry's  life.  In 
spite  of  his  deposition,  it  was  collected  by  Ed- 
ward IV.  till  the  year  1471.  In  some  of  the  ac- 
counts which  are  preserved  it  is  stated  to  have 
ceased  on  May  aa,  1471,  which  might  be  taken  to 
be  the  date  of  Henry's  death,  only  that  there 
exists  a  bill  of  the  lieutenant  of  the  Tower,  in 
which  the  maintenance  of  "  the  lord  Henry  '*  and 
his  keepers  is  charged  for  up  to  June,  and  was  paid 
June  12. 


232 


THE  PLANTAGENETS — LANCASTER.     [a.D.  I422 — 1424- 


ransomed  by  her  father,  she  closed 
her  chequered  life  in  her  native  coun- 
try, dying  in  poverty  at  Dampierre, 
near  Saumur,  Aug.  25,  148 1. 

Henr/s  only  son,  Edward,  bom 
October  13,  I453>  married  Anne, 
daughter  of  the  earl  of  Warwick, 
in  1470,  but  was  killed  at  Tewkesbury 
in  the  next  year. 

The  arms  of  Henry  VI.  are  the 
same  as  those  of  his  father,  France 


Anns  of  Henry  71. 

and  England  quarterly.  His  sup- 
porters are  usually  two  antelopes, 
argent ;  but  sometimes  the  dexter 
supporter  is  a  lion  ;  and  in  other  in- 
stances a  panther  rampant,  incensed, 
is  the  sinister.  His  badges  are,  an 
antelope  collared  and  chained,  two 
feathers  in  saltire,  and  sometimes 
a  panther  passant  gardant,  spotted 
with  many  colours  and  incensed ;  but 
this  latter  more  properly  belongs  to 
the  Beauforts.  The  well-known  motto 
DIEU  ET  MON  DROIT,  appears  to  have 
been  first  assumed  as  such  by  this 
king,  but  it  had  been  in  use  as  a  war- 
cry  at  least  as  early  as  the  time  of 
Richard  I. 

Henry  in  character  was  evidently 
well  meaning,  and  sincerely  pious', 
but  too  weak  and  irresolute  to  hold 
sway  in  the  turbulent  days  in  which 


he  lived ;  still  he  justly  claims  our 
pity  for  his  suffenngs.  His  great 
misfortune  was,  that  by  the  conduct 
of  his  grandfather  he  was  placed  in 
a  position  the  duties  of  which  he  was, 
from  ill  heahh  as  well  as  other  causes, 
entirely  unfit  to  discharge. 


A.D.  1422. 

The  duke  of  Bedford  governs  in 
France,  and  the  duke  of  Gloucester 
in  England,  in  the  name  of  the  infant 
king^,  who  is  placed  under  the  care 
of  the  earl  of  Warwick  (Richard 
Beauchamp). 

Charles  VI.  of  France  dies,  Oct  21. 
The  dauphin  is  crowned  at  Poictiers 
as  Charles  VII.  while  Henry  VI.  is 
acknowledged  as  king  in  Paris. 

Irish  residents  at  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge ordered  to  leave  the  realm 
withm  a  month,  except  graduates  and 
beneficed  men,  who  can  find  surety, 
[i  Hen.VI.c.  s*"]. 

A.D.  1423. 

A  treaty  concluded  at  Amiens,  bv 
which  the  duke  of  Britanny  (John  VI.  *) 
becomes  an  ally  of  the  English. 

The  carl  of  Salisbury  (Thomas 
Montacute)  defeats  the  French  and 
their  Scottish  aUies  at  Crevant,  in 
Burgundy,  July. 

The  French  defeat  and  capture 
Sir  John  de  la  Pole,  at  GraviUe,  in 
Maine. 

Merchandize  of  the  staple  to  be 
carried  only  to  Calais,  [2   Hen.  VI. 

c.  4]. 

Justices  empowered  to  regulate  wages 
and  prices  of  victuals,  [c.  18]. 

Persons  committed  for  treason,  mak- 
ing their  escape,  to  be  considered  as 
convicted,  [c.  21  J. 

A.D.  1424. 

King  James  of  Scotland  set  at  liberty, 
in  Aprils 

James  of  Scotland  causes  the  duke 
of  Albany  (the  late  regent),  two  of  his 


f  He  was  popularly  regarded  as  a  saint,  and 
Hcary  VII.  took  some  steps  to  procure  his  canoni- 
zation, but  is  stated  by  Lord  Bacon  to  have  been 
deterred  by  the  expense. 

ff  His  regnal  years  are  computed  from  Sept  z. 

^  The  reason  ^ven  is  that  divers  manslauehters^ 
murders,  robberies,  felonies,  riots,  and  other  of- 
fences, have  lately  been  committed  by  them.  No 
fresh  scholars  from  Ireland  are  to  be  received  with- 
out proper  testimonials  of  their  being  in  the  king's 
obedience. 


I  He  was  the  elder  brother  of  Arthur  of  Britaxmjr, 
who  was  captured  at  Afincourt. 

*  He  had  shortly  before  married  Joan,  daughter 
of  John  Beaufort,  earl  of  Somerset  He  gave 
hosuges  for  the  payment  of  a  heavy  ransoo^  and 
agreed  to  a  truce  of  seven  years,  from  which  the 
Scots  serving  in  France  were  excluded.  ^  He  was 
a  man  of  literarv  ability,  and  some  of  his  poems 
are  still  prized ;  out  his  conduct  in  Scotland  *« 
unwise  and  tyrannical,  and  he  was  at  last  a»ass>* 
nated  after  a  troubled  reign  of  thirteen  yean^  m  i437* 


A.D.  1424 1428.] 


HENRY  VI. 


233 


sons',  and  the  earl  of  Lenox,  to  be 
executed  as  traitors,  May  24. 

The  duke  of  Bedford  defeats  the 
French  and  Scots,  at  Vemeuil",  m 
Perche,  August  16. 

The  duke  of  Gloucester  invades 
Hainault,  in  October,  to  recover  the 
inheritance  of  his  pretended  wife, 
Jaquehne  of  Holland  ■.  He  is  opposed 
by  the  duke  of  Burgundy  (her  kinsman), 
and  at  length  obliged  to  withdraw. 

The  duke  of  Britanny  abandons  the 
party  of  the  English. 

A.D.  1425. 

The  duke  of  Gloucester  and  his 
uncle  Henry  Beaufort,  bishop  of  Win- 
chester, contend  for  the  rule  in  Eng- 
land, but,  after  a  time,  are  outwardly 
reconciled  by  the  duke  of  Bedford. 

Britanny  is  invaded  by  the  duke  of 
Bedford,  and  its  duke  obliged  to  re- 
join the  English. 


The  court  of  Charles  VII.  is  torn 
by  faction.  The  constable  (Arthur  of 
Britanny)  puts  the  royal  favourite  to 
death. 

A.D.  1426. 

The  duke  of  Gloucester  abandons 
the  contest  in  Hainault  •*.  He  en- 
deavours to  render  himself  absolute 
in  the  council  in  England,  but  is 
thwarted  by  Cardinal  Beaufort  and 
the  chancellor,  Archbishop  Kempe  K 

A.D.  1427. 

The  election  of  knights  of  the  shire 
regulated  by  statute,  [6  Hen.  VI.  c.  4 ; 
see  also  8  Hen.  VI.  c.  7]. 

James  of  Scotland  captures  Alex- 
ander, lord  of  the  Isles,  and  several 
other  chieftains,  by  treachery,  at  In- 
verness. 

A,D.  1428. 

Lincoln  College,  Oxford,  is  founded  % 
Oct.  13. 


■  His  youngest  son  escaped  to  Ireland,  and  died 
there. 

"  This  battle  struck  such  a  blow  at  the  fortunes 
of  Charles  VII.,  that  the  Englbh  afterwards  con- 
tempcnously  styled  him  only  "King  of  Bourges," 
the  name  oi  a  mslant  city  to  which  he  retired. 

*  The  young  countess  had  married  her  cousin, 
the  dvke  of  Brabant,  but  Gloucester  persuaded  her 
to  quit  him,  and,  in  roite  of  the  remonstrances  of 
the  clergy,  wedded  ner  himself,  hoping  thereby 
to  gain  possession  of  her  states.  He  not  only  failed 
in  this,  but  his  conduct  so  offended  the  duke  of 
Burgundy  as  to  endanger  hb  alliance  with  Eng- 
hnd. 

•  JaoneliDe  fell  soon  after  into  the  hands  of  the 
duke  01  Burgundy,  but  escaped  to  Holland,  where 
^e  died  in  poverty.  Her  pretended  marriage  with 
Gloucester  was  set  aside  oy  the  pope  (Martin  V.) 
and  the  duke  then  married  his  mistress,  Eleanor 
Cobham. 

'  John  Kempe  was  a  poor  Kentish  scholar,  who 
rtcciTcd  his  education  at  Merton  College,  Oxford, 


Durham  he  was  raised,  by  a  papal  provision,  to 
the  see  of  Rochester,  in  14x9  ;  by  the  same  in- 
fluence he  was  successively  advanced  to  the  sees 
of  Chichester^  London,  York,  and  Canterbury,  and 
made  a  cardmal.  In  1426  he  became  chancellor, 
and  supported  Cardinal  Beaufort  against  the  Duke 
of  Gloucester.  In  1433  he  resigned,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  John  Stafford,  buthop  of  Bath  and  Wells, 
who  z8  years  after  was  driven  from  office,  when 
Kempe  again  received  the  great  seal,  and  held  it 
till  his  death,  which  happened  March  aa,  1454.  He 
had  in  earlier  days  been  chancellor  of  Normandy, 
as  also  judge  of  the  Arches  court  He  displayed 
statesmanlike  firmness  and  prudence  in  dealing 
with  Cade  and  his  followers,  and  also  in  endea- 
vouring to  reconcile  the  dukes  of  York  and  Somer- 
set, whose  animosity  was  kept  within  bounds  during 
his  life,  but  who  no  sooner  lost  his  seasonable  me- 
diation than  they  carried  their  quarrel  to  a  point 
where  the  sword  akme  could  decide  between  tnem. 
Cardinal  Kempe  was  liberal  in  his  patronage  of 
leaminffj  founded  a  collegiate  church  at  Wye,  in 
Kent,  his  birth-place,  and  greatly  contributed  to 
the  establishment  of  the  PubUc  Scnools  at  Oxford. 
9  Its  founder  was  Richard  Flemmyn^,  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  who  had  been  once  a  WickUmte,  but  nad 
changed  his  opinions,  and  be»de  performing  the 
task  imposed  on  him  by  the  Council  of  Constance, 
of  burning  Wickliffe's  bones,  erected  this  college  as 


AriDB  of  ArdhUiIiop  Ksmpd. 

ud  acquired  a  profound  knowledge  of  the  civil 
and  caooQ  law.    From  the  office  of  archdeacon  of 


Arms  of  LlnoolA  Oollege,  Oxflnd. 

a  nursery  for  controversialists.  The  pope  wished 
to  promote  him  to  the  archiepiscopal  see  of  York, 
but  the  king's  council  opposed  it,  and  he  died 
bishop  of  Lucoln  in  1431.    Thomas  Rotherham, 


334 


THE   PLANTAGENETS — LANCASTER.        [a.D.  1428,  1429- 


The  earl  of  Salisbury  besieges  Or- 
leans. He  is  wounded  there,  Oct.  27, 
and  dies  Nov.  3. 

A.D.  1429. 

The  siege  of  Orleans  is  continued 
by  the  earl  of  Suffolk   (William  de 
la  Pole).     The  French  are  defeated^ 
at  Roveroy,  near  Orleans,  Feb,  12  ^ 

The  siege  of  Orleans  is  raised  by 
Joan  of  Arc  ■.  She  entered  the  city 
April  29,  and  the  English  retired 
May  8. 

The  French  begin  to  act  on  the 
offensive.  They  capture  the  earl  of 
Suffolk  at  Jergeaux,  June  12;  defeat 
Sir  John  Talbot*  at  Patay,  June  18  ; 


and  conduct  their  king  to  Rehns, 
where  he  is  crowned  July  18.  Many 
of  the  strong  towns  expel  their  English 
or  Burgundian  garrisons. 

The  steady  decline  of  the  power  of 
the  English  in  France  may  be  dated 
from  this  period,  although  they  were 
not  completely  driven  out  (except  from 
Calais)  till  twenty  years  later.  The 
impulse  was  no  doubt  given  by  Joan, 
but  a  countryman  of  hers,  named 
Master  Jean,  rendered  still  better  ser- 
vice to  France  by  an  improvement 
in  artiller>^  He  foimd  that  a  small 
iron  ball  would  do  more  damage  than 
the  cumbrous  stone  shot  hitherto  em- 
ployed, and  so  he  constructed  guns 


a  later  bishop  of  Lincoln,  (subsequently  archbishop 
of  York,)  so  greatly  augmented  the  revenues  of  the 
college  that  he  is  regarded  as  a  second  founder. 

'  The  French  attempted  to  cut  off  a  convoy  of 
Lenten  provisaons  sent  for  the  use  of  the  besiegers, 
whence  this  action  was  called  the  battle  of  Her- 
rings. 

•  Joan  Dare  (often  called  **of  Arc")  styled  La 
Pucelle,   or  the  Maid  of  Orleans,  was  a  peasant- 

S'rl,  bom  at  Domrcmy,  in  Lorraine,  about  Z4ia 
er  mind,  natiurally  contemplative  and  pious,  be- 
came disordered  by  brooding  over  the  suffering 
of  her  country^  and  she  imagmed  that  voices  from 
heaven  commissioned  her  to  become  its  deliverer. 
In  the  year  1428,  when  the  English  had  almost 
completed  the  conquest  of  France,  she  apneared 
before  Charles  VIL,  who  kept  his  court  at  Chinon, 
announced  herself  as  sent  by  Heaven  to  establish 
him  on  the  throne,  and  though  at  first  rq;>ukcd, 
at  length  obtained  from  him  a  horse,  a  suit  of 
armour,  and  a  few  followers,  with  whom  she  pro- 
ceeded to  Orleans,  then  besieged  by  the  earl  of 
Suffolk,  and  on  the  point  of  surrender.  She 
speedily  raised  the  siege,  next  defeated  Talbot 
at  Patay,  and  finally  conducted  Charles  to  Reims, 
where  ^e  placed  the  crown  on  his  head,  July  z8. 
The  Maid,  conadering  her  mission  complete,  now 
wished  to  retire,  but  it  was  considered  that  she 
could  render  further  service,  and  she  was,  un- 
happily for  herself,  persiiaded  to  remain.  Anxi- 
ous to  relieve  Compiegne,  then  besieged  by  the 
Bui^gundians,  she  threw  herself  into  it,  and  kept 
up  the  spirits  of  the  garrison  by  many  acts  of 
daring  courage,  but  was  at  length  captured  in 
heading  a  sortie.  The  Burgundians  surrendered 
her  for  a  sum  of  money  to  the  duke  of  Bedford, 
who,  though  in  general  a  wise  and  merciful  prince, 
seems  to  have  seriously  believed  that  her  former 
successes  were  owing  to  witchcraft.  By  his  direc- 
tion she  was,  after  a  long  and  rigorous  imprison- 
ment, brought  before  an  ecclesiastical  tribunal,  at 
which  the  bishop  of  Bcauvais  presided,  and  was 
condemned  to  death  as  a  sorceress.  In  conse- 
quence, she  wa«  burnt  alive  at  lloucn.  May  30, 
1431,  but  this  barbarity  was  far  from  producing  its 
expected  effect:  the  English  cause  declined  from 
day  to  day,  while  the  memory  of  the  Maid  was 
gratefully  cherished  by  her  countrymen  ;  her  family 
was  ennobled,  and  her  native  village  freed  from 
taxes  ;  and  more  modern  times  have  witnessed  the 
celebration  of  fetes  and  the  crcciion  of  numerous 
stntues,  which  testify  the  sense  justly  entertained 
of  her  ser\'iccs  to  (Vance. 

*  John  Talbot,  a  younger  son  of  Sir  Gilbert 
Talbot,  a  knight  on  the  Welsh  border,  married  an 
heiress,  and  in  her  right  became  Lord  Fumivall. 
For  some  reason  now  unknown  he  vms  imprisoned 


in  the  Tower  earlv  in  the  reign  of  Henry  V.,  bat 
was  soon  after  released,  and  appointed  keutenast 
of  Lreland,  a  post  which  he  held  for  some  year» 


f 

^  ^ 

u^ 

/ 

m 

^hfcV^ 

M 

wV 

VOs 

jQlin  Talbot,  earl  of  ShrewBlmry. 

though  frequently  serving  in  France,  where  he  was 

one  of  the  firmest  supports  of  the  English  rule. 
He  was,  however,  defeated  and  taken  pri*oncr  .<: 
Patay,  and  though  soon  exchanged  for  a  disuo 
guished  French  captain,  and  employed  for  sevcrJ 
years  longer  in  the  country,  he  was  obliged  to  re 
tire  when  Normandy  was  overrtm  by  the  troop>  ' i 
Charles  VIL  Talbot  was,  however,  more  succc  -.l 
in  Ireland,  where  he  captured  several  potent  c!  .: 
tains,  and  he  received  abundaiit%honour  and  re- 
wards. He  was  created  carl  of  Shreifc-sbury  in  n,\2, 
and  earl  of  Waterford  in  14^7 '.  his  eldest  son  \^  «> 
appointed  chancellor,  and  nunself  hereditary  1  '  i 
steward,  of  Ireland.  When  the  Gascons  apjpc.  i 
for  aid  against  the  French,  the  fame  of  i':-'  • 
pointed  him  out  as  the  proper  leader  of  rcini  .'lc- 
ments,  and  he  accordingly  sailed  on  the  expcdm  : . 
but  after  some  slight  successes  he  was  defeated  >r,. 
killed  at  Castillun,  in  his  8xst  year,  his  young  - 
John  Lord  Lisle,  falling  with  him.  Their  be  .i^ 
were  brought  to  England,  and  buried  witli  i:"-^ 
pomp  at  Whitchurch,  in  Shropshire.  He  was  .^uc 
cccdcd  by  his  eldest  son,  also  named  John.  W">> 
w.-is  made  treasurer  of  England,  received  l.nc- 
tjraiits  of  the  forfeited  estates  of  the  duke  of  \  ' - 
.-ind  M.1.S  killed  on  the  Lancastrian  side  at  the  b^Uc 
of  Northampton,  in  14601 


A.D.  1429—1436.] 


HENRY  VI. 


23s 


that  were  at  once  light  enough  to  be 
easily  moved  from  place  to  place,  and 
yet  far  more  destructive  than  the  enor- 
mous bombards*  with  which  Henry  V. 
had  subdued  so  manv  strong  towns. 
The  effect  was  ascribed  to  magic  ;  and 
the  courage  of  the  bravest  failed  to 
support  them  in  what  they  considered 
a  conflict  with  the  powers  of  dark- 
ness'. Hence,  though  there  were  oc- 
casional gleams  of  success,  the  Eng- 
lish lost  heart,  and  the  Hundred  Years' 
War  came  to  its  proper  end  by  their 
expulsion. 

The  duke  of  Bedford  raises  fresh 
forces,  and  endeavours  to  bring  the 
French  to  an  engagement,  without 
success. 

The  duke  of  Burgundy  is  appointed 
governor  of  Paris. 

The  young  king  is  crowned  at  West- 
minster, Nov.  6. 

A.D.  1430. 

Joan  is  captured  at  Compiegnc,  May 
26)  but  the  English  are  shortly  after 
obliged  to  raise  the  siege. 

The  truce  with  Scotland  renewed 
until  May  i,  1436,  Dec.  15. 

A.D.  143 1. 
An  attempt  made  to  deprive  Beau- 
fort of  his  see  of  Winchester,  in  con- 
sequence of  his  being  a  cardinal.  After 
a  discussion  in  the  council,  the  pro- 
position is  rejected,  Nov.  6. 

The   king    is    crowned   at    Paris, 
Dec.  17. 
The  French  recapture  Harfleur. 

A.D.  1432. 

Archbishop  Kempe  resigns  the  chan- 
cellorship ;  he  is  succeeded  by  John 
Stafford,  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells, 
Feb.  25. 

The  duchess  of  Bedford  dies,  Nov.  14. 


The  dxike  of  Bui^gundy  (her  brother) 
takes  offence  at  a  marriage  soon  after 
contracted  by  the  duke  of  Bedford, 
and  inclines  to  the  French  party. 

AJ>.  1433. 
Various  conferences  for  peace  are 
held,  under  the  mediation  of  the  pope, 
(Eugenius  IV.,)  and  through  the  means 
of  the  duke  of  Orleans*,  but  without 
effect 

A.D.  1434. 
A  rising  against  the  English  in  Nor- 
mandy is  suppressed  by  the  earl  of 
Arundel  (John  Fitzalan  *;. 

A.D.  1435. 

A  congress  held  at  Arras  to  treat  of 
peace,  Aug.  20.  The  English  envoys, 
offended  at  the  offers  of  the  French  y, 
withdraw  Sept  6 ;  the  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy formally  abandons  the  English 
alliance.  Sept  21. 

The  duke  of  Bedford  dies  at  Rouen, 
Sept.  14.  He  is  succeeded  by  the 
duke  of  York '. 

James  of  Scotland  resumes  estates 
granted,  particularly  those  *of  the  earls 
of  March  and  of  Stratheam%  which 
occasions  much  discontent  among  his 
nobles,  and  they  begin  to  conspire 
against  him. 

A.D.  1436. 

The  bishop  of  Winchester  and  the 
duke  of  Gloucester  thwart  each  other's 
designs,  and  thus  hinder  reinforce- 
ments being  sent  to  France.  ^ , 

Paris   is   retaken   by   the   French,        '    ' 
April  13. 

The  duke  of  Burgundy  besieges 
Calais,  June.  He^is^foccea  to  retire 
by  the  duke  of  boucester,  Aug.  2. 

The  duke  of  Torir  and' Talbot  are 
successful  in  Normandy,  and  ravage 
the  country  as  far  as  Paris. 


■  5^ee  A.D.  1415. 

•  Even  the  regent  Bedford,  writing  to  the  coua- 
Iiiy*^  -fe?"     *„<*^^P'*  *°<1  *»"*>  ^  *«  Fiend, 

*  He  hiid  been  captured  at  Agincoort,  and  did 
not  obtain  his  liberty  until  1440. 

■He  was  mortally  wounded  shortly  after  at 
«nieroi  and  taken  prisoner.  He  died  a  captive 
«  Bcauvais,  June  xa,  X435,  and  was  buried  there, 
wit  his  hody  was  afterwards  brought  to  England 
oy  his  squire,  Roger  Eyton,  and  buried  in  the 
cuUmate  church  of  Arundel. 
'They  offered  to  cede  Normandy  and  Gtiicnnc 
rw-^—"*  by  Ac  ordinary  homage,  on  condition 
<*■  Henry  restgimig  all  daim  to  the  crown  and  sur- 
rcDdenng  Cabis  and  all  other  places  that  he  then 


«  Richard  Plantagcnet,  the  son  of  the  earl  of 
Cambridge  executed  in  141 5,  and  founder  of  the 
House  of  York. 

»  The  earl  of  March  (George  Dunbar)  had  been 

engaged  in  intrigues  with  the  English  during  the 

king's  captivity,  but  had  been  pardoned  by  the 

regent,  Albany  ;  the  king  now  seized  his  earldom, 

on  the  plea  that  the  regent  had  no  power  to  pardon 

treason.     The  earl  ol  Stnithcam  (Malisc  Gniham) 

was  great-grandson  of  Robert  II.,  by  whom  the 

fief  had  been  limited  to  males  ;  the  earl's  mother, 

however,  had  been  allowed  to  hold  it,  and  to  convey 

it  to  her  husband,  who  possessed  it  for  many  vcars 

unquestioned,  and  transmitted  it  to  his  son  ;  Malise 

I  had  been  one  of  the  king's  hostages  in  England, 

I  and  his  treatment  was  highly  resented  by  his  fellow 

I  nobles. 


236 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. — LANCASTER.      [a.D.  1436 — 1441. 


War  breaks  out  with  Scotland. 
James  besieges  the^  castle  of  Rox- 
burgh, in  August. 

A.D.  1437. 

Guilds  and  incorporate  companies 
ordered  to  have  their  charters  duly 
recorded  before  justices  of  the  peace  ^ 
[15  Hen.  VI.  c.  6]. 

James  of  Scotland  murdered  at 
Perth,  Feb.  20 «.  He  is  succeeded 
by  his  son  James  II.,  a  child  of  six 
years  old*. 

All  Souls'  College',  Oxford,  founded 
by  Archbishop  Chicheley,  March  20. 


Anns  of  All  Souls'  OoUege,  Qxflnd. 

The  duke  of  York  is  recalled  from 
France,  and  the  earl  of  Warwick 
(Richard  Beauchamp)  appointed  go- 
vernor in  his  stead,  July  16. 

The  duke  of  Burgundy's  territories 
ravaged  by  Talbot 

Harfleur  recaptured  by  the  English, 
but  lost  in  the  next  year. 

A.D.  1438. 
England  is  afflicted  with  plague  and 
famine. 


A  nine  years'  truce  concluded  with 
Scotland,  March  31. 

A.D.  1439. 

Fresh  conferences  for  peace  are 
held  in  the  sunmier,  but  without  effect 
A  three  years'  truce  is  agreed  to  be- 
tween England  and  Burgundy. 

The  constable  of  France  (Arthur  of 
Britanny)  captures  Meaux. 

The  Public  Schools  at  Oxford  are 
founded. 

A.D.  1440. 

The  title  of  viscount  created  by 
patent '. 

Louis  the  dauphin  conspires  against 
his  father,  Charles  VII.  The  English 
take  advantage  of  the  confusion,  ravage 
Picardy,  and  again  capture  Harfleur. 

The  duke  of  York  is  again  appointed 
governor  of  France,  July  2. 

Eton  College  founded  by  Henry  VI., 
Oct  II. 

The  duke  of  Orleans  is  set  at  li- 
berty»,  Nov.  12. 

Wilham,  earl  of  Douglas,  and  his 
brother,  seized  by  treachery,  and  exe- 
cuted, Nov.  24. 

A.D.  1441. 

Charles  VII.  takes  Creil,  in  April, 
but  is  driven  from  Pontoise  in  August 
by  the  duke  of  York.  He  returns,  and 
captures  the  town,  putting  the  garrison 
to  the  sword. 

The  duchess  of  Gloucester,  accused 


^  ^  The  preamble  states  that  these  bodies  often- 
times made  unlawful  and  unreasonable  ordinances 
"  for  their  own  profit  and  common  damage  to  the 
people/'  and  for  remedy  the  justices  are  empowered 
to  revoke  and  repeal  such  ;  those  who  afterwards 
endeavour  to  enforce  them  being  liaUe  to  a  fine  of 
jCio  for  each  transgression. 

•  The  chief  conspirators  were  the  earl  of  Athol, 
uncle  to  the  king,  and  Robert  Graham,  uncle  of 
the  disinherited  earl  of  Stratheam  (see  A.D.  1435) ; 
they  were  both  tortured  to  death. 


AnDB  of  Douglas* 


*  His  minority  was  disturbed  by  the  struggles  of 
the  lords  Crichton  and  Livingstone,  the  chancellor 
and  the  governor  of  the  realm,  who  held,  the  one 
Edinburgh,  the  other  Stirling,  and  contended  for 
the  possession  of  the  king ;  by  the  intrigues  of  his 
mother  and  her  second  husband.  Sir  James  Smart, 
of  Lorn  ;  and  by  the  turbulence  of  two  successive 
earls  of  Douglas,  who  set  all  law  at  defiance,  and 
made  treasonable  leagues  with  England  and  the 
lords  of  the  Isles.  The  crowned  heart  in  the 
Douglas  arms  is  an  augmentation  in  memory  of 
the  journey  of  Sir  James  Douglas  to  the  Holy 
Land  with  the  heart  of  King  Robert  Bruce.  Sm 
A.D.  1328. 

*  It  nad  its  name  from  being  designed  mainly  to 
support  a  body  of  priests  to  pray  for  the  souls  of  all 
who  had  perished  or  might  perish  in  the  French 
war. 

f  John,  Lord  Beaumont,  was  the  first  person  who 
received  this  new  title,  Feb.  13,  1440,  accompanied 
by  a  grant  of  lands  in  France.  He  was  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Northampton  in  X460,  on  the  Lan- 
castrian side. 

*  The  duke  of  Gloucester  entered  a  formal  pro- 
test against  his  being  liberated,  June  s.  but  his  op- 
position was  disr^;arded.  One  condition  of  his  re- 
lease was  that  he  should  endeavour  to  bring  about 
a  peace,  in  which  case  the  heavy  ransom  C^34,9» 
crowns)  imposed  on  him  was  to  be  remitted. 


A.D.  I44I — 1449-] 


HENRY  VI. 


237 


of  witcfacraft,  is  sentenced  to  imprison- 
ment for  life  \ 

A.D.  1442. 
The  French  gain  several  towns  in 
the  south  of  France ;  the  duke  of  York 
ravages  the  north. 

A.D.  1443. 

The  duke  of  Gloucester  accuses  the 
bishop  of  Winchester  of  treason ;  the 
bishop  produces  a  general  pardon 
from  the  king. 

The  truce  with  Burgundy  is  renewed, 
April  23. 

King's  College,  Cambridge,  founded 
by  Henry  VI. 

A.D.  1444. 

A  truce  is  concluded  with  France  S 
May  28.  It  was  to  endure  to  May  i, 
1446,  and  was  afterwards  prolonged  to 
April  I,  1450. 

The  duke  of  York  is  recalled  from 
France,  and  succeeded  by  the  marquis 
of  Dorset  (Edmund  Beaufort,  after- 
wards duke  of  Somerset).  ^A 

A.D.  1445- 
The  king  marries  Margaret  of  An- 
jou^,  April  22;  Margaret  is  crowned, 
April  30. 

A.D.  1446. 
The  marquis  of  Suffolk  is  thanked 


in  the  parliament  for  his  services  in 
negotiating  the  truce  with  France. 

A.D.  1447. 

A  parliament  held  at  Bury  St.  Ed- 
mund's, Feb.  10.  The  duke  of  Glou- 
cester is  charged  with  treason,  Feb.  1 1, 
and  is  found  dead  a  few  days  after  ^. 

Cardinal  Beaufort  dies,  April  1 1. 

All  former  statutes  made  against 
Welshmen  confirmed  [25  Hen.  VI. 
c.  i].  By  this  act  all  grants  of  mar- 
kets, &c.,  to  them  in  North  Wales 
were  made  void ;  and  all  villeins  of 
the  king  were  to  be  constrained  to  do 
all  such  labours  and  services  as  they 
used  to  do  of  old  time. 

A.D.  1448. 

Anjou  and  Maine  surrendered  ac- 
cording to  treaty  to  the  French.  The 
discharged  garrisons,  being  dismissed 
without  pay,  ravage  Britanny. 

A.D.  1449. 

The  French,  alleging  the  truce  to 
be  thus  broken,  invade  Normandy 
at  several  different  points,  and  achieve 
its  conquest  with  little  trouble  \ 

Queens'  College,  Cambridge,  founded 
by  Queen  Margaret,  March  30". 

The  duke  of  York  is  appointed 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  July  5.  He 
conciliates  the  people,  and  his  friends  " 
bring  forward  his  claim  to  the  throne. 


^  Th«  place  of  her  confinement  appears  to  have 
been  often  changed.  Notices  in  the  Public  Records, 
vhich  only  style  her  "Eleanor  Cobham,"  prove 
her  to  have  been  imprisoned  at  Chester,  Renil- 
worth,  and  Calais,  bhe  was  at  last  removed  to 
the  I^e  of  Man,  where  she  was  confined  in  the 
crypt  under  the  cathedral  of  St.  German,  within 
Peel  Castle.  Robert  Bolingbroke,  a  priest,  and 
Margaret  Jourdain,  called  the  witch  of  Eye,  her 
presumed  confederates,  were  executed,  and  another 
(Thomas  Southwell,  a  canon  of  St.  Stephen's)  died 
in  the  Tower. 

'  It  was  negotiated  by  the  earl  of  Suffolk,  and 
he  was  in  consequence  created  a  marquis,  Sept.  14, 
Z444.  On  June  2,  1448,  he  was  raised  to  the  duke- 
dom. 

J  The  marriage  was  negotiated  by  Suffolk,  who 
had  before  concluded  the  truce  with  France.  The 
contract  stipulated  for  the  surrender  of  several  of 
the  remaining  English  possessions  in  France,  and 
hence  was  opposed  by  the  duke  of  Gloucester,  but 
the  influence  of  his  rival,  the  bishop  of  Winchester, 
prevailed. 

^  He  was  suspected  of  a  design  to  make  himself 
master  of  the  government  by  force,  but  his  death 
prevented  smy  formal  kiquiry;  and  in  1455  a  par- 
liamentary declaration  tot  his  innocence  was  made. 
Local  tradition  places  his  death  on  Feb.  94. 

'  The  duke  of  Somerset  was  accused  of  surren- 
dering Caen  to  secure  me  safety  of  his  wife  and 
children,  who  were  besieged  there. 

"  It  was  at  fint  called  d^  Bernard  and  St.  Mar- 


garet's College,  but  being  further  endowed  by  the 
queen  of  Edward  IV.,  it  obtained  its  present  ap- 
pellation. 

B  The  most  influential  of  these  parties  w.ns 
Richard  Neville,  a  son  of  Ralph,  earl  of  West- 
moreland, who  was  bom  in  the  year  1400,  and 
obtained  the  earldom  of  Salisbury  by  marriage 
with  Alice,  the  heiress  of  Thomas  Montacutc, 
killed  at  Orleans,  in  1429.    He  served  in  France 


Ami  Of  VeTllle,  earl  of  Saliflhary. 

under  the  duke  of  York,  who  was  his  brother-in-law, 
became  warden  of  the  West  Marches,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  his  eldest  son,  ("king-making  Warwick,") 
and  rendered  himself  famous  by  his  strenuous  op- 
position to  the  surrender  of  the  English  provinces 
in  France.    When  the  civil  war  broke  out,  be  took 


238 


THE   PLANTAGENETS — LANCASTER.      [a.D.   I449,  I450. 


A .  war  breaks  out  with  Scotland. 
The  English  bum  Dumfries,  and  the 
Scots  destroy  Alnwick ;  the  earl  of 
Northumberland  is  defeated  in  An- 
nandale.  A  truce  for  an  tmlimited 
period  is  concluded,  Nov.  15. 

A.D.  1450. 

Insurrections  break  out  in  various 
parts  of  England,  directed  against  the 
duke  of  Suffolk  and  his  partisans. 
The  chancellor  (Archbishop  Stafford) 
retires,  and  Cardinal  Kempe  is  re- 
called •. 

Adam  Moleyne,  bishop  of  Chiches- 
ter I*,  is  murdered  at  Portsmouth  early 
in  January. 

The  duke  is  impeached  by  the  Com- 
mons, Jan.  28,  and  committed  to  the 
Tower. 

He  is  brought  before  the  parliament, 
March  17,  and  without  trial  sentenced 
to  five  years'  banishment  He  embarks 
at  Ipswich  May  3,  but  is  overtaken 
and  beheaded  at  sea,  by  order  of  the 


constable  of  the  Tower,  (John  Hol- 
land, duke  of  Exeter). 

John  Cade  (calling  himself  Mor- 
timer') raises  an  insurrection  in  Kent, 
in  May.  He  encamps  on  Blackheath, 
June  I,  and,  as  *^  captain  of  the  great 
assembly  of  Kent,"  requires  the  dis- 
missal of  evil  councillors  and  the  re- 
dress of  grievances '. 

Sir  Humphrey  Stafford  (cousin  of 
Humphrey,  duke  of  Buckingham ")  is 
sent  against  him,  but  is  defeated  and 
killed  at  Sevenoaks,  June  27. 

William  Ascough,  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury, is  murdered  by  insurgents  at 
Edington,  in  Wiltshire,  June  29. 

Cade  enters  London,  July  3.  He 
beheads  Lord  Say  *,  and  Crowmer  the 
sheriff  of  Kent,  July  4,  after  which  his 
followers  begin  to  plunder.  The  citi- 
zens resist,  and  after  a  fierce  fight  on 
London  bridge,  the  insurgents  are 
driven  out,  July  5. 

The  chancellor  (Archbishop  Kempe) 
and  the  bishop  of  Winchester  (Wayne- 
flete)  meet  Cade  in  the  church  of  St. 


the  fiddy  and  eained  a.  victory  over  the  Lancas- 
trians at  Bloreheath ;  owing  to  a  sudden  change 
of  fortune,  he  was  soon  alter  ohliged  to  flee  to 
Calais,  and  was  attauted.  He  returned  the  next 
year,  and  accompanied  the  duke  of  York  into  the 
north  against  Queen  Margaret,  but  being  taken  at 
Wakefield,  (where  his  son  Thomas  was  killed,  as 
well  as  the  duke,)  he  was  beheaded,  and  his  head 
placed  on  the  wall  of  York,  whence  it  was  removed 
in  February,  X461.  and  buried  with  his  wife  at 
Lishara,  in  Berkshire,  where  he  had  prepared 
a  place  of  sepulture  before  the  battle  of  Blore- 
hcath.  He  left  three  sons :  Richard  earl  of  Salis- 
bury and  Warwick,  and  John  marquis  of  MonU- 
ci<:c,  both  killed  at  Bamet,  in  1^71 ;  and  William, 
Io:d  Falconbridee  and  earl  of  Kent,  who  died  in 
i4'^>3.  Of  his  daughters^  Margaret  was  the  wife 
01  John  de  Vere.  earl  of  Oxford,  a  staunch  Lan- 
<a^trian;  and  Katherine  married  first  Lord  Bon- 
ville,  and  afterwards  Lord  Hastings. 

■'  See  A.D.  Z432. 

p  He  was  unpopular,  as  having  been  concerned, 
under  Suflfolk,  in  negotiating  the  king's  marriage, 
and  on^  Dec.  9,  1449,  h*  "ad  licence  to  go  on 
a  pilgrimage;  hence,  perhaps,  his  presence  at 
Portsmouth. 

1  He  was  an  Irish  soldier  of  fortune,  *'a  young 
nan  of  a  goodly  stature  and  pregnant  wit,"  and 
>vas  supposed  to  be  put  forward  by  the  duke  of 
"S Drk,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  feeling  of  the  nation 
towards  his  claim;  hence  his  assumed  name  of 
JVIortimcr. 

'  The  council  refused  to  receive  the  statement  of 
iffrievances,  but  it  has  been  preserved,  and  may  be 
i.ccn  in  Stowe's  Annals,  (p.  388).  It  shews  that 
tJjc  people  had  many  very  serious  grievances  to 
coiiiplain  of,  and  that  the  picture  given  of  Cade 
and  his  followers  by  Shakespeare  does  them  great 
iiijtistice. 

*  He  was  the  grandson  of  Thomas  of  Woodstock, 
diilrc  of  Gloucester.  He  served  in  France  in  the 
V  .irs  of  Henry  V.  and  VI.,  and  was  present  at  the 
coronation  ot  the  latter  at  Paris.  In  1440  he  was 
ai'iointed  captain  of  Calab,  and  oa  Sept.  24*  '444* 
he  was  created  duke  of  Buckingham.    A  fierce 


quarrel  as  to  precedence  ensued  between  himself 
and  Henry  Beauchamp,  duke  of  Warwidc  and 
king  of  the  Isle  of  W^ht,  but  on  Warwick's  death 
soon  after,  he  was  dec£ued  first  peer  of  the  realm, 
and  was  also  made  constable  of  Dover  and  Warden 
of  the  Cinque  Ports.  He  was  killed  ax  the  battle 
of  Northampton  in  1460,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  grandsoUf  his  eldest  son,  Humphrey,  having 
fallen  at  the  first  battle  of  St.  Alban's.  where  he 
himself  was  wounded;  his  second  son,  Henry, 
became  the  second  husband  of  Margaret,  counte&s 


Aims  of  Stoilora,  dnka  oT  BnniWinfliain 

of  Richmond.  A  frightful  succession  of  calamities 
befel  both  the  ancestors  and  the  descendants  of 
this  potent  noble,  as  well  as  himself.  His  grand- 
father was  murdered  at  Calais,  his  iather  killed 
at  Shrewsbury,  his  son  at  St.  Alban's,  and  himself 
at  Northampton ;  his  grandson  and  great-grandson 
were  both  executed  as  traitors,  wad  the  great- 
grandson  of  the  last  was  in  1637  compelled  by 
abject  poverty  to  relinquish  the  nnk  of  Lord  Staf- 
ford, to  which  he  had  become  entitled,  has  sister 
being  at  the  time  the  wife  of  a  carpenter. 

*■  He  was  treasurer  of  England,  and  had  been 
a  devoted  adherent  of  the  dnike  of  Suffolk.  He 
was  also  locd-lieutenant  of  Kent,  and  was  aoca^ed 
by  Cade  of  greatly  oppressing  the  pe^imle  ia  con- 
cert with  wniiam  Crowmer,  the  sheriff',  who  was 
his  son-ii»law. 


A.D.  I450— I45S-] 


HENHY  VI. 


239 


Mai^garet,  Southwark,  receive  his  state- 
ment of  gnevances,  and  consent  to 
<;rant  pardons  £or  himself  and  his 
followeis",  who  thereupon  begin  to 
disperse,  July  6. 

Lade  retires  to  Rochester  with  his 
booty.  Quarrels  arise  among  his  fol- 
lowers, and  he  flees  from  them,  July  1 1. 
He  is  killed  in  Sussex,  shortly  alter, 
when  his  body  is  brought  to  Lon- 
don, and  his  head  set  on  the  bridge, 
July  IS'. 

Cherbourg  is  taken  by  the  French, 
Aug.  12'. 

The  duke  of  Somerset,  late  governor 
in  Normandy,  returns  to  England, 
rnd  takes  the  direction  of  af£urs. 

The  University  of  Glasgow  founded 
'/.  papal  bull. 

A.D.  J451. 

The  French  overrun  Gascony.  The 
last  town  that  holds  out  is  Bayonne, 
v^hich  is  taken  Aug.  25. 

Tnice  for  three  years  with  Scotland, 
Aug.  14  «. 

A.D.  1452. 

The  duke  of  York  takes  up  arms, 
^nd  demands  that  Somerset  shall  be 
brought  to  triaL  Being  prevailed  on 
to  lay  down  his  arms,  he  is  imprisoned, 
but  is  shortly  released,  and  retires  to 
ins  castle  of  Wigmore. 

Talbot,  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  is  sent 
to  reconquer  Gascony.  Bordeaux 
sjrrenders  to  him,  Oct.  23. 

William,  earl  of  Douglas,  (cousin 
of  the  preceding  earl ',)  is  murdered 
*^y  James  II.  of  Scotland,  Feb.  22. 
The  Douglases  proclaim  the  king 
*^  perjured  murderer,  and  declare 
ihemsdves  subjects  of  England. 

They  take  up  arms,  but  being  unsuc- 
'\ssful,  are  reconciled  with  the  king. 


A.D.  1453. 

Talbot  is  defeated  and  killed  at 
Castillon,  July  23.  Bordeaux  is  in- 
vested by  the  French,  Aug.  i  ;  taken 
by  them,  Oct.  17. 

The  king  falls  ill,  and  is  totally  in- 
capacitated for  the  government,  No- 
vember. 

The  duke  of  York  again  comes 
forward,  is  admitted  into  the  king's 
council,  and  procures  the  imprison- 
ment of  Somerset,  Dec 

A.D.  1454. 

The  parliament  meets,  Feb.  14.  The 
king's  mcapacity  being  fully  certified, 
the  duke  of  York  is  appointed  "  pro- 
tector and  defender  of  the  kingdom," 
during  the  minority  of  Prince  Edward, 
April  3. 

Somerset  is  deprived  of  his  offices  % 
and  accused  of  treason,  but  the  charge 
is  not  followed  up. 

James,  earl  of  Douglas,  rebels,  but 
being  defeated,  flees  to  England  •. 

A.D.  1455. 

The  king  recovers  his  health.  He 
revokes  the  duke  of  York's  commission 
as  Protector,  and  releases  Somerset 
from  the  Tower,  Feb.  5. 

The  dukes  of  York  and  Somerset 
enter  into  bonds  of  20,000  marks  each 
to  submit  their  disputes  to  arbitration, 
March  4. 

The  duke  of  York,  being,  only  two 
days  after,  deprived  of  the  captainship 
of  Calais,  takes  up  arms ;  Somerset 
advances  against  him.  The  armies 
meet  at  St.  Alban's,  May  23,  when  So- 
merset is  killed  *,  and  the  duke  of  York 
gains  a  complete  victory. 

The  parliament  meets,  July  9,  when 


■  These  pardons  remain  on  the  Patent  Roll 

'  Henry  Vl.  part  2,  and  they  shew  that  many 

'Ons  of  good  position  and  property  had  taken  a 

t  in  the  risine,  in  Kent.   Surrey,  Sussex  and 

<x.     Thus  for  Kent  alone,  one  knight  (Sir 

inCheyne.  of  Eastchurch  in  Shcpey),  18  squires, 

74  gentlemen  are  pardoned,  as  well  as  the 

iff  of  Folkestone,  the  mayor  of  Quenborough, 

1  the  whole  communities  of  Canterbury,   Ro- 

'«n:,  Chatham,  Maidstone  and  Sandwich.    The 

-'■'«  of  sympathy  with  the  insurgents  may  be 

'cned  from  the  fjaict,  that  the  heads  and  quarters 

v^e  and  others  were  sent  to  such  widely  distant 

'c«  as  Norwich,  Gloucester,  Colcljcster,  Salis- 

•  iry,  Stamford,  Winchester,  *c. 

•  On  the  same  day  a  grant  of  1000  marks  out  of 

.  •  t«bels  jgoods  was  made  to  Alexander  Idcn, 

-^tn  of  Kent,  and  others,  who  had  brought  the 

T>«e  to  London. 

^. "  This,  which  wa«  considered  the  virtual  extinc- 

-i^3  oi  the  EnsU::U  rule  in  France  was  lor  ages 


celebrated  by  an  annual  solemn  thanksgiving;  in  the 
cathedral  of  Coutances.  A  monument  to  the  Virgin 
was  also  raised  at  Cherbourg,  where  the  annual 
ceremony  was  kept  np  with  great  pomp  until  the 
year  1700,  when  an  accidental  tumult  occasioned 
Its  suppression. 

«  On  the  day  before,  a  protest  was  made  by 
Richard  Andrewc,  dean  of  Durham,  one  of  the 
English  negotiators,  that  nothing  in  the  document 
should  be  taken  to  prejudice  the  king's  claim  to  the 
sovereignty  of  Scotland. 

T  See  A.  D.  1440. 

•  One  of  these  was  the  captainship  of  Calais, 
which  was  bestowed  on  the  dtike  of  York,  for  seven 
years.  July  28,  1454,  but  was  taken  firem  him 
shortly  after. 

•  An   annuity  of  ;C5oo  was   granted   to  him, 

•  kenry,  earl  of  Northumberland,  was  also  killed 
on  the  Lanrnstrian  side ;  he  was  brotber-in-Uw  of 
the  Cul.c  Mt  York. 


240 


THE  PLANTAGENETS — ^LANCASTER.      [a.D.  1 455 ^45^ 


a  declaration  is  made  of  the  inno- 
cence of  the  duke  of  Gloucester  %  and 
a  general  pardon  issued. 

The  captainship  of  Calais  bestowed 
on  the  earl  of  Warwick*. 

The  earl  of  Douglas  invades  Scot- 
land ;  he  is  defeated,  and  two  of  his 
brothers  killed. 

The  king  again  falls  ill,  when,  at 
the  desire  of  the  parliament,  tlie  duke 
of  York  is  a  second  time  constituted 
Protector,  to  remain  until  dismissed 
by  the  parliament,  Nov.  19. 

A.D.  1456. 
The  king  recovers,  and  again  re- 
vokes the  duke's  commission,  Feb.  25. 
The  duke  and  his  chief  adherents  re- 
tire to  their  estates  •. 


Donald,  lord  of  the  Isles,  invade 
Scotland,  in  concert  with  the  Dou^ 
lases.  He  bums  Inverness,  but  sooi 
retires. 

A.D.  1457. 

The  French  and  Bretons  ravage  th« 
English  coast ;  they  plunder  Sand^ 
wich,  Aug.  28. 

The  truce  with  Scotland  reneweij 
for  four  years,  Dec.  31. 

A.D.  1458. 

The  queen  and  the  duke  of  York 
are  formally  reconciled',  March  25. 

Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  founded 
by  William  Wayneflete',  bishop  of 
Winchester,  July  18. 


•  See  A.D.  1447. 

'  Richard  Neville  was  the  eldest  son  of  Richard 
Neville,  earl  of  Salisbury  and  was  bom  in  the  year 
2428.  Like  his  father  he  married  an  heiress,  and 
thus  became  earl  of  Warwick.  He  acquired  vast 
property  with  his  wife,  and  he  acted  so  liberallv 
witn  it,  making  all  comers  welcome  to  his  board, 
wherever  he  had  an  estate,  and  whenever  he  came 
to  London,  that  he  was  a  popular  favourite.  He 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  duke  of  York,  led  the 
van  at  the  battle  of  St.Alban's,  where  Somerset, 
his  brother-in-law,  was  slain,  and  soon  after  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  captain  of  Calais,  which 
important  post  he  retained^  through  many  vicis- 
situdes of  fortune,  until  his  death.  An  attempt 
was  made  to  assassinate  him  in  the  year  1458, 
which  occasioned  the  Yorkists  again  to  take  arms. 
Though  successful  at  first,  they  were  eventuallv 
din>ersed ;  the  earl,*  among  others,  was  attaintea, 
and  the  young  duke  of  Somerset,  his  nei>hew,  was 
sent  to  dispossess  him  of  Calais.    Warwick,  how- 


Inns  of  Vevllle,  earl  of  Warwick. 

ever,  foiled  him,  and,  being  well  used  to  ser- 
vice at  s«a,  maintained  his  forces  by  a  piratical 
warfare,  in  which  he  sometimes  seized  wealthy 
Lancastrians  on  the  Englbh  coast  and  put  them 
to  ransom ;  at  others,  captured  rk^  Spanish  ships  ; 
then,  returning  to  England,  he-  gained  .the  battle 
of  Northampton,  but  was  defeated  by  Queen  Mar- 
garet at  St  Alban's.  Edward  IV.  now  succeeded, 
and  Warwick  was  for  a  while  all-powerful.  He 
gained  the  victory  of  Towton,  was  made  cap- 
tain of  Dover,  fCalais  was  already  in  his  keepinA 
warden  of  the  Scottish  inarches,  lord  chamberlsun 
and  lord  steward,  and  had  grants  of  forfeited  lands 
to  the  amount  of  80,000  crowns  annually,  while  one 
brother  was  made  earl  of  Northumberland,  and  the 
other  archbishop  of  York.    He  at  length  found 


rivals  in  the  Woodvilles,  the  relatives  of  EdwardV 
queen;  quarrels  and  slight  insurrections  cnsuel 
and  in  1470  he  suddenly  espoused  the  Lancastrian 
cause,  drove  out  Edward  and  restored  Henry,  frcm 
whom  he  received  a  confirmation  of  all  his  offices 
and  acquisitions,  and  the  post  of  admiral.  Edvard 
returned,  and  the  eari  was  defeated  and  killed,  to- 

Ssther  with  his  brother,  at  Barnet,  April  14,  1471 ; 
eir  bodies  were  brought  to  London,  exposed  to 
the  public  gaze  in  one  coffin,  and  afterwards  buried 
at  Bisham,  with  their  father.    Richard  left  two 
daughters  :    Isabella,  who   married  the  duk«  of 
Clarence :  and  Anne,  first  married  to  Edward,  son 
of  Henry  VI.,  and  afterwards  to  Richard,  duke  of 
Gloucester.    His  widow  took  sanctuxuy  for  a  whife 
at  Beaulieu^  and  afterwards  lived  in  poverty  uodl 
the  time  of  Henry  VII.,  who  made  a  show  of  re- 
storing her  estates,  but  she  at  once  conveyed  them 
to  him^  and  received  one  manor  (Sutton,  in  War- 
wickshire) for  her  support    She  was  living  in  149^^ 
but  how  lon£^  afler  is  uncertain. 
1^  John  Neville,  the  younger  brother  of  Richard, 
defeated  the  Lancastrians  at  Hexham,  and  vas 
created  earl  of  Northumberland ;   this  was  after- 
wards changed  for  the  title  of  marquis  of  Monu^- 
He  followed  his  brother's  steps,  and  fell  with  him 
at  Barnet    His  son  George,  a  child,  who  had  been 
created  duke  of  Bedford,  was  stripped  of  his  e$- 
tates,  then  deposed  for  his  poverty,  and  imprisoned 
with  the  young  earl  of  Warwick  at  Sheriff  Hutton, 
where  he  died,  Mav  4,  1^83. 

•  The  earl  of  Warwick  repaired  to  Calais,  the 
garrison  of  which  adhered  to  him  through  all  the 
subsequent  changes. 

f  They  repaired  to  St.  Paul's  church  to  a  solem 
service,  the  duke  leading  the  queen  by  the  band, 
and  the  chiefs  on  each  side  followed  them,  in  > 
similar  amicable  fashion.  "But,"  says  Halle, 
*•  though  their  bodies  were  joined,  their  hearts 
were  far  asunder,"  as  became  evident  enough  not 
long  after. 

«  His  father's  name  was  Richard  Pattyn,  but  the 
son  was  usually  styled  William  Wayncfleie,  iron"* 
the  place  of  his  birth.  Like  Chicheley  tie  ^ 
a  Wmchester  scholar,  and  like  him  he  imitated 
Wykcham  by  founding  a  college.  He  was  fo^ 
a  while  master  of  Winchester  Sdiool,  was  "V^f  J 
appointed  provost  of  Eton,  and  in  1447  succeeded 
Cardinal  Beaufort  as  bishop  of  Winchester.  n« 
soon  after  commenced  his  academical  foundation 
by  procuring  licence  to  found  St-  Mary  Magdalen 
Hall  (May  6,  1448),  but  did  not  obtain  the  founda; 
tion  charter  of  his  college  until  1458.  He  held  tw 
post  of  chancellor  from  1456  to  1460,  and  was  »'»• 


.tD..i458 — 1460.] 


HENRY  VI. 


241 


An  attempt  made  to  assassinate  the 
larl  of  Warwick,  in  London,  Sept  9. 
lie  escapes  to  the  north,  arranges  with 
bis  father  (the  earl  of  Salisbury)  and 
the  duke  of  York  for  their  defence, 
and  then  repairs  to  Calais. 

A.D.  1459. 

The  earl  of  Salisbury  marches  to 
join  the  duke  of  York.  On  his  way 
he  defeats  and  kills  Lord  Audley, 
a  Lancastrian,  at  Blore-heath,  in  Staf- 
fordshire, Sept.  23. 

The  earls  of  S^isbury  and  Warwick 
join  the  duke  of  York.  The  Lancas- 
trians, headed  by  the  queen,  advance 
to  Ludlow  against  him,  when  Sir  An- 
drew Trollope  *  deserts  to  them,  Oct 
13 ;  a  pardon  is  offered,  and  the  duke's 
army  disbands  *.  i  (ie. .  i  •/ 

The  duke_of  Somereet  makes  an 
attempt  to  get  Calais  out  of  the  hands 
of  the  Yorkists,  but  fails. 

A  parliament  held  at  Coventry,  in 
which  the  duke  of  York  and  his  chief 
adherents  are  attainted,  Nov.  20. 

A.D.  1460. 

The  Yorkist  lords  at  Calais,  invited 
by  the  people  of  Kent,  land  at  Sand- 
wich, about  Midsunmier.  They  enter 
London  with  a  large  army,  July  2. 


The  queen  raises  a  force,  which  is 
totally  defeated  by  the  Yorkists  at 
Northampton,  July  10.  The  duke  of 
Buckingham,  the  queen's  general,  is 
killed,  the  king  taken  prisoner,  and 
the  queen  and  her  son  obliged  to  flee 
to  Scotland. 

James  IL  of  Scotland  is  killed  by 
the  bursting  of  a  caimon  at  the  siege 
of  Roxburgh,  Aug.  3.  He  is  succeeded 
by  his  son  James  IIL,  a  child  not 
seven  years  old. 

The  parliament  assembles,  Oct  7. 

The  duke  of  York  returns  from  Ire- 
land, Oct  9.  He  makes  a  formal 
claim  to  the  crown,  Oct  16. 

A  compromise  is  effected,  Oct  31, 
that  Henry  shall  retain  the  crown  for 
life,  and  be  succeeded  by  the  duke  of 
York.  The  proceedings  of  the  parlia- 
ment at  Coventry  in  1459  are  set  aside 
as  illegal,  [39  Hen.  VI.  c  i]. 

The  queen  raises  an  army  in  the 
north,  and  advances  against  the  York- 
ists. The  duke  of  York  leaves  London 
to  oppose  her,  Dec.  2. 

llie  duke  of  York  is  besieged  by 
Margaret's  forces  in  Sandal  castle,  near 
Wakefield ;  he  sallies  out,  and  attacks 
them,  but  is  defeated  and  killed,  Dec. 
30.  His  son,  the  earl  of  Rutlaiid,  is 
taken  and  butchered  in  cold  blood  by 
Lord  Clifford  J ;  and  the  earl  of  Salis- 


Henry  VI.  tt  the  second  battle  of  Northampton. 
He  wn  known  as  a  decided  partisan  of  the  House 
of  Laacaster,  but  was  so  generally  esteemed  for 


l/VVVV^ 


Azni  of  XigdAlai  OoUtge,  Qzfbird. 

j»  iotcgrity,  that  Edward  IV.  not  only  allowed 
^  to  retire  namolested  to  his  see  and  jsnmted 
^  ft  jeaeral  pardon,  but  also  became  visitor  of 
»»  cuMge  and  bestowed  lands  on  it.  Bishop 
JJ?yn«<kte  died  Aug.  xx,  X486,  and  was  buried  at 
Winchester,  where  his  tomb  is  still  kept  in  repair 
W  Macdatea  College. 

He  had  k»g  served  in  the  French  wars,  and 
l^mndi  trusted  by  the  earl  of  Warwick*  with 
r'^BhecaBttfiom  Calais.  He  was  killed  on  the 
*^"g«n»  side  at  Towton. 

He  fled  with  one  of  his  sons  (the  eail  of  Rut- 
lajOtolrdand.  The  earls  of  March,  Salisbunr, 
£  .r^'wick  cscased  to  Calais,  and  ravaged  the 
^'Vw  ooatt  wiui  their  ships,  capturing  on  one 


and  other   Lancastrians, 
force  against  them  it 


Lord  Rivers 
who  were  assembling 
Sandwidi. 

J  John,  lord  Clifford,  had  been  comnussary-gene- 
ral  ^the  Scottish  marches,  and  from  his  fierce  and 
lawless  character  bore  the  name  of  "  the  butcher." 
His  fiather,  Thomas,  who  was  the  nephew  of  Hot- 
spur, had  fallen  on  ihe  Lancastrian  side  at  the  first 
battle  of  Sl  Alban's,  and  he  himself  was  killed  at 
Towton.  He  had  made  himself  so  obnoxious  to 
the  Yorkists,  that  his  son  Hennr  owed  his  life 
to  being  brought  up  as  a  shepherd,  in  which  state 
he  reinained  until  the  accession  of  Henry  VII., 


Aimi  Of  OlifllBrd. 

who  restored  his  title  and  esUtes;  he  sared  at 
the  battle  of  Flodden,  and  died  in  X535.  Robot, 
a  younger  son  of  "  the  butcher,"  was  employed  by 
Henry  VII.  as  a  npy,  and  his  treachery  proved 
fatal  to  Sir  William  Stanley  and  many  others. 


242 


THE  PLANTAGENZTS— LANCASTER. 


[a.d.  146a 


bury  and  several  other  prisoners  are 
beheaded  without  trial  at  Pontefract, 
the  next  day. 

A.D.  1461. 

The  young  duke  of  York  (afterwards 
Edward  IV.)  defeats  the  earl  of  Pem- 
broke *"  at  Mortimer's  Cross  (near  Wig- 
more),  Feb.  2.  The  eari's  fiather  (Owen 
Tudor)  and  several  other  prisoners  are 
beheaded  on  the  field. 

The  queen  advances  southward,  de- 
feats the  earl  of  Warwick  at  StAl- 
ban's,  Feb.  17,  and  rescues  the  king. 


Her  partisans  ravage  the  comtfry, 
when  she  is  refused  admisaon  into 
London,  and  obliged  to  retire  to  the 
north. 

The  duke  of  York  enters  Londoii, 
Feb.  28.  His  army  being  mustered  m 
St.  John's  fields  on  Sunday,  March  2, 
the  Lord  Falconbridge^  addresses  the 
citizens  in  favour  of  the  duke's  zi^ 
to  the  crown. 

The  duke  urges  his  claim  before 
a  council  of  such  peers,  prdates^  and 
chief  citizens  as  can  be  collected,  and 
they  declare  him  king,  March  3. 


Events  in  General  History. 


Constantinople  unsuocessfiilly  be- 
sieged by  the  Turks 

The  S(£ism  of  the  West  terminated 
by  the  resignation  of  the  anti- 
pope  Clement  VIII. 

The  Coundl  of  Basle  opened  . 


1423 


1429 
1431 


The  Turks  conquer  Senria      .        .  1439 

The  Turks  render  the  Morea  tribu- 
tary          1446 

Constantinople  taken  by  Maho- 
met II 1453 

The  Turks  conquer  the  Korea        .  1460 


<Jueen 


Tudor,  second  son  of  Owen  Tudor  and 
He  escaped  from  the  field. 


and  lived  an  eadle  for  years,  carryiuf  about  with 
him  his  joimg  nephew,  afterwards  Henry  VII. 
He  lUed  m  1496^  then  having  the  title  of  duke  of 
Bedford. 

1  William  Keville,  a  younger  brodier  of  die  eazl 
of  Salisbury;  Hke  him,  he  obtained  his  title  by 
.jnaxrying  an  hdress.    In  1463  he  was  created  earl 


of  Kent,  and  died  soon  after.  Tliaoas,  cdkd  the 
Bastard  of  Falconbrid^  a  natural  son  of  thenre- 
ceding  lord,  was  adnural  of  Warwidc's  navy  vmcn 
Henry  VI.  was  restored.  He  in  May,  X4ji,  at 
tempted  to  seixe  the  Tower,  where  EdWaid's  qaea 
and  young  fiunily  resided:  being  zepabed  fit» 
LiMkdon,  he  lived  awhile  by  pitacy,  having  at  sob 
time  a  fleet  of  near  «>  ships  at  StOfdwkl^  DOt «« 
at  last  captured  and  beheaded. 


THE  PLANTAGENETS. 


HOUSE  OF  YORK. 


Sadgei  of  the  Eobk  of  York. 


Lionel  of  Antwerp,  duke  of  Qa- 
rence  and  earl  of  Ulster,  the  third  son 
of  Edward  III.,  was  the  ancestor  of 
this  House,  as  his  younger  brother 
John  was  of  that  of  Lancaster  His 
wife  was  Elizabeth,  heiress  of  William 
dc  Buigh,  who  had  been  killed  hy  some 
of  his  fellow  Anglo- Irish  chie/s,  and 
it  was  to  recover  her  patrimony,  which 
had  been  shared  according  to  the  na- 
tive laws,  that  his  expeditions  to  Ire- 
land •  were  mainly  undertaken.  Their 
only  daughter,  Philippa,  became  the 
wife  of  Edmund,  and  the  mother  of 
Roger  Mortimer,  earl  of  March  and 
Ulster,  who  was  in  1385  declared  pre- 
sumptive heir  to  the  throne,  and  was 
kiUedin  Ireland  in  1398.  He  had  mar- 
ried Eleanora,  the  daughter  of  Thomas 
Holland,  earl  of  Kent,  (half-brother  of 
Richard  11.,)  and  left  a  son  and  two 
daughters.  His  son  Edmund's  claim  to 
the  throne  was  set  aside  by  the  par- 
liament of  1399,  and  he  died  without 
issue  in  1424 ;  his  daughter  Anne  mar- 
ried Richard,  earl  of  Cambridge,  (se- 
cond son  of  Exlmund  of  Langley,  duke 
of  York,)  and  was  by  him  Uie  mother 
of  one  son,  Richard,  who,  though  he 
^em  bore  the  title,  is  justly  to  be  re- 
ga«led  as  the  first  king  of  the  House 
ofYork»>. 

Neither  the  place  nor  the  date  of 


Richard's  birth  have  been  fully  ascer- 
tained, but  he  cannot  have  been  more 
than  five  years  of  age  when  his  father 
was  put  to  death  \  He  was  placed  in 
the  guardianship  of  Joan,  countess  of 
Westmoreland,  whose  youngest  daugh- 
ter. Cicely,  he  afterwards  married.  In 
1425  he  was  relieved  from  corruption 
of  blood,  and  succeeded  to  the  estates 
and  titles  of  his  uncles,  Edward  duke 
of  York,  and  Edmund  earl  of  March, 
and  he  was  knighted  along  with  the 
young  King  Henry  in  142^  In  1430 
the  important  ofnce  of  constable  of 
England  was  bestowed  on  him ;  in 
1432,  though  still  very  yotmg,  he  was 
employed  to  guard  the  coast  of  Nor- 
mandy, and  in  1436  he  advanced 
almost  to  the  gates  of  Paris.  He  was 
recalled  in  the  following  year,  and 
though  sent  again  in  1440  as  lieutenant 
and  captain  to  Normandy,  he  was 
again  superseded  by  Beaufort,  marquis 
of  Dorset,  who  weakly  or  treacherously 
suffered  himself  to  be  expelled  by  the 
French,  and  then  returning  to  Eng- 
land shared  with  Queen  Margaret  the 
direction  of  public  affairs.  York  firmly 
opposed  him,  and  in  order  to  remove 
such  an  obstacle  to  their  projects,  he 
was  made  lieutenant  of  Ireland  for 
ten  years,  from  July  5,  1449. 
Up  to  this  time  the  diie  of  York 


I  See  A.D.  136X.  1^ 
iB  the  fintpaiiiament  of  hu  son's  reign  an  act 
*  J*  P»Med  [t  Edw.  IV.  c.  O,  in  which  he  is  styled 

u>e  nght  noble  and  famous  prince  of  worthy 
^^"^^OKtj,  Richard,  late  duke  of  Yorlc  . . .  in  his  liie 


very  king  in  right  of  the  realm  of  Engbuid,  singular 
protector,  k)vcr  and  defensour  of  the  good  go- 
vernance, policv,  commonweal,  peace  aixl  tran. 
quillity  thereof. 
«  See  A.D.  14x5. 


R  2 


244 


THE  PLANTAGENETS — ^YORK. 


liad  silently  acquiesced  in  the  Lan- 
castrian usurpation,  but  he  now  (urged, 
it  is  said,  by  his  brother-in-law  and 
nephew,  the  earls  of  Salisbury  and 
Warwick,)  began  to  put  forward  his 
claim  to  the  crown,  having  by  his  wise 
and  mild  government  gained  the  firm 
support  of  the  Irish,  whose  affection 
for  his  House  continued  unabated  after 
its  fall^.  His  claim  was  resisted  far 
more  strenuously  by  Margaret,  and 
by  Dorset  ^who  had  become  duke  of 
Somerset),  than  by  Henry  himself,  and 
was  looked  on  with  favour  by  the  bulk 
of  the  nation,  not  only  from  its  real 
weight  and  the  duke's  brilliant  ser- 
vices, but  also  from  hatred  to  those 
who  had  lost  the  conquests  of  Hen- 
ry V.  Attempts  were  made  to  accom- 
modate the  dispute  by  bringing  So- 
merset to  trial,  and  declaring  the  duke 
of  York  Protector  of  the  realm ;  but 
these  failed  through  the  violent  spirit 
of  Margaret,  and  arms  were  at  length 
resorted  to.  The  first  battle  was  fought 
at  St.  Alban*s  (May  23,  1455) ;  Somer- 
set was  there  killed,  and  York  again 
acknowledged  Protector.  This  appoint- 
ment was  soon  after  revoked  by  Henry, 
and  the  Yorkists  were  obliged  to  re- 
tire. A  formal  reconciliation  followed, 
but  it  was  soon  broken  by  an  attempt 
to  assassinate  the  earl  of  Warwick. 
The  battle  of  Bloreheath  next  occurred 
(Sept.  23,  1459),  where  the  Lancas- 
trians were  again  defeated,  but  through 
treachery  the  Yorkist  army  was  soon 
after  dispersed,  and  the  duke  and  his 
friends  having  taken  to  flight,  were 
attainted  by  a  parliament  held  at 
Coventry. 

In  the  sunmier  of  1460  they  re- 
turned, defeated  the  Lancastrians  at 
Northampton,  took  Henry  prisoner, 
and  had  the  duke  of  York  declared 
heir  to  the  throne.  Margaret,  how- 
ever, did  not  abide  by  this,  but  raising 
a  force  in  Scotland  and  the  north  of 
England,  she  advanced  southward. 
The  duke  marched  to  meet  her,  but, 
by  some  mismanagement  not  to  be 
expected  in  so  experienced  a  soldier, 
he  suffered  himself  to  be  surrounded 


by  her  forces,  and  besieged  in  San- 
dal castle,  in  Yorkshire;  and  then, 
with  equal  imprudence,  sallying  out 
before  his  reinforcements  arrived,  he 
fell  into  an  ambuscade  and  was  killed, 
near  Wakefield,  Dec.  30,  146a  His 
head  was  placed  on  the  wall  of  York, 
and  garnished  with  a  paper  crown, 
but  was  taken  down  after  the  battle 
of  Towton,  and  interred  with  his  body 
and  that  of  his  son,  the  earl  of  Rut- 
land, at  Pontefract.  Thence  the  bodies 
were  removed  in  July,  1466,  and  buried  . 
with  royal  pomp  at  Fothennghay^  c  c.-i*^ 

By  his  marriage  with^^IedaughtervS.vi 
of  Ralph,  earl  of  Westmoreland  (who 
survived  until  May  31,  1495,  when  she 
died  at  Berkhampstead,  and  was  buried 
with  him  at  Fotheringhay,)  he  had 
a  family  of  eight  sons  and  four  daugh- 
ters.   Of  these, 

Edward  and  Richard  became 
king^. 

Edmund,  earl  of  Rutland,  bom  at 
Rouen,  May  17,  1443,  was  killed  at 
Wakefield,  Dec.  30,  1460. 

George,  bom  at  Dublin  in  1449,  was 
created  duke  of  Clarence,  and  also 
appointed  lieutenant  of  Ireland  (Feb. 
28,  1462),  soon  after  his  brother's  ac- 
cession. He,  however,  conceived  him- 
self neglected  and  injured  by  the  ag- 
grandizement of  the  WoodviUes,  and 
leagued  with  the  earl  of  Warwick 
(whose  daughter  Isabel  he  married) 
first  against  them,  and  eventually 
against  the  king.  His  fickle  temper 
1^  him  to  forsake  Warwick  shortly 
after,  but  his  reconciliation  with  Ed- 
ward was  probably  not  sincere.  A 
quarrel  next  arose  with  Richard,  duke 
of  Gloucester,  concerning  the  War- 
wick estates,  which  Clarence  endea- 
voured to  secure  entirely  to  himself* 
and  which  Gloucester  was  resolved  to 
share  ;  then  fresh  dissensions  occurred  | 
with  the  WoodviUes.  In  1477  he  ap- 
parently gave  his  sanction  to  an  at- 
tempt to  calculate  "by  art  magic,  the  j 
death  and  final  destruction  of  the  king 
and  prince,"  was  thereupon  convicted 
of  treason,  and  was  found  dead  in  the  | 
Tower  shortly  after  (Feb.  18,  1478'). 


*  He  himself  found  safety  there,  with  his  son, 
the  carl  of  Rutland,  in  1459.  The  Irish  also  fought 
in  the  cause  of  his  pretended  grandson,  LamMit 
Simnel,  and  afterwaids  joined  Richard,  who  was 
probably  his  heir. 

*  His  death  is  commonly  ascribed  to  the  machi- 


nations  of  his  brother  Richard,  but  is  moie  proba- 
bly attribuuble  to  the  WoodviUes.  A  strong  pre- 
sumption for  this  is  found  in  the  fact  that  Anthoov, 
Earl  Riven,  had  the  grant  of  a  large  port  of  hb 
estates,  the  pretence  being  that  Qaience  bad  ex- 
pressed a  wish  to  that  effect,  in  order  to  malw 


THE  PLANTAGENETS— YORK. 


24S 


His  wife  and  youngest  child  had  died 
by  poison  about  a  year  before,  but  he 
left  a  son  and  a  daughter  (Edward,  earl 
of  Warwick,  and  Margaret,  countess 
of  Salisbury),  who  both  suffered  death 
in  the  same  prison  under  the  Tudors. 

Of  the  duke  of  York's  daughters, 
Anne  married  first  Henry  Holland, 
duke  of  Exeter',  and  afterwards  Sir 
Thomas  St  Leger.  She  died  in  1475, 
leaving  by  her  second  husband  a 
daughter,  Anne,  who  married  (Sir 
George  Manners,  the  ancestor  of  the 
dukes  of  Rutland. 

Elizabeth  married  John  de  la  Pole, 
duke  of  Suffolk,  and  was  the  mother 
of  John,  earl  of  Lincoln,  who  was 
nominated  the  heir  of  Richard  III., 
but  was  killed  in  the  battle  of  Stoke, 
during  his  father's  lifetime  ;  Edmund, 
eari  of  Suffolk,  beheaded  in  1513; 
Richard,  known  as  the  White  Rose 
of  England,  killed  at  Pavia  in  1525 ; 
Humphrey  and  Edward,  who  pre- 
served their  lives  by  taking  holy 
orders ;  and  two  daughters. 

Margaret  married  Charles  the  Bold, 
duke  of  Burgundy,  and  surviving  him 
near  thirty  years  died  at  Mechlin,  in 
1503. 

Henry »,  William,  John,  Thomas, 
and  Ursula,  died  young. 

The  peculiar  seat  of  the  House  of 
York  was  the  castle  of  Fotheringhay, 
on  the  Nen,  in  Northamptonshire.  The 
manor  was  granted  by  Edward  III.  to 
his  son  Edmund  of  Langley,  who  re- 
built great  part  of  the  castle,  and  com- 
menced a  collegiate  church,  dedicated 
to  the  Annunciation  of  the  blessed 
Virgin  and  All  Saints,  which  was  car- 
ried on  by  his  son,  and  completed  by 
his  grandson,  Richard,  whose  body 
was,  in  1466,  buried  there  under  a 
handsome  shnne  on  the  north  side  of 
the  high  altar.  His  wife,  the  duchess 
Cicely,  and  their  son,  the  earl  of  Rut- 
land, were  buried  beside  him ;  but  the 
college  being  suppressed  under  Ed- 


ward VI.,  and  its  site  granted  to 
Dudley,  duke  of  Northuml^rland,  the 
church,  as  was  but  too  usual,  was  dis- 
mantled **,  and  the  royal  tombs  fell  to 
decay.  At  length  Queen  Elizabeth, 
visiting  the  spot,  ordered  the  bodies 
to  be  removed  to  the  parish  church, 
where  monuments,  "by  no  means  wor- 
thy," says  Camden,  "  of  such  princes, 
sons  of  kings,  and  progenitors  of  kings 
of  England,"  still  exist  to  their  me- 
mory. 

So  troubled  a  period  as  the  reigns 
of  Henry  VI.,  Edward  IV.,  and  Rich- 
ard III.,  might  seem  little  favourable 
to  peaceful  pursuits,  yet  considerable 
progress  was  made  both  in  commerce 
and  in  the  encouragement  of  learning. 
The  Statute-book,  particularly  of  the 
Yorkist  princes,  shews  how  carefully 
what  were  then  conceived  to  be  the 
true  interests  of  the  nation  as  to  trade 
were  legislated  for;  and  the  period 
which  witnessed  the  foundation  of 
numerous  colleges  and  halls  in  both 
Universities*,  and  of  the  public  schools 
and  library  at  Oxford,  cannot  justly 
be  reproached  as  neglectful  of  the  libe  - 
ral  arts.  Indeed  Edward  and  Richard 
were  distinguished  patrons  of  learning, 
although  engaged  m  an  almost  inces- 
sant struggle  for  their  lives.  Among 
Edward's  chief  favourites  were  the  ac- 
complished scholar,  John  Tiptoft  earl 
of  Worcester,  and  Anthony  Woodville 
earl  Rivers,  a  gallant  cavalier,  though 
a  man  of  doubtful  character,  but  wor- 
thy of  remembrance  as  the  elegant 
poet,  the  translator  of  moral  works, 
and  the  generous  patron  of  William 
Caxton,  who  introduced  the  art  of 
printing  to  England  under  his  aus- 
pices. 

Nothing  can  be  more  unjust  than 
the  tone  that  modem  historians  in 
general  have  adopted  towards  the 
House  of  York,  the  members  and 
the  partisans  of  which  are  represented 
as  guilty  of  innumerable  crimes,  many 


uaeadi  tor  the  "great  injuries  and  mighty  of- 
lences"  he  had  fonnerly  done  to  the  earl  and  his 
unulv. 

'  He  was^  a  Lancastrian,  and  was  attainted  in 
'461.  He  lived  awhile  in  exile,  in  abject  poverty, 
(^  p.  a5oX  his  forfeited  estates  being  granted  to 
m>  wife,  who  also  sought  a  divorce,  lie  returned 
in  M7o>  was  wounded  and  left  for  dead  at  Bamet ; 
he  was  conveyed  to  sanctuary  at  Westminster,  and 
fcis  wounds  healed,  but  bebg  unable  to  obtain  his 
pardon,  h»  wife  vehemently  oroosing  it,  he  left  his 
isyium.  and  was  soon  after  found  dead  on  the 
coutofKenL 


c  He  was  the  eldest  child,  and  was  bom  Feb.  xo, 
1441. 

^  Some  of  the  richly  carved  stalls  have  been 
preserved  in  the  neighbouring  churches  of  Hem- 
ington  and  Tansor ;  they  are  decorated  with  the 
Yorkist  badges  and  crests. 

*  Lincoln,  All  Souls',  and  Magdalen  Colleges,  at 
Oxford ;  Kmg's  and  Queens'  Colleges  and  Cathe- 
rine Hall,  at  Cambridge ;  and  Eton  College,  sttll 
exist  of  the  foundations  of  this  era.  Most  of  them 
were  commenced  under  the  Lancastrian  princes, 
but  the  House  of  York  protected  them,  and  added 
to  their  endowments. 


^4^ 


THE  PLANTAGENETS— YORK. 


of  them,  in  all  probability,  mere  in- 
mentions  of  writers  in  the  interest  of 
the  Tttdors,  whose  object  in  vilifying 
their  predecessors  is  sufficiently  ol> 
Tioas.  Thouj^  the  lact  is  indisputable 
that  RichanlC  <Iuke  (tf  York,  was  the 
legitimate  king,  he  is  ordinarily  spoken 
of  as  a  rebel,  and  thus  is  laid  on  him 
the  odium  of  the  murderous  conflict,  so 
well  known  as  the  War  of  the  Roses, 
(in  which,  according  to  a  vague,  but 
probably  not  exaggerated  estimate,  12 
princes  of  the  blood,  200  other  noUes, 
and  100,000  of  the  knights  and  gentry 
perished^,)  -when  in  reality  it  arose 
from  the  treason  of  Henry  of  Boling- 
brc^e. 

The  ^con  and  fetterlock,  the  sun 
in  splendour,  and  the  white  rose,  (often 


with  the  emblem  of  the  Passion  in  its 
centre,}  are  the  peculiar  badges  of  the 


mB 


Qfift  of  Kortiioer. 

House  of  York ;  many  other  emUems 
are  found,  but  they  are  rather  the  per- 
sonal distinctions  of  each  prince,  as 
the  lion  rampant  argent,  of  tbe  earl  of 
March ;  the  black  bull,  of  Qarence ; 
and  the  white  boar,  of  Gloucester. 


k  No  dnoBider  than  thought  k  aecessaiy  to 
record  the  loss  of  any  who  were  not  of  noble  or 
gentle  blood;  but  it  probably  was  not,  in  this 
contest,  propottkaatdy  so  great  as  that  oi  the  other 


dbsses,  who  fooght  with  all  the  fierceness  of  per- 
sonal rivalry.  "  Kill  the  nobles,  and  spaie  the 
commons."  was  the  maxim,  and  the  pcKtice,  oC 
both  Edward  and  Maiptfet. 


Creat  Seal  of  Edward  I?. 


EDWARD  IV. 


IlDWARDy  the  second  son  of  Richard, 
duke  of  Yoiky  and  Cicely,  daughter  of 
the  earl  of  Westmoreland,  was  born 
at  Rouen,  April  29,  1442,  while  his 
father  held  the  office  of  regent  of 
France  for  Henry  VI.  He  was  obliged 
to  flee  to  Calais  when  the  Yorkist 
forces  were  dispersed  in  1459,  ^^t  re- 
turned in  the  following  summer,  when 
they  gained  a  great  victory  at  North- 
ampton, and  soon  after  Richard  was 
recognised  by  the  parliament  as  heir 
to  the  throne.  At  the  end  of  the  year 
the  duke  was  killed  at  Wakefield,  but 
Edward  shortly  after  defeated  the  Lan- 
castrians at  Mortimer's  Cross,  and 
holdly  advancing  on  London,  in  spite 
of  a  defeat  experienced  at  St.  Alban's 


by  his  chief  partisan,  the  earl  of  War- 
wick, he  entered  the  city  Feb.  28,. 
and  was  installed  as  king  March  4, 
1 461. 

He  had,  however,  to  leave  London 
almost  inunediately  to  meet  the  forces 
of  Queen  Margaret,  and  having  de- 
feated them  at  Towton,  March  29, 
thus  secured  his  throne.  The  Lan- 
castrians rose  again  in  1464,  but  were 
defeated,  and  so  completely  crushed 
that  they  could  offer  no  further  oppo- 
sition ;  Margaret  retired  to  the  con- 
tinent, and  Henry  fell  into  his  hands. 
Quarrels,  however,  arose  between  the 
duke  of  Clarence,  the  earl  of  Warwick, 
and  others  of  the  old  nobility,  and  the 
family  of  Edward's  queen ",  in  conse- 


■  The  WoodTiUes  were  originally  a  Northamp- 
totthire  frmily,  and  their  anoeston  had  frequently 
wd  the  shrievalty  there,  but  in  the  time  ot  Rich- 
ard II.  thcj  settled  in  Kent.  Richard,  the  queen's 
wher,  held  at  different  times  the  offices  of  sencs- 
ottl  of  Normandy,  constable  of  the  Tower,  and 
beateaaBk  off  Calais.  He  married  Jacquetta,  the 
^'wow  off  the  dnke  of  Bedford,  was  ennobled  in 
-M48,  and  being  a  warm  partisan  of  the  House  of 


Lancaster,  was  in  1^59  seised  at  Sandwich  by  some 
of  the  exiled  Yorkists  and  carried  a  prisoner  to 
Calais.  He  was  soon  released,  and  lived  apparently 
in  retirement  for  a  few  succeeding  years,  but  shortly 
after  his  daughter's  marriage  was  created  earl 
Rivers,  and  received  manv  valuable  grants,  and 
the  offices  of  constable  and  treastirer.  At  length, 
on  the  breaking  out  of  the  troubles  which  dro\c 
Edward  IV.  for  a  while  into  exile,  the  earl  Sd\d 


243 


THE  PLANTAGENETS — YORK. 


quence  of  which  he  was  driven  into 
exile,  and  King  Henry  restored,  in 
1470.  Edward  soon  returned,  however, 
defeated  all  his  opponents  at  Bamet 
and  at  Tewkesbury,  captured  Queen 
Margaret,  and  reigned  henceforth  un- 
disturbed by  civil  war,  though  by  no 
means  free  from  disquietude  at  the 
protection  which  the  exiled  Lancas- 
trians met  with  abroad.  He  was  en- 
gaged during  the  greater  part  of  his 
reign  in  either  covert  or  open  attacks 
upon  Scotland^,  and  he  also,  in  1475, 
led  an  army  into  France,  but  he  ef- 
fected nothing  of  consequence  in  either 
country ;  he  was  equally  unsuccessful 
in  a  number  of  marriages  which  he 
planned  for  his  children  while  yet 
infants,  none  of  which  took  effect,  and 
he  died  rather  suddenly,  April  9,  1483, 
after  a  reign  of  twenty-two  years, 
marked  by  more  cruelty  and  licen- 
tiousness than  any  former  king  had 
exhibited. 

In  1463,  or  1464,  Edward  married 
Elizabeth,  widow  of  John  Grey,  Lord 
Ferrers  of  Groby',  and  daughter  of 
Richard  Woodville**,  lord  Rivers,  by 
Jacquetta,  formerly  duchess  of  Bedford. 
The  queen's  relatives  were  all  Lancas- 
trians, they  were  also  needy,  but  they 
were  speedily  married  to  the  richest 
heirs  and  heiresses",  and  engrossed 
the  favour  of  the  king  to  the  exclusion 
of  those  who  had  placed  him  on  the 
throne.    This   was   deeply   resented. 


and  caused  his  temporary  e]q>ul^on; 
several  of  the  Woodvilles  perished  on 
the  scaffold ;  the  queen  was  obliged 
twice  to  take  sanctuar]^ ;  and  she  at 
last  died  (June  8, 1492)  in  confinement 
in  the  nuimery  at  Bermondsey,  where 
she  had  been  placed  by  her  son-in-law, 
Henry  VIL 

The  children  of  Edward  and  Eliza- 
beth were  three  sons  and  seven 
daughters. 

1.  Edward,  became  king. 

2.  Richard,  bom  Aug.  17,  1472,  was 
created  duke  of  York,  and  also  ap- 
pointed lieutenant  of  Ireland,  Lord 
Gormanstown  being  his  deputy.  In 
1477  he  was  married  to  Aime,  the 
heiress  of  John  Mowbray,  duke  of 
Norfolk,  but  she  died  shortly  after, 
and  he  is  usually  said  to  have  been 
murdered  with  his  brother,  in  the 
Tower,  by  order  of  their  uncle,  the 
duke  of  Gloucester ;  the  fact,  however, 
is  not  certain. 

3.  George,  created  duke  of  Bedford, 
died  an  infant 

Mary  and  Margaret  died  young; 
Bridget  (bom  1480)  died  a  nun  at 
Dartford,  about  15 17. 

Of  the  remaining  princesses,  Eliza- 
beth married  Henry  VI  I.  Cicely  (bom 
1469)  married  first  Lord  Wells,  and 
afterwards  Thomas  Kyme,  of  the  Isle 
of  Wight;  she  died  Aug.  24,  1507. 
Anne  (bom  1475)  married  Lord  Tho- 
mas Howard,  son  of  the  earl  of  Surrey, 


his  son  John  were  captured  and  beheaded.    He 
left  a  huge  family*  of  whom  Anthony  succeeded 


Aims  Of  VoodTllle,  Earl  Blven. 

him  as  earl  Rivers,  and  also  lost  his  life  by  vio- 
lence: Lionel  becaime  bishop  of  Salisbury,  con- 
spired against  Richard  III.  and  died  in  exUe ;  and 
Richard  was  killed  in  Britanny  in  1480. 

Anthony,  in  right  of  his  wife,  became  Lord 
Scales,  and  b  celebrated  for  his  gallantry  and  love 
of  literature.  He  received  a  grant  of  Uie  Isle  of 
Wight  from  Edward  IV.,  fled  with  him  to  Holland, 
and  on  his  return  was  appointed  governor  of  Cabis 
and  captain  general,    lie  was  the  governor  of  his 


nephew,  Edward  V.,  but  being  seised  at  Stony 
Stratford,  in  April,  Z483>  was  carried  into  York- 
shire, and  beheaded  at  Pontefract  about  die  a6th 
of  Tune,  by  order  of  Richard  III.,  with  whom  be 
had  been  long  at  variance. 

b  His  interference  was  highly  resented,  and  in 
an  Act  of  the  Scottish  paruament  of  x^Sx  he  is 
styled  "the  revare  (robber)  Edward  caUaod  him 
king  of  England." 

"He  was  never  summoned  to  parliament,  and  is 
usually  known  only  as  Sir  John  Grey.  He  was 
killed  on  the  Lancastrian  side  at  St.AIbeux's,  in 
X46X. 

*  The  partisans  of  his  brother  Richard  asserted 
that  he  had  a  wife  livixig  at  the  time,  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  Talbot,  earl  ofShrewsbu^.  and  widov 
of  Lord  Butler,  son  of  James,  earl  of  Ormond  and 
Wiltshire ;  the  proofs  of  their  statement  appeared 
satisfactory  to  the  first  parliament  of  Richard  III., 
but  the  Tudor  writers  aulege  that  she  was  only  his 
mistress. 

•  Her  brother  Anthony  married  the  daughter  of 
Lord  Scales,  believed  to  be  the  wealthiest  heiress 
in  the  kingdom,  and  intended  as  the  wife  of  the 
young  duke  of  CUrenoe :  John^  another  brother, 
married  the  dowager  dudiess  of^  Norfolk :  her  son. 
Sir  Thomas  Grey,  married  the  infant  daughter  of 
the  duchess  of  Exeter  (she  was  Edward's  niece) ; 
and  her  five  sisters  were  amply  provided  for  in  like 
manner  ;  one  of  them  (Katnerinc)  manied  the 
young  duke  of  Buckingham;  who  was  a  ward  of 
the  crown. 


A.D.  I461.] 


EDWARD  IV. 


24$ 


Feb.  4, 1495,  and  died  1512.  Kathe- 
line  (bom  1479)  niarried  Lord  William 
Courtenay,  son  of  the  earl  of  Devon, 
and  died  Nov.  15,  1527.  Her  son 
"j  Henry,  marquis  of  Exeter,  was  be- 
beaded  in  1539,  on  a  charge  of  cor- 
responding with  his  cousin,  Reginald 
Pole. 

Edward  left  two  natural  children : 
I.  Arthur,  who  married  an  heiress,  and 
was  created  Viscount  Lisle ' ;  he  was 
a  military  conunander,  but  being  ac- 
cused of  a  design  to  betray  Calais, 


he  was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  where 
he  died,  March  3,  1542,  it  is  said  of 
joy  at  learning  that  the  king  was  satis- 
fied of  his  innocence ;  2.  Elizabeth, 
who  married  Sir  Thomas  Limiley. 

The  royal  arms  and  motto  were  the 
same  in  this  as  in  the  preceding  reign, 
but  Edward  employed  other  supporters, 
chiefly  in  token  of  various  ancestral 
possessions.  Some  existing  examples 
have  a  black  bull  and  a  white  hon, 
(Clarence  and  March) ;  some  a  white 
lion  and  a  white  hart ;    others  two 


Inns  of  Edward  IV. 


white  lions.  His  badges  are  numer- 
ous, and  likewise  allude  either  to  the 
possessions  or  the  varying  fortunes  of 
his  family.  The  black  bull  is  the 
symbol  of  Clarence ;  the  black  dragon, 
of  Ubter ;  the  white  wolf,  the  emblem 
of  the  Mortimers;  the  white  hart 
shews  his  kindred  with  Richard  IL ; 
while  the  falcon  and  fetterlock  indi- 
cate the  depression,  and  the  sun  in 
splendour  the  triumph,  of  his  house  '. 

Edward  possessed  great  military 
skill  and  undaunted  courage,  a  hand- 
some person  and  fascinating  manners  ; 
but  he  was  ^so  unscrupulous,  licen- 
tious, and  cruel.  The  fickleness  of 
his  temper  is  seen  in  his  abandon- 
ing his  father's  and  his  own  greatest 
friends,  the  Nevilles,  for  new  favour- 
ites from  his  queen's  family ;  his  ra- 
pacity, in  the  "benevolences"  which 
he  extorted ;  and  his  want  of  natural 
affection,  in  the  part  he  acted  in  the 
destruction  of  his  brother  Clarence. 
It  was  remarked  that  he  witnessed  an 


execution  with  as  much  pleasure  as 
others  would  a  pageant;  and  indeed 
he  seems  seldom  to  have  extended 
mercy  to  those  who  fell  into  his 
power**,  being  apparently  more  de- 
sirous to  extermmate  than  to  con- 
ciliate his  opponents. 


A.D.  1461. 


Edward  is  solemnly  installed  at 
Westminster  as  king,  March  4  *. 

George  Neville,  bishop  of  Exeter,  is 
appointed  lord  chancellor,  March  10 ; 
and  his  brother,  Richard,  earl  of  War- 
wick, is  commissioned  to  receive  the 
submission  of  the  adherents  of"  Henry, 
late  king  of  England,"  and  to  seize 
the  property  of  all  who  may  refuse, 
March  12. 

Edward  marches  into  the  north,  and 
defeats  the  Lancastrians  at  Towton, 
near  Tadcaster,  March  29,  with  ter- 
rible slaughter  J.      Henry,  his  queen 


'  HU  daughter  Frances  married  Thomas  Monk, 
a  gentleman  of  Devon,  and  ancestor  of  Monk,  duke 
ot  Albemarle. 

s  Shakspeare  thus  alludes  to  the  latter  well-known 
emblem: — 

"Kow  is  the  winter  of  our  discontent 
Made  glorious  summer  by  the  Sun  of  York !" 

'  He,  however,  made  an  exception  m  favour  of 


learned  men,  and  freely  pardoned  both  Bishop 
Wayncflete  and  Judge  Fortescue,  though  active 
Lancastrians,  avowedly  for  their  literary  merits. 

•  His  regnal  years  are  computed  from 'this  day. 
He  was  not  crowned  until  the  summer. 

J  Lord  Clifford  was  killed  the  day  before  in 
a  skirmish  at  Ferry-bridge,  as  were  Lord  Fitz- 
walter  and  a  natural  brother  of  the  earl  of  War- 
wick.   The  carl  of  Northumberland,  lords  Dacre 


ajo 


THE  PLANTAGENETS — VORK.  [a.D.  I461 — 1464. 


and  son,  with  some  of  their  adherents, 
escape  to  Scotland,  but  many  are  taken 
and  executed  ^ 

Henry  surrenders  Berwick  to  the 
Scots,  April  25. 

Edward  returns  to  London,  and  is 
crowned,  June  28,  by  the  archbishop 
of  Canterbury  I  He  creates  his  bro- 
thers, Geoiige  and  Richard,  dukes  of 
Clarence  and  Gloucester. 

The  Scottish  regents  are  willing  to 
assist  the  Lancastrians,  but  axe  em- 
barrassed by  the  intrigues  of  Edward 
with  the  Lord  of  the  Isles  and  other 
nobles,  and  obliged  to  agree  to  remain 
neuter. 

The  parliament  meets,  Nov.  4.  It 
declares  the  Lancastrian  princes 
usurpers  fi  Edw.  IV.  c.  il  but  sd- 
lows  acts  done  by  '  tibe  said  pretensed 
kings"  to  remain  Talid,  ''except  as  to 
such  persons,  and  every  of  them, 
whom  our  sovereign  loxd  the  king 
reputeth  and  holdeth  for  his  rebels 
or  enemies  "." 

All  sheriffs  except  those  of  Lon- 
don, forbidden  to  proceed  judicially  ■, 
[c.2i 

A.D.  1462. 

The  earl  of  Oxford  Qohn  de  Vere  •), 
his  son  Aubrey,  and  sevend  other 
Lancastrians,  beheaded  in  London, 
Feb.  26. 

Edward  makes  a  treaty  for  the  con- 

?uest  and  partition  of  Scotland,  with 
ohn,   Lord   of  the   Isles   and  other 
nobles,  Feb.  13. 

Queen  Mari^ret,  by  a  promise  to 
surrender  Calais  if  it  should  ever  be  \ 


in  her  power,  obtains  a  small  body  of 
French  troops,  who  however  are  ship- 
wrecked on  Hc^y  Island,  and  either 
killed  or  taken ;  she  escapes  to  Ber- 
wick. 

A.D.  1465. 

The  duke  of  Somerset  (Henry  Bean- 
fort  >>)  and  many  other  Lancastrians 
abandon  Henry,  and  make  terms  with 
Edward  •». 

The  trade  in  and  exportation  of  wool 
regulated  by  statute^  [3  Edw.  IV.  c.  1} 

The  importation  of  **  wares  ready 
wrought"  forbidden,  [c.  4]. 

The  apparel  of  ail  persons  regulated 
according  to  their  rank,  [c.  5 ']. 

Queen  Margaret  again  sails  to 
France,  and  obtains  a  body  of  troops 
from  Louis  XL  of  France.  She  lands 
in  Northumberiand,  in  October,  but 
not  being  joined  by  the  people  retires 
to  Scothmd.  The  earl  of  Angus  makes 
an  inroad  as  fiir  as  Alnwick  in  her 
favour. 

A.D.  1464. 

Queen  Margaret  marches  into  Eng- 
land, captures  several  northern  castles, 
and  is  again  joined  by  Somerset,  the 
Perdes,  and  her  other  adherents. 

Edward  marches  against  them. 

John;  Lord  Montagu",  defeats  the 
Lsmcastrians  at  Hedgley-moor  (near 
Wooler)  April  25,  and  at  Hediam^ 
May  15.  Henry  finds  a  refuge  in 
Lancashire ;  the  queen  and  prince 
retire  to  Flanders. 

The  duke  of  Somerset  and  many 
other  prisoners  are  executed,  and  the 
estates  and  title  of  the  Percies  (earl 


and  Wdb,  Sir  Andreir  TroUope  and  vaanj  other 
knights,  fieO  at  Towtoo. 

k  Among  these  were  the  eaxU  of  Devonshire  and 
of  Onnond  and  \l^ltshire,  the  &ther-in-law  of  Lady 
Eleanor  Butler,  who  was  afterwards  asserted  to  be 
the  wife  of  Edward.  But  in  this  horrible  contest 
all  ties  of  kindred  or  alliance  seem  to  have  been 
systematically  disregarded  by  both  parties  ;  almost 
every  noble  tamilv  had  £sithers,  sons,  brothers  ar- 
xnyed  against  each  other  :— 

"  Long  veaxs  of  haroc  mge  their  destined  course* 
And  through  the  kindred  squadrons  mow  their 
way." 

1  Thomas  Bourchier,  brother  of  the  earl  of  Essex, 
and  uncle  bv  marriage  to  the  king. 
■  Edwara  took  mil  advantage  of  this  comive- 


hensive  danse,  and ,  , 

leges,  and  offices  to  his  active  su^porten  to  such 
an  extent  that  hundreds  of  Lancastrians,  not  so  com- 
promised as  to  ibr&it  their  lives,  were  yet  redticed 
to  abject  poverty. 

*  The  statnte  states  that  many  liege  people  have 
been  harassed  by  indictments  and  presoitmcnts 
' '  affirmed  by  iurors  having  no  conscience,  nor  any 
freehold,  and  little  goods,   and  even  by  the  menial 


servants  and  baififfs  of  sherifi,  merely  to  exittft 
monev. 

«  He  was  bom  in  XA09,  and  was  a  cousin  of  the 
iavouritr:  of  Richard  II.  He  had  made  a  pilgrim- 
af^  to  the  Holy  Land,  and  had  served  wiui  much 
distinction  both  by  sea  and  land  in  the  Fxencb 
wars. 

9  The  son  of  the  duke  killed  at  St.  Alban's  in 
X455.  He  had  fled  to  Scotbnd  sSUr  the  batiie 
ot  Towton,  and  now  gave  ud  Bamborou|^  castJc 
as  the  price  of  pardon,  but  he  soon  rejomed  the 
Lancastrians,  was  taken  at  Hexham,  and  beheaded. 
His  brothers  Edmund  and  John  suffered  the  same 
&te  after  the  battle  of  Tewkesbury. 

4  Others  fled  to  France,  where  th«y  Ev«d  b  ab- 
ject poverty.  Philip  de  Comines,  indeed,  asserts 
that  he  saw  the  duke  of  Exeter  (the  brother-in-law 
of  Edward)  begging  in  the  streets. 

'  The  commons  of  the  reahn,  as  wdl  men  as 
women,  are  said  to  wear  excesMve  and  inordinate 
1,  to  the  great  displeasure  of  God,  the  eo- 

„  of  strange  realms,  and  the  destruction  cf 

this  rttdm.  A  somewhat  similar  statute  was  pa:>sed 
in  Scotland  in  1^57. 

•  He  was  the  brother  of  the  eail  cTWarwick;  and 
after  a  variety  of  fortune  met  his  death  with  him  At 
Bamet,  in  the  year  1471. 


A.a  1464—1469.] 


EDWitltD  IV. 


»S« 


of  Nofthmnberiand)  axe  soon  after 
granted  to  Montagu. 

Prince  Alexander  of  Scodamd  cap- 
tured at  sea  by  the  English,  but  re- 
leased. 

A  fifteen  years'  truce  concluded  with 
Scotland,  June  i ;  the  Scots  engaging 
to  give  neither  assistance  nor  shelter 
to  me  Lancastrians. 

Edward  aTOws  his  marriage  with 
EHzabethy  the  widow  of  Sir  Jomi  Grey, 
a  Lancastrian,  Sept.  29*.  He  heaps 
favours  on  her  rdatives,  the  Wood- 
\illes,  and  thus  arouses  the  jealousy 
of  his  brothers  and  hi$  great  sup- 
porter, tfie  earl  of  Warwick. 

AJXi46$. 

The  manufocture  of  cloth  regulated 
by  statute,  [4  Edw.  IV.  c.  i]. 

Pass^e  to  or  from  France  by  any 
other  potts  than  Dover  and  Calais 
forbidoen,  except  to  soldiers  and  mer- 
chants with  mcrdiandize  *,  (c.  10} 

Edward  sends  ambassadors  to 
France,  Britanny,  and  Bmgundy,  to 
endeavour  to  procure  the  expulsion 
of  the  Lancastrians,  but  is  unsuc- 
cessful 

Edward's  queen  is  crowned  with 
gieat  pomp  at  Westminster,  May  26. 

A.D.  1466. 

Henry  is  captured  in  Lancashire, 
in  July* ;  he  is  conducted  to  London, 
treated  with  much  ignominy,  and  im- 
prisoned in  the  Tower. 

Lord  Boyd,  of  Kilmarnock,  and  his 
brother  Alexander,  become  the  fa- 
vourites of  the  kiii^  of  Scotland,  and 
dispose  of  everything  at  their  pleasure. 


A.D.  1467. 

The  queen's  relatives  (the  Wood- 
vUles)  endeavoiu:  to  lessen  the  in- 
fluence of  the  Nevilles*.  In  conse- 
3uence,  the  king  takes  the  seals  from 
Sie  archbishop  of  York,  June  9,  and 
threatens  to  resume  the  great  estates 
they  had  received  ^ 

Edward  forms  an  alliance  with  the 
duke  of  Burgundy  (Charles  the  Bold) 
against  France,  and  gives  him  his 
sister  Margaret  in  marriage '. 

A.D.  1468. 

The  giving  of  liveries  prohibited  % 
[8  Edw.  IV.  c.  2]. 

The  Nevilles  and  Woodvilles  are 
formally  reconciled. 

Edward  forms  alliances  with  the 
kings  of  Aragon  and  Castile,  and 
the  duke  of  Britanny,  preparatory  to 
an  invasion  of  France. 

A.D.  1469. 

The  duke  of  Clarence  marries  Isabel, 
daughter  of  the  earl  of  Warwick,  July 
11^,  and  leagues  with  him  against  the 
Woodvilles.  _ 

James  V.  of  Scotland  marries  Mar-    J-U-. 
garet,  daughter  of  Christiem  I.  of  Den- 
mark. The  Orkney  and  Shetland  isles 
are  surrendered  to  him  as  security  for         * 
her  marriage  portion. 

An  insurrection  is  raised,  when  the 
king's  troops  are  defeated  at  Edge- 
cote,  near  Banbury,  July  26,  and  the 
queen's  father  and  brother  (John), 
together  with  the  earl  of  Pembroke 
(William  Herbert*)  and  his  brother 
(Sir  Richard),  captured,  and  executed. 


*  He  had  oanied  ber  some  tune  heStxt,  \nt  au- 
tk)ritie»  differ  as  to  how  long- 

*Tl»e  king's  mimnand  and  rtress  of  weather, 
(iuiy  proved,  exooorated  vidaton  of  this  ordinance. 
One  half  of  Uie  penalties  was  to  go  to  tlte  kint[ ;  the 
other  half  to  be  cosployed  upon  the  icpanuioo  of 
ue  castle  of  Dover ;  or,  according  to  another  copy 
of  the  statnte,  given  to  any  freeman  of  Dover  woo 
tboald  ste  for  uie  same. 

*  He  htti  ofkea  been  hid  in  the  house  of  John 
Maychell,  at  Cradcenthoip^  in  Westmoreland; 
MaychcQ  received  a  paidon  for  coaceading  him, 
Mot-  ao,  1466. 

*  Of  the  thiee  brothers,  Richard  was  earl  of 
Warwidk  and  SaUsbury  and  captain  of  Calais: 
John,  earl  of  Noctbumberiand  and  warden  of  the 
Scottish  mardies ;  and  George,  archbishop  of  York 
ud  cfaaaceOor.  They  were  all  rich,  and  &uned  for 
ketpiog  open  howe^  which  cootzasted  strongly  with 
ihe  conduct  of  the  WoodviUes,  who  kept  all  their 
&ewhr.fQttai  wcahh  for  themselves. 

'  He  was  eMpowcicd  to  do  this  by  a  statute  for 
ue  rennpiiaB  of  improvident  cnints,  [7  £dw.  IV. 
c-  4}.  passed,  as  was  supposed,  by  the  advice  of 
tiw  Woodvilles, 


>  They  were  married  July  9,  T468. 

•  They  were  still  aUowed  to  be  given  on  public 
occaskms,  and  for  the  time  only,  as  at  coconations, 
installations  of  prelates,  &C. 

»  The  ceremony  was  performed  at  Calais,  by 
Archbishop  Neville. 

•  He  had  received  this  dignity  only  the  year  be- 
fore, but  he  had  been  the  governor  of  the  castle  of 
Pembroke  ever  since  the  flight  of  Jasper  Tudor, 
and  he  had  acted  with  great  kindness  to  Jasper  s 
orphan  nephew,  who  subsequently  became  kuig  as 
Henry  VU.  His  wUl,  made  the  day  after  the 
battle  in  the  immediate  prospect  of  death,  contains 
the  following  affecting  passage  addressed  to  his 
wife:  "Remember  your  promise  to  me,  to  take 
the  order  of  widowhood,  as  ye  may  be  the  better 
master  of  your  own,  to  perform  my  will,  and  to 
help  my  childien.  as  I  love  and  trust  you-  He 
condttdes,  ''Wife,  pray  for  me,  and  take  the  said 
order  that  ye  promLed  me,  as  yc  had  m  my  life 
my  heart  and  love.  God  have  mercy  upon  me, 
and  save  you  and  our  children,  and  our  Lady 
and  all  the  saints  in  heaven  help  me  to  salvauon. 
Amen." 


2S2 


THE  PLANTAGENETS— YORK.  [a.D.  I469— 1471. 


The  Boyds  fall  into  disgrace ;  their 
estates  are  forfeited ;  Lord  Boyd  and 
his  son,  the  earl  of  Arran,  escape; 
Sir  Alexander  is  executed. 

Henry  Percy,  son  of  the  attainted 
earl  of  Northumberland,  is  released 
from  the  Tower,  and  takes  the  oath  of 
allegiance,  Oct.  27. 

The  estates  and  titles  of  the  Percies 
restored,  Nov.  •* 

A.D.  1470. 

The  Lancastrians  rise  in  Lincoln- 
shire, under  Sir  Robert  Wells,  but  are 
speedily  suppressed,  March. 

The  earl  of  Warwick  and  the  duke 
of  Qarence  are  denounced  as  traitors 
by  the  king,  March  31.  They  flee 
to  Calais,  but  being  refused  admis- 
sion, retire  to  France,  where  they  are 
received  by  Louis  XI. 

Warwick  is  reconciled  to  queen 
Margaret,  and  agrees  to  assist  in 
restoring  King  Henry  •.  His  daughter 
Anne  is  married  to  the  young  prince 
in  July  or  August. 

Clarence  becomes  dissatisfied,  and  se- 
cretly promises  to  rejoin  his  brother. 

Warwick  and  Clarence  land  at  Dart- 
mouth, Sept  13. 

Edward  assembles  an  army  against 
them,  but  being  deserted  by  Lord 
Montagu  (Warwick's  brother),  flees 
to  Lynn,  and  there  embarks  for  Flan- 
ders, Oct  3 '. 

Warwick  enters  London,  Oct  5,  and 


releases  King  Henry  from  the  Tower  1, 
but  himself  assumes  all  the  powers  of 
government. 

John  Tiptoft,  earl  of  Worcester^,  is 
captured  and  beheaded,  Oct.  15. 


A.D. 


^^^^M« 


1471.  ^  -  '^       y 

A  parliament  held  at  Westminster,^ 
which  .  repeals  the  attainder  of  the 
Lancastrians,  attaints  the  Yorkists,  j 
and  settles  the  crown  anew  on  King 
Henry  and  his  son  Edward,  and,  in 
case  of  failure  of  issue,  on  the  duke 
of  Clarence. 

Edward  sails  from  Zealand  with 
a  small  force  supplied  by  the  duke 
of  Burgundy,  March  11,  and  lands  at 
Ravenspur  (at  the  mouUi  of  the  Hum- 
ber),  March  14. 

Edward  makes  oath  in  York  minster 
that  he  only  desires  to  recover  his 
family  estates  (probably  Mar.  19) ;  but 
being  joined  bv  numerous  partisans 
he  reassumes  the  name  of  king,  and 
marches  on  London. 

Clarence  joins  him  at  Coventry-, 
March  30 ;  he  then  advances  to  Lon- 
don, is  admitted  by  the  citizens  *,  and 
sends  King  Henry  again  to  the  Tower, 
April  II. 

Edward  has  homage  publicly  ren- 
dered to  him  at  Paul's  cross,  April  13. 

Warwick  follows  him  from  Coventry-, 
but  is  defeated  and  killed  at  Bamet, 
on  Easter  Sunday,  April  14  ^ 


*  John  Neville,  the  new-made  eari,  was,  in  re- 
compense, raised  to  the  higher  title  of  maxxiuis  of 
Montagu,  but  he  was  deeply  oflfended,  declaring 
that  the  kin^  had  given  him  a  fine  name,  with 
only  a  magpie's  nest  to  support  it  He  was  killed 
soon  after  fighting  on  the  Lancastrian  side  at 
Bamet 

*  It  is  believed  that  Warwick  originally  designed 
to  make  the  duke  of  Qarence  king,  but  finding  this 
distasteful  to  both  Yorkists  and  Lancastrians,  he 
undertook  the  restoration  of  Henry  VL,  at  the 
instigation  of  Louis  XL  of  France,  who  lived  in 
constant  apprehension  of  an  attack  from  Edward. 
Clarence,  enraged  at  being  thus  put  aside,  pre- 
pared to  desert  his  confederates  at  the  first  op- 
portunity. 

'  His  queen  took  sanctuary  at  Westminster. 
Oct.  I,  and  her  eldest  son  (afterwards  Edward  V.) 
was  bom  there,  Nov.  4. 

«  Henry  dated  the  resumption  of  the  royal  power 
from  Oct  9 ;  and  on  the  13th  of  the  same  month  he 
went  to  St  Paul's,  in  great  state,  to  return  thanks 
for  his  restoration. 

•»  He  was  the  brother-in-law  of  Warwick,  having 
married  his  sister  Cicely.  He  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  and  after  visiting  the  Holy  Land,  resided 
for  some  years  in  Italy,  where  his  learaine  and 
eloquence  attracted  much  attention.  On  his  re- 
turn to  England  he  was  promoted  to  manv  high 
offices  by  Edward  IV.,  and  refusing  to  abandon  his 
cause,  was  put  to  death  on  charges  of  mal-adminis- 


tration  in  Ireland,  where  he  had  been  successively 
chancellor,  deputy,  and  lieutenant,  as  well  as  coo- 
stable  of  England ;  he  is  said  by  the  Lancastrian 
writers  to  have  acted  with  great  cruelty  in  this 
latter  office,  but  this  is  probably  a  cahunny.  Cax- 
ton  laments  his  death  with  simple  eamestness :  "  0 
eood  blessed  Lord  God  I  what  great  loss  was  it  of 
that  noble,  virtuous,  and  well-disposed  lord,  the 
earl  of  Worcester.  ....  At  his  death  the  axe  did 
at  one  blow  cut  oflf  more  learning  than  was  in 
the  heads  of  all  the  surviving  nobility." 

I  Archbishop  Neville,  who  was  Im  in  charge  of 
Kinjg  Henry,  paraded  him  through  the  streets, 
hopmg  to  induce  the  dtizens  to  espouse  his  cause, 
but  in  vain. 

^  Edward's  victory  was  greatly  assisted  by  his 
having  with  him  a  number  of  Germans  armed  with 
hand-guns,  then  a  new  and  terrible  weapon.  The 
forces  arrayed  against  him  had  recently  been  eDC- 
mies,  and  had  little  confidence  in  each  Mher.  War- 
wick's men  mistook  the  badge  of  the  earl  of  Oxfotd 
for  that  of  the  king,  which  it  nearly  resembled,  and 
attacked  their  alUes,  who,  suspecting  treachery, 
hastily  left  the  field. 

John  de  Vcre,  earl  of  Oxford,  was  bom  in  1443. 
Although  his  father  and  brother  had  been  beheaded 
as  Lancastrians,  (see  a.d.  1462,)  he  was  favoured  by 
Edward  IV.,  but  quitted  his  party  when  Henry  VI. 
was  restored,  and  sat  as  lord  steward  in  judgment 
on  Tiptoft,  eari  of  Worcester.  After  the  battle  ef 
Bamet,  he  fled  fiist  to  Scotland,  then  to  France, 


A.D.  1471— 1473-] 


EDWA.RD  IV. 


2S3 


Queen  Margaret  lands  at  Weymouth, 
April  14.  On  receiving  the  news  of 
Warwick's  death  she  seeks  sanctuary 
at  Ceme  Abbey,  in  Dorsetshire.  On 
being  joined  by  the  duke  of  Somerset 
(Edmund  Beaufort)  and  others,  who 
had  escaped  from  Bamet,  she  sets  out 
to  join  the  Tudors  in  Wales. 

Edward  marches  against  the  Lan- 
castrians, totally  defeats  them  at 
Tewkesbury*,  Saturday,  May  4,  takes 
Maigaret  prisoner,  and  puts  to  death 
the  duke  of  Somerset  and  many  other 
nobles  ". 

King  Henry  is  found  dead  in  the 
Tower  shortly  after  ■. 

A  great  council  held,  at  which  an 
oath  is  taken  to  maintain  the  right  of 
Edward's  intuit  son  as  his  successor, 
Julys. 

A  parliament  meets  at  Westminster, 
October  5,  which  attaints  many  mem- 
bers of  the  Lancastrian  party ;  several 
bishops,  however,  who  had  acted  with 
them  in  the  late  conmiotions,  are  par- 
doned. 

A.D.  1472. 

The  archbishop  of  York  (George 
Neville)  is  stripped  of  his  posses- 
sions  and    imprisoned    at    Guisnes, 


near  Calais,  on  the  charge  of  cor- 
respondence with  the  Lancastrian 
exiles. 

A.D.  1473. 

The  earl  of  Oxford  surprises  St.  Mi- 
chael's Mount,  in  Cornwall,  in  Sep- 
tember, but  being  obliged  to  sur- 
render (in  February,  1474,)  he  is  im- 
prisoned for  twelve  years  in  the  castle 
of  Hammes,  near  Calais. 

The  dukes  of  Clarence  and  Glou- 
cester quarrel  about  the  inheritance 
of  the  earl  of  Warwick  *». 

Edward  renews  his  alliances  with 
foreign  states  preparatory  to  an  attack 
on  France. 

He  obtains  large  sums  of  money 
from  the  parliament,  and  also  extorts 
"  benevolences,  or  free  gifts,"  by  which, 
says  the  Chronicler  of  Croyland, "  each 
man  gave  to  the  king  what  he  pleased, 
or  rather,  what  he  did  not  please." 

Catherine  Hall,  Cambridge,  founded. 

The  prince  of  Wales  allowed  to  give 
his  livery  and  badge,  notwithstanding 
existing  statutes,  [12  Edw.  IV.  c  4]. 

Wears  obstructing  rivers  ordered 
to  be  pulled  down,  [12  Edw.  IV. 
c.7']. 


and  obuinins  a  few  vessels  in 

portedhimscfflbr  a  while  by  piracy:  he  

s«ixed  an  St.  Michael's  Mount  in  Cornwall,  where 
he  nsohitely  endured  a  siege  of  some  months.    He 


Aim  of  Be  Tarei  earl  of  Qzfiird. 

vas  at  last  oUiged  to  surrender  on  promise  of  life : 
*|)«a  he  was  sent  to  the  castle  of  Hammes,  in 
ficaniy,  where  he  cemained  until  1484.  He  then 
nduoed  the  gorexnor  of  the  pbce  and  many  of  the 
Evraoo  to  espouse  the  cause  of  Henry  of  Rich- 
w»A,  accompanied  him  to  England,  and  powerfully 
contributed  to  his  victory  at  Bosworth.  He  re- 
oetvtd  large  grants  of  the  confiscated  estates  of 
the  duke  of  Clarence,  of  the  Nevilles,  and  of 
Catesby,  was  appointed  consuble  of  the  Tower, 
and  adnunJ,  and  survived  until  March  4-  1^13.  Hb 
*m,  the  sister  of  the  earl  of  Warwick,  is  said  to 
Mve  supported  herself  during  a  part  of  his  im- 
pn«oinn«it  by  her  needle,  but  at  length  her  "  great 
pwerty"  was  relieved  by  a  pension  of  ^^xoo  a-year 
frwa  Edward  IV.,  which  Richard  III.  continued 
^^.^J^**™'  Ro"»  a*  E<1^-  IV.  p.  X,  m.  10, 
•odiRidLlII.  p.«,m.  133) 
'  One  of  the  parties  killed  was  John,  lord  Wen- 


lock,  who  had  formerly  been  an  officer  of  Queen 
Marsaret's  household,  and  had  been  wounded  on 
the  Lancastrian  side  at  the  first  battle  of  St.  Al- 
ban's.  He  however  soon  after  joined  the  Yorkists, 
fought  for  them  at  Towton,  and  received,  beside 
many  grants  of  lands,  the  office  of  chief  butler. 
He  also  was  made  lieutenant  of  Calais  under  the 
earl  of  Warwick,  and  was  greatly  trusted  by  Ed- 
ward IV.,  being  employed  on  several  important 
commercial  emrassies.  He  joined  in  the  attempt 
to  restore  Henry  VI.,  and  was  one  of  those  who 
induced  Margaret  to  renew  the  struggle  after  the 
defeat  at  Bamet.  He,  however,  hela  back  from 
the  fight  at  Tewkesbury,  and  Somerset,  suspecting^ 
that  he  waited  an  opportunity  of  ioining  the  king, 
rushed  on  him,  and  lulled  him  witn  his  own  hands. 

"  The  young  prince  Edward  is  stated,  in  a  con- 
temporary manuscript,  to  have  been  killed  while 
fleemg  from  the  field,  and  not  to  have  been  but- 
chered in  Edward's  presence,  as  commonly  re- 
ported. The  duke  of  Somerset,  the  lord  pnor  of 
the  Knights  Hospitallers  (John  Longstrother),  and 
about  a  dozen  knishts  and  squires,  were  dragged 
from  the  church,  where  they  had  taken  refuge,  and 
beheaded.  May  6. 

■  The  dajr  of  Henry's  dwth  is  not  certainly 
known ;  but  it  seems  probable  that  it  was  early  in 
June.    Seep.  931. 

•  Warwick  left  only  two  daughters ;  Isabel  was 
in  X469  married  to  Curence,  and  Anne  to  Edward, 
prince  of  Wales.  After  the  death  of  Warwick  and 
the  prince,  Clarence  endeavoured  to  retain  the 
whole  of  the  estates,  and  therefore  laboured  stren- 
uously to  prevent  his  sister-in-law  from  marrying 
again,  even  obliging  her  to  disguise  herself  as 
a  cook-maid ;  but  the  duke  of  Gloucester  discovered 
the  cheat,  and  married  her. 

9  This  was  only  doing  what  Magna  Charta  had 
provided  should  oe  done,  350  years  before.  See 
p.  141. 


^54 


THE  PLANTAGENETS — YORK.     [a.D.  I474 — 1480. 


1  C/\y\ 


V 


A.D.  1474. 

Edward  passes  the  year  in  pre- 
paring for  an  expedition  to  France. 

Special  privileges,  as  to  livery  of 
lands  and  other  matters  granted  to 
persons  who  should  accompany  the 
king  to  France,  [14  Edw.  IV.  cc. 
1,2]. 

A.D.  1475. 

Edward  lands  at  Oilais,  July,  and 
demands  the  crown  of  France. 

He  is  deceived  in  his  ocpectations 
of  support  from  the  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy. Agrees  to  a  truce  for  seven 
years,  Aug.  20,  has  an  interview  with 
Louis  XI.,  who  promises  him  a  large 
pension  1,  and  returns  to  England, 
Sept.  28  '. 

Queen  Margaret  is  ransomed  by 
her  Uther  ■,  and  retires  to  France,  Nov. 

Donald,  Lord  of  the  Isles,  is  at- 
tainted  by  the  Scottish  parliament, 
Nov.  27  *. 

A.D.  1476. 
Edward  endeavours  in  vain  to  in- 
duce the  duke  of  Britanny  (Francis  II.) 
to  surrender  the  earls  ot  Pembroke 
and  Richmond*. 

A.D.  1477. 
The  earl  of  Mar,  uncle  of  James  III. 
of  Scotland,  expressing  his  hatred  of 
the  king's  low-bom  favourites  %  is  im- 
prisoned, and  soon  after  dies,  from 


what  cause  is  uncertain.  John  duke 
of  Albany  (the  king's  brother),  is  also 
seized,  but  escapes  to  France. 

The  duke  of  Clarence  retires  from 
courts  Thomas  Burdett  and  John 
Stacy,  dependants  of  his,  are  executed 
on  frivolous  chaiges*.  Clarence  re- 
turns, and  asserts  their  innocence 
before  the  counciL 

A.D.  1478. 

Clarence  is  conunitted  to  the  Tower, 
Jan.  16;  brought  to  trial,  when  the 
king  pleads  personally  against  him, 
and  condemned  to  death,  Feb.  7 ;  he 
is  found  dead  in  the  Tower,  Feb.  18. 
Many  of  his  estates  are  granted  to 
Anthony  Woodviile,  earl  Rivers,  the 
queen's  brother. 

The  circulation  of  Irish  money  in 
England  forbidden,  [17  Edw.  IV.  c.  1} 

The  exportation  of  coin  or  plate 
without  the  king's  licence,  declared 
felony,  [Ibid.] 

A.D.  1479. 

England  ravaged  by  a  pestilence. 

Edward  raises  large  sums  by  a 
strict  inquiry  into  breaches  of  obso 
lete  laws  •. 

A.D.  148a 

Louis  XI.  refuses  to  ainde  by  the 
treaty  of  1475*. 
War  breaks  out  with  Scotland.  The 


«  It  was  to  be  50,000  crowas  anaually,  for  100 
years  a&a  the  decease  of  whidi  of  the  two  kiogs 
should  die  first;  but  very  few  payaents  were 
made. 

'  FhiGp  de  Comines  pUoes  die  condnct  of  Ed- 
ward's coundllocs  in  a  very  odious  lifht ;  acoordioff 
to  him,  they  all  received  bribes  from  the  Freiua 


kinz. 

•He  obtaiiied  the  mooc^  foi 
hy  >^iSK  bis  county  of  Anjou  to  the  luqg  of  France 


r  for  this  UjvMo  crowns) 


(Louis  XI.),  and  died  verv  soon  after. 

t  He  was  restored  in  blood  the  foDowiag  year. 
but  his  possessions  on  the  mainland  of  Scotland 
(Ross,  Cantyre,  Knapdale,  and  other  tracu)  were 
annexed  to  the  crown. 

*>  Jasper  and  Henry  Tudor.    See  p^  840. 

*  The  king  had  a  taste  for  the  fine  arts,  and  gave 
much  more  of  his  fiivour  and  society  to  their  pro- 
fessors than  was  agreeable  to  his  kindred  or  his 
fierce  nobles. 

7  His  duchess  and  his  younsest  son,  Ridmrd, 
had  died  shortly  beCbre,  and  John  Thursby  and 
Ankerett  Twinnewe  were  convicted  before  the 
judges  in  Warwickshire.  cX  having  poisoned  them, 
at  the  instigation  of  Sur  Roger  Tocotes,  another 
member  of  the  duke's  houaeh^d ;  Sir  Roger's  trial 
was  removed  into  the  court  of  King's  Bench,  but 
he  was  ttther  acquitted  or  paudooed.  ^  He  was 
afterwards  concerned  in  the  nungs  against  Rich- 
ard III.,  and  was  attainted,  but  eventually  received 
a  pardon. 

■  Burdett  was  charged  with  havlngi  in  confede- 


racy with  Stacy,  procured  Thomas  Blake,  a  prie^* 
to  cedculate  the  nativities  of  the  long  and  his  cld<M 
son.  This  was  in  November,  1474,  accoriini; 
to  the  indictment  afterwards  found  aspunst  them. 
Stacy  and  Blake  "worked  and  calculated  by  art 
magic,  necromancy  and  astrononnr,  the  death  and 
fixuQ  destruction  of  the  king  and  prince  ....  al- 
though according  to  the  determinations  of  hoI;r 
Chureh,  and  the  opinions  of  divers  doctors,  it  is 
forbidden  to  any  hegeman  thus  to  meddle  con- 
cerning kin^s  and  princes  in  manner  aforesaid, 
without  their  persussion."  In  May,  1475,  they 
are  said  to  have  treacherously  made  known  to 
many  penons  that  they  had  ascertained  that  the 
king  and  prince  would  shortly  dac^  "  to  the  tntcat 
that  the  cordial  love  of  the  people  might  be  with- 
drawn from  the  kin^  and  tte  kin^  by  kaowledge 
of  the  same,  would  oe  saddened  tbcfcby,  so  that 
his  Ufe  would  be  thereby  shortened."    Burdett « r 


further  charged  with  '*  oispersmg  and  disarminah. » 
divers  seditious  and  treasonable  bills  and  writine^ 
rhymes,  and  biiMp«<«^  containing  cam^Jmnts.  sedi- 
tions, and  treasonable  arguments.**    Ibn  pnso 


were  tried  and  found  guiky  by  a  t. 
sion,  July  19,  Z477,  and  Burdett  and  Stacv  ^*^ 
the  next  day  executed  at  Tyburn,  but  Bhike  ob- 
tained  a  pardon,  at  the  interoesnoa  cf  the  buhop 
of  Norwich  Games  (yoldwellX  , 

«  This  proceeding  fiimisfaed  a  modd  ""^  ^ 
inlouitous  course  pursued  by  Ein|Won  aad  Duoky 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  Vll. 

^  See  A.D.  Z47S. 


A.D.  1480 — 1483.] 


EDWARD  IV. 


25s 


duke  of  Gloucester  makes  an  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  on  Berwick. 

A.D.  1481. 

The  English  fleet  sails  into  the  Frith 
of  Forth,  hut  effects  little. 

The  English  and  Scottish  armies 
face  each  other  for  a  considerable 
time  on  the  borders,  and  then  with- 
draw without  a  battle. 

A.D.  1482. 

The  duke  of  Albany  comes  from 
France,  st^es  himself  king  of  Scot- 
land %  and  by  treaties  (dated  at  Fo- 
theringay,  June  10  and  ii,)  engages 
to  hold  the  kingdom  of  Scotland  as 
a  fief  of  England,  to  break  off  all 
alliances  with  France,  to  surrender 
Berwick  and  the  frontier  districts 
of  Annandale,  Kskdale  and  liddis- 
dale,  and  to  marry  Cicdy,  Edward's 
daughter'. 

Berwick  is  invested  by  the  dukes  of 
Gloucester  and  Albany,  m  July. 

James  of  Scotland  raises  an  army, 
and  marches  towards  the  border.    Ar- 


chibald, earl  of  Angus,  seizes  the  royal 
favourites  and  hangs  them  *,  when  the 
king  is  carried  a  prisoner  to  Edin- 
burgh, and  his  army  disbands  itself. 

The  dukes  leave  the  siege  of  Ber- 
wick, and  capture  Edinburgh. 

The  king  and  Albany  are  apparently 
recoadled,  and  the  English  army  re- 
tires, eaiiy  in  August. 

Berwick  is  captured  by  the  duke  of 
C3oucester. 

A.D.  1483. 

Louis  XI.  of  France  breaks  off 
a  marriage  contract  which  had  been 
formed  between  his  son  and  the  king's 
daughter  Elizabeth.  Edward,  in  con- 
sequence, prepares  far  war. 

Hie  duke  of  Albany  renews  his 
alliance  with  the  Ei^^lish,  by  treaty 
dated  Feb.  11. 

An  act  passed  conferring  many  im- 
portant trading  privileges  on  the  town 
of  Berwick',  [22  Edw.  IV.  c  8]. 

Edward  dies,  April  9.  He  is  buried 
in  St.  George's  chapel,  Windsor,  April 
19,  his  nephew,  the  earl  of  Lincoln, 
attending  as  chief  mourner  ' 


Iqit 


Events  in  General  History. 


Cibraltar  taken  from  the  Moors  by 

the  Spaniards ....     1462 

The  Teatcnic  Knights  become  feuda- 
tories of  Poland      .  1466 

The  PortngBCse  make  conquests  in 

Bazbaiy 147' 

Cyprus  oonquered  by  the  Venetians     1475 


Ivan  III.,  grand  duke  of  Moscow, 
throws  off  his  dependence  on 
the  Mongols    ....     1477 

The  Turks  invade  Italy,  and  take 

Otranto 1480 

Otranto  recovered  by  a  league  of 

the  Italian  States    .         .        .1481 


«  Hie  dedaxed  the  king  to  be  illegitiinate. 

*  Tlris  prhicess,  then  aged  13,  was  already  en- 
'^leed  tD  his  nephew,  jirince  James :  and  he  hnn- 
"cit  bad  two  wives  (one.  the  daughter  of  the  earl 
of  Oifaiey,  he  had  ataadoDed)  living,  and  a  family 
breM& 

*  Their  naaies  ha^e  been  pivsenred :  Cochrane, 
.11  architect,  Rogers,  a  musician,  Preston,  Hommel, 
ladtSut,  and  Leonard,  whose  occupadons  do  not 


appear.  The  only  geademan,  John  Ramsay,  was 
spared. 

'  The  trade  with  Soodand  b  ordered  to  be  shared 
between  CarUsle  and  Befwick,  and  the  burgesses 
of  the  latter  town  are  to  have,  exchisiv«ly,  the  farm 
of  the  salmcm  fishiogs  in  the  Tweed,  and  the  trade 
in  the  fish. 

*  This  circumstance  is  worthy  of  remark,  u  shew- 
ing the  approaching  fiJl  of  the  woodvilles. 


Great  Seal  of  Bdvard  Y. 


EDWARD  V. 


Edward,  the  fourth  child  but  eldest 
son  of  Edward  IV.,  was  bom  in  the 


Aims  and  Sapporten  of  Edward  y>. 

Sanctuary  at  Westminster,  during  his 
father's  brief  exile,  Nov.  4,  1470.  He 
was  soon  after  created  prince  of  Wales, 
and  in  1479  also  earl  of  Pembroke ;  in 
1482  he  was  sent  to  keep  a  mimic 


court  at  Ludlow,  in  the  Welsh  marches, 
being  under  the  guardianship  of  An- 
thony Woodville  earl  Rivers,  his  ma- 
ternal uncle,  and  attended  by  his 
half-brother  Sir  Richard  Grey,  Sir 
Thomas  Vaughan,  and  others  of  the 
Woodville  party.  The  death  of  his 
father  on  the  9tn  of  April,  1483,  called 
him  to  the  throne,  but  after  a  mere 
nominal  possession  of  less  than  three 
months  \  he  and  his  brother,  Richard 
duke  of  York,  both  disappeared,  and 
nothing  is  known  as  to  their  fate. 


A.D.  1483. 

Edward  is  proclaimed  king,  April  9. 

The  queen-mother  endeavours  to  ob- 
tain the  regency,  but  is  foiled  by  the 
union  of  the  dukes  of  Gloucester  and 


•  Used  also  in  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  IV. 

^  According  to  a  memorandum  in  the  Red  Book 
of  the  Exchequer,  his  reign  *'  ceased"  on  June  33, 


the  day  that  had  been  api>ointed  for  his  corooation, 
and  the  same  on  which  his  unde's  claim  was  pub- 
licly brought  forward ;  from  that  day  to  the  36th  01 
June  was  an  interregnum. 


A.D.  1483.] 


EDWARD  V. 


257 


Buckingham^  Lord*  Hastings ',  and 
others,  who  resolve  to  depress  the 
WoodviUes. 

The  young  king,  being  sent  for  to 
London,  is  met  at  Stony  Stratford 
by  the  dukes  of  Gloucester  and  Buck- 
ingham, April  30.  They  seize  Rivers, 
Grey,Vaughan,  and  Haute  ^  and  send 
them  prisoners  to  the  north,  and  bring 
Edward  to  London,  where  he  arrives 
May  4. 

The  queen-mother  takes  sanctuary 
at  Westminster,  with  the  duke  of  York 
and  her  daughters*.  May  i. 

The  duke  of  Gloucester  is  appointed 
by  a  great  council  of  prelates,  nobles, 
and  doief  citizens,  protector  of  the  king 
and  kingdom '. 

The  duke  of  Buckingham  is  ap- 
pointed chief  justice,  chamberlain,  se- 
neschal and  receiver  of  Wales,  and 
constable  of  ''all  the  king's  castles" 
there,  May  i6». 

The  protector  issues  proclamations 
appointmg  June  22  for  tne  coronation 
ofthevoung  king. 

Lord  Hastings  is  seized  while  at  the 
council-board  in  the  Tower,  and  be- 


headed, June  13  ^  The  Woodville 
prisoners  are  executed  at  Pomfret 
shortly  after. 

The  queen  allows  the  duke  of  York 
to  leave  the  Sanctuary  and  join  his 
brother  in  the  Tower. 

Ralph  Shaw*,  a  popular  preacher, 
sets  forth  the  Protector's  claim  to  the 
throne,  in  a  sermon  at  Paul's  Cross, 
Sunday,  June  22. 

The  duke  of  Buckingham  makes 
a  speech  to  the  like  effect  at  the 
Guildhall,  Tuesday,  June  24. 

''The  lords  spiritual  and  temporal, 
and  the  conmions  of  the  land,"  wait 
on  the  Protector  at  Baynard's  Castle, 
June  25,  with  a  "bill  of  petition, 
wherein  his  sure  and  true  title"  to 
the  throne  "  is  evidently  shewed." 

The  duke  accepts  the  offer,  and,  the 
next  day,  repairs  to  Westminster  Hall, 
where  certain  deputies,  in  the  name  of 
the  nobles  and  people  of  the  north, 
present  a  petition  to  the  assembly, 
desiring  that  he  may  take  the  office 
and  tide  of  king :  "  the  children  of 
Edward  IV.  being  illegitimate,  those 
of  the  duke  of  Claurence  attainted,  and 


•  waUam,  lord  Hastings,  wss  the  bod  of  Leooaxd 
Hattings,  a  fiiTOurite  esquire  of  Richard,  duke  of 


Anns  of  Lort  Haikinfi. 

YoriL  who  thimiffh  the  duke's  influence  obtained 
the  aheriffdom  ofWanrick  and  Leicester.  The  son 
•ss  equally  Csvouied  by  Edward  IV.,  received 
*■  Wgc  share  of  the  Lancastrian  forfeitures,  was 
employed  on  embassies,  held  the  posts  of  master 
of  the  nunt,  captain  of  CabtSj  constable  of  many 
other  castles,  and  chamberlam.  He  was,  how- 
ever, on  bad  terms  with  the  WoodviUes,  although 
nsde  by  the  queen  guardian  of  her  son  Thomas, 
ud  hence  he  readily  johied  with  Richard,  duke 
of  QoQcester,  against  them.  From  some  cause 
vhidi  has  never  been  dearly  ascertained,  Hastings 
^sciaed  at  the  council  board,  bv  order  of  the 
protector,  and  immediately  beheaded  in  the  Tower, 
Joae  13, 1^3.  He  left,  by  his  wife  Katherine,  the 
Jljdow  of  Lord  Bonville  and  sbter  of  the  earl  of 
"'vwick,  a  son^  Edward,  who  succeeded  him, 
aad  became,  in  nght  of  his  wife.  Lord  Hungerford, 
sod  whose  son  was  created  by  Henry  VIII.  airi 
of  Hotttiagdon. 

*  Commooly,  but  wnmgly,  called  Hawes.    He 
was  a  kinanaa  of  the  WoodviUes. 


•  Her  brother  Sir  Richard  WoodviUe,  and  her 
son  the  marquis  of  Dorset,  attempted  to  seise  on 
the  Tower,  and  to  raise  a  fleet,  but  failed ;  they 
remained  concealed  untU  Buddni^iam's  rebellion, 
in  which  they  took  part. 

f  The  day  is  uncertain :  the  first  public  document 
now  known  in  which  he  is  styled  Protector  is  dated 
May  14. 

f  These  grants  nve  him  power  to  iqypoint  all 
the  officers  heretOTore  «>pomted  by  the  crown, 
and  to  survey  and  array  the  population. 

^  The  archbishop  of  York  fThomas  Scott  or 
Rotherham)  smd  the  bishop  of  Ely  (John  Morton) 
were  also  seized.  The  former  was  soon  released. 
Mortm  was  given  shortly  after  into  the  custodv 
of  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  who  was  weak  enough 
to  be  persuaded  by  him  to  take  up  arms.  On 
Bucldn^am's  death  Morton  made  hu  escape  and 
joined  Richmond ;  a  pardon  was  granted  to  him 
by  Richard,  Dec  xx,  1484.  but  he  did  not  return 
untU  Richmond  was  estabUshed  on  the  throne. 
He  became  the  minister  of  Henry  VII.,  to  whom 
he  is  said  to  have  suggested  many  of  his  most 
oppressive  measures,  and  in  1486  ne  was  made 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  which  post  he  died, 
Sept.  15,  X500. 

1  He  was  the  brother  of  the  lord  mayor  of  Lon- 
don (Sir  Edmund  Shaw).  Taking  for  his  text 
a  passai;e  from  the  book  of  Wisdom  Cvr.  3),  "The 
multiplyuig  brood  of  the  ungodly  shall  not  thrive, 
nor  take  <Mep  rootine  from  bastard  sUps,  nor  lay 
any  fisst  foundation/' he  dwelt  on  the  afleged  mar- 
riage of  Edward  IV.  to  Lady  Butler,  whidi  if  true 
rendered  the  young  Edwud,  his  brothers  and 
sisters,  Ulegitimate,  but  it  is  mcredible  that  he 
also  asserted  that  Edward  and  Clarence  were 
base-bom :  the  Protector  surely  would  not  thus 
defame  his  own  mother,  who  beside  favoured  his 
claim ;  yet  this  is  the  statement  of  Sir  Thomas 
Moret  who  has  given  form  and  distinctness  to 
the  vague  charges  of  eariier  writers. 


S 


^s8 


THE  PLAMTAGUnrS— YORK. 


[A.D.  1483. 


the  blood  of  Richard,  duke  of  York, 
Temainiii|^  ancorrapt  only  in  the  per- 
son of  Richard,  the  Protector,  duke  of 
Oloucester.* 
The  petition  is  received,  the  Pro- 


tector assumes  the  style  of  Richard 
the  Third,  and  rides  in  state  as  king 
to  St  Paul's,  "  and  was  received  there 
with  great  congratulation  and  acda- 
mation  of  all  the  people  K" 


^  These  are  Richaid's  official  statements,  made  t  to  Edward  V.,  required  some  formal 
rison  of  Calais,  who,  having  taken  an  oath  ■  justify  the  timnsfer  of  their  allcgianoe. 


•<o  the  gairison  c 


Gnat  Baal  tf  BiohttA  nL 


aiC'c'^^ 


RICHARD  III. 


Richard,  the  youligest  sod  of 
,  Wchard  duke  of  York!  was  bom  at 
Fotheringhay  in  1450*. "In  his  eleventh 
\  year  he  was  sent  for  safety  to  Fhuiders, 
oa  the  occasion  of  the  death  of  his 
father,  btrt  was  speedily  recalled  by 
his  lMt)ther  Edward,  to  whose  fortunes 
he  seems  to  have  closely  attached  him- 
self^ accompanying  him  in  his  exile 
in  the  year  1470,  and  recerving  from 
him  in  return  many  important  grants. 
Very  early  in  his  reign  Richard  had 
been  created  duke  of  Gloucester,  and 
he  subsequently  became  constable, 
justiciary  ci  Wales,  and  warden  of 
the  west  marches ;  he  served  under 
his  banner  at  Bamet  and  at  Tewkes- 
bury, went  with  him  to  France,  and 
commanded  an  army  a^inst  Scotland, 
with  which  he  captured  both  Berwick 
and  Edinburgh. 

When  Edward  IV.  fied  the  duke  of 
Gloucester  was  in  the  north,  but  as  he, 
like  his  late  brother  Qarence,  had 


a  long-standing  quarrel  with  the  Wood- 
villes,  he  mardied  southward,  took  his 
nephew  out  of  their  hands,  and  es- 
corted him  to  London,  sending  earl 
Rivers,  Sir  Thomas  Gray,  Vaoghan 
and  Haute,  his  chief  attendants,  ta 
Sheriff  Hutton  and  other  castles  In 
Yorkshire.  He  was  accompamed  by 
a  large  body  of  troops  who  had  served 
under  him  in  the  north,  and  was 
speedily  declared  Protector  of  the 
langdom,  the  queen-mother  having 
in  Uie  mean  time  retired  to  the  Sanc- 
tuary at  Westminster,  with  her  young- 
est son  and  her  five  daughters. 

So  far  Richard  seems  to  have  been 
supported  by  numerous  parties  whose 
only  bond  of  union  was  dislike  of  the 
Woodvilles ;  these  were  now  helpless, 
and  the  confederates  quarrelled;  but 
the  real  course  of  events  in  the  months 
of  May  and  June,  1483,  has  never  yet 
been  ascertained.  We  only  knorw  that 
Hastings  one  of  the  chief  opponents 


**  Ob  tfie  fcMt  of  the  Elervn  Thouaand  Virgins,"  O-e.  Sc  Ursula,  October  n,)  accorduv  to  Roof. 

S2 


26o 


THE  PLANTAGENETS — ^YORK. 


of  the  Woodvilles,  was  executed,  ap- 
parently on  the  spur  of  the  moment, 
in  the  Tower  :  that,  shortly  after,  earl 
Rivers  and  his  friends  were  put  to 
death  at  Pomfret**,  and  that  between 
these  two  events  the  young  duke  of 
York  was  withdrawn  from  the  Sanc- 
tuary (whether  by  force  or  fraud  is  an 
open  question),  and  joined  his  brother 
in  the  Tower;  neither  was  publicly 
seen  after,  and  nothing  is  known, 
though  much  has  been  plausibly  con- 
jectured, as  to  what  became  of  them '. 

Whilst  these  events  were  in  pro- 
gress Richard  had  brought  forward 
a  claim  to  the  crown,  (founded  on 
an  alleged  pre-contract  of  marriage  of 
Edward  IV.  which  rendered  his  union 
with  "dame  Elizabeth  Gray"  invalid, 
and  the  attainder  of  his  brother  Cla- 
rence,) which  appeared  satisfactory  to 
the  parliament;  he  was  in  conse- 
quence received  as  king,  June  26,  and 
.vas  crowned  with  much  pomp  and 
a  larger  concourse  than  ordinary  of 
the  nobility**,  July  6. 

Richard  made  a  progress  through 
the  coimtry,  and  knighted  his  son  with 
much  ceremony  at  York,  Sept  8.  This 
Avas  hardly  concluded  when  the  duke 
of  Buckingham,  many  of  the  old  Lan- 
castrians, and  some  of  the  Wood- 
villes  combined  against  him,  but  were 
speedily  crushed;  the  earl  of  Rich- 
mond, in  concert  with  them,  attempted 
an  invasion,  but  his  fleet  was  dispersed 
by  bad  weather.  Richard  visited  the 
disturbed  districts,  and  on  his  return 
took  vigorous  measures  to  guard  the 
coast 

In  the  parliament  which  met  early 
in  1484,  several  statutes  were  passed, 
mainly  directed  against  abuses  in  the 
administration  of  justice  ;  some  laws 


also  were  enacted  for  the  protection  of 
traders  and  the  extension  of  commerce. 
The  same  assembly  declared  the  mar- 
riage of  Edward  IV.  and  his  queen 
a  nullity,  and  revoked  all  grants  made 
to  her,  thus  rendering  her  totally  de- 
pendent on  Richard,  who  induced  her 
to  leave  the  Sanctuary,  by  the  promise 
of  a  suitable  maintenance  for  herself 
and  daughters ;  it  also  took  an  oath' 
to  support  the  right  of  Richard's  son  to 
the  throne.  This  arrangement  was  foiled 
by  the  young  prince's  death  soon  after, 
and  then  Richard's  nephew,  John  earl 
of  Lincoln,  was  recognised  as  his  heir. 
The  king,  however,  felt  his  throne 
perpetually  endangered  by  the  hos- 
tility of  the  Lancastrian  exiles,  and 
endeavoured,  but  without  success,  to 
get  their  chiefs  into  his  power.  He 
made  a  truce  with  Scotland,  and 
knowing  that  a  plan  was  on  foot  for 
a  marriage  between  Henry  earl  of 
Richmond  and  Elizabeth  of  York, 
he  laboured  to  thwart  it  by  offering 
to  marry  her  himself,  a  proposal  to 
which,  strange  as  it  may  appear,  both 
she  and  her  mother  seem  to  have 
agreed*.  But  before  anything  could 
be  done,  Richmond  landed  in  Wales, 
and  penetrated  without  opposition  to 
the  centre  of  England,  with  the  secret 
concurrence  of  many  who  professed 
to  adhere  to  Richard  One  decisive 
battle  took  place  at  Bosworth,  in 
Leicestershire,  and  there,  through  the 
desertion  of  Stanley  and  others,  the 
king  lost  both  his  crown  and  his  life', 
on  the  22nd  of  August,  1485.  His 
body,  which  was  foimd  covered  with 
wounds  on  the  field,  was  carelessly 
thrown  across  a  horse,  and  carried 
into  Leicester,  where  it  was  interred 
in  the  Grey  Friars  monastery  ». 


>*  They  were  not  executed  on  the  same  day, 
as  is  commonly  stated.  Hastings  was  put  to 
death  June  13,  and  Rivers  made  his  will  June 
23 ;  he  u  beheved  to  have  been  beheaded  June 
25  or  a6. 

•  The  most  received  theory  is,  that  the  fewo 
children  were  murdered  by  Richard ;  another,  that 
they  were  only  imprisoned  by  him,  and  that  their 
mother  contrived  the  escape  of  one  or  both  iirom 
the  Tower,  in  the  interval  between  Richard's  death 
and  the  entry  of  Henry  VII.  mto  London ;  if  true, 
this  would  account  for  Henry's  harsh  treatment  of 
her  and  her  son,  the  marquis  of  Dorset 

'  Thirty-five  peers  attended  it,  being  neariy  the 
whole  of  the  body,  so  much  had  it  been  reduced 
by  the  wars  and  attainders.  His  mother  was  pre- 
sent, and  Margaret,  countess  of  Richmond  (the 
mother  of  Henry  VII.)  bore  the  train  of  his  queen. 

*  A  strong  presumpuon  arises  from  this  that  their 


nearest  relatives  did  not  bdieve  Richard  to  be  the 
murderer  of  his  nephews. 

f  The  duke  of  Norfolk,  Lord  Ferrets,  Sir  Robert 
Brakenbury,  were  killed ;  and  his  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  William  Catesby,  taken  and  beheaded 
Catesby  is  mentioned  in  a  Lancastrian  distich  as 
one  of  Richard's  principal  councillors : — 

"The  Cat,  the  Rat,  and  LoveL  that  dqg. 
Rule  all  England  under  the  Hog." 

The  Rat  is  either  Sir  Richard  or  Robert  Ratdiff 
fboth  devoted  partisans,  and  the  rcdpients  of  giants 
trom  the  crown).  Either  Lovel  was  particulariy 
obnoxious,  as  the  son  of  a  Lancastrian :  or  the  ex- 
pression ^'that  dog"  may  be  an  allusion  to  his 
crest,  a  talbot  passant 

'  A  mean  tomb  was  erected  over  his  remains  by 
Henry  VII.  at  a  cost,  as  appears  from  his  Privy 
Purse  Accounts,  of  ;^io  u.    At  the  suppressioa  of 


RICHARD  III. 


26t 


Richard  married,  after  much  oppo- 
sition from  his  brother  Clarence*, 
Anne,  the  second  daughter  of  the  earl 
of  Warwick,  and  widow  of  Prince  Ed- 
ward. She  died,  after  a  lingering  ill- 
ness, March  i6,  1485,  and  was  buried 
in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Their  only  child,  Edward,  bom  at 
-Middleham,  in  Yorkshire,  in  1473,  was 
by  Edward  IV.  created  earl  of  Salis- 
bury in  1477,  and  in  the  first  year  of 
Richard's  reign,  prince  of  Wales  and 
carl  of  Chester,  and  appointed  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Ireland.  He  died  April 
9,1484. 

Richard  had  a  natural  daughter, 
Katherine,  who  married  William  Her- 
bert, earl  of  Huntingdon',  but  is  be- 
lieved to  have  died  shortly  after.  Two 
nAural  sons  are  also  ascribed  to  him, 
and  a  tale  has  been  told  of  one  of  them 
living  in  Kent  to  the  time  of  Edward 
VI.  (1550),  and  following  for  safety  the 
craft  of  a  bricklayer,  but  its  truth  is 
very  doubtful 


The  royal  arms  remained  the  same 
as  in  the  time  of  Edward  IV.,  but 
Richard  adopted  different  supporters  : 
sometimes  a  lion  and  a  boar,  some- 


Arms  of  Richard  UL 

times  two  white  boars'".  Beside  the 
badges  of  his  house,  the  sun  in  splen- 
dour, and  the  white  rose,  which  he 
bore  sometimes  separately,  at  others 
one  within  the  other,  he  had  a  singular 
cognizance  of  a  falcon  with  a  virgin's 
face  holding  a  white  rose. 


Badgwof&ioliardlll. 


The  character  by  which  Richard  III. 
is  popularly  known  was  drawn  in  the 
first  instance  by  two  or  three  writers 
who  lived  in  the  time  of  his  victori- 
ous opponent*  ;  but  their  glaringly 
prejudiced  statements'"  having  been 
adopted  and  embellished  by  the  talents 
of  Sir  Thomas  More,  Lord  Bacon, 
and  Shakspeare,  have  thus  gained 
a  place  in  received  history,  and  have 
caused  him  to  be  generally  regarded 
rather  as  a  monster  than  a  man.  The 
Public  Statutes  and  Records  of  his 
reign,  however,  exhibit  him  in  a  very 
different  light.  It  may  also  be  re- 
inarked,  that  the  crimes  laid  to  his 


charge  are  not,  in  any  one  instance, 
supported  by  really  conclusive  evi- 
dence ;  while  it  is  certain  that  his 
succession  to  the  throne  was  agree- 
able to  the  main  body  of  the  na- 
tion, which  seems  to  have  imitated, 
the  example  of  Saxon  times",  in  pre- 
ferring the  rule  of  a  man  skilled  in 
arms  and  government  to  the  dangers 
of  a  long  minority.  His  enemies  are 
obliged  to  confess  that  he  swayed  the 
sceptre  with  vigour  and  ability,  and 
that  wise  and  equitable  laws  were  en- 
acted by  his  parliament ;  they  also 
allow  him  military  skill  and  courage*" ; 
and  it  is  now  well  understood  that  his 


the  monasto^,  this  was  destroyed,  and  Richard's 
*tooe  coflSn  is  said  to  have  long  after  served  as 
a  hone-trough  at  an  inn  in  the  town. 
JS«eA.D.  1473. 

rhe  son  of  the  earl  of  Pembroke,  who  was 
taken  and  beheaded  at  Edgecotc  in  1469. 

Hence  "  the  Hog,"  in  the  couplet, 
p.  ^Mse  are,  the  anonymous  continuer  of  the 
^"•njde  of  Croyland;  John  Rous,  a  priest  of 
Warwick;  and  Robert  Fabian,  a  London  alder- 
"*n««iaty  annalist 

■  We  give  as  a  specimen  a  few  lines  from  Rous, 
wftich  contain  the  chiaf  charges :  "  Gloucester  ob- 


tained, or  rather  invented,  the  title  of  Protector. 
....  He  received  his  master,  Edward,  with  kisses 
and  fiiwning  caresses,  and  in  three  months  mur- 
dered him  and  his  brother,  poisoned  his  own  Mrife, 
and,  what  was  most  detestable  both  to  God  and  the 
English  nation,  slew  the  sanctified  Henry  VI." 

■  Ethelred  and  Alfred  the  Great  both  became 
kings,  to  the  prejudice  of  their  nephews,  owing  to 
the  duturbed  state  of  the  nation.    See  pp.  ^3,  44- 

•  It  is,  however,  done  reluctantly:  ''If  1  may 
venture  to  speak  anything  to  his  honour,"  says 
Rous,  "  though  he  was  a  Utile  man,  he  was  a  noble 
and  valiant  soldier." 


s62 


THE  PLANTAOENKTS — ^YORK. 


[a,d.  1483 


€dl  -WBS  caused,  not  by  hatred  of  his 
Climes  among  the  ancient  friends  of 
bis  House,  but  by  the  arms  of  his  and 
iMr  hereditary  foes  rendered  triumph- 
ant by  the  treachery  of  such  men  as 
Stanley  and  Northimiberland,  who 
held  most  in^itaoit  offices  under 
him^ 

Brief  and  troabfed  as  was  the  period 
of  Richanfs  ruk^  several  matters 
-whidi  date  from  it,  mrc  justly  consi- 
dered of  great  in^xHtance  at  the  pre- 
sent day.  The  statutes  of  his  parlia- 
ment are  the  first  diat  were  drawn  up 
in  the  English  language,  as  they  were 
also  the  mst  that  were  printea ;  the 
office  of  consul,  so  necessary  to  the 
interest  of  merchants  and  travellers 
abroad,  was  established  by  him  « ;  and 
that  great  engine  of  modem  conveni- 
ence, the  post-office,  is  based  on  a  sys- 
tem of  couxio^  established  by  him  for 
the  rapid  transmission  of  intdligence 
during  his  campzdgns  in  Scodemd  in 
148 1  and  1482. 

The  Public  Statutes  of  Richard's 
reign  may  perhaps  not  be  r^;arded  as 
conclusive  evidence  of  his  personal 
character ;  but  numerous  entries  on  his 
Patent  RoDs  incficate  with  certainty 
that  he  has,  in  many  most  important 
particulars,  been  unjustly  treated  by 
nistorians  in  general  They  prove 
liim',  like  monarchs  of  very  dirorent 
reputation,  to  have  granted  numerous 
p^ons  to  his  opponents^,  and  to  have 


been  lenient  in  his  treatment  of  dieir 
families';  lavish  in  his  own  giants', 
and  r^ardf ul  of  those  of  his  predeces- 
sors*; vigilant  in  providing  for  the  de- 
fence of  his  shores,  and  the  improve- 
ment of  his  ports'  ;  anxious  to  rqness 
piracy^  and  ready  to  compensate  the 
sufferers' ;  desirous  to  encourage  trade 
by  affording  protection  to  merchants 
and  foreigners",  of  which  diey  must 
have  been  fully  sensible,  judging  from 
the  numerous  denizations  recoxded; 
|[uarding  the  purchaser  against  frauds* 
m  the  wool  manufacture,  and  also  pro- 
tecting the  workman  by  directing  his 
payment  to  be  made  m  ^  ready  lavful 
money ''.'  In  his  private  character  he 
appears  grateful  for  services  tendered 
to  nis  House  ^in  prosperity  and  ad- 
versity" f  mindful  'of  old  senranft", 
and  willing  to  lessen  his  own  revenne 
to  benefit  Bdthful  towns  ^,  or  xelieve 
distress^*.  He  devoted  deodands  and 
forfeitures  to  charity^ ;  liberated  his 
bondmen  '* ;  founded  a  collegiate 
church,  and  several  chantries  ^ ;  be- 
stowed liberal  alms  on  various  reli- 
gious bodies";  and  was  a  benefactor 
to  a  college  in  each  University". 

A^.  1483. 

Richard  assumes  the  crown,  June  26. 
He  is  crowned,  with  his  queen,  at 
Westminster,  Jolyfi.  • 

John  Howard,  lord  Howard*,  is 
created  duke  of  Norfolk,  June  28. 


V  Stanley  was  lugh  constable,  and  Northamber- 
fand  jgnat  cbamberjain  as  well  as  iraxden  of  ihc 
Scottish  maichea.  BothhadxiBcdvedpoittoDsafthe 
foifghed  estates  of  Buckingham,  and  both  had  ac- 
~  ptod  their  high  offices  I002  sAier  the  alleged  deaths 

the  ^ouag  prince^  which  gi««s  rise  to  the  ques- 


tion, did  they  befieve  the  tale  to  be  untrue,  or  wei« 
they  the  wiffing  i«enu  of  a  nmidererr 
.4  The  English  merchants  afanmd  had  bdcre  his 
time  diosen  one  of  their  r^imiypr  governor,  but 
Richard  first  made  him  an  officer  of  the  state. 
l«raiao  StRMod,  of  Florance,  was  in  1485  ap- 
pointed consul  and  president  of  the  English  mer- 
^lants  in  Italy  by  patent  firam  the  king. 

'  See  Note,  p.  265. 

■  Land  Howard  was  the  gxandaon  of  Hinaas 


liBu  Of  Edvaxd,  duke  of  Vorftflk. 


Mowbray,  the  first  duke  of  NorfoHc.  who  was 
hamshed  Inr  Ridiazd  IL  He  hdd&e  offioe  of 
sheriff  of  NoK&lk,  went  to  Gasoony  with  Talbot, 
and  was  jiresent  at  the  hatde  of  f>e»n?«».  He 
aftenrards  nerved  principally  at  oca,  at  one  time 
'  the  coast  of  Britaaay^ji^  ttMk  the  toim 


Bitto.  wltai  the 


ofConquet.  Hewasmudi&vouredbyEdwardlV., 
who  made  him  treasurer  of  the  houMhdbl,  em- 
ployed him  on  embassies,  and  appointed  hhn  cap 
tain.^:eneral  at  sea  in  1478.  He  became  dqiuty  of 
Calais,  constable  of  the  Tower,  and  afterwards  was 
admiral  of  the  fleet  which  acconqauned  the  duke 
of  Gloucester's  invasion  of  Scotland  in  xffia.  By 
Richard  III.  he  was  made  eari-ouoshal,  and  ad- 
miral for  life,  beside  receiving  most  liberal  gianu 


A.D.  1483,  1484.] 


RICHAIO)  III. 


265 


Norfolk  isy  on  the  same  day,  ap- 
pointed earl-marshal  ^ 

The  duke  of  Buckingham  receives 
the  appointment  of  constable  of  Eng- 
land, and  a  confirmation  and  extension 
of  his  former  grants*,  July  15. 

Edward,  prince  of  Wales,  appointed 
lozd-lieutenant  of  Ireland  for  three 
years,  July  19. 

The  treason  of  the  duke  of  Albany^ 
being  discovered,  he  flees  into  Eng- 
land, having  first  surrendered  his  cas- 
tle of  Dunbar  to  the  English*. 

Richard  makes  a  prcx^ress  through 
the  country,  visiting  Oxford,  Glouces- 
ter, Coventry,  and  arriving  at  York, 
knights  his  son  there  withgreat  pomp  % 

Plots  are  farmed  against  him,  in 
which  his  former  partisan,  the  duke  of 
Buckingham,  joins'. 

The  malcontents  take  arms  in  vari- 
ous quarters*,  on  the  same  day,  OcL  1 8. 
Ridiard  returns  southward,  issues  a 
proclamation  from  Leicester,  Oct.  23, 
offering  a  firee  pardon  to  the  conmion 
people,  and  large  sums  for  the  appre- 
hension of  the  leaders. 

Buckingham,  being  prevented  by  a 
flood  in  the  Severn  from  joining  his 
confederates,  seeks  shelter  with  one  of 
his  dependants,  but  is  betrayed  by 
bim,  carried  to  Salisbury,  and  there 


beheaded,  Nov.  2.  The  other  mal- 
contents disperse,  some  finding  refuge 
in  sanctuaries^  others  repairing  to 
Britanny*. 

The  earl  of  Richmond  attempts  a 
landing  near  Poole,  in  Dorsetshire,  in 
Octobo* ;  but  his  fleet  being  dispersed 
by  a  storm,  he  is  obliged  to  retire  to 
Normandy,  where  he  gains  the  protec- 
tion of  the  Lady  of  Beaujeu,  the  regent 
of  France. 

Richard  proceeds  through  the  west 
of  England,  punishing  some  of  the  in- 
surgents ^  but  pardoning  the  greater 
number,  and  returning  to  London  at 
Christmas,  is  received  with  great  re- 
joicings. 

AJ>.  1484. 

A  parliament  hdd  at  Westminster,. 
Jan.  23,  when  several  valuable  statutes 
are  enacted,  i.  An  act  forbidding 
secret  feoffinents  [i  Rich.  III.  c  i] ;. 

2.  forbidding  benevolences  %  (c.  2)  ; 

3.  allowing  bail  in  accusations  of  fe- 
lony, and  forbidding  the  seizure  of 
persons'  goods  before  conviction,  (c 
4) ;  4.  remedying  the  abuse  of  insuf- 
ficient jurors,  (c  6)  ;  5.  regulating  the 
conduct  of  aliens'^,  (c.  9}.  Another 
aot  aimulled  all  letters  tiatent  granted 
to  ^Elizabeth,  late  wife  of  Sir  John 
Gray","  (c  15);  and  by  another  the 


he  rteadfl^  adhocd  to  hon« 
and  WIS  kDkd  in  Ids  qtiazre!  at  Bosworth-fidd, 
Aag.  9»,  1485.  His  son,  Thomas,  who  had  been 
ssqiiire  of  Edward  IV.,  was  created  eail  of  Sur- 
rey on  the  same  day  that  the  father  was  made 
a  duke ;  and  he  also  fought  at  Bosworth.  He  suf- 
fered a  hmg  imprisonment  in  the  Tower,  but  at 
length  had  the  title  of  earl  of  Surrey,  and  a  por- 
tion of  lus  estates,  restored  to  him  by  Henry  vll. 
He  was  repeatedly  employed  against  the  Scots, 
and  fuaei  the  vktonr  of  Flodoen,  by  which  he 
obtained  an  honourable  augmentation  to  Us  arms ; 
hb  sons  abo  distinguished  themselves  both  by  sea 
and  land.  In  consequence  he  had  his  dukedom  and 
iheeart  manhnlship restored  in  15x4,  was  made  lord 
titanrer  and  knight  of  the  Garter.  Hedied  inx594. 

*His  fee  was  to  be  £90  annually  from  the  fee- 
wtt  of  Ipswich.  He  had  a  grant  of  a  great  number 
of  aiaon  and  lordships,  i^uding  raley  Castle, 
JNy  ti,  om  which  day  he  was  appoinced  admiral 
of  England,  Ireland,  and  Aquitaine. 

"See^asy.  'See  pi  955. 

*Itwatnoo««redby«li»Soaia  in  thaaamBer 
cfiJk. 

*  The  caeaiuny  is  snmftinws  spoken  of  as  a  ae- 
CMdomeoMtioB,  but  this  is  an  error. 

'  Buckingham  considered  that  he  had  a  daim  to 
«f  CKrnn  as  the  dcsrrndawt  of  Thomas,  duke  of 
^jouoesler:  btt  his  crafty  prisoner,  the  bishop  of 
f*J,»n  beliefcd  lo  haive  Inred  him  to  his  min.  by 
rhim  to  deaund  the  bads  of  the  earidom  of 


RorfDnl,  whidi  had  belonged  to  his  great  grand- 
^wer,  bat  had  been  amwircd  to  the  crown  ever 
uacetheacceasioaofHearylV.  Richard  rdiised 
uii»  and  Buckingham  took  op  arms,  but  being 


a  man  posicsMd  of  neith»  coangc  nor  coaduct, 
utterly  tailed  in  his  enterprise, 

■  Buckingham  raised  brces  in  Wales ;  die  marr 
quis  of  Dorset,  the  bishop  of  Exeter  (Peter  Courte- 
ney),  and  others,  in  Devonshire ;  Sir  Richard 
Wooidville,  and  his  brother  the  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
in  Wiltshire ;  Sir  John  Fosxe  and  Sir  Geoise 
Browne,  in  Kent ;  and  Sir  WSBam  Norris  in  Berk- 
shire. 

•  The  three  bishops  of  Ely,  Exeter,  and  Salis- 
bury were  among  the  latter  number.  The  bishop- 
of  Salisbury  (Lu>nel  Woodville,  brother  of  Ed- 
ward's queen,)  died  about  a  year  afker  in  exile,  but 
the  others  survived  Richard,  and  then  returned  to 
their  sees. 

b  One  of  die  parties  execoted  was  Sir  Tfaonas 
St.  L^er,  Richard's  brother-iD4acw ;  he  had  mar- 
ried the  dnchess  of  Exeter,  but  she  was  now 
dead. 

•  The  statnte  slates  that  die  king,  rememberiag 
how  his  subjects  have,  by  new  and  nnkiwfal  m- 
ventions  and  inordinate  covetousncas,  been  obGged 
to  pay  great  sums  of  nKmey.  to  their  ahnost  otter 
destruction,  ordaina^  with  the  consent  of  parlia- 
ment, that  the  exactfnna  called  benevolcaoea  shall 
be  annulled  for  ever. 

•  ImpartcnofbooksorprinteiB,ofasynatMmor 
country,  are  specially  excepted  from  the  restnuMa 
of  this  act  [r  Rich.  III.  c  9].  which  is  an  ianortant 
testimony  to  the  value  afannd^  attached  to  the  then 
newly  invented  art  of  printing.  The  king  was 
a  man  of  liteiary  tastes,  and  in  his  reign  the 
Statutes  were  first  printed. 

•  The  use  of  this  term  for  the  widow  of  the  late 
king,  seems  to  indicate  that  Richard's  pariianMmt 


264 


THE  PLANTAGENETS— YORK.      [a.D.  I484,  148$- 


earl  of  Richmond  was  attainted,  Jan. 
26. 

The  manufacture  of  cloth  regulated 
by  statute',  [i  Rich.  III.  c.  81. 

The  members  of  the  two  nouses  of 
parliament  take  an  oath  to  support 
the  succession  of  Richard's  son  Ed- 
ward to  the  throne,  Feb. 

Both  houses  of  convocation  petition 
the  king  to  relieve  them  from  the  ju- 
risdiction of  the  secular  courts.  He 
complies  by  a  charter  dated  Feb.  23  '. 

The  queen-dowager  is  deprived  of 
her  estates  by  the  parliament.  Richard 
induces  her  to  leave  the  Sanctuary 
at  Westminster,  taking  an  oath  to 
provide  for  her  and  her  daughters, 
March  i. 

The  heralds  and  pursuivants  of  arms 
incorporated  by  charter  \  March  2. 

Richard's  son  dies,  April  9. 

Richard  declares  his  nephew,  John 
de  la  Pole,  earl  of  Lincoln,  his  heir*. 

The  earl  of  Richmond,  apprehensive 
of  being  delivered  up  by  the  duke  of 
Britanny,  seeks  shelter  in  France, 
where  he  is  allowed  to  raise  forces. 

A  three  years*  truce  concluded  with 
Scotland,  Sept.  21,  and  a  marriage 
arranged  between  Prince  James  and 
Anne  de  la  Pole,  Richard's  niece. 

The  duke  of  Albany  invades  Scot- 
land with  a  body  of  English  borderers. 
He  is  defeated  at  Lochmaben,  June22, 
and  flees  to  France  ^ 

The  earl  of  Oxford  corrupts  the  gar- 
rison of  Hanwies,  and  gains  temporary 
possession  of  the  castle '. 


A.D.  1485. 

Richard  raises  money  by  way  of 
"  benevolence,"  which  greatly  impairs 
his  popularity. 

Ricnard's  queen  dies,  March  16. 

He  proposes  to  marry  the  princess 
Elizabeth,  which  is  agreed  to  by  her 
mother. 

The  earl  of  Richmond,  alarmed  at 
this  news  "*,  hastens  his  preparations. 

A  fleet  fitted  out  in  April,  under 
Sir  George  Neville",  to  intercept  the 
Lancastrians. 

Richmond  sails  from  Harfleur, 
Aug.  I ;  evades  Richard's  fleet,  and 
lands  at  Milford  Haven,  Aug.  7. 

Richard  repairs  to  Nottingham,  as 
a  central  station,  where  he  orders  his 
friends  to  join  hun. 

Richmond  advances  through  Wales 
into  Staflbrdshire ;  is  joined  by  Sir 
George  Talbot  and  others,  and  comes 
to  an  understanding  with  Lord  Stan- 
ley". 

The  castle  of  Dunbar  recovered  by 
the  Scots. 

Richard,  on  the  news  of  Richmond's 
approach,  repairs  to  Leicester.  He 
leaves  it,  Aug.  21,  and  encamps  near 
Bosworth. 

The  battle  of  Bosworth,  Aug.  22, 
in  which  Richard,  betrayed  by  Lord 
Stanley  and  the  earl  of  Northumber- 
land ^  is  defeated  and  killed.  His 
body  is  brought  into  Leicester,  and 
buried  in  the  Grey  Friars  monastery, 
Aug.  25. 


Events  in  General  History. 


Civil   war  of  the 
nada 


Mooxs  in  Gra- 


1483 


Ferdinand  of  Aragon  makes  war 

successfully  on  them  .     1485 


were  satisfied  that  their  marriage  was  null  and  void, 
in  which  case  Richard  would  not  be  a  usurper. 

'  Some  of  the  enactments  apoearing  injudidous, 
the  penalties  were  remitted  by  the  king's  proclama- 
tion, Oct.  35,  X484. 

c  This  was  in  imitation  of  what  his  brother 
Edward  had  done  in  the  early  part  of  his  reign. 

^  The  grant  is  made  to  Garter  Hohn  Writhe), 
Clarence,  Morroy,  and  Gloucester,  Icings  of  arms. 
It  confers  on  the  college  the  house  called  Cold 
Arber,  in  the  jnrish  of  Allhallows  the  Less,  Lon- 
don, and  permits  the  purchase  of  lands  to  the  value 
of  ^ao  yearly  for  the  support  of  a  chaplain  to  say 
mass  in  the  bouse  daily. 

^  *  He  also  received  the  appointment  of  lord- 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  which  tne  deceased  prince 
had  held,  Aug.  31. 

^  He  was  shortly  after  killed  there  at  a  touma- 


*  It  was  recovered  in  a  few  da3r8,  when  Oxford 
escaped  and  joined  Richmond,  some  of  the  gar- 


rison accompan3ring  him.  Thomas  Brandon  and 
seventy-three  other  soldiers,  and  Elizabeth,  wife 
of  James  Blount,  supposed  to  have  connived  at 
this,  received  a  pardon,  Jan.  97, 1485. 

"It  had  been  for  some  time  understood  that 
he  was  to  marry  the  princess  himself;  which  he 
afterwards  did. 

■  Neville  received  large  grants  "for 


against  the  rebels,"  Tune  30  and  July  x,  X4ai.  On 
the  triumph  of  the  Lancastrians  he  went  aoraad, 
but  he  received  a  pardon  July  18,  1501.  He  after- 
wards Joined  the  De  la  Poles,  and  is  beltev«d  to 
have  died  in  exile. 

o  Stanley  was  Ridunond's  step-father.  He  hdd 
the  office  of  constable,  and  with  his  son.  Lord 
Strange,  had  obtained  valuable  grants  for  "ser- 
vices against  the  rebels,"  thoui^  ^  ^*s  really 
in  league  with  them. 

9  He,  like  Stanley,  had  received  a  share  c£thc 
forfeited  estates  of  Buckingham. 


RICHARD  III. 


265 


NOTE. 
Character  of  Richard  IIL 


THE  character  ascribed  to  this  prince 
differing  materially  from  that  usually  given, 
it  b  deemed  necessary  to  furnish  references 
to  some  of  the  verv  numerous  documents 
on  the  Patent  Roll  from  which  the  con- 
clusions have  been  drawn.  The  assertions 
and  the  authorities  for  them  are  numbered 
to  correspond. 

1  The  Patent  Rolls  contain  pardons  for  xto 
ijidlviduals :  among  them  apDcar  those  of  Sir  John 
Saintlo,  April  94,  x^&i  [xRich.  III.  pt.  iv.  no. 
6sJ  ;  John  Morton,  tnshop  of  Ely,  Dec  xz,  1484 
(a  Rich.  III.  pt.  iii.  no.  109] :  Sir  Roeer  Tocotes, 
Jan.  37.  1485  upt.  iL  no.  Z05] ;  Sir  Richard  Wood- 
Tillc,  Mar.  30.  X485  [pt.  iii.  no.  8z] ;  pardon  and  re- 
storation of  Kenti^  manors  to  Sir  John  Fo^e,  of 
A&hfordL  Feb.  34.  1485  [pt.  ii.  no.  x^j],  aiid  par- 
don u>  Thomas  Brandon  and  73  other  soldiers  of 
Hammes,  and  EUiabeth,  wife  of  James  Blount, 
Jan.  Tj,  X48S  ^t.  iiL  no.  13] ;  they  had  oonniveu 
at  the  escape  of  the  earl  of  Oxford. 

*  Granu  ^pear  of  ;Cioo  a-year  to  Catherine, 

wife  of  Sir  lliomas  Aximdell,  out  of  his  forfeited 

lands,  Feh  23, 1484  [x  Rich.  III.  pt.  iiL  no.  X47] ; 

'       ~  Margaret,  ---  -    - 


CUIUS,    «■«!*    M^    «^ 

of  a  like  amount  to 
March  xo,  Z4&&  [pt.  v.  no. 
ducness    ' " 


.  countess  of  Oxford, 
.     -I  -  ?3*1  •  ^  **  marks  to 

Kathezine,  dudiess  of  Buckingham,  June  so,  X484 
[pc  tv.  no.  77] :  lands  were  also  assiraed  to  pay  her 
husband's  debts,  [pt.  ii.  no.  ao].  ICatherme,  the 
widow  of  Lord  Hastings,  had  a  gnmt  of  the  cus- 
tody of  his  possessions  and  the  marriage  of  his  son 
and  heir,  Feb.  9, 1^85  [a  Rich.  III.  {H.  ii.  na  xo}. 
Several  manors  which  had  been  forfeited  by  Mar- 
garet, countess  of  Richmond,  were  granted  for  life 
to  her  husband.  Lord  Stanley  [x  Rich.  III.  pL  ii. 
na  Z48 ;  pc  iiL  no.  X85 :  pt.  iv.  no.  13]. 

'  KM^iard's  own  grants  are  too  numerous  to  be 
spcdSed  in  faSL  Biany  were  doubdess  for  ^litical 
purposes,  as  those  to  the  duke  of  Budungham 
[I  Rich.  III.  pL  L  no.  ao,  Ac],  the  earl  of  Mor- 
thumberland  (vfi,  L  no.  m.  Ac],  Lord  Howard, 
6ifterwards  duke  of  Norfolk^)  ^t.  L  no.  6,  Ac], 
Sir  Richard  Ratdiff  [a  Rich.  III.  pL  L  no.  147,  &c.], 
as  well  as  those  to  fames  Metcaif,  Feb.  15,  and  to 
Sir  John  Conyers,  March  4,  X484  [x  Rich.  III.  pL  v, 
DOS.  88  and  X30], "  for  services  in  England  and  Soot- 
land,  and  very  recently,  touching  the  king's  accept- 
ance of  the  crown  :**  or  for  "services  against  tne 
rebek,"  under  which  name  many  manors  were 
granted  to  Lord  Stanley,  and  his  son  Lord  Strange, 
Scpc  X7,  X484  [3  Rich.  III.  pt.  \.  no.  XX3].  State 
reasons  may  also  have  induced  the  grant  of  ;£aoo 
a-year  to  fames,  earl  of  Douglas.  Feb.  xa,  X48^ 
[i  Rich.  in.  pt  v.  no.  55],  but  sucn  motives  could 
not  have  caused 

*  The  6«sh  grant  of  a  penuon  bestowed  by 
Edward  IV.  on  WilUam  Staveley,  who  had  been 
severely  wounded  in  a  sea-fight  when  in  the  com- 
pany of  the  earl  of  Warwick,  some  fivc-and-twenty 
years  before,  Aug.  ax,  148^  [a  Rich.  III.  pt.  1. 
no.  X65]  ;  or  the  continuauon  of  an  aimuity  of 
ao  marks  to  Margaret,  wife  of  John  Barnard, 
which  had  been  granted  to  her  m  X463  by  the 
tame  eail,  Feb.  a6,  x^^  [i  Rich.  III.  pt.  ii. 
no.  73)  ;  or  of  another  of  like  amount  to  a  yeoman 
of  the  crown  under  Edward  IV.,  and  his  wife, 
Feb.  33,  x^8^  [pt.  iii.  no.  49]. 

*  Commissions  were  issued  to  Sir  John  Audeley 
and  others  to  act  for  the  defence  of  the  coast 


against  foreign  invasion,  March  z,  5,  33,  1484 
[x  Rich.  III.  pt  iL  no.  3,  d,  &c].  A  fleiet  was 
raised  and  placed  under  the  command  of  Sir 
George  Nevule  [a  Rich.  III.  pt.  ii.  no.  15.  d] : 
among  the  royal  ships  appear  the  names  of  the 
Little  Anne  of  Fowey,  the  Antony,  the  Eliza- 
beth, the  Garcya  of  Spain,  le  Govemore,  le  Grace 
de  Dieu,  the  Lucas,  the  Margaret  of  Sandwich, 
the  Mary  of  Greenwich,  and  the  Mary  of  Yar« 
moutlu  Dartmouth,  Dover,  Newcastle,  Flymouth, 
Sandwich,  Yarmouth,  Youghal,  had  grants  for 
fortifying  their  ports  or  improving  their  havens 
[z  Rich.  III.  pt  V.  no.  67;  pt  v.  no.  39 ;  pt  iiL 
no.  za8,  ftc.]. 

*  Letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  against  pirates 
were  granted  July  az,  a8,  1484  [x  Riai.  III.  pt.  L 
no.  2i  <i»  <$9] ;  reparation  was  enforced  from  the 
Flezmngs  for  a  ship  seized  Sept  37,  X470,  Aug.  7, 
Z483  [pt  L  no.  40] ;  commissioners  of  mquiry  ap- 
pointed, May  x6,  X484  [pt  iv.  no.  x,  d] ;  security 
against  piracy  exacted,  and  rules  as  to  jprises  esta- 
blished, Aug.  zx,  Z484  [a  Rich.  III.  pt  1.  no.  x8«d]; 
smd 

^  Thomas  Lye,  Thomas  Grayson,  and  other  com- 
missioners, were  sent  into  Devon  and  Cornwall,  to 
inquire  into  the  piratical  seiaure  of  woad  from  three 
Spanish  ships,  and  to  enforce  restitution,  Jan.  xx, 
XA&i  [x  Rich.  III.  pt  iiL  no.  4,  d].  Commissioners 
or  inquiry  and  restitution  were  again  i4)pointed. 
Feb.  34,  X485  [3  Rich.  III.  pt  iL  no.  zo.  d].  An 
order  occurs  tor  the  restitution  of  a  Hansetown 
shi^f  illegally  seized,  Jan.  3Z,  Z484  [z  Rich.  III. 
pt  iiL  no.  3,  d] :  a  Spanish  ship  piratically  seized 
had  been  bdbre  restored,  Nov.  33,  1483  [p.  z,  no. 
az,  d1 :  and  a  grant  was  made  of  400  marks  to 
plundered  Spanish  merchants,  March  x6,  Z485  [a 
Rich.  III.  pt  iii.  no.  73].  Ralph  Buldand  and 
John  Langley  had  a  grant  of  £4/0  towards  a  ransom 
of  £z2p  piratically  imposed  on  them  in  Britanny. 
March  8.  Z484  [z  Rich.  III.  pt.  iii.  no.  433*  auid 
Peter  Hoke,  of  Calais,  who  had  been  seixed  at  sea, 
carried  to  Boulogne,  and  obliged  to  pay  350  gold 
crowns,  was  allowed  to  export,  duty  free,  zoo  oxen 
to  Calais  or  Flanders,  from  Dover  or  Sandinch, 
Jan.  34,  X485  [3  Rich.  III.  pt  iiL  no.  ^7]. 

•  The  German  merchanU  were  incorporated, 
Richard  Gardener,  alderman,  being  appointed 
their  justice  in  pleas  of  debt.  Fen.  38,  Z484 
[z  RioL  III.  pt  iii.  no.  7,  d].  The  denixations 
amount  to  twenty-two,  in  less  than  as  many  months, 
(Dec  z3,  X483— July  37,  X485). 

*  John  Petite,  merchant,  and  John  BoUe,  wool- 
man,  were  appointed  inq;)ectorB  to  search  into 
frauds  in  wooU,  and  levy  the  sututory  penalties, 
July  3,  X484  [3  Rich.  III.  pt  L  no.  ao,  d]. 

»  Writs  exist,  dated  Feb.  14,  X48S,  directing  the 
justices  of  eadi  county  to  publish  a  proclamation 
against  unlawfril  dealings  in  wool  or  woollen  cloth, 
and  commanding  wages  to  be  paid  to  the  work- 
men in  ready  lawful  money  [3  Kich.  III.  pt  iL 
no.  4,  d]. 

1^  Richard's  grants  for  services  to  his  House  are 
numerous.  Among  them  are  one  to  Hull,  of  £Co 
oi  the  customs  for  twenty  yean,  on  account  of 
services  and  expenses  mcurred  by  them  on  tho 
king's  voyage  to  Scotland,  Feb.  az,  Z484  [z  Rich. 
III.  pt  V.  no.  97] ;  a  oonnrmation  of  the  charters 
of  Watei'  ^    -'  •*^"-  ' 


^aterford,  on  account  of  their 
penses  for  Richard,  duke  of  York,  March  35,  Z484 
[pt.  ii.  no.  x6x]:  grants  to  Thomas  Sandland, 
of  Shrewsbury,  for  services  to  the  king's  fiuher  m 
England  and  Ireland,  £B  a-year,  April  a,  1484 


*  They  were  directed  to  search  for  fleeces  soU  with  sand,  stones,  dung  and  other  rubbish  Uierein 
to  increase  the  weight 


s66 


CHARACTER  OF  RICHARD  III. 


fpt  T.  no.  zao] ;  to  Henry  Wedehoke,  the  office 
of  yeoman  of  the  Tower,  for  his  services  to  Richard, 
duke  of  York,  and  Edward  IV.,  in  Ireland,  April  7, 

2484  [pt.  ii.  no.  162] ;  to  David  Ketin^,  on  the  same 
day,  a  manor  in  Ireland  for  like  services  [no.  163] ; 
to  Thomas  Alleyn,  for  services  to  the  king^s  fitther, 
one  of  the  auditorships  of  the  duchy  of  (>>mwaU, 
Auff.  90^  Z484  [a  Rich.  III.  pt  i.  no.  ^3] ;  to  Ni- 
duMtt  Harpisfidd,  "for  services  to  Ridiard,  late 
dnke  of  York,  Edward  IV.  and  Richard  III.,  in 
uioapciily  and  advernty,  in  England,  Irehmd, 
Holhnd,  and  other  ptaces,**  ;^zo  a-year,  Feb.  is, 

2485  [pL  iii.  no.  ai].  and  to  Robert  Raddyfil  *'  in 
oonsioention  of  the  dangers,  hardships,  ana  im- 
prisonments he  has  undogone  in  the  king's  aer- 
■vice,"  ifio  a-year,  April  15,  2485  (pt  ii.  no.  53]. 

u  ^ao  a-year  was  granted  to  Arnie  de  Canx, 
nurse  to  Edward  IV.,  Jan.  a,  2484  [x  Rich.  III. 
pt  iii.  no.  99] ;  and  ao  maiks  to  Isabella  Buigh 
(and  her  husband  Henry),  nurse  of  the  king's  son, 
now  deceased,  June  a8, 1484  [a  Rich.  III.  pt  ii. 
no.  150]. 

"^  Beveriey*  Cambridge,  Dublin,  Gloooester, 
HuntiiudoD,  Newcastle,  Northampton,  Oxford, 
ShrewsDury,  and  York,  had  their  fee-farm  rents 
reduced  or  abolidied :  and  the  mayor  of  York  was 
appointed  duef  seneant-at-arms  to  the  king*  Feb. 
29,  x^  [z  Rich.  III.  pt.  iiL  no.  60]. 

1*  Wmchester  was  relieved  of  a9o  out  of  its  feo- 
dum rent  of  zoo  marks,  in  oonsequence  of  its  decay 
fix>m  the  plague,  Mar.  3,  1484  fz  Rich.  HI- pC.  ii. 
no.  48] ;  me  crown  moiety  of  the  manor  of  Brent- 
marsh,  Somersetshire,  was  granted  to  the  nanon 
of  the  parish,  (Thomas  Baret,)  to  repair  the  sea 
walls,  whidi  had  been  broken  down,  Feb.  34,  2485 
[2  Ridi.  III.  pt  ii.  na  233].  There  are  also  seraal 
grants  to  individuals,  on  account  of  their  "great 
poverty.** 

'^  John  TuDom)  the  king's  almoner,  had  a  gnmt 
of  the  ^oods  of  suiddes,  and  all  deodands,  in  aug- 
mentation of  the  royal  ahns.  Dec.  4, 1483  [z  Rich. 
III.  pt  ii.  na  94].  Walter  Fdde,  his  successor, 
had  a  similar  pant.  May  ay,  Z484.  Of  the  lands 
focfeited  by  rebeb,  some  were  appGed  to  pions 


uses,  as  lands  of  Sir  George  Browne,  in  the  Ue 
of  Thanet,  and  at  River,  to  the  Maisen  Dieu,  at 
Dover,  Mar.  zo,  Z484  [i  Rich.  III.  pt  iiL  na  44]. 

^*  A  charter  of  manumission  was  granted,  Feb.  to, 
Z485,  to  Alexander  Lang,  and  eightcm  other  boad- 
men  of  the  kii^s  manor  of  Framlingham,  Devon 
[a  Rich.  III.  pt.  iii.  no.  155]. 

i''  The  collegiate  church  of  Midd]cfaam^  Yoric- 
ihiz^  was  founded  by  Richaiti,  while  he  wh  yet 
a  subject  (Feb.  az,  2477»)uwa>  abo  a  <* 

the  church  of ~    ..       -      . 

his  accession, 

a  grant  of  eight  matta  annually  o 

rent  of  Shrewsbury,  Sept  7,2484  [a  Rich.  III.  pLl 
na  24Z] ;  on  ochezs,  founded  l^  private  individuals, 
at  Yoik,  Dec.  4,  Z483  [z  Rich.  III.  pt  ▼.  na  10]. 
Old  Sleaford,  March  3,  2484  [pt  n.  na  si6],  aad 
elsewhere,  he  bestowed  mortmani  licmrysi  ad 
other  privileges. 
^*  He  either  made,  or  oonfinned.  or  added  to, 
ants  to  the  prior  and  canons  of  Carlisle ;  theCar- 
lusians  of  Moun^raoe ;  the  Minorites  of  Can- 
bridge,  Gloooester,  Oxford,  and  Wocoester:  the 
white  nuzis  of  Worcester ;  the  trans  of  Wilber- 
foss,  Yorkshire ;  St  Geoige's  Chapd,  Windsor, 
Dec.  25,  Z483  {zRich.  III.  pt  iv.  na  2x6];  aad 
St  George's  chapd  in  the  Tower,  at  SonthainptoB. 
He  also  rdncorpoiated  the  guild  of  Ho^Cronat 
Alnngdon,  with  extended  poweziy  for  begimg  the 
roads  and  bridges  of  the  netghbottxhood  m  Rpak, 
Feb.  9o,  2484  [p.  iL  na  299*.! 

1*  Richard  Mayew,  the  president,  aad  the  scto- 
lars  of  Magdalen  CoUqpe,  Oxford,  had  a  /paot  of 
"a  three-yard  land,"  in  WestooCe,  Warwickdiiie, 
forfeited  fay  Henry,  duke  of  Boddngfaam,  Feb.  «, 
Z484  [z  Rich.  III.  pt  ii.  na  56].  Andrew  Dolcet 
president,  and  the  idlows  of  Quns*  Coflm,  Caa- 


grants 
Uiusia 


bridge,  liad  a  grant  of  an  annnity  of  ^10,  aad 
lands  and  manors  in  the  counties  oiFBezks,  Axb, 
Lincobi,  Northampton,  and  Sofiblk,  July  s  ^ 
[a  Rich.  IIL  pt  L  na  105]. 

iSmMmmriatdJfmm  tkt  Nmtk  R^Uri  tftki 


'  The  lordship  and  manor  came  to  him  in  right 
of  hu  wife,  and  he  devoted  aoo  marics  yeariy  for 
the  support  of  the  establishment ;  he  also  procured 
for  it  exemption  from  the  iurisdiction  of  the  ordi- 
nary. TheRev.  Mr.Atthil^acanonof  thedmrdi, 
has  published  the  various  charters,  as  a  vindication 
of  Rjcfaaid's  memory,  (Camden  Society,  No.  ^.) 


•  The  guild  "gave  him  their  aidandaMtedbs 
host  in  his  wan  andnst  Hennr,  cari  of  Ricbawad. 
In  whkh  battle  iGn^  Richard  waa  slain,  aiaiircf 
his  side  lost  their  hvcs,  and  thb  fraternity  Xtiax 


lands  and  liberties,'*  bat  idotrt  1  wiihially 
apardon  from  the  victor.    {Monaunentai 

Muuificenoe.) 


THE    TUDOR  S. 


Badges  of  the  Tadors. 


When  Henry  of  Richmond  had 
succeeded  in  possessing  himself  of 
the  English  crown,  he  found  no  diffi- 
culty in  procuring  from  Wales  a  duly 
authenticated  pedigree,  in  which  his 
descent  from  Caractacus  and  conse- 
quent right  to  the  British  sceptre  was 
clearly  shewn*.  English  writers,  how- 
ever, are  content  to  discover  the  first 
noted  person  of  his  family  in  a  Welsh 
squire,  named  Owen  Tudor  (Tedder, 
or  Theodore),  whose  handsome  person 
procured  him  the  alliance  of  Kadierine 
of  France,  the  relict  of  Heniy  V. ;  he 
lost  his  life  in  the  Lancastrian  cause, 
but  his  grandson  became  a  king. 

The  Tudors  ruled  for  nearly  one 
hundred  and  twenty  vears  (a.d.  1485 
-— 1603) ;  during  which,  changes  of  the 
most  important  nature  were  effected, 
and  mainly  by  the  sovereigns  them- 
selves. Henry  VII.  gave  its  death- 
blow to  the  decaying  feudal  system, 
and  began  to  rear  something  like  our 
present  state  of  society  in  its  stead  ^  ; 
the  iron  hand  of  Henry  VIII.  broke 
up  monastic  estabUshments,  and  by 
destroying  the  dependence  of  the 
Church  of  England  on  that  of  Rome, 
gave  opportunity  for  the  purification 


of  the  former  from  stains  contracted 
by  its  long  connexion  with  a  Church 
"  which  hath  erred,  not  only  in  living^ 
and  manner  of  ceremonies,  but  also 
in  matters  of  faith."  These  reforma- 
tory measures  were  carried  on  by  the 
advisers  of  his  son ;  and,  though 
somewhat  retarded  by  his  daughter 
Mary,  received  their  completion  in 
the  reign  of  the  last  of  the  Tudors, 
Elizabeth  ;  but  not  without  giving  rise 
to  an  opposition  that,  when  the  sceptre 
had  passed  into  feebler  hands,  for 
a  time  destroyed  both  Church  and 
State. 

Though  fierce  political  and  religious 
dissensions  disturbed  the  Tudor  era, 
the  nation  made  great  advances  in 
commerce  and  navigation ;  voyages 
to  India  were  undertaken,  and  vigor- 
ous efforts  were  made  to  share  the 
riches  of  the  New  World.  The  mode 
of  government,  however,  if  less  openly 
tyrannical,  was  more  systematically 
oppressive  than  heretofore  •= ;  but  the 
patronage  shewn,  especially  under 
Elizabeth,  to  literature,  has  enriched 
the  period  with  names  that  can  never 
die. 

Like  the  House  of  York,  the  Tudors 


■  The  pedigree  will  be  found  sn  exienw  in 
PoweD's  "  Histoiv  of  Wales." 

^  The  nobility  had  been  greatly  reduced  in  num- 
ber by  the  civil  war,  and  most  of  those  who  survived 
were  in  a  state  of  poverty.  Henry  VII.,  professedly 
to  relieve  them,  allowed  them  to  dispose  of  their 
lands,  free  from  the  burdens  of  feudalism ;  much  of 
the  toil  of  the  country  thus  came  into  the  possession 
of  merchants  and  traders,  and  a  middle  class  sprang 
up,  into  whose  hands  the  real  power  of  the  State 
«as  been  gradually  drawn ;  a  change  the  import- 


ance of  which  it  is  impossible  to  over-estimate. 

•  The  Tudors  were  such  absolute  rulers,  and 
their  parliaments  and  their  judges  so  subservient, 
that  new  laws  were  made  and  old  ones  mterpreted 
without  r^ard  to  anything  except  meetinig  the 
wishes  of  the  sovereign.  Hence  tne  forms  of  law 
were  strictly  observed  in  innumerable  cases  where 
every  principle  of  justice  was  disregarded,  and  the 
constitution  which  had  been  gradually  built  up- 
from  the  time  of  the  Great  Charter  was  tempo- 
rarily subverted. 


268 


THE  TUDORS. 


changed  only  the  supporters  of  the 
royal  arms,  substituting  a  red  dragon 
for  one  of  the  lions,  as  a  token  of  their 
alleged  descent  from  Cadwalader.  The 
badges  of  the  House  consist  of  the  red 
and  the  white  rose  united  in  various 
ways ;  the  portcullis,  the  badge  of  the 
Beauforts;  and  the  fleur-de-lis,  for 
their  nominal  realm  of  France.  Beside 
these,  a  variety  of  badges  were  used 


by  individual  rulers  :  as,  the  crowned 
hawthorn  bush  by  Henry^  VII.;  the 
white  greyhound  by  hmi  and  by 
Henry  VIII. ;  the  old  Yorkist  badge 
of  the  sun  in  splendour  by  Edward 
VI.;  the  Tudor  rose  impaled  with 
a  sheaf  of  arrows  by  Mary ;  and  the 
thomless  rose  by  Elizabeth.  The 
badges  of  the  queens  of  Henry  VIII. 
will  be  found  under  his  reign. 


Great  Seal  of  Henry  ^JI. 


HENRY  VII. 


Margaret,  daughter  of  John  Beau- 
fort, duke  of  Somerset,  was  bom  in 
the  year  1441,  and  on  the  death  of 
ber  fether  in  aS|)  she  became  the 
ward  of  WillianTae  la  Pole,  earl  of 
Suffolk,  who  endeavoured  to  unite  her 
to  his  son  John,  (afterwards  the  hus- 
band of  Elizabeth  of  York,  sister  of 
Edward  IV.) ;  but  in  1455  she  mar- 
ried Edmund  Tudor,  earl  of  Rich- 
mond, (son  of  Owen  Tudor  and  Ka- 
therine  of  France,)  who  died  in  the 
following  year,  leaving  her  and  her 
infant  (perhaps  unborn)  son  Henry 
to  the  care  of  his  brother  Jasper,  earl 
of  Pembroke  •. 

This,  her  only  child,  was  bom  in 
the  year  1456,  probably  in  the  castle 


of  Pembroke,  and  as  early  as  his  fifth 
year  he  esroerienced  the  calamities  of 
the  time,  being  attainted  by  the  first 
parliament  of  Edward  IV.,  apparently 
m  revenge  for  the  active  part  which 
his  imcle  Jasper  had  taken  on  the 
Lancastrian  side.  Jasper  was  a  fu- 
gitive, and  his  castle  and  earldom 
were  granted  to  William  Herbert, 
who  coming  to  take  possession  found 
there  Margaret  and  her  son  ;  though 
in  effect  their  keeper,  he  treated  them 
with  Idndness  ^  and  provided  for  the 
education  of  the  child.  Jasper  made 
some  unsuccessful  attempts  to  recover 
his  stronghold,  and  Herbert  was  cap- 
tured and  executed  by  insurgents  ;  but 
it  was  not  until  1470,  upon  the  tem- 


•  The  <kath  of  the  fiuher  and  the  birth  of  the 
«ild  wtte  oeitaiiil^  rtry  near  each  other,  bat  au- 
^jntio  are  at  variance  as  to  which  occuired  first. 
lUe  counteM  in  1450  married  Sir  Henry  Stafford, 
a  jrounger  son  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  who 
?*»,«J»48x.  In  1489  she  married  her  third  hus- 
oaad,  Thomas,  Lord  Stanley,  and  survived  until 
J?J^^.  »So^  Though  naturally  an  object  of  sus- 
P*Q«  to  tbe  Yorkist  princes,  on  account  of  her  son, 


Her  wealth  was  great,  and  she  has  left  in  each 
University  niunerous  evidences  of  her  pious  cha- 
rity. 

fc  H  w  will,  an  extract  from  which  is  given  at  p.  251, 
affords  a  favourable  impression  of  his  character. 


270 


THE  TUDORS, 


porary  restoration  of  Henry  VI.,  that 
the  young  earl  was  set  at  liberty^  prcr 
sented  to  his  royal  kinsmaa,  iaa^  as 
some  writers  affirm,  sent  to  Eton 
College.  If  so,  his  sisy  thexe  coofcd 
be  but  short ;  £d«ard  IV.  RCanted, 
and  Richmond  aad  his  unde  escaping 
by  sea,  were  drircn  oa  die  coast  of 
Britanny,  wboc  ttef  long  xcmamcd 
in  a  positina  beCween  guests  and 
prisoners.  As  Henry  grew  to  vaaof 
hood  he  atbacted  the  more  partknlar 
attention  of  bodi  friends  and  enemies. 
His  personal  dboracter  fat  ability  and 
courage  caoscd  him  to  be  recognised, 
though  wilhont  a  shadow  6k  hei^tsxy 


claim,  as  the  head  of  the  Lancastrian 
exiles,  and  both  Edward  IV.  and 
Ridiasd  III.  endeavoured,  by  bribes 
to  Laadois^  tibfe  minister  of  the  duke 
of  BriUnay,  to  get  him  into  their 
hands.  He  was  fcitunate  enough  to 
escape  this  dangei^  and  at  length 
withdrew  into  France^  where  he  was 
by  the  earl  of  Oxford,  Morton, 
of  Ely,  and  several  of  the 
Wooclvffle  party.  His  first  attempt 
to  intade  England  ^  OcBo5er,  1483) 
was  mwiTcessfid,  baft  he  renewed  it 
in  t4Sc,  and  by  the  one  decisive  vic- 
tory ot  Boswordi  (Aug.  22)  established 
himsdf  on  the  tfamc  *. 


Henry  TEL  EUateth  of  Totk. 

Tsoni  thoir  Somnunt,  WMmlxiitflr  Ablwy. 


As  this  event  was  soon  followed  by 
his  marriage  with  Elizabeth  of  York, 
Henr/s  accession  is  ordinarily  spoken 
of  as  the  result  of  the  siq>port  of  the 
Yorkists,  and  a  compromise  of  the 
cl^ms  of  the  two  Houses ;  but  such 
was  not  his  own  view  of  the  matter"^. 
Before  he  would  enter  on  the  marriage 
he  procured  the  settlement  of  the 
crown  on  himself  and  his  heirs  cmly ; 
and  in  his  will  bespeaks  of  *'  the  crown 
which  it  pleased  God  to  give  us,  with 
the  victory  of  our  enemy  in  our  first 
field" 

Henxv  had  been  bred  in  adversity, 
but  he  nad  not  learnt  mercy.  He  en- 
tertained a  deep  hatred  of  the  House 
of  York,  and  he  laboured,  but  too  suc- 
cessfully, to  depress  all  its  members 
and  adherents.  Numerous  insurrec- 
tions were  the  consequence,  but  he 
succeeded  in  suppressing  them  all,  and. 


though  not  wanting  in  coiurage,  was 
indebted  far  more  to  policy  than  to 
arms  for  the  tranquillity  wiucb  at- 
tended his  later  years.  He  more  than 
once  declared  war  against  France  and 
against  Scotland,  but  he  never  pro- 
ceeded to  hostilities,  and  die  people 
of  his  own  time  suspected  lum  of 
fomenting  the  misunderstandings  thai 
arose  as  mere  pretexts  for  demand- 
ing subsidies,  which  he  applied  to 
his  own  purposes.  As  a  piece  of 
state  policy,  he  considered  ploor  sub- 
jects less  difficnlt  to  rule  than  rich 
(mes,  and  the  acquisition  of  treasure 
seems  to  have  been  his  ruling  passion. 
Cardinal  Morton,his  chancellor,  taught 
him  how  to  give  an  appearance  d 
l^ality  to  his  projects,  and  he  fomid 
ready  instruments  in  two  lawyers 
(Richard  Empson  and  Edmund  Dud- 
ley*) who  so  dexterously  perverted  cx- 


■  He,  as  vdl  as  many  of  his  adherents,  had  been 
long  under  attainder;  the  judges,  however,  pru- 
dently declared  that  his  success  trareed  that  ddfect 
in  him,  and  the  parliament  whioi  shortly  after  as- 
sembloi  refieved  the  rest  (107  in  musber)  from  their 
disabilities. 


'  He  held  language  to  has  first  parSaBMBt,^!^ 
impGes  that  his  victory  was  his  real  titk  t»  the 
crown;  bat  he  dhese  to  put  that  victory  as  God!^ 
testsmony  to  *'  his  just  hereditary  titk." 

•  Empson  was  the  son  of  a  siere^sakcr,  nt 
Dudley  was  a  gentleman,  of  the  fiunilj  oC  I^ 


HENRY  VII. 


27X 


isdng  laws  or  revived  obsolete  ones, 
for  the  purpose  of  extortion,  that  the 
mast  innocent  were  obliged  to  pay 
enormous  fines  for  im^^inary  offences 
to  a?oid  utter  ruin.  Having  lost  his 
queen  and  eldest  son,  Henry  engaged 
in  various  schemes  for  a  neW  marriage, 
but  the  negotiations  were  delayed  by 
his  wish  to  obtain  a  rich  portion.  In 
the  midst  of  his  projects  he  was  sur- 
prised by  iUness,  when  he  founded 
monasteries  and  released  debtors,  but 
he  neglected  to  put  a  check  on  the  ex- 
tortions of  the  "  two  ravening  wolves," 
as  Emps<m  and  Dudley  are  justly 
styled  by  a  writer  of  the  time'.  He 
at  length  died  at  Richmond,  April  21, 
1509,  and  was  buried  in  the  sump- 
tuous chapel  at  Westminster  which 
bears  his  name^  May  la 

By  his  wife,  Elizabeth  of  York,  (who 
^'as  bom  in  1465  or  1466,  and  died 
Feb.  II,  I503>)  he  had  three  sons  and 
four  daughters  : — 

1.  Arthur,  bom  at  M^ndufeter,  Sept. 
20,  i486,  married  Katherine  of  Arra- 
gon,  Nov.  14,  1 501,  and  dying  April  2, 
1502,  was  burieid  in  Worcester  Cathe- 
dral, April  27. 

2.  HENftY,  became  king. 


3,  4,  5.  Edmund,  Elizabeth,  and  Ka« 
therine,  died  young. 

6.  Margaret,  bom  Nov.  29,  1489, 
was  married  successively  to  James  IV. 
of  Scotland;  to  Archibald  Douglas, 
earl  of  Angus ;  and  to  Henry  Stuart, 
Lord  Methven.  She  was  the  grand- 
mother of  both  Mary  queen  of  Scots 
and  her  husband  DanUey,  and  after 
a  life  of  considerable  vicissitude,  died 
at  Methven,  near  Perth,  Oct.  18,  1541. 

7.  Mary,  bom  in  1498,  married  first 
Louis  XII.  of  France,  and  afterwards 
Charles  Brandon,  duke  of  Suffolk; 
Lady  Jane  Grey  was  her  grand-daughter 
by  this  latter  marriage.   She  died  June 

2S,  1533. 

'  Whilst  retaining  the  royal  arms  and 
motto  unchanged,  Henry  VII.  em- 
ployed for  supporters  a  red  dragon  and 
a  white  greyhound,  sometimes  the  for- 
mer being  the  dexter  supporter,  and 
sometimes  the  latter  \  For  badges  he 
used  the  hawthorn  bush  royally  crown- 
ed S  and  the  white  greyhound  courant; 
he  also  employed  the  red  dragon  and 
the  dun  cow  as  badges,  as  he  claimed 
descent  both  from  Cadwalader  and 
from  Guy  of  Warwick. 

Henry's  conduct  throughout  his  reign 


^  unworthy  of  the  station  to  which 
bis  enterprise  and  abilities  had  raised 
bim.    No  consideration  of  justice  or 


Anns  and  Badge  cf  Eesry  vn. 

mercy  prevailed  in  his  dealings  with 
the  adherents  of  the  House  of  York ^ ; 
and  he  sacrificed  those  who  in  early 


Stttoa  of  Dndley.  He  had  a  nant  of  the  ward- 
step  of  Efiabeth,  daughter  of  Edward  Grey,  Lord 
ry»  aad  manied  fier,  whence  their  son  (the 
«■«  ct  Northnmberfaad  of  the  time  of  Ed- 
7»d  VI.)  ia  iA«r  yon  dbtaimed  the  title  of 
LoRlUde. 

'  *'MoUe  nea  KHMigcd,  meaa  men  kicked,  poor 
■■•  bncnted,  and  pimchcis  ooenly  at  Paul's 
y*»  and  other  places  exdaiaied,  rebuked,  and 
^leusted,*  mjB  Halle,  a  Tudor  partisan,  but  the 
opprouoo  coutiuued  as  kx^  as  Henry  lived. 

'  H»  tomb  was  cnmwcnced  at  Wudsor  ia  150X 
^  *vta,  but  it  was  removed  to  Wcstounster  in 

*  la  one  mstance  (the  Bishop's  pakce,  Exeter) 
■«  wpportets  me  both  preyhounds. 

la  coaunemocatkm,  uissaid,  of  King  Richard's 


crown  having  been  found  in  a  bndi  on  the  fidd  of 
battle. 

i  His  treatment  of  the  sisters  of  his  wife  seems 
a  proof  of  his  settled  purpose  to  depress  then-  house ; 
they  were  all  mamed  much  beneath  their  rank. 
Some  modern  writers  have  asserted  that  he  shewed 
kindness  and  b'berality  to  his  (^ueen^  but  the  fol- 
lowing among  other  entries  in  ha  Pnvy  Parse  Ao- 
counts  are  opposed  to  such  a  view : — 

*•  1407,  Feb.  I.  Delivered  to  the  <ineen's  grace 
to  pay  her  debts,  wkick  itf^ie  fvfaul,  £a,ooo. 

**  1509,  April  39.  To  the  queen's  grace  in  Uam 
i^OH  cerUnn  plaU^  ;f  500." 

From  another  entrv  after  her  death  (dated 
May  a,  1503),  it  woukl  seem  that  the  queen  also 
obtained  money  from  other  parties,  as  a  sum  ia 
noted  as  paid  to  redeem  her  pledges. 


272 


THE  TUDORS. 


[a.d.  1485,  i486. 


life  had  rendered  him  the  most  import- 
ant services.  He  had  no  friends,  no 
confidants,  but  was,  in  reality,  his  own 
minister^,  and  he  devoted  his  whole 
soul  to  the  acquisition,  even  by  the 
vilest  means,  of  treasure,  which  he 
guarded  with  all  the  jealousy  of  a  miser 
under  his  own  lock  and  key,  though 
he  lavishly  disbursed  it  for  the  prepa- 
ration of  a  pompous  burial-place  *.  H  is 
government  at  home  was  marked  by 
5ie  creation  of  the  Star  Chamber,  which 
reduced  the  occasional  oppression  of 
former  kings  to  a  regular  system  ;  and 
all  his  transactions  with  foreign  powers 
betray  his  dark,  designing,  treacher- 
ous and  ungrateful  character. 


A.D.  1485. 


Henry,  earl  of  Richmond,  is  pro- 
claimed king  by  his  partisans  on  the 
field  of  battle,  Aug.  22". 

He  enters  London,  August  27,  and 
is  crowned  October  30. 

The  young  earl  of  Warwick  ■  is 
brought  from  Yorkshire,  and  confined 
in  the  Tower. 

A  parliament  meets  Nov.  7.  The 
crown  is  settled  on  Henry  and  his 
heirs,  "and  none  other,"  [i  Hen.  VII. 
CI,]**  the  attainders  of  the  Lancas- 
trians (107,  beside  Richmond  himself) 
are  reversed,  and  the  duke  of  Norfolk, 
Lord  Lovel,  and  other  partisans  of 
Richard  III.  (to  the  number  of  30) 
attainted. 

Wines  from  Gascony  forbidden  to 
be  imported  except  in  English,  Irish, 
or  Welsh  vessels,  [i  Hen.  VII.  c.  S']. 

A  general  pardon  for  all  offences 


committed     by    Henr/s    adherents 
against  those  of  Richard,  [c  6]. 

Beside  these  proceedings  in  parlia- 
ment, Henry  took  several  steps  on  his 
own  sole  authority.  Thus,  he  revoked 
all  crown  grants  made  since  the  34th 
of  Henry  VI.  (14C4-5),  which  placed 
the  possessions  of  the  Yorkists  espe- 
cially at  his  mercy ;  and  having  pro- 
cured the  attainder  and  confiscation  of 
property  of  the  richest  of  Richard's 
friends,  he  granted  a  pardon  to  the 
rest  Many  of  them,  however,  dis- 
trusted him,  and  either  remained  in 
sanctuary  or  quitted  England. 

A.D.  i486. 

Henry  marries  Elizabeth  of  Yoik, 
Jan.  18  ;  but  she  is  not  crowned  until 
near  the  end  of  the  next  year. 

Lord  Lovel  and  Humphrey  and  Tho- 
mas Stafford  •>  rise  in  arms  in  April, 
but  are  soon  forsaken  by  their  fol- 
lowers. Lovel  escapes  to  Flanders, 
Humplirey  Stafford  is  executed,  and 
Thomas  pardoned. 

Though  this  risingwas  easily  crushed, 
Henry's  rule  was  still  insecure ;  this 
was  especially  the  case  in  Ireland, 
where  the  House  of  York  had  been 
long  exceedingly  popular,  and  where 
all  the  chief  officers  were  still  its  de- 
voted partisans.  The  Butlers,  earls  of 
Ormonde,  who  had  taken  the  Lancas- 
trian side  in  the  former  contests,  had 
been  driven  out,  and  ever  since  the 
accession  of  Edward  IV.  the  Fitz- 
geralds,  earls  of  Kildare,  had  been 
the  real  rulers  of  the  country.  Gerald, 
the  ninth  earl,  had  procunii  the  pass- 
ing of  a  statute  in  1484,  which  con- 


^  In  the  Public  Record  Office  are  preserved  rolls 
of  fines  imposed,  indorsed  in  his  own  hand,  **  Fines 

of  the  counties  of ,  whereof is  receiver, 

and  must  answer  the  money." 

'He  also  expended  some  portion  on  the  resto- 
ration of  the  palaces  at  Richmond  and  Greenwich, 
and,  as  before  stated,  he  founded  a  few  Franciscan 
convents ;  but  all  these  disbursements  very  little  af- 
fected his  hoard,  and  he  died  the  richest  prince  in 
Christendom. 

■>  His  regnal  years  are  ordinarily  computed  from 
this  day.  but  some  of  the  statutes  of  his  first  par- 
liament <thosc  of  attainder  and  resumption,)  date 
his  reisn  from  August  sx,  the  day  before  the  bat- 
tle, and  thus  represent  King  Richard  and  his  friends 
as  rebels  against  their  sovereign  lord  King  Henry. 
"  Perhaps  there  never  was  suoi  a  blot  on  the  Eng- 
lish statute  book.  A  notorious  lie  was  deliberately 
enacted  for  the  purpose  of  attainting  the  adherents 
of  a  defeated  cause.  It  is  true,  the  number  of 
attainders  was  not  great,  but  the  stretch  of  power 
even  in  that  day  was  unprecedented. "  (Gairdner's 
Letters  and  Papers  illustrative  of  the  Reigns  of 
Ridiard  III.  and  Henry  VII.) 


■  The  son  of  the  duke  of  Clarence,  aace 
whose  death  (In  1478)  he  had  been  kept  in  a 
kind  of  honourable  custody  at  the  castle  of  Sheriff 
Hutton.  Though  commonlv  called  Warwick,  his 
real  title  .was  earl  of  Salisburv,  and  he  did  doc 
become  earl  of  Warwick  until  the  death  of  his 
grandmother  (the  widow  of  "the  King  Maker," 
and  countes.s  in  her  own  rizht,)  about  X49a 

o  The  statute  against  Edward's  queen  (p.  S63) 
was  also  repealed,  and  a  few  manors  were  given  to 
her  instead  of  her  dower  lands. 

P  In  Z489  another  statute  was  enacted  [4  Hen. 
VII.  c.  io]f  which  prohibited  the  bringing  of  wine 
and  woad  m  alien  ships,  or  the  employment  of  such 
ships  by  native  merchants  while  native  diips  were 
to  be  had,  thus  establishing  the  principle  of  the 
Navigation  Acts,  long  regarded  as  the  mainsuy  of 
British  commerce,  but  now  abrogated. 

9  The  Staffords  were  cousins  of  the  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham. Lovel  was  the  son  of  an  attainted  Lan- 
castrian, but  had  attached  himself  to  the  duke  of 
Gloucester ;  he  served  with  him  in  Scotland,  aixl 
when  his  patron  became  king,  received  many  valu- 
able grants  and  high  offices.    See  p.  360,  note. 


JLD.  i486— 1488.] 


HENRY  VII. 


273 


finned  himself  in  the  deputyship  for 
life,  and  made  the  like  provision  as 
to  other  great  offices,  which  were  all 
held  by  his  brethren  or  kinsmen. 
Henry  did  not  venture  to  repeal  this 
act,  bat  allowed  Gerald  to  remain  as 
deputy,  when  he  gave  the  lieutenant- 
ship  to  his  own  uncle,  Jasper,  earl  of 
Pembroke  and  duke  of  Bedford.  This 
circumstance  induced  the  Yorkists  to 
make  a  desperate  effort  at  the  con- 
quest of  England,  well  known  as  the 
rising  of  Lambert  Simnel,  whose  ready 
reception  by  Kildare  and  the  Irish 
council  can  only  be  accounted  for  by 
supposing  them  to  have  been  privy  to 
the  scheme  from  the  beginning.  It 
^led,but  the  power  of  the  Fitzgeralds 
was  little  affected  thereby',  and  the 
Earl  of  Kildare  died  possessed  of  the 
ofiBce  of  lord  deputy,  which  was  also 
held  by  his  son,  Gerald,  whose  tragic 
story  belongs  to  the  next  reign. 

TTie  court  of  Starchamber  esta- 
bUshed,[3Hen.  VII.  CI']. 

Taking  away  of  women  against  their 
will  declared  felony,  [c  2]. 

A  three  years'  truce  concluded  with 
Scotland,  July  3. 

A.D.  1487. 

Lambert  Simnel*,  calling  himself 
Edward  earl  of  Warwick,  lands  in 
Ireland,  in  February,  and  is  favour- 
ably received. 

Henry  exhibits  the  earl  of  Warwick 
to  the  public  and  sends  the  queen- 


mother  to  the  nunnery  of  Bermondsey, 
and  her  son  Thomas,  marquis  of  Dor- 
set, to  the  Tower. 

The  earl  of  Lincoln  (John  de  la  Pole) 
repairs  to  Flanders,  when  his  aunt 
Margaret  of  Burgundy  furnishes  him 
and  Lord  Lovel  with  troops  to  support 
Simnel. 

Lincoln  lands,  May  5 ;  and  Simnel 
is  crowned  with  great  pomp  in  the 
cathedral  of  Dublin  as  Edward  VI. 
on  Whitsunday,  May  14. 

Simnel  and  his  forces  land  in  Lan- 
cashire, June  4.  They  defeat  Lord 
Clifford  at  Bramham  moor,  June  10. 
Henry  advances  against  them,  defeats 
them  at  Stoke,  near  Newark,  June  16. 
The  earl  of  Lincoln,  and  most  of  their 
leaders,  are  killed,  and  Simnel  and 
his  tutor,  Richard  Simon,  a  priest,  are 
taken  ■.  Vast  sums  are  raised  by  ex- 
actions from  persons  supposed  to  have 
favoured  the  rising'. 

Henry  receives  a  subsidy  for  a  war 
against  France,  in  behalf  of  the  duke 
of  Britanny  *. 

Henry  proposes  intermarriages  of 
their  families  to  the  king  of  Scotland, 
who  insists  first  on  the  restoration  of 
Berwick. 

The  queen  crowned,  Nov.  25.  Her 
half-brother,  the  marquis  of  Dorset,  is 
shortly  after  set  at  liberty,  but  her 
mother  is  still  imprisoned  '. 

A.D.  1488. 
The  people  in  the  north  resist  the 


'  In  X488  Sir  Ricluird  Edgecombe  was  sent  to 
Ifdaod  to  treat  with  Kildare  and  the  rest  for  their 
ntum  to  obedience.  The  result  was  that  Kildare, 
3  archbishops,  3  bishops^  zo  abbots  and  priors, 
Tjpeen,  and  8  judges,  beside  the  treasurer  and  the 
Kbf  s  attorney,  received  a  fitll  pardon,  dated  May 
«S»  on  their  own  tenns. 

*  The  establishment  of  this  court  was  contrary  to 
the  spirit  of  Magna  CharU  (see  p.  141),  but  Henry 
^oly  reduced  to  a  system  what  former  kings  had 
done  irregularly  and  occasionally :  the  king's  coun- 
cil having  from  time  immemorial  dealt  with  both 
cnnl  and  criminal  causes,  unfettered  by  the  rules 
«f  law.  Tlje  court  was  to  be  composed  of  the  lord 
<^ttnoellor,  the  lord  treasurer,  the  keeper  of  the 
pnvy  seal,  a  bishop,  a  lord  of  the  council,  and 
the  two  chief  justices  ;  their  power  embraced  the 
P'Joi^hinent  of  "murders,  robberies,  perjuries  and 
posoreties  of  all  men  living,"  in  as  full  manner  as 
«  the  offenders  had  been  "convirt  after  the  due 
wderofthelaw.- 

'  He  was  a  handsome,  intelligent  youth  of  about 
twelve  yean  of  age,  and  had  been  tutored  for  his 
P*rt  by  Richard  Simon,  a  young  priest  of  Oxford, 
vno  accompanied  him  to  Ireland. 

■  SuBOD  was  imprisoned  for  the  rest  of  his  life, 
and  Sunnel  was  made  a  scullion,  and  afterwards 
•  lucooer,  in  Henry's  household :  Lord  Bacon 
•■"•^  a  motive  of  superstition  for  Henry's  ap- 


parent clemency  in  both  cases.  Lord  Lovel  is 
believed  to  have  escaped  from  the  field,  and  to 
have  lived  for  a  while  in  concealment  at  Minster 
Lovel,  Oxfordshire,  but  at  length  to  have  been 
starvol  to  death  through  the  neglect  or  treachery 
of  an  attendant  His  Northamptonshire  lands  were 
granted  to  the  countess  of  Richmond,  and  she  also 
received  some  manors  that  had  belonged  to  the  earl 
of  Warwick. 

»  Robert  Stillington,  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells. 
was  imprisoned  until  his  death  (May  z|9i)  on  this 
charge.  He  had  been  chancellor  in  the  time  of 
Edward  IV.,  and  was  personallv  obnoxious  to 
Henry,  as  he  had  been  employed  in  endeavours 
to  induce  the  duke  of  Briunny  to  give  up  the 
■Lancastrian  refugees;  he  was  also  understood  to 
have  celebrated  Edward's  marriage  with  Lady 
Eleanor  Butler.  Henr>r  prevented  any  examina* 
tion  of  this  matter  in  his  first  parliament,  by  de- 
daring  that  he  pardoned  the  false  statement  that 
the  bishop  had  made. 

»  Francis  II.,  to  whom  Henry  was  indebted  for 
his  life  :  yet  he  kept  the  greater  part  of  the  subsidy 
raised  for  his  service,  absuidoned  him  to  the  French 
king,  and  ruined  his  daughter  Anne  by  the  expense 
of  bodies  of  troops  who  were  sent  into  her  states, 
but  not  allowed  to  fight  for  her. 

7  She  died  in  the  nunnery  at  Bermondsey, 
June  8,  i493|  and  was  buried  at  Windsor. 


274 


THE  TUDORS. 


[a.d.  1488 — 1492. 


r  payment  of  the  subsidy,  and  kill  the 
\carl  of  Northumberland*,  who  endea- 
vours to  enforce  it,  April  28.  Sir  John 
Egremont  heads  them,  but  they  are 
dispersed  by  the  carl  of  Surrey  '. 

The  earl  of  Angus  and  other  par- 
tisans of  the  duke  of  Albany  •»  conspire 
against  James  III.  and  get  his  eldest 
son  into  their  hands.  A  pacification 
is  concluded  at  Blackness,  Fifeshire, 
in  May. 

The  kin^  endeavours  to  gain  the 
castle  of  Stirling,  when  he  is  attacked 
by  the  insurgents,  near  Bannockbum, 
and  defeated,  June  1 1.  He  is  slain  in 
his  flight,  and  is  succeeded  by  his  son 
(James  IV.). 

Sir  Richard  Edgecombe  sent  to 
Ireland  to  receive  the  submission  of 
the  deputy  and  others  *,  June. 

Henry  makes  a  truce  with  France, 
and  endeavours  to  keep  the  subsidy 
wliich  had  been  voted  for  the  war'  ^ 
bat  on  the  news  of  the  battle  of 
St.  Aubin,  he  ts  obliged,  by  the  public 
clamour,  to  send  troops  to  Britanny, 
where,  however,  by  secret  agreement 
with  the  French,  they  remain  inactive. 

A.D.  1489. 

The  earl  of  Lennox  and  Lord 
Forbes  attempt  to  avenge  the  death 
of  James  III.,  but  are  surprised  and 
defeated. 

Butchers  forbidden  to  slaughter 
cattle  within  the  walls  of  any  city, 
Carlisle  and  Berwick  excepted,  [4  Hen. 
VII.  c.  3]. 

The  benefit  of  clergy  restrained, 
fc.  13']. 


The  conservancy  of  the  Thames 
from  Staines  to  Yenlade  assured  to 
the  city  of  London,  [c  15]. 

A.D.  1490. 

Henry  makes  treaties  with  various 
states,  professedly  for  the  defence  of 
Britanny;  but  nothing  is  done,  and 
the  duchy  is  in  the  next  year  seixed 
by  France. 

A.D.  1491. 

Lord  Bothwell  (John  Ramsay)  and 
Sir  Thomas  Todd  propose  to  seise  the 
young  king  of  Scotland  and  his  bro- 
ther, and  deliver  them  to  Henry ;  but 
are  unable  to  efifect  their  purposed 

Soldiers  deserting  declaied  fdons 
without  benefit  of  deigy,  [7  Hen.  VII. 
c.  i]. 

True  standard  weights  and  mea- 
sures of  brass  ordered  to  be  sent  by 
the  king's  treasurer  to  every  city  and 
borough,  [c.  3].  ^ 

All  Scots  not  naturalized  ordered  to 
quit  the  realm,  within  forty  days', 
[c.  6]. 

The  attainder  of  Thomas,  ead  of 
Surrey,  reversed  \  [c.  16]. 

Sir  Robert  Chamberleyn,  John  Hayes, 
and  Richard  White  attainted  by  par- 
liament, without  trial,  on  charges  of 
treasonable  correspondence  with  the 
king  of  France,  [cc.  22,  23]. 

A  five  years'  truce  concluded  with 
Scotland,  Dec.  26. 

A.D.  1492. 
Henry  raises  money  by  way  of  "be- 
nevolence V  and  receives  also  supplies 
from  the  parliament. 


■  Henzy  Percy,  who  deserted  Richard  III.  at  ( 
Bosworth. 

•  Thomas  Howard,  the  son  of  John,  duke  of 
Norfolk,  killed  at  Bosworth,  and  himself  but  lately  I 
released  from  the  Tower.  Egremont  escaped  to  | 
Maaders,  but  John  Chambres,  his  Ueuteaant,  and 

jnaay  more,  were  taken  and  hanged. 
>*  SeeA.D.  1482, 1^63,  148^ 

*  With  considerable  difficulty  he  got  them  to  take 
fresh  oaths  of  fealty,  July  ai.  and  he  then  delivered 
to  them  the  pardons  that  he  had  brought  from 
Englaad.  Their  submission,  however,  was  by  no 
means  so  complete  as  he  had  demanded.  Henry 
required  bonds  for  their  future  behaviour,  but  these 
they  absolutely  refused,  saying  that  they  would 
rather  become  "  Irish  enemies"  at  once. 

*  The  duke  of  Britanny,  however,  made  a  des- 
perate effort  to  drive  out  the  French,  but  was 
<lefeated  at  St.  Aubin,  July  38,  where  Lord  Rivers 
<uncle  to  the  queen)  and  some  English  auxiliaries 
which  he  had  raised,  were  slain. 

•  It  was  onlv  to  be  pleaded  once  bv  those  who 
'Were  not  in  orders :  and  murderers  and  felons  were 
to  be  branded  on  the  left  thumb  in  open  court. 


f  They  had  been  greatly  favoured  by  the  late 
king,  but  were  now  exiles  in  England.  The  title 
of  eairl  of  Bothwell  was  bestowed  on  Fatridc  Hep- 
bum.  Though  this  scheme  fiuled,  Hency  kc^ 
several  of  the  Scottish  nobles  in  his  pay,  and 
their  treacherous  proceedings  fireatly  iiMwriai  frf 
their  countrymen. 

c  They  were  to  be  sought  for  by  the  constables 
and  passed  from  hundred  to  hundred  to  Scodaad. 
"  in  uke  manner  as  abjured  men  are  conveyed  from 
sanctuary  to  the  port  of  embarkation." 

^  He  had  restoration  of  a  pMtion  only  of  his 


.  those  received  from  Kidoid 
expnsaly  exduded. 

*  He  made  the  sums  ^ven  a  test  of  me»'s  appa- 
rent liking  for  him,  saymg  openlv  that  he  should 
value  their  love  by  the  amount  that  each  gave  in 
proportion  to  his  means.  The  Yorkists  were  thns 
oUtged  to  purchase  their  safety,  and  the  London 
merchants  were  forced  to  pay  busely,  hv  a  device 
which  was  termed  "Morton's  Fork  [dihimmi)." 
They  were  summoned  before  the  <4wnrrMor,  ^iAk> 
told  those  who  were  richly  dressed,  thait  their  ap- 
pearance was  a  proof  of  their  wealth;  and  die 


JV.D.  1492— 14950 


HENRY  VIL 


275 


A  young  man  lands  in  Ireland,  in 
February,  calling  himself  Richard^, 
duke  of  York,  son  of  Edward  IV.  He 
is  joined  by  John  Water,  the  late  mayor 
of  Cork,  and  some  others,  and  opens 
a  correspondence  with  the  king  of 
Scotland,  March.  In  September  he 
is  invited  to  France  by  Charles  VIII., 
where  Sir  George  Neville  ^  and  many 
other  English  gentlemen  repair  to 
him. 

Hemy  passes  over  to  France,  Oct  2. 
He  besieges  Boulogne  for  a  few  days  ; 
negotiates  for  a  peace,  and  concludes 
a  treaty*,  and  returns  to  England  by 
the  middle  of  November. 

A.D.  1493. 

Henry  publishes  an  account  of  the 
death  of  Richard  duke  of  York,  and 
his  brother  Edward  V.,  in  the  Tower, 
but  dismisses  the  alleged  murderers 
without  punishment".  He  also  pro- 
fesses to  discover  that  his  rival  is  an 
impostor,  and  makes  treaties  with  the 
kings  of  France  and  Scotland,  by 
which  they  agree  not  to  give  shelter 
or  assistance  to  any  of  his  enemies. 

Richard  is  in  consequence  obliged 
to  retire  from  France,  in  August.  He 
repairs  to  Flanders,  where  Margaret, 
(iuchess  of  Burgundy,  receives  him 
■with  joy  as  her  nephew. 


A.D.  1494. 

The  Yorkists  in  England  send  over 
to  Flanders,  and  from  the  reports  they 
receive,  are  satisfied  that  Richard  is 
not  an  impostor  ". 

Lord  Fitzwalter  (John  Ratcliflf), 
Sir  Simon  Montfort,  and  several 
others,  are  seized,  condemned,  and 
executed  °. 

The  truce  with  Scotland  extended 
to  April  30,  1 501. 

Sir  Edward  Poynings  is  appointed 
deputy  of  Ireland  Sept.  13.  He  passes 
an  important  statute,  called  Poynings* 
Law,  by  which  all  legislation  in  tie 
Irish  parliament  was  confined  to  mat- 
ters first  approved  of  by  the  king  and 
council  in  England. 

A.D.  1495. 

Clifford  returns  to  England  in 
January.  He  charges  Sir  William 
Stanley,  the  lord  chamberlain,  with 
treason  ',  who  is  condenmed,  and  exe- 
cuted, Feb.  16. 

Richard  collects  troops  for  an  in- 
vasion of  England  4.  A  party  which 
lands  on  Deal  beach,  July  3,  is  cut 
off  by  the  people  of  Sandwich  %  and 
he  then  proceeds  to  Ireland. 

Ships  fitted  out,  and  men  raised  ta 
guard  against  other  attempts,  July. 

Richard  lays  siege  to  Waterford, 


neanly  dad  he  maintained  must  be  well  off  through 
tr.eir  commendable  nanimony.  He,  however,  had 
to  bear  a  like  burden  himself,  and  paid  a  oene- 
^•^lenoe  o(  /Ciyso,  June  a?.  Z496. 

J  Historians  in  general  style  him  Perlun  War- 
^<clc,  but  this  name  assumes  what  has  never  yet 
!ecn  proved,  namely,  that  he  was  an  impostor. 
'iltc  name  Richard  only  is  here  employed^  which 
'I'cs  not  prejudge  the  question,  like  Ferkm  War- 
*-:ck  or  Richard  of  York.    See  Note,  p.  279. 

^  Richard's  admiral,  who  failed  to  intercept 
Richmond's  fleet.     See  a.d.  1485. 

'  Beside  the  public  treaty,  which  provided  for 
r<ace  and  strict  alliance,  there  was  a  private  agree- 
BKoi  for  payment  of  the  annuity  promised  to  Ed- 
ward IV.    See  A.D.  >475- 

*■  Their  names  were  I>ighton  and  Forrest.    Se- 


veral years  after  it  was  alleged  that  they  had  been 
<apIoycd  by  Sir  James  TVrelL 

''  Their  agent  was  Sir  Robert  Qiffbrd,  son  of  the 
Urd  Clifford  who  killed  the  young  earl  of  Rutland 
^  Wakefield.  If  not  from  the  first  an  emissary  of 
Heory,  which  seems  most  probable,  he  soon  be- 
came so,  and  betrayed  to  him  the  names  of  those 
*ith  whom  he  had  corresponded.  He  had  his 
fcrdoa  fonnally  eranted,  Dec  aa,  1494,  before  his 
return  to  England :  and  he  appears,  from  the  Privy 
i'-inc  Expenses  of  Henry  VII.,  to  have  received 
a  reward  oijCsoo,  Jan.  20, 1495. 

•  Many  pardons  were,  however,  granted  to 
Kichanl'*  adherents  in  Ireland,  as  to  Walter  Fitz  Sy- 
rr..>n<ls,  archbishop  of  Dublin,  Aug.  8, 1494 :  to  Mau- 
r.ce,  eari  of  Desmond,  Dec.  xa,  1494  ;  and  a  general 
Krdon({rom  which  Lord  Barry  and  John  Water, 
utc  mayor  of  Cork,  were  excepted),  Aug.  26,  1496. 


p  He  had  been  justice  of  North  Wales  under 
Richard  III.,  and  was  the  brother  of  Lord  Stanley* 
who  had  married  Henry's  mother.  The  charge 
against  him  was,  that  he  had  said,  that  if  he  were 
sure  that  young  man  were  Kinjs  Edward's  son, 
he  would  not  bear  arms  against  him ;  a  declaration 
obnoxious  to  Henry,  but  very  little  like  treason  as 
usually  understood. 

1  Halle  speaks  of  Richard's  forces  and  friends  as 
only  "  a  rabblement  of  knaves,"  but  the  acts  d  at- 
tainder [11  Hen.  VII.  c.  64,  ftcO  give  many  of 
them  a  social  position  of  very  different  character. 
These  name  Lord  Fitzwalter,  Sir  Giles  Debenham, 
Sir  Richard  Harleston,  Sir  Simon  Montfort,  Sir 
George  Neville,  Sir  John  Ra».cliff,  Sir  H.  Savage^ 
and  Sir  William  Stanley :  James  Keting,  prior  of 
Kilmainhaim ;  Robert  Radcliff  and  two  other 
esquires ;  William  Daubeney  and  five  other  gentle- 
men ;  and  John  Heyron  and  four  other  meroianCi. 
Among  the  persons  who  had  supported  Richard  in 
Ireland,  we  find  the  archbishop  of  Dublin,  the  earl 
of  Desmond  and  Lord  Barrv,  and  John  Water* 
a  wealthy  merchant ;  and  in  the  Scottish  treasurer's 
accounts,  the  dean  of  York  is  often  mentioned  as 
in  attendance  on  Richard,  and  receiving  his  monthly 
pension  from  James  IV. 

'  They  were  treacherously  invited  to  land,  and 
then  attacked.  Manv  fell  in  the  fight,  and  all  the 
prisoners  (169  in  number)  being  brought  to  London^ 
"  railed  in  ropes  like  horses  drawing  in  a  cai|^ 
says  Halle,  were  haneed  by  Henry's  order.  The 
mayor  of  Sandwich  (William  Salmon)  was  thanked, 
and  the  sheriff  of  Kent  (John  Pechy)  Irnighfwi,  ftir 
their  services  in  the  matter. 


T2 


«76 


THE  TUDORS. 


[A.D.  I49S— 1497- 


July,  August  Failing  to  take  the 
city,  he  repairs,  in  November,  to 
Scotland,  where  James  formally  re- 
ceives him  as  the  "prince  of  Eng- 
land*." 

The  parliament  meets,  Oct  14. 

No  person  going  with  the  king  for 
the  time  being  to  war,  or  otherwise 
serving  him,  to  be  liable  to  attainder 
or  other  "vexation,  trouble,  or  loss," 
[II  Hen.  VII.  c  i]. 

Tvnedale  annexed  to  Northumber- 
land, [c.  9,]|  the  reason  given  being 
that  the  inhabitants  abused  their 
franchises,  and,  in  company  with  the 
Scots,  "the  ancient  enemy  of  the 
realm,"  daily  and  nightly  committed 
great  and  heinous  treasons,  robberies 
and  murders. 

Benevolences  unpaid  made  recover- 
able by  imprisonment,  [c.  10]. 

Suing  in  formd  pauperis  admitted*, 
[c.  12]. 

Taking  game,  or  eggs  of  hawks  or 
swans,  on  the  estate  of  another,  (said 
to  be  much  practised  by  "persons 
having  little  substance  to  live  upon,") 
made  punishable  by  fine  and  imprison- 
ment, [c.  17]. 

The  wages  of  labourers  and  artifi- 
cers regulated",  [c.  22]. 

Jurors  giving  untrue  verdicts  to  be 
fined  at  the  discretion  of  the  judges, 
and  rendered  infamous,  "so  that  they 
shall  never  after  be  of  any  credence, 
nor  their  oath  accepted  in  any  court," 
[c.  24]. 

Henry  declared  entitled  to  all  the 
property  of  Richard  III.  [c.  28],  and 
"improvident  grants"  of  Edward  III. 
and  Richard  II.  to  Edmund  of  Langley 
resumed,  [c.  29]. 

Leases  and  grants  of  offices  in 
Wales  and  the  Welsh  marches  made 


void,  as  having  been  granted  at  too 
low  rents,  "to  the  g^reat  hurt  and 
damage  of  the  King  and  Prince  [Ar- 
thur]," and  offices  therein,  created 
since  the  ist  Edward  IV.,  abolished, 

[c.33^. 

Edmund  de  la  Pole,  on  the  payment 
of  ;f  5000,  has  a  portion  of  the  estates 
of  his  father,  John,  duke  of  Suffolk,  re- 
stored y,  [c.  39]. 

The  royal  household  regulated, 
[c.  62].  The  annual  expense  was  fixed 
at;fi2,o59  9j.  iirfl 

Lord  Fitzwalter,  Sir  William  Stan- 
ley, and  many  others  attainted,  [c.  64]. 

The  heirs  of  several  attainted  per- 
sons restored  in  blood ;  among  them 
those  of  Catesby'  and  Ratclifif. 

•   A.D.  1496. 

Henry  concludes  a  commercial  treat>- 
with  Philip,  duke  of  Burgundy,  Feb.  24*, 
which  provides  that  Richard  shaU  not 
receive  shelter  in  Flanders. 

Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  founded 
by  John  Alcock,  bishop  of  Ely*. 

James  and  Richard  advance  into 
England  with  a  large  army  in  October. 
Few  join  them,  when  the  Scots  ravage 
the  country,  and  return  by  the  end  of 
the  year. 

A.D.  1497. 

The  parliament  meets  at  West- 
minster, Jan.  16,  when  a  subsidy  is 
granted  for  a  war  with  Scotland.  The 
people  of  Cornwall  resist  the  collection 
of  the  tax,  and  march  towards  London ; 
they  are  defeated  at  Blackheath,  June 
22,  and  their  leaders  executed '. 

Henry  negotiates  with  James  for  the 
surrender  of  Richard^,  which  is  refused. 

James  fits  out  a  small  fleet  for 
Richard,  who,  with  his  wife,  quits  his 


•  This,  or  "  duke  of  York,"  is  the  title  given  to 
him  in  the  Scottish  Treasurer's  accounts  preaenred 
in  the  Register-house,  Edinburgh ;  but  when  he 
invaded  England  in  the  next  year  he  issued  a  pro- 
clamation styling  himself  "  King  Richard  the 
Fourth." 

'  The  statute  directs  that  writs  shall  be  granted 
by  the  chancelbr,  and  counsel  be  assigned  by  the 
judges,  without  fee  or  reward,  to  persons  not  of 
ability  to  bear  the  expenses  of  the  Uw,  in  order  that 
all  persons  may  have  justice  administered  to  them. 

■  This  statute  was  soon  repealed,  [la  Hen.  VII. 

c  a. 

*  There  are  several  provisions  saving  the  rights 
of  particular  penons^  and  the  statute  was  evidently 
meant  only  to  affect  the  adherents  of  the  House 
ofYoric. 

1  He  had  received  the  title  of  earl  of  Suffolk  by 
agreement  with  the  king,  Feb.  36, 14^3. 

■  Catesby's  heir  had  some  lands  in  Northamp- 
tonshire restored. 


*  The  duke's  ambassadors  received  gifU  (they 
would  now  be  called  bribes)  of  from  ^ao  to  £*/> 
each,  as  appears  by  the  Privy  Purse  Expenses. 

^  It  had  been  formerly  the  nunnery  of  St.  Radc- 
gund,  foimded  by  Malcolm  IV.  of  Scotland. 

•  These  were  Junes,  lord  Audley,  a  man  of 
broken  fortune,  Michael  Joseph,  a  blacksmith,  and 
Thomas  Flammock,  a  lawyer,  who  had  assured 
them  that  the  barons  of  the  north  were  bound  ^y 
the  tenure  of  their  estates  to  defend  the  rca'n 
against  the  Scots  at  their  sole  expense.  Audley 
was  beheaded  on  Tower-hill  in  a  coat  of  his  Qv.n 
arms  reversed  and  torn ;  the  others  were  hanged  at 
Tyburn. 

'  Henry  was  very  urgent  on  this  iwint,  and  bis 
instructions  to  his  ambassador  (Fox,  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham) say,  "  Less  we  may  not  do  with  our  honoi  r 
than  to  have  the  deliverance  of  him,  though  the 
deliverance  or  having  of  him  is  of  no  price  or 
value." 


A.D.  I497--I502.] 


HENRY  VII. 


277 


court,  July  6,  and  repairs  to  Ireland, 
landing  at  Cork  July  30. 

James  again  invades  England,  July. 
He  besieges  Norham,  but  retires  on 
the  approach  of  the  earl  of  Surrey, 
August 

A  truce  of  seven  years  concluded 
with  Scotland,  Sept.  29. 

Ridiard  is  invited  from  Ireland  by 
the  people  of  Devon  and  Cornwall. 
He  accordingly  lands  at  Whitsand 
(near  Penzance),  Sept.  7 ;  is  joined  by 
a  large  body  of  partisans,  and  seizes 
St.  Michael's  Mount,  where  he  leaves 
his  wife,  and  marches  on  Exeter. 

He  besieges  Exeter  in  vain  for  a  few 
da>'s,  and  then  pushes  forward  into 
Somersetshire. 

Lord  Daubeney  marches  against 
him  with  a  large  force.  Learning  that 
Hemy  is  also  approaching,  he  quits 
his  partisans  near  Taunton,  and  takes 
sanctuary  at  Beaulieu,  S^pt.  21. 

The  monastery  being  surrounded, 
Richard  surrenders  on  a  promise  of 
life.  He  is  brought  to  Henry  at  Taun- 
ton, Oct  5,  and  then  sent  prisoner  to 
London. 

Richard  does  not  seem  to  have  been 
treated  as  an  impostor ;  on  the  con- 
trary, he  was  manifestly  used  as  a  pri- 
soner of  rank.  Numerous  entries  re- 
garding him  appear  in  Henry's  Privy 
Purse  Accounts ;  several  sums  of 
money  are  paid  for  him ;  he  was,  for 
a  time  at  least,  allowed  a  horse,  and 
a  riding-gown  was  bought  for  him 
(May,  14^) ;  and  the  bill  of  "Jasper, 
Perkin's  tailor,"  was  discharged  from 
the  same  fund  in  February,  1499. 

Heavy  fines  are  levied  on  persons 
supposed  to  have  favoured  Richard  or 
the  Cornish  insurgents  *. 


A.D.  1498. 
Richard  escapes  from  his  keepers, 
June  9,  and  flees  towards  the  sea- 
coast  He  is  traced,  and  takes  sanc- 
tuary at  Shene  (now  Richmond) ;  but 
is  induced  to  leave  the  monastery  on 
a  promise  of  life,  and  is  then  sent 
to  the  Tower,  under  the  charge  of  Sir 
Simon  Digby'. 

A.D.  1499. 
Richard  and  the  earl  of  Warwick 
are  tried  and  executed  on  a  charge  of 
high  treason,  Nov. 

A.D.  1500. 

Henry  passes  over  with  his  queen 
to  Calais,  m  May,  and  has  an  interview 
with  the  archduke  Philip  ;  they  return 
after  a  stay  of  nine  weeks.  He  ar- 
ranges for  the  marriage  of  his  son 
Arthur  with  Katherine  of  Aragon*, 
and  of  his  daughter  Maiigaret  with 
James  IV.  of  Scotland. 

A  commission  issued  to  discover, 
and  compound  with,  persons  sus- 
pected of  having  favoured  the  claims 
of  Richard,  Aug.  6  \ 

A.D.  1501. 

Edmund  de  la  Pole,  earl  of  Suffolk*, 
and  his  brother  Richard  quit  England, 
August. 

Katherine  of  Aragon  arrives  at  Ply- 
mouth, October  2,  and  is  married  to 
Prince  ^thur,  November  14. 

A.D.  1502. 

A  treaty  of  peace  is  concluded  with 
Scotland,  Jan.  24,  which  provides  that 
James  shall  marry  the  Princess  Mar- 
garet''. 

Several  noblemen  and  others,  ac- 


*  Two  lists  of  these  fines  remain,  for  the  coun- 
ties of  Somerset,  Dorset,  Wilts  and  Hants.  In 
these  counties  alone,  the  number  of  names  is  about 
5000,  and  die  sums  amount  to  £i3Ay>  5^;  4^- 
These  documents  seem  to  have  been  of  great  inter- 
est to  Henry,  as  he  has  endorsed  them  with  his 
own  hand,  and  made  a  careful  note  of  the  names  of 
tht  receiTers,  who  "  must  answer  the  money." 

'  Halle  and  Grafton  state  that  he  was  also  placed 
is  the  stodcs,  and  read  a  confession  of  his  unpos- 
ture,  but  the  fiurt  is  doubtful. 

V  The  daughter  of  Ferdinand  VI.  and  Isabella 
of  ^ain,  bom  1485.  The  negotiation  had  been 
earned  on  for  years,  but  Ferdinand  would  not  con- 
sent to  the  match  so  long  as  "  one  doubtful  drop  of 
r9^  blood "  remained  :  hence  the  execution  of 
Wanridcand  Richard,  as  Katherine  herself  avowed, 
tnaay  years  after. 

^  See  A.D.  X497,  The  commissioners  raised  large 
soias  from  wesUthy  men,  who,  whether  innocent  or 
guilty,  believed  tnat  their  only  chance  of  safety 
CQuisted  IB  coming  to  a  composition,  and  thus 


avoiding  a  trial,  as  they  feared  the  lalse  witnesses 
who  might  be  brought  against  them. 

*  He  was  the  brother  of  the  earl  of  Lincoln, 
killed  at  Stoke,  and  on  the  death  of  the  earl  of 
Warwick  was  looked  on  as  the  head  of  the  Yorkist 
party.  He  had  once  before  left  England  and  re- 
turned, but  now  suspecting  his  life  to  be  in  danger 
he  went  abroad,  and  sought  the  aid  of  the  emperor 
Maximilian  to  obtain  the  crown.  Maximilian  pro- 
fessed to  espouse  his  cause,  but  abandoned  him  for 
a  sum  of  /zo,ooo  paid  by  Henry,  July  a8, 1508. 
He,  however,  declined  to  deliver  him  up,  as  Henry 
requested,  and  Suffolk  wandered  about  for  nearly 
four  years  longer,  a  source  of  much  uneasiness  to 
the  lung,  as  a  plot  to  put  him  in  possession  of 
Calais  was  discovered  in  1504.  At  length  he  was 
surrendered  by  Maximilian's  son,  the  archduke 
Philip,  and  was  lodged  in  the  Tower,  March,  1506. 

fc  Partly  in  consequence  of  the  youth  of  the 
bride,  the  marriage  was  not  solcmniaed  until 
August  8,  Z503. 


ayS 


THE  TUDORS. 


[a.d.  1502 — 1509. 


cused  of  favouring  De  la  Pole,  are  im- 
prisoned, and  some  executed^. 

Henry's  eldest  son,  Arthur,  dies, 
April  2.  To  avoid  repaying  the  for- 
tune she  had  brought,  Henry  contracts 
his  widow  to  his  surviving  son  Henry, 
a  boy  of  eleven  years  of  age". 

A.D.  1503. 
The  pope  (Alexander  VL),  at  the 
request  of  the  king,  limits  the  right  of 
sanctuajy  ". 

A.D.  1504. 

A  parliament  meets  at  Westminster, 
(Jan.  25,)  of  which  Edmund  Dudley, 
the  great  agent  of  Henr/s  extortions, 
is  chosen  speaker.  The  earl  of  Suf- 
folk and  his  adherents'*  are  attainted, 
and  their  estates  forfeited,  [19  Hen. 
VI L  c.  34],  a  grant  of  ;f4o,cxx)  made', 
[c.  32],  and  further  sums  raised  by 
a  "benevolence." 

Corporations  forbidden  to  make  or- 
dinances without  the  assent  of  the 
chancellor,  [19  Hen.  VII.  c.  7]^ 

The  severity  of  former  statutes 
against  beggars  and  vagabonds  miti- 
gated, [c.  1 2 J. 

Persons  giving  or  receiving  liveries 
to  be  prosecuted  either  in  the  Star- 
chamber,  in  the  King's  Bench,  or  be- 
fore the  Council,  [c.  14]. 

The  privileges  of  the  merchants  of 
the  Hanse  confirmed  by  parliament, 
[c.  23]. 

The  king  empowered,  on  his  own 
authority,  to  reverse  acts  of  attainder', 

[C28]. 

Henry  falls  ill.    Proclamation  made 


allowing  all  persons  who  have  received 
injury  in  the  King's  name  to  prefer 
their  complaints  to  the  chief  justice 
and  others  ■,  Aug.  19. 

A.D.  1505. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  founded 
by  Margaret,  countess  of  Richmond. 

A.D.  1506^ 
The  archduke  Philip,  being  driven 
by  bad  weather  into  Weymouth,  Jan. 
26,  is  conducted  to  court,  and  obliged 
to  agree  to  a  new  commercial  treaty 
much  less  favourable  than  the  existing 
one*  for  his  subjects,  and  also  to  de- 
liver up  the  earl  of  Suffolk". 

A.D.  1507. 
Heiuy  again  falls  iU.  He  releases 
a  number  of  persons  confined  in  the 
London  prisons  for  small  debts ;  but 
at  the  same  time  continues  to  allow 
Empson  and  Dudley,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  false  witnesses  (called  pro- 
moters) and  corrupt  jurors,  to  plunder 
the  rich,  who  are  either  ruined  by 
excessive  fines  for  pretended  offences, 
or  driven  to  give  large  sums  byway 
of  composition  \ 

A.D.  1508. 
The  Scots  carry  on  a  naval  war 
against  the  Portuguese,  tmder  the  con- 
duct of  three  brothers  of  the  name  of 
Barton  '. 

A.D.  IS09. 

Henry  dies  at  Richmond,  April  21. 
He  is  buried  in  the  chapel  he  had 
built  at  Westminster,  May  lot 


I  Among  these  last  was  Sir  Tames  Tvrell,  who 
was  beheaded  May  6,  1502.  He  had  long  been 
en^>loyed  by  Henry,  as  captain  of  Guisnes,  an  im- 
portant post,  and  the  charge  of  being  the  murderer 
of  the  young  princes  in  the  Tower  was  not  brought 
against  him  until  after  his  death. 

■  Katherine  was  six  years  older.  The  marriage 
did  not  take  place  till  1509. 

■  Persons  who  had  tucen  sanctuary  and  had 
left  it,  were  not  allowed  to  avail  themselTes  of  it 
a  second  time,  as  had  till  bow  been  the  practice. 

«  HU  brother,  William  de  U  Pole,  and  WUliam 
Cottrtenay,  soo  of  the  earl  of  Devon  and  husband 
of  the  princess  Katherine,  were  among  the  number; 
the  whole  list  conlauns  51  names. 

p  This  was  instead  of  the  aids  due  on  knight- 
ing his  eldest  son  and  manying  his  eldest  daughter, 
<see  p.  83)1  ^  Henry  refused  to  receive  more  than 
i^^OfOoo^^  oein^,  as  the  act  says, "  right  well  pleased 
with  their  loving  offer^"  and  remittmg  the  rest,  on 
aca>unt  of  "  the  poorail  [poverty]  of  his  codumons." 

4  See  A.Db  i43]r. 

'  The  reason  given  is,  that  certain  petitioners  for 
such  reversal  would  otherwise  have  a  long  time  to 
w^t,  the  parliament  drawing  to  its  dose,  and  the 
king,  "for  the  ease  of  his  subjects,**  not  intending 
to  call  another. 

*  This  apparently  was  meant  to  check  the  pro* 


ceedings  of  Empson  and  Dudley,  but  did  not  do  50, 
as  they  continued  their  exactions  until  the  king's 
death.  *  SeeA.D.  1496. 

*  The  archduke  stipulated  that  Suffolk's  life 
should  be  spared,  and  he  was  therefore  impraoeed 
in  the  Tower  as  long  as  Henry  lived.  His  brother 
Richard,  who  was  intended  to  be  given  up,  made 
his  esc^>e  to  Hungary.  He  afterwards  joined  the 
French  army,  when  Suffolk  was  immediately  put 
to  death. 

*■  The  magistrates  of  London  suffered  severdy 
frOKm  these  men.  Sir  William  Capel  (mayor  in  150:;) 
paid  in  1495  a  fine  of  ;^z,ooo ;  he  was  now  accuKd 
of  negligence  in  the  discharge  of  his  office,  and 
refusing  to  pay  a  composition  of  £9^000,  was  im- 
prisoned in  the  Tower  until  Henry's  death ;  Sir 
Thomas  Knesworth  (mayor  in  1505)  paid  £i,iOo : 
Sir  Lawrence  Ayhner  (mayor  in  1499)  pud  £ifioo, 
and  vras  likewise  committed  to  prison ;  sheiifls  and 
aldermen  also  were  heavily  fined,  and  one  of  the 
latter  (Christopher  Hawes)  Stow  sajrs  "  was  10  Ion:; 
vexed  by  the  said  promoters,  that  it  shortened  his 
life  by  thought-taking." 

r  The  Portuguese  had,  thirty  years  before,  seized 
a  slup  belonging  to  the  father  of  the  Bartons,  and 
refusmg  to  restore  it,  his  sons  obtained  lettezs  cf 
reprisal,  but  the  contest  soon  degenerated  iaio 
piracy. 


RICHARD,  OTHERWISE  PERKIN  WARBECK. 


279 


The  Pott^^ese  reach  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  opening  a  mari- 
time route  to  India .        .        .     i486 

Cohunbns  dbcovers  America  .  1492 

Gnnada  taken,  and  the  Moorish 

kingdom  subverted .  .     1492 

Expedition   of  Charles   VIII.    of 


EVENTS  m  General  History. 

A.I>. 


France  into  Italy 


I49S 


The  Portuguese  reach  India  by  sea  1497 

Cabot,   employed  by  Henry  ViL,  * 

discovers  Newfoimdland  .        .  1497 

Naples  conquered  by  the  Spaniards  1503 
The  Loigue   of  Cambray  fonned 

against  the  Venetians      .        .  150& 


NOTE. 
Richard,  otherwise  Perkin  Warbsck. 


Conclusive  evidence  that  this  young 
man  was  Richard  of  York  has  not  come 
down  to  us%  but  this  is  not  surprising, 
as,  except  his  proclamation  in  1496,  which 
coold  hardly  be  expected  to  give  a  more 
detailed  statement  than  it  does*,  aU  our 
aocoonts  are  derived  from  his  professed 
enemies.  These  accounts,  however,  are 
xeplcte  with  contradictions  and  absurdities, 
and  must  be  rejected,  even  if  we  had  no- 
thing to  supply  their  place. 

Heniy  first  published  a  statement  that 
the  youth's  real  name  was  Perkin  (Piers 
or  Peter)  Warbeck ;  that  he  was  the  son 
of  John  Osbeck  or  Olbeck,  a  converted 
Jew  of  Toumay,  but  dwelling  in  London, 
where  his  son  was  bom,  and  in  such  favour 
(for  some  unknown  reason)  with  £d- 
vaid  IV.  that  the  king  became  godfather 
to  the  child  ;  that  he  was  early  carried 
orer  to  Toumay,  and  then  resided  at  Ant- 
veip,  and  that  he  wandered  thence  into 
ooontries  which  were  unknown,  but  where 
he  ever  assodated  himself  with  the  English, 
though  it  would  seem  that  the  one  fact 
could  not  easily  be  ascertained  without  the 
other.  This  meagre  account,  not  very  cre- 
dible in  itself,  is  in  many  points  contra- 
dicted by  a  confession  said  to  have  been 
nad  hv  the  young  man  when  in  Henry's 

Cer*.  He  is  there  stated  to  have  been 
at  Toumay;  nothing  is  said  of  his 
lojal  godfather,  or  of  his  Jewish  parent- 
al; his  father  is  instead  represented  as 
controller  of  the  town,  and  other  relatives 
tte  mentioned  as  holding  office  there* 
His  various  wanderings  are  now  fully  de- 
tailed. His  parents  are  stated  to  be  alive 
at  the  date  of  the  confession*,  but,  for 


some  reason  not  given,  he  is  made  to  Te> 
side  "for  a  certain  season"  with  an  uncle 
in  the  same  town ;  then  he  is  taken  by  his- 
mother  to  Antwerp,  to  learn  Flemish  ;  re-r 
turns  to  Toumay ;  goes  as  a  servant  to* 
Antwerp,  and  resides  near  the  house  of  the 
English;  then  goes  to  "Barowe  maite'* 
[B^gen  op  Zoom],  next  to  Middlebuigh» 
where  he  lives  frcnn  (!)hristmas  to  Eastei 
with  an  English  merchant,  ''for  to  learn 
the  language ;"  then  goes  to  Portugal, 
where  he  serves  a  knight  called  "Peter 
Vacz  de  Cogna,  which  said  knight  had 
but  one  Wp*  Uien,  "because  he  desired 
to  see  other  countries,''  took  service  with 
a  Breton,  called  Pregent  Meno,  who  broogfat 
him  to  Ireland.  When  he  landed  at  Cork, 
"because  he  was  arrayed  in  some  clothes 
of  silk  of  his  master,"  the  men  of  the  town 
insisted  that  he  was  the  son  of  the  duke  of 
Chuenc^  whidi  he  denied  ;.  they  next  de- 
clared him  to  be  a  natural  son  of  King; 
Richard,  which  also  he  denied ;  but  they, 
"to  be  revenged  upon  the  King  of  Eng- 
land," promis^  to  aid  and  assist  him,  if- 
he  would  style  himself  Richard,  duke  o£ 
York,  and  then,  "against  his  will,  they 
made  him  learn  English,  and  taught  him 
what  he  should  say  and  da" 

Such  statements  as  these  cannot  at  the 
present  day  be  accepted  as  authentic  his- 
toiy;  and  perhans  tt  is  not  unreasonable 
to  expect  tnat  the  researches  dailv  being 
made  among  the  Public  Records-  may 
eventually  bring  to  light  documents  that 
may  remove  the  uncertaintv  which  has  s& 
long  prevailed  r^arding  tnis  remarkable- 
person. 

But  should  this  expectation  prove  futile;. 


*  SoiM  fMpers  relating  to  him  hare  been  pub- 
"■hed  in  the  ATtkig»hgia  (vol.  xxvii.)*  from  the 
o>9iiab  in  the  British  Museum,  and  are  considered 
Of  %  Frederick  Madden,  who  communicated 
uKn,  to  ptvre  lum  an  impostor ;  but  they  do 
^  sppear  to  the  present  writer  sufficiently  de- 
cisive to  justify  sndi  a  condustioa. 

*  la  this  «Socufflent,  issued  when  he  invaded 
uigland  in  company  with  James  IV.  of  Scotland, 
he  saysj  "We,  in  our  tender  age,  escaped,  by 


God's  great  might,  out  of  the  Tower  of  Londoo,, 
and  were  secretly  conveyed  over  the  sea  to  other 
divers  countries,  there  remaining  certain  yean  as.^ 
unknown." 

^  That  it  was  ever  read  by  him  is  uncertmn : 
neither  Fabian  nor  Pblydore  Vei:^  mention  ther 
circumstance  in  their  accounts  of  hun. 

•  "  My  father's  name  t*  John  Olbeclf,  ■  nA  try 
mother's  name  it  Catherine  de-  Faia" 


28o 


RICHARD,  OTHERWISE  PERKIN  WARBECK. . 


the  Scottish  Treasurer's  accounts  shew  that 
Richa^  was  received  as  a  welcome,  royal 
guest  by  James  IV.*  He  is  uniformly 
spoken  of  as  "  Prince  Richard,"  or  "the 
duke  of  York,**  and  he  evidently  had  a 
numerous  retinue.  The  king  supplied  him 
and  them  with  a  handsome  equipment,  be- 
side a  monthly  allowance  of  £1200  Scots ; 
and  frequent  gratuities  for  Richard's  offer- 
ings at  church,  of  nearly  as  large  an  amount 
as  those  of  the  king,  appear  in  the  ac- 
counts, as  well  as  sums  "  to  put  in  his 
purse."  Many  of  his  followers  also  were 
supported  by  the  king,  and  his  horses  were 
redeemed  from  pledge.  In  return  for  all 
this  liberality,  Richard  bound  himself  by 
treaty,  in  case  the  expedition  of  1496  should 
be  successful,  to  deliver  up  Berwick,  and 
to  pay  to  James  the  sum  of  50,000  crowns 
in  two  years.  And  when  in  the  following 
summer  Richard  withdrew  from  Scotland, 
these  accounts  shew  that  James's  friend- 
ship remained  unabated ;  he  liberally 
equipped  his  small  fleet,  and  would  seem 
to  have  placed  one  of  the  Bartons,  known 
as  his  best  naval  officers,  in  command. 
He  also,  after  Richard's  death,  speaks  of 
him  as  "  duke  of  York,"  in  a  letter  to  the 
Queen  of  France*;  but,  when  James's 
chivalrous  chazacter  is  considered,  perhaps 
the  strongest  evidence  of  his  firm  belief  m 
Richard  is  furnished  by  the  fact  of  his 
giving  him  Lady  Katherine  Gordon,  as 
a  wife';  for  it  is  hard  to  believe  that  he 
would  willingly  sacrifice  his  own  kins- 
woman to  an  mipostor. 

It  is  also  worth  notice  that  Henry's  Privy 
Purse  Accounts  contain  numerous  entries 
which  prove  that  Richard,  whilst  he  re- 
mained at  or  near  the  court,  was  treated 
as  a  prisoner  of  rank.     Instead  of  being 


sent  to  the  kitchen  like  Simnel,  he  was 
allowed  a  horse,  and  a  riding-gown  ifis 
bought  for  him  in  May,  1498,  but  a  very 
short  time  before  he  escaped*  Several 
other  sums  of  money  appear  to  have  been 
paid  for  him,  and  even  after  his  committal 
to  the  Tower,  which  he  left  only  for  the 
scaffold,  the  bill  of  "Jasper,  Perkin's  I 
tailor,"  was  paid  by  Henry  in  February, 
1499. 

From  the  correspondence  of  De  Pnebla, 
the  Spanish  ambassador,  it  seems  probable 
tiiat  the  determination  to  put  Richard  to 
death  was  taken  at  the  recommendation  of       1 
Ferdinand  VI.,  who  declined  to  ally  his 
daughter  Katherine  with  the  son  of  Henry,       i 
whi&t  "  one  doubtful  drop  of  royal  blood"       i 
remained.    Accordingly  ne  and  the  un- 
fortunate earl  of  Warwick,  who  had  lived 
so  long  a  prisoners,  were  arraigned  on 
a  charge  of  treason,  and  executed. 

No  record  of  the  trial  of  Richard  (who 
was  hanged  and  quartered  at  Tyburn,  Nov. 
23, 1499  N)  is  known  to  exist,  but  we  learn       | 
the  charges  against  both  from  the  indict-       1 
ment  preferr^  against  the  earl  of  War*       j 
wick,  m  the  court  of  the  Lord  High  Steward       | 
(John,  earl  of  Oxford,)  and  Peers,  Nov.  21, 
and  to  which  he  is  recorded  to  have  pleaded 
guilty. 

This  document  states  that  Thomas  Ast- 
wode  and  Robert  Cleymound  had,  early  in 
the  month  of  August,  conspired  with  the 
earl,  to  make  him  king.  Cle3rmound  is 
the  chief  actor ;  he  gives  the  earl  a  hanger 
to  defend  himself,  and  receives  in  return 
a  cloak  and  a  jacket  of  velvet,  and  also 
an  image  of  wo<>d,  (which  in  one  place  the 
earl  is  said  to  have  made,  in  another  to 
have  received  from  one  Walter  Bluet',) 
which  was  to  induce  one  Thomas  Ward, 


^  Extracu  from  these  accounts  are  printed  in 
Gairdner's  "  Letters  and  Papers  illustrative  of  the 
Reigns  of  Richard  III.  and  Henry  VIL,"  voL  ii. 
pp.  396—335.  The  first  entry  notices  the  receipt  of 
''  letters  forth  of  Ireland  from  King  Edward's  son 
and  the  eari  of  Desmond/'  with  the  reward  given  to 
the  bearer,  Edward  Ormond.  Then  we  have  some 
of  the  expenses  of  a  public  reception  of  "  the  Prince 
of  England"  at  Stirling ;  followed  by  a  consider- 
able outlay  for  his  dothing,  in  which  to  appear  at 
a  toumay ;  there  is  also  mention  of  the  provision  of 
a  velvet  '^great  coat  of  the  new  fashion"  for  him. 
Mention  is  afterwards  made  of  his  monthly  pen- 
sion ;  of  the  hire  of  30  horses  for  his  attendants ;  of 
a  cloak  and  a  **sea  gown"  for  the  duchess  of  York ; 
and  of  considerable  sums  paid  for  the  expenses  of 
partisans  coming  to  him  from  Ireland.  Lastly,  the 
provision  made  for  his  voyage  to  Ireland  is  on 
a  liberal  scale,  and  strongly  opposed  to  the  asser- 


tion of  the  Tudor  writers,  that  Tames  sent  him 
from  his  coimtry,  because  he  had  found  out  that  he 
was  an  impostor.  These  accounts,  and  the  docu- 
ments relating  to  the  De  la  Poles,  aro  among  the 
most  important  papers  of  Mr.  Gairdner's  very  in- 
teresting volumes. 

•  Printed  in  Gairdner's  and  vol,  p.  x8§.    Unfor- 
tunately the  date  does  not  appear,  but  the  expres- 


uon,  "  quondam  Ebora^nsem  ducem,**  shews  it  to 
have  been  written  after  Richard's  death. 

f  Sb 
after  1 
court. 

Sir  Matthew  Cradock,  who  raised  a  stately  tomb, 
still  existing,  for  her  and  himself,  in  the  dinrch  of 
St.  Maiv,  at  Swansea.  Katherine,  however^  sor- 
vived  tne  knight,  married  a  third,  and  a  roorth 
husband,  and  b^  this  last,  Christopher  A^ton,  of 
Fyfield,  Berkshire,  was  buried  in  the  chnrdi  of  that 
parish,  in  October  or  November,  1537 ;  her  haad- 
some  tomb  still  remains  there. 

s  Warwick  had  lived  under  restraint  fitm  hb 
childhood,  but  it  does  not  appear  that  he  was 
treated  as  a  dose  prisoner  before  the  accocsrion  of 
Henry. 

^  ^ohn  Water,  the  ex-mayor  of  Cork,  long  one 
of  his  partisans,  was  executed  with  him. 

'  Astwode  and  Bluet  were  two  of  the  earf  s 
keepers ;  they  were  shortly  after  hanged  at  Ty- 
burn. Who  Cleymound  was,  or  what  became  of 
him,  does  not  appear;  he  seems  to  have  been  in 
the  confidence  of  the  governor,  as  he  is  represented 
as  goin^  fredy  from  one  prisoner  to  another ;  and 
as  the  indictment  states  that  these  matters  were 
made  known  while  in  progress  to  the  king,  it  l> 


RICHARD,  OTHERWISE  PERKIN  WARBECK. 


281 


a  priest,  "to  be  more  well  affected  to 
them,''  although  Cleymound  had  already 
consolted  Wara  as  to  their  schemes,  and 
taken  his  advice  as  to  what  sanctuary  he 
should  choose  in  case  of  their  failure. 

Various  modes  of  carrying  their  purpose 
into  effect  are  attributed  to  the  conspiratois. 
It  is  first  said  that  they  proposed  to  seize 
the  Tower,  and  defend  tneihselves  there  ; 
then,  that  they  intended  to  saze  the  royal 
treasure,  blow  up  the  magazine  in  the 
Tower,  and  in  the  confusion  make  their 
escape  beyond  sea  and  abide  there  ;  next, 
that  they  were  to  make  public  proclama- 
tion in  Uie  Tower  for  adherents  to  repair 
to  them,  to  whom  they  would  promise 
12^.  per  diem  firom  the  said  treasure. 

On  the  same  day,  however,  (Aug.  2,) 
that  these  schemes  in  favour  of  Warwidc 
are  said  to  have  been  devised,  the  very 
same  parties  are  stated  to  have  intended  to 
set  at  liberty  "  Peter  Warbeck,  :of  Tour- 
nay,"  and  to  make  him  king.  Cleymound, 
with  the  assent  of  the  earl,  knocks  on  the 
floor  and  calls  out  to  Peter  (who  was  con- 
fined beneath),  *'  Perkin,  be  of  good  cheer 
and  comfort,"  and  promises  to  bring  him 
a  letter  which  he  nad  received  for  him 
from  Flanders. 

On  the  foUowing  night,  ''when  the  earl 
and  Cleymound  were  both  in  bed  in  the 


Tower,"  Cleymound  told  the  earl  that  he 
had  spoken  with  Perkin,  who  had  told  him 
"certain  matters  which  made  him  very 
sad,"  that  is,  that  they  ought,  "if  th^ 
could  perform  the  same  by  any  subtlety  or 
craft,"  to  get  possession  of  the  Tower. 

The  next  day  Cleymound  is  reported  to 
have  said  to  the  earl,  "  My  lord,  all  our 
purpose  which  we  intend^  to  fulfil  is 
made  known  to  the  king  and  his  council 
by  Peter  Warbeck,  and  the  said  Peter 
hath  accused  you  and  me  and  Thomas 
Astwode."  Yet  in  spite  of  this  alleged 
betrayal,  the  earl  msuces  a  hole  in  the 
floor  of  his  chamber,  "  to  the  intent  that 
he  might  converse  with  him  concerning 
their  said  treason"  ....."  and  many  sub- 
sequent times  spoke  to  the  said  Peter, 
adhering  to  and  comforting  him,  saying, 
*  How  goes  it  with  you  ?  be  of  good  cheer."' 
On  these  chaiges  the  earl  was  beheaded 
within  the  Tower,  November  28,  after  an 
imprisonment  of  upwards  of  14  years. 

The  ridiculously  contradictory  and  in- 
credible nature  of  these  accusations  all 
but  demonstrate  that  the^  were  mere 
pretexts  to  get  rid,  not  of  an  impostor, 
but  of  a  prince  who  had  already  shaken 
Henry's  power,  and  who  it  was  feared 
might  at  a  future  day  overturn  it,  if  suf- 
fered to  live. 


probable  that  he  was  a  spy,  a  vile  dass  lai^^ely  em- 
ployed by  Henry,  as  is  evident  from  his  rrivy 
Pune  Accounts.  From  them  it  is  seen  that  Sir 
Robcrt  Clifford,  Sir  Robert  Curzon,  Lord  Both- 


well,  and  eren  the  duke  of  Ross,  the  brother  of 
James  of  Scotland,  beside  many  meaner  agents, 
were  in  his  pay. 


Great  Seal  of  Eenrj  Vm. 


HENRY  VIII. 


Henry,  the  second  son  of  Henry  VH. 
and  Elizabeth  of  York,  was  bom  at 
Greenwich,  June  28,  149 1.  In  his 
fourth  year  he  was  created  duke  of 
York ;  on  the  death  of  his  elder  bro- 
ther he  became  prince  of  Wales,  and 
he  had  important  offices  bestowed  on 
him  even  in  his  childhood  •.  In  1509, 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  he  became 
king. 

The  first  act  of  the  new  king  was 
the  popular,  but  unjust  one,  of  con- 


demning Empson  and  Dudley,  tlic 
agents  of  his  father's  extortions,  while 
he  retained  much  the  greater  part  of 
the  fruits  of  their  iniquity ;  his  second, 
the  marriage  with  Katherine  of  Ara- 
gon,  his  brother's  widow,  from  which 
such  important  consequences  after- 
wards arose.  He  was  soon  engaged 
in  war,  was  successful  against  botb 
France  and  Scotland,  and  mainly  from 
his  vast,  thouijh  ill-gotten  treasure, 
aided  by  the  talents  of  Wolsey  *•,  re- 


•  He  was  made  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland  Sept. 
zx,  X494,  Sir  Edward  Povnings  being  named  his 
deputy^  two.  days  after.  He  also  received  a  learned 
education,  thoueh  probably  not  with  the  view  of 
hisentering  the  Church,  as  has  been  asserted.  The 
tale  seems  only  a  sarcasm  on  the  avarice  of  Henry 
VII.,  as  if  he  coveted  the  large  revenue  of  the  see 
of  Canterbury. 

^  He  was  bom  at  Ipswich  in  1471,  his  father 
{Robert)  being  perhaps,  as  is  commonly  asserted, 
a  butcher,  but  evidentlv  wealthy.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford,  and  found 
patrons  in  Thomas,  marquis  of  Dorset,  and  Dean, 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  whose  chaplain  he  be- 
came. He  also  served  as  chaplain  to  Sir  John 
Nanian,  the  treasurer  of  Calais,  and  shewed  sj 
much  aptitude  for  secular  business,  that  he  was  by 


him  recommended  to  Henry  VII.,  who  empbn^' 
him  in  embassies  to  Germany  and  Scotland,  mt 
made  him  dean  of  Lincoln. 

On  the  accession  of  Henry  VIII.  Wolsey  heattx 
a  favourite  with  him.  He  accompanied  the  kin; 
to  France,  received  high  promotion  in  the  Chunb. 
(he  held  at  different  times  the  sees  of  Bath  ai  > 
Wells,  Durham,  Lincoln,  Winchester,  and  Vo'^^ 
and  the  dignity  of  cardinal  and  papal  legale,  ar ' 
he  was  the  administrator  of  the  see  of  Touro-v 
for  some  years),  and  for  several  years  appeared  <<•- 
dispose  of  the  a££axn  of  Europe  almost  at  his  p''^ 
sure,  althoueh  he  once  fell  into  disgrace  tha^r^*^ 
the  failure  of  an  attempt  to  raise  money  indep^^ 
ently  of  the  parliament,  and  had  to  surrender  fr^ 
newly-built  palace  of  Hampton  Court  to  the  i^>"- 
to  make  his  peace.    He  induced  the  king  a  i^^- 


HENRY  VIII. 


283 


vived  the  influence  of  England  on  the 
continent  which  has  never  since  been 
lost,  though  it  has  suffered  occasional 
diminution  from  various  temporary 
causes.  He  several  times  crossed  the 
sea,  sometimes  for  pomp  and  negotia- 
tions only,  but  at  others  for  actual 
warfare,  and  he  retained  until  his 
death  his  conquest  of  Boulogne. 

Henry's  government  at  home  does 
not  present  so  fe.vourable  a  picture. 
His  scruples,  whether  real  or  affected, 
about  his  marriage,  brought  him  into 
collision  with  the  pope,  and  his  im- 
perious temper  led  him  to  endeavour 
to  destroy  the  power  which  thwarted 
his  \iews.  H  ence  many  of  the  violent 
and  crud  measures  which  disgraced 
his  reign.  His  quarrel  really  was,  not 
with  the  doctrines,  but  with  the  supre- 
macy of  the  pope  ;  and  the  riches, 
rather  than  the  vices  of  the  monastic 


orders,  were  the  cause  of  their  fell. 
Impartial  in  his  tyranny,  he  burnt  as 
heretics  those  who  disbelieved  transub- 
stantiation,  and  he  hanged  as  traitors 
those  who  refused  to  allow  his  chosen 
title  of  Head  of  the  Church.  Among 
these  the  monastics  were  conspcuous, 
and  partly  from  anger,  but  probably 
much  more  from  covetousness,  he 
threw  down  the  establishments  which 
his  predecessors  from  time  immemo- 
rial had  endowed,  and  turned  their 
inmates  out  on  the  worlds  A  re- 
form of  the  monasteries  was  doubtless 
necessary  to  the  purification  of  the 
Church,  and  if  such  purification  had 
been  Henry's  real  object,  his  proceed- 
ings in  the  matter  might  be  justified 
as  a  whole ;  but  no  such  defence  can 
be  offered  for  the  jealous  tyranny  of 
which  Buckingham,  Fisher,  More*, 
the  kindred  of  Cardinal  Pole  and  so 


nttely  to  kagiie  with  and  to  make  war  on  the 
empeior  and  the  king  of  France.  His  schemes, 
hovever,  were  foiled,  and  his  temporizing  conduct 
with  regard  to  the  king's  divorce  (which  he  is 
aooused  of  originally  suggestipg)  at  last  produced 
Us  own  rain. 

Though  he  had  reoeived  the  royal,  permission  tp 
act  as  papal  legate,  Wolsey  was,  in  Z590,  accused 
of  an  offence  against  the  statutes  of  Praemunire 
for  $0  doing,  was  stripped  of  most  of  his  vast  pos- 
sessions, and  sent  to  reside  on  his  diocese  of  York. 
He  now  began  to  devote  himself  to  the  duties  of 
a  Christian  oishop^  which  he  had  before  n^lected, 
but  he  was  soon  apprehended  on  a  charge  of  trea- 
son, and  died  at  Leicester  on  his  way  as  a  prisoner 
to  London,  Nov.  ag,  xsy>.  Wolsey  had  always 
potiomced  learning,  and  had  bestowed  lane  es- 
tates, obtained  by  the  suppression  of  small  mo- 
nauerics,  on  a  a>Uege  at  Oxford,  which  he  called 
Cardinal's  College ;  the  estates,  through  the  uM^lect 
of  ccnain  l^al  formalities,  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Grown,  but  they  were  re-^jranted  a  few  years 
afiec,  when  the  oollege  of  Christ  Churdi,  Oxford, 
was  founded  by  Henry  VIII. ;  not,  however,  on 
tbe  magnificent  scale  which  the  cardinal  had  in- 
tended, as  his  feuttdaCtoo  was  for  a  dean  and  a  sub- 
dean,  xoo  canons,  13  chaplains,  10  professors  and 
vuoK,  beiade  singmg  men  and  choristers,  and 
other  officers,  making  in  the  whole  x86  persons. 
"Cardinal  Wolsey  had  been  an  honest  man  if  he 
had  luKi  an  honest  master,"  was  a  part  of  the 
"treasonable  disooorses"  for  which  Lord  Monta- 
cute  (the  brother  of  Reginald  Pole.)  was  omvicted 
and  execttied ;  it  is*  pCThaps,  a  just  estimate  of 
Wokey's  chancter.  Hit  correspondence,  which 
B  preserved  in  the  State  Paper  Office,  shews  that 
Henry  only  took  the  cardinal's  advice  when  it 
pleased  him ;  he  does  not  appear  to  have  changed 
any  of  his  own  pmposes. 

'  Pensions,  it  is  true,  were  granted  to  some,  hut 
they  seem  to  have  been  altogether  inadequate,  and 
thousands  of  monastics  became  beggars,  against 
whom  acts  perhaps  the  most  atrocious  in  any  Sta- 
tute-hoc^ were  passed  in  the  next  rdgn,  [z  £dw. 
VLcsJ.    See  A.D.  1547. 

*  The  cruel  iate  of  these  two  eminent  men  affixes 
a  hk»t  on  the  personal  cbaxacter  of  Henry  which 
no  sophistical  pleadings  can  remove.  He  had  ac- 
KBowtedged  them  as  his  intimate  friends,  but  as 
in  their  consciences  they  could  not  approve  of  his 
proceedings  in  the  matter  of  the  divorce,  he  suffered 


them  to  be  brought  to  the  block  by  the  inquisitorial 
diligence  of  Rich,  the  attomey-generaL 

John  Fisher,  bishop  of  Rochester,  and  a  Roman 
cardinal,  was  bom  in  1459,  at  Beverley,  and  was 
educated  at  Micfaael4iouse,  Cambridge.  He  be- 
came confessor  to  Margaret,  countess  of  Richmond, 
and  was  gruitly  instrumental  in  carrying  out  her 
pious  intentions  in  the  Untversiries.  In  1504  he 
became  bishop  oK  Rochester,  but  continued  his 
care  of  the  University  of  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
was  the  first  chancellor  chosen  for  lOe.  He  greatly 
pleased  Henry  by  taking  up  his  pen  ajsainst  Luther, 
but  entirely  lost  his  favour  by  maintaining  with 
firmness  the  cause  of  Katherine  of  Aragon.  His 
affection  for  that  unfortunate  queen  induced  him 
to  listen  to  (he  dedaxations  of  the  Maid  of  Kent, 
and  he  was  in  consequence  attainted,  sentenced  to 
be  imprisoned  for  life  in  the  Tower,  and  was  treated 
with  extreme  hardship.  After  a  time  his  death 
was  determined  on,  and  being  entrapped  into  a  de- 
daration  that  the  king,  as  a  layman,  could  not 
with  a  good  conscience  style  himself  Head  of  the 
Church,  he  was  tried,  condemned,  and  beheaded, 
at  the  age  of76,  June  aa,  153s. 

Thomas  More  was  the  son  of  Sir  JcMin  More, 
a  judge,  and  was  bom  in  London,  prooably  about 
X476.  He  was  brought  up  in  the  househoki  of 
Cardinal  Morton,  studied  at  Oxford,  and  obtamed 
an  important  1<^  post  in  the  city  of  London.  He 
cultivated  literattue,  and  being  introduced  at  coiirt 
about  1521,  he  soon  became  a  favourite  with  the 
king,  and,  as  is  usually  said,  assisted  him  in 
the  composition  of  his  work  aeainst  Luther.  More 
was  made  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  chancellor  of  the  dudiy  of  Lancaster,  sent  on 
an  embassy  to  France,  and  at  leneth  succeeded 
Wolsey  as  chancellor.    This  last  high  office  he  re- 


in 1532,  as  he  disapproved  of  the  king' 
marriage  with  Anne  Boleyn.  More  was  looked  on 
with  suspicion  by  Wriothesley  and  others,  and 
harassed  with  ialse  charges  of  treasonable  corre- 
spondence ;  these  were  abandoned,  but  the  oath  of 
supremacy  being  offered  to  him,  he  declined  to  take 
it,  and  for  this  he  was  condemned  and  executed 
Jfuly  6,  1535,  preserving  in  his  last  moments  the 
serenity  and  cneerfubess  which  had  ever  disUn- 
euished  him.  More  was  a  most  amiable  character 
m  every  domestic  xekitkia ;  he  consdenttou^  ap- 
posed the  opinions  of  the  Reformers,  and  laboured 
to  suppress  their  translation  of  the  Bible,  but  he 
Ty  denied  a  charge  of  cruel  persecution  which 


384 


THE  TUDORS. 


many  others,  were  the  victims.  Even 
in  matters  which  did  not  belong  to 
the  great  political  or  religious  ques- 
tions of  his  reign,  his  government  was 
harsh,  and  numerous  severe  laws  were 
enacted,  and  rigorously  executed  •.He 
ruled  mcM-e  absolutelv  than  any  Eng- 
lish king  had  done  before  him;  and 
such  was  the  servility  of  his  parlia- 
ments that  they  allowed  his  proclama- 
tions in  some  cases  to  have  the  force 
of  laws  ;  not  only  granted  him,  by  the 
plunder  of  the  (Church,  an  amount  of 
wealth  which  no  former  king  had  pos- 
sessed, but  twice  cancelled  his  debts  ; 
enforced  all  his  changing  opinions  by 
the  penalties  of  treason ;  and  lastly, 
after  three  times  settling  the  succes- 
sion as  he  was  pleased  to  re<juire,  they 
enabled  him  to  dispose  of  it  by  will, 
as  if  the  monarchy  had  been  his  pri- 
vate estate. 

The  last  year  of  Henry's  life  was 
marked  by  the  fall  of  the  duke  of 
Norfolk',  who  had  long  been  a  main 
supporter  of  the  Romish  doctrines; 
Seyinour,  Cranmer,  and  others  of  the 
reformers,  were  appointed  by  his  will 
the  guardians  of  his  son,  and  the  king 
died  shortly  after,  Jan.  28,  1547.  He 
was  buried  at  Windsor,  Feb.  16,  ac- 
cording to  the  Roman  ritual,  and  a 
very  gorgeous  tomb  was  commenced 
to  his  memory ;  but  it  was  never  com- 
pleted, and  was  at  length  plundered, 


and  afterwards  destroyed  during  the 
civil  war  in  the  time  of  Charles  I. 

Henry  contracted  the  unusual  num- 
ber of  six  marriages,  all  except  the 
last  fatal  to  his  partners.  His  first 
union,  with  his  sister-in-law,  Katherine 
of  Aragon,  though  clearly  unlawful 
in  its  nature,  was  sanctioned  bv  the 
authority  of  the  pope,  and  affordea  him,  | 
from  the  virtues  of  the  unhappy  lady, 
the  only  calm  and  peaceful  years  that 
he  enjoyed  in  the  married  state.  Scru- 
ples as  to  its  legality  were  suggested, 
which  were  converted  into  certainty 
by  the  attractions  of  Anne  Boleyn,  an 
attendant  of  Katherine,  who  became 
queen  only  to  find  a  dishonoured  grave 
a  few  months  after  the  death  of  her 
injured  mistress.  Henry  next  married 
Jane  Seymour,  who  shortly  died  in 
child-bed ;  a  political  union  was  then 
entered  into  with  Anne  of  Qeves, 
and  shortly  after  unceremoniously  dis- 
solved, its  chief  result  being  the  ruin 
of  its  contriver,  Thomas  Cromwell. 
His  fifth  marriage  was  with  Katherine 
Howard,  who  in  less  than  two  years 
was  brought  to  the  block;  and  in  i 
eighteen  months  more  Henry  espoused 
a  widow  lady,  Katherine  Parr,  who 
though  endangered  by  her  favour  for 
the  doctrines  of  the  Reformation,  had 
the  fortime  to  survive  him. 

Beside  children  who  died  young', 
Henry  had  by  Katherine  of  Aragon, 


they  uraed  against  him,  and  the  whole  tenor  of  his 
life  leads  us  to  hope  that  it  is  greatly  exaggerated, 
if  not  wholly  untrue. 

•  The  chronicler  Holinshed  says  that  73,000  per- 
sons were  executed  in  the  course  of  his  reien ; 
a  number  not  incredible,  when  it  is  considered  that 
new  treasons  and  felomes  were  created  by  almost 
every  parliament,  and  that  sparing  life  when  con- 
victed was  seldom  thought  of,  in  the  Tudor  times. 

'  Thomas  Howard,  bom  in  1^73,  was  the  son  of 
the  earl  of  Surrey  who  gained  tne  victory  of  Flod- 


Arms  of  Howard,  duke  of  IToi&lk. 

den ;  he  was  present  there,  and  distinguished  him- 
self on  many  other  occasions  in  Scot&nd,  Fr{ince, 
and  Ireland.  He  became  duke  of  Norfolk  in  1524, 
took  a  prominent  part  m  public  business,  and  was 
considered  the  head  of  the  Romish  party  in  Zag- 


land;  heprocured  the  passing  of  the  Act  of  the  Six 
Artides,  and  otherwise  greatly 'hindered  the  Re 
formation.  At  last,  after  many  veaxs  of  high  &- 
vour,  he  fell  into  disgrace  with  Henry  VIII.,  who 
seems  to  have  suspected  him  and  his  son  of  aspiring 
to  the  crown,  was  attainted,  and  ordered  for  exe- 
cution, but  the  king  dying  at  that  very  period,  the 
new  ^vemment  contented  themselves  with  keep- 
ing him  a  prisoner  during  the  whole  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  VI.  He  was  released  b^  Mary,  and  his 
attainder  reversed,  but  he  took  httle  further  part 
in  public  affairs  beyond  presiding  at  the  trial  of  the 
duke  of  Northumberland ;  he  died  July  x8,  1554. 
He  married,  first,  the  princess  Anne,  oaQghter  d* 
Edward  IV.,  who  died  in  1513,  and,  secondly. 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Edwaud,  duke  of  Bud:- 
ingham. 

Henry,  earl  of  Surrey,  one  of  our  eariy  poets, 
was  the  son  of  the  duke,  and  was  bom  in  x^i6 : 
he  was  the  companion  and  brother-in4aw  or  the 
duke  of  Richmond,  the  king's  natural  son  :  tra- 
velled abroad,  and  distinguished  himself  in  arms, 
in  Scotland  and  France.  He  was  for  awhile  go> 
verhor  of  Boulogne,  but  being  ignomizuously  re- 
moved, he  gave  vent  to  his  displeasure  in  words 
which  were  carried  to  the  king ;  he  was  accused. 
like  his  father,  of  treason,  condemned,  and  exe> 
cuted,  Jan.  ax.  1547.  One  of  his  sons  was  Thomas, 
duke  of  Norfolk,  beheaded  in  1579. 

s  The  number  is  disputed ;  some  writers  mention 
two,  others  four. 


HENRY  VIII. 


»% 


Mary  ;  by  Anne  Boleyn,  Elizabeth  ; 
and  by  Jane  Seymour,  Edward,  who 
all  became  sovereigns. 

Henry  had  also  a  natural  son,  who 
was  bom  about  15 17,  and  was  named 
Henry ;  was  created  earl  of  Notting- 
ham, duke  of  Richmond  and  Somer- 
set, and  appointed  Lord  Lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  Sir  William  Skeffington 
being  his  deputy.  He  married  Mary 
a  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Norfolk, 
but  died  without   issue   in  his  20th 


Amsof  EenrjYin. 
year,  July  22,  1536,  and  was  buried  at 


Thetford.  He  is  spoken  of  as  grace- 
hil  and  accomplished. 

The  royal  arms  continued  the  same 
as  in  the  preceding  reigns,  but  are  ge- 
nerally within  the  gartar  and  crowned. 
The  supporters,  however,  vary ;  the 
more  onlinary  are  the  golden  lion  and 
red  dragon  ;  but  the  i^  dragon  also 
occurs  as  the  dexter  supporter,  while 
for  the  sinister  ones,  a  white  bull, 
a  white  greyhound,  and  a  white  cock 
are  mentioned. 

The  only  known  badge  of  Henry  is 


Badges  of  Katherlne  of  Aragon. 

the  white  greyhound,  courant;  but 
those  of  his  wives  are  the  pome- 
granate, the  pomegranate  and  rose, 
and  the  sheaf  of  arrows  of  Katherine 
of  Aragon ;  the  crowned  falcon  and 
sceptre  of  Anne  Boleyn ;  the  castle 


^S^.% 


Badges  of  Axme  Boleyn,  Jane  Seymour,  and  Katherine  Parr. 


and  phoenix  of  Jane  Seymour;  and 
the  maiden's  head  and  rose  of  Ka- 
therine Parr. 

As  Uie  prominent  actor  in  the  breach 
between  England  and  the  Church  of 
Rome,  the  character  of  Henry  has 
ordinarily  been  estimated  rather  ac- 
cording to  the  feeling  of  writers  con- 
cerning that  great  change,  than  by 
any  other  standard.  His  actions,  how- 
ever, shew  that  his  temper  was  most 
impetuous,  that  he  was  vain  of  his 
leaming,  jealous  of  his  power,  and 
alternately  avaricious  and  prodigal ; 
it  is  also  evident  that  these  defects 


were  fostered  by  interested  advisers, 
who  thus  served  their  own  ends, 
but  exhibited  their  king  as  a  capri- 
cious tyrant,  who  threw  off  the  yoke 
of  Rome  only  to  be  as  absolute  him- 
self. His  wealth  caused  his  alliance 
to  be  so  sedulously  courted  by  foreign 
princes  that  he  was  led  to  believe 
himself  the  arbiter  of  Europe,  yet  he 
ought  to  have  learnt  his  mistake,  on 
seeing  his  various  allies  repeatedly  de- 
sert him  without  ceremony  whenever 
they  had  an  opportunity  of  making 
peace  without  him;  and  while  they 
did  adhere  to  him  they  usually  man- 


286 


THE  TUDORS. 


[a.D.   1509,  15  TO. 


aged  to  make  him  pay  far  more  than 
his  due  proportion  of  the  costs  of  their 
joint  enterprises. 

In  his  private  character,  Henry  must 
be  regarded  with  abhorrence.  A  hide- 
ous lx)ast  is  attributed  to  him  that  "  he 
never  spared  a  woman  in  his  lust,  or 
a  man  m  his  anger,"  and  his  conduct 
justifies  the  remark.  Those  who  had 
served  him  but  "  too  well"  (as  Wolsey 
and  Cromwell**)  were  abandoned  to 
destruction  when  no  longer  usefid ;  the 
pious  and  faithful  Katherine  suffered 
a  living  martyrdom ;  his  five  other 
\vives  fared  little  better ;  and  his 
daughters  were  made  to  feel  that  their 
lives  and  fortunes  depended  on  his  ab- 
solute will  Thus  destitute  alike  of 
gratitude  and  natural  feeling,  it  is  not 
wonderful  to  find  him  also  without  the 
honesty  to  pay  his  debts,  or  the  honour 
to  adhere  to  his  public  engagements '. 
Yet,  with  all  his  vices  and  crimes,  he 
was  the  instrument  of  good  to  pos- 
terity which  is  not  altvays  appreciated 
as  it  ought  to  be ;  for  his  hand  over- 
threw the  power  which  had  long  de- 
nied to  England  a  Bible  and  Service- 
book  in  the  common  tongue,  and  had 
endeavoured  to  render  Uie  word  of 
God  of  none  effect  by  its  traditions. 


He  was  too,  at  least  in  the  earlier  part 
of  his  reign,  a  popular  fEivourite ;  he 
occasionally  mixed  with  the  humble 
classes,  and  admitted  them  to  a  rude 
kind  of  familiarity ;  they  admired  his 
handsome  person,  and  his  skill  in  ath- 
letic and  martial  sports ;  and,  unlike 
those  above  them,  they  had  Httle  to 
apprehend  from  his  avarice  or  his 
cruelty. 

A.D.  1509. 

Henry  succeeds  to  the  throne, 
April  22  •'. 

A  proclamation  issued  promising 
redress  to  persons  who  had  been  in- 
jured in  the  former  reign  by  the  rigor- 
ous execution  of  obsolete  statutes*, 
under  the  management  of  Empson  and 
Dudley,  who,  with  many  of  their  sub- 
ordinates, are  conmiitted  to  prison**. 

Henry,  by  advice  of  his  council', 
marries  Katnerine  of  Aragon,  June  11. 
They  are  crowned  at  Westminster, 
June  24. 

Empson  and  Dudley  are  brought  to 
trial,  and  pronounced  guilty  of  high 
treason  ^ 

A.D.  151a 

Thomas  Wolsey  is  introduced  to  the 


^  Thomas  Cromwell,  the  son  of  a  blacksmith  at 
Putney>  was  born  about  1490.  He  was  employed 
in  the  English  iactoiy  at  Antwerp,  was  afterwards 
engaged  in  the  service  of  Henry  VIII.,  but  at 
lenetn  became^  a  soldier,  and  was  present  at  the 
sack  of  Rome  in  2597.  He  soon  after  returned  to 
England,  entered  the  family  of  Cardinal  Wolsey, 
was  much  esteemed  by  him,  and,  as  the  redeeming 
feature  in  a  bad  character,  had  the  honesty  and 
courage  to  adhere  to  him  when  fallen.  He  is  said 
to  have  thus  recommended  himself  to  the  favour 
of  the  king,  who  bestowed  manv  lucrative  offices 
on  him,  and  ret:eived  in  return  all  the  services  that 
a  bold,  artful,  and  utterly  unscrupulous  agent  could 
render,  whether  in  divorcing  or  murdering  his 
queens,  plundering  the  Church,  or  erecting  his 
own  varymg  opinions  as  standards  of  doctrine.  In 
1536  he  was  created  Lord  Cromwell,  and  in  1519 
earl  of  Essex,  but  he  soon  after  l<»t  the  royal  fa- 
vour, was  committed  to  prison,  attainted  without 
a  hearing,  after  a^  &shion  which  he  had  often  em- 
ployed a^inst  his  opponents,  and  beheaded  July 
28,  2540,  m  spite  of  supplications  of  the  most  piti- 
able nature.    He  concludes  one  letter  thus : — 

"  Written  at  the  Tower  this  Wednesday,  the  last 
of  June,  with  the  heavy  heart  and  trembling  hand 
of  your  Highness'  most  heavy  and  most  miserable 
prisoner,  and  poor  slave,  Thomas  Cromwell. 

*'  Most  gracious  prince,  I  cry  for  mercy,  mercy, 
mercy." 

*  His  pariiaments  relieved  him  from  the  first  in 
1339  ana  1544,  and  he  was  alternately  the  ally  and 
the  enemy  of  both  Charles  V.  and  Francis  I. 

^  His  regnal  years  are  dated  from  this  day. 

I  The  king  declares  that  this  had  been  done 
**  without  any  cause  reasonable  or  lawful,  by  the 
undue  means  of  certain  of  the  learned  Council  of 
our  late  father,  contrary  to  the  law,  reason  and 
£ood  conscience,  to  the  manifest  charge  and  peril 


of  the  soul  of  our  late  father ;"  and  the  young  kiar 
adds  that  he  is  informed  "  that  the  sums  contained 
in  those  recognizances  cannot  be  levied  without 
the  evident  peril  of  our  late  father's  soul,  which  we 
would  for  no  earthly  riches  see  nor  suffer." 

"  It  was  found  upon  enquiry  that  a  mudh  hr^ 
sum  than  the  young  kbg  was  inclined  to  part  widi 
would  be  necessary  to  afford^  compoBsation.  He 
contented  himself  therefore  with  remitting  any  in- 
stalments that  remained  unpaid  of  fines  imposed 
(many  of  them  were  in  the  form^  of  yearly  pay- 
ments), and  punishing  the  chief  delinquents  as  tiai- 
tors ;  their  subordinates  escaped  with  imprisonment 
and  the  pillory. 

■  Warham,  arehbbhop  of  Canterbury,  and  lord 
chancellor,  strenuously  opposed  the  marriage,  iHit 
without  effect. 

«  They  were  cfaaiged  with  a  design  to  "hold, 
guide  and  govern  the  Icing  and  his  coundl,"  to  sub- 
jugate the  nobility,  and  to  destroy  all  who  misted. 
The  indictments  state  that,  when  the  late  king  by 
on  his  death-bed,  Empson  retained  in  Northamp- 
tonshire John  Stalworth,  Robert  Warwick  and 
others,  by  a  fee  of  one  penny  each,  and  they  came 
to  London,  where  Dudley  by  letters  to  Sir  Edvanl 
Sutton  and  others,  on  the  32nd  of  April  assembled 
"  a  great  force  of  men  and  armed  power,**  to  cairy 
their  purposes  into  effecL  Dudley  was  tri^  at 
London,  July  x8,  and  Empson  at  Northampton, 
Oct.  X.  It  seems  to  have  been  intended  to  span 
their  lives,  but  such  vehement  oomplaints  were 
made  against  them  during  the  royal  progress  next 
year,  that  they  were  abandoned  to  tneir  fiUe,  and 
were  executea  together  on  Tower4ii!l,  Aug.  18, 
X510.  An  act  was  passed  to  prevent  such  vexatkMS 
suits  as  they  had  prosecuted ;  it  provided  that  all 
suits  on  penal  sututes  should  be  commenced  within 
three  years  after  the  time  of  the  alkged  offence, 
[1  Hen.  VIII.  c.  4]. 


A.U  isro— ^1514^1 


HENRY  VIIT. 


2S7 


particular  notice  of  the  Idng  by  Richard 
Fojff  bishop  of  Winchester,  and  soon 
becomes  a  tavourite  with  him. 

The  statutes  against  costly  apparel 
modified,  [i  Hen,  VIII.  c.  14J. 

Andrew  Barton,  the  Scottish  pri- 
irateers  is  killed,  and  his  ships  (the 
Lion  and  Jenny  Perwin)  captured  by 
Sir  Edward  Howard',  the  admiral, 
and  his  brother.  Sir  Thomas. 

A.D.  151 1. 

Henry  forms  a  league  with  Ferdi- 
nand of  Spain,  for  the  purpose  of  at- 
tacking France,  Nov.  10. 

St  John's  Collie,  Cambridge,  found- 
ed in  pursuance  of  the  will  of  Margaret, 
countess  of  Richmond*. 

A.D.  1512. 

The  parliament  meets,  Feb.  4. 

Physicians  and  surgeons  forbidden 
to  practise  unless  licensed  by  the 
bishop  of  the  diocese,  [3  Hen.  VIII. 
en], 

Dudley's  attainder  reversed',  [c.  19]. 

Fortifications  ordered  to  be  erected 
on  the  coast  between  Plymouth  and 
the  Land's  End,  [4  Hen.  VIII.  c.  2"]. 

Benefit  of  clergy  taken  from  mur- 
derers and  felons,  [4  Hen.  VI 1 1,  sess.  2, 

James  of  Scotland  forms  a  league 
with  France,  May  22. 

An  English  force  sent  under  the 
marquis  of  Dorset  to  Spain.  It  re- 
mains  inactive    on    the   borders    of 


France  from  June  to  December,  wait- 
ing for  the  Spaniards,  and  then  re- 
turns home  greatly  weakened  by  sidc- 
ness. 

Sir  Edward  Howard  ravages  the 
French  coast,  and  defeats  the  French 
fleet  near  Brest*,  Aug.  10. 

The  Trinity  House  established  for 
the  encouragement  of  navigation. 

A.D.  1 5 13. 

A  fresh  league  is  formed  against 
France  between  the  emperor  (Maximi- 
lian J^),  the  pope  (Leo  X.)  and  the  kings 
of  England  and  Spain,  April  5. 

Sir  Edward  Howard  is  killed  in  an 
attempt  to  destroy  the  Frendi  fleet*, 
near  Brest,  April  25. 

The  earl  of  Suffolk  is  beheaded,  after 
seven  years'  imprisonment  •,  April  30. 

The  French  and  the  English  coasts 
are  ravaged  by  the  rival  fleets. 

Henry  passes  over  to  France,  June  30 ; 
he  besieges  and  captures  Terouenne, 
Aug.  22**. 

The  Scots  invade  England,  but  are 
defeated  with  great  slaughter  at  Flod- 
den,  (near  Wooller,)  in  Northumber- 
land, Sept.  9,  by  the  earl  of  Surrey". 

Toumav  is  invested  and  speedily 
captured  (Sept  24),  when  Henry  holds 
his  court  there*. 

Henry  returns  to  England,  Nov.  24. 

A.D.  1 5 14. 
The  French  bum  Brighton,  and  ra- 
vage the  Sussex  coast 


V  Rlduurd'Fox  was  bora  at  Grantham,  and  was 
educated  at  both  Universities.  He  was  early 
attached  to  tiie  court,  and  was  employed  by 
Henry  VII.  on  several  important  embassies,  and 
particularly  in  the  negoti^ions  for  the  marriage  of 
the  princess  MarvareC  with  James  IV.  of  Scotland. 
In  148^,  being  then  the  king's  secretary,  he  was 
made  bishan  of  Exeter,  and  afterwards  held  the 
sees  of  Bath  and  Wells,  Durham  nnd  Winchester. 
Beade  fout^ng  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
Biihop  Fox  endowea  several  grammar  schools, 
(forticulaily  one  in  his  native  town.)  and  exhibited 
gnat  liberality  in  adorning  his  cathedral  of  Win- 
chester, whidi  ace  he  held  for  twentv-seven  years. 
He  died  Sept.  14,  1528,  and  was  buried  va  his 
dutrcfa,  where  his  elegant  chantry  still  attracts  at- 
tention equally  with  those  of  Wykeham,  Beaufort, 
and  WayaeOete.  «  See  p.  978. 

'  The  sons  of  the  earl  of  Sturey,  and  erandsons 
of  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  who  was  killed  at  Bosworth. 

■  This,  like  Jesns  College,  was  the  conversion  of 
an  existiag  establishment  to  coll^iate  purposes. 
.  *  His  SOB  John  became  duke  ofNortliumberiand 
u  the  next  reign. 

*  This  statute  directs  the  justices  of  peace  to  sur- 
yty  Cornwall,  and  compel  the  inhabitants  to  labour 
w  the  erectioa  of  "buhvarks"  without  pay,  the 
land  and  materials  being  provided  in  like  manner 
^ihout  remuneration. 

"  The  largest  ship  of  each  fleet  (the  Cordelier 


and  the  Regent)  being  grappled  together,  were 
blown  up  by  a  French  gunner,  and  almost  all  on 
board  (1000  men)  perished. 

y  Maximilian  served  for  a  daily  pay  of  zoo  golden 
crowns  with  the  English  army  before  Terouenne, 
wearing  the  green  and  white  livery  of  the  Tudors. 

•  He  was  succeeded  in  his  office  of  admiral  by 
his  brother.  Sir  Thomas,  afterwards  duke  of  Norfolk. 

*■  This  execution  after  so  long  a  delay  b  usually 
regarded  as  in  revenge  for  his  brother  Richard 
serving  in  the  French  army. 

■*  A  few  days  before,  (Aug.  x6,)  a  French  army 
attempting  to  relieve  the  town  was  put  to  flight  so 
precipitately,  that  the  aflair  is  commonly  known  as 
the  Battle  of  the  Spurs. 

•  The  king  was  killed,  as  was  his  natural  son, 
Alexander,  iux:hbishop  of  St.  Andrew's,  three  other 
prelates,  twenty-five  nobles,  and  four  htmdred 
knights  and  gentlemen.  James'  body  was  em- 
balmed at  Benrick.  and  after  a  considerable  time 
was  wrapped  in  lead  and  deposited  in  the  monas- 
tery at  Richmond.  It  was  apparently  disinterred 
at  the  dissolution  of  the  house,  and  was  lying  in 
a  Itunber-room  in  the  time  of  the  antiquary  Stow. 

'  llie  see  was  at  that  time  vacant,  and  as  the 
bishop^ea  refused  to  swear  fealty  to  the  con- 
queror, it  was  given  to  the  kind's  almoner,  Wolsey, 
who  shortly  aJter  received  also  the  bishopric  of 
Lincoln.  (Feb.  6,  xsu.)  and  before  the  end  of  the 
year  was  translated  to  York. 


288 


THE  TUDORS. 


[A.D.  1514,  1515. 


An  act  passed  for  the  due  adminis- 
tration of  justice  in  the  conquered 
towns  of  Terouenne  and  Toumay, 
[5  Hen.VIII.  c.  il. 

Peace  is  concluded  with  France  and 
Scotland,  Aug.  7 ;  Louis  XII.  agree- 
ing to  pay  a  large  sum  of  money,  and 
also  to  marry  Mary,  the  king's  young- 
est sister*. 

The  queen-mother  of  Scotland  mar- 
ries the  earl  of  Angus  (Archibald 
Douglas),  and  endeavours  to  procure 
the  regency  for  him.  John,  duke 
of  Albany',  is  invited  from  France 
by  the  parliament,  and  received  as 
governor. 


A.D.  1515. 

Louis  XII.  of  France  dies,  Jan.  i. 
He  is  succeeded  by  his  son-in-law,  the 
duke  of  Angouleme,  as  Francis  I. 

A  dispute  arises  between  the  parlia- 
ment and  the  convocation  respecting 
the  claim  of  the  clergy  to  be  exempt 
from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  king's 
courts. 

The  queen-mother  and  her  husband 
plot  against  the  duke  of  Albany,  but 
are  obliged  to  flee  to  England. 

Wolsey  is,  through  the  king's  influ- 
ence, declared  a  cardinal,  Sept.  11.  He 
is  made  chancellor,  Dec.  22,  and  appears 
to  govern  the  kingdom  at  his  pleasure. 


IRELAND. 


The  miserable  condition  of  Ireland, 
and  the  merely  nominal  nature  of  the 
English  rule  there  in  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII.,  are  well  shewn  in  a  do- 
cument preserved  in  the  Public  Record 
Office,  and  ascribed  to  the  year  1515*. 
The  writer  enumerates  more  than  sixty 
"  chief  captains"  of  the  king's  "  Irish 
enemies,"  and  more  than  half  as  many 
"  great  captains  of  the  English  noble 
folk,"  some  being  distinguished  as  the 
"  English  great  rebels,"  and  others  as 
"captains  that  obey  not  the  king's 
law."  He  names  the  districts  that  have 
neither  justice  nor  sheriff,  "  wherein  all 
the  English  folk  are  of  Irish  habit,  of 
Irish  language,  and  of  Irish  condition, 
except  in  the  cities  and  the  walled 
towns ;"  and  states  that,  even  in  the 


English  pale,  (the  eastern  half  of  the 
counties  of  Louth,  Meath,  Dublin,  Kil- 
dare,  and  Wexford  *•,  the  western  half 
of  each  being  a  march  land,  more  dis- 
orderly, if  possible,  than  the  more  dis- 
tant districts,)  "the  common  people, 
for  the  more  part,  be  of  Irish  birth,  of 
Irish  habit,  and  of  Irish  language." 

The  Irish  chief  captains,  the  writer 
states,  called  themselves, "  some  kings, 
some  king's  peers,  some  princes,  some 
dukes,  some  archdukes."  Each  made 
peace  and  war  for  himself,  and  held 
his  place  by  the  sword,  having  im- 
perial jurisdiction  within  his  country, 
and  obeyed  no  person,  English  or 
Irish ;  their  districts  were  some  as 
large  as  a  shire,  some  less,  but  the 
same  state  of  things  prevailed  in  them 


•  They  were  married  at  Abbeville,  Oct.  9.  ITie 
king  died  tbree  months  after,  and  his  widow  soon 
married  Charies  Brandon,  duke  of  Suffolk.  He 
was  the  nephew  of  Richmond's  standard-bearer  at 
Bosworth,  and  had  been  brought  up  in  the  court  as 
the  companion  of  Prince  Henry,  where  he  became 
a  great  favourite,  from  his  handsome  person  and 
his  skill  in  martial  exercises.  He  was  created 
Lord  Lisle  by  Henry  VIII.,  went  with  him  on  his 
expedition  to  Fiance,  and  was  soon  after  raised  to 
a  dukedom.  He  aspired  in  vain  to  the  hand  of 
Margaret  of  Savoy,  and  his  marriage  with  the 
French  queen  was  readily  forgiven ;  he  had  great 
grants  of  abbey  lands,  and  he  continued  in  favour 
with  the  kins  his  whole  life.  He  made  sevend  in- 
cursions in  France,  from  Calais,  on  one  occasion 
nearly  reaching  Paris :  greatly  exerted  himself  in 
putting  down  the  insurrections  in  England,  and 
was  the  first  to  enter  Boulogne  when  captured  by 
the  king.  Suffolk  died  shortly  after,  Aug.  24, 2545, 
and  was  buried  at  Henry's  charge  at  Windsor. 
He  was  four  times  married,  his  royal  bride  being 
his  third  partner:  by  her  he  left  two  sons,  who 
both  died  m  youth,  and  two  daughters.  By  one  of 
them.  Lady  Jane  Grey  was  his  granddaughter. 

'  The  son  of  Alexander,  duke  of  Albany,  brother 
of  James  III. ;  he  had  great  estates  in  France,  and 


had  gained  much  reputation  as  a  military  com- 
mander in  the  French  wars  in  Italy.  He  arrivni 
in  Scotland  May  z8,  1515,  but  many  ooospindes 
and  rebellions  were  formed  against  him,  and  after 
several  visits  to  France,  he  finally  withdrew  in 
1524. 

«  It  is  printed  in  the  State  Papers  of  the  reign  cf 
Henry  VIII.,  Part  III.  p.  x.  Many  of  its  sute- 
mcnts  are  borne  out  by  acts  of  the  Englisli  Parlia- 
ment, particularly  x^  Hen.  VIII.  c.  3,  and  25  Hen. 
VIII.  c.  xs ;  and  ottiers  are  authenticated  by  the 
Ordinances  for  the  Government  of  Ireland,  issued 
in  X534,  to  be  found  in  the  same  work.  p.  907. 
Another  document  of  somewhat  later  date  (betweea 
15x7  and  isy>)  exists  in  the  Public  Reooni  Office, 
entitled  "Remembrances  for  Ireland,"  which 
among  other  things  foreshadows  a  change  that  has> 
only  of  late  been  effected,  namely,  the  redudng  the 
number  of  the  prelates  to  two  archbishops  and  nine 
or  ten  bishops.  It  also  recommends  that  no  ab> 
senteeism  should  be  allowed,  and  that  war  on  the 
natives  unless  with  the  license  of  the  king's  deputy 
should  be  punished  as  treason. 

^  The  sea-coast  of  Wexford  had  been  reoooquetcd 
by  Mac  Morough,  an  Irish  chief,  who  received 
"  tribute"  from  the  ro)ral  exchequer  at  least  as  late 
as  X537. 


HENRY  VIII. 


289 


aH,  a  mtiltitude  of  minor  chiefs  (''ty- 
shagh,''  or  duke,  in  its  original  sense 
of  a  military  leader,)  existing  in  each, 
who  gave  no  more  obedience  to  the 
nominial  head  than  he  was  able  to  en- 
force by  the  sword.  On  the  death  of 
each  chief  his  successor  was  appointed, 
not  by  any  law,  "  but  he  that  hath  the 
strongest  arm  and  the  hardyest  sword 
among  them,  hath  best  right  and 
title  ;*  so  that  few  of  the  regions  were 
ever  at  peace  within  themselves.  The 
most  potent  chiefs  maintained  a  force 
of  from  200  to  500  mounted  spearmen, 
as  many  galloglasses  fheavy-armea 
men),  and  1000  or  more  kernes  (light- 
araied  troops  *) ;  these  lived  the  whole 
year  round  at  free  quarter  on  the  hus- 
bsuidmen  either  of  their  own  or  the 
neighbouring  districts,  having  their 
portion  of  plunder  for  their  only 
wages. 

The  English  great  captains  lived 
in  much  the  same  way.  In  spite  of 
the  Statutes  of  Kilkenny*,— passed 
for  the  very  puipose  of  keeping  the 
races  distinct,  they  had  universally 
adopted  the  Irish  maimers  and  lan- 
guage, many  had  taken  Irish  names  \ 
and  all  had,  by  intermarriages  and 
fostering,  so  linked  themselves  with 
the  native  chiefs,  that  the  king's  offi- 
cers"  could  never  depend  on  any 
service  from  them  against  the  great 
O'Neal,  or  O'Connor,  or  MacMorough, 
vhb  perpetually  harassed   the   pale. 


and  received  payments  of  "tribute** 
from  each  county,  and  even  from  the 
king's  exchequer  ■  ;  whilst  any  attempt 
to  extend  the  king's  authority  over 
either  English  or  Irish  dwelling  beyond 
the  pale,  was  commonly  met,  ana  de- 
feated, by  the  confederacy  of  both. 
Indeed,  from  the  manner  in  which 
the  royal  officers  generally  behaved 
in  the  district  under  their  power,  there 
was  little  to  induce  any  one  to  submit 
to  their  rule.  The  same  number  of 
judges  and  officers  was  kept  up  as 
when  the  greater  part  of  the  island 
aclmowledged  die  royal  authority ; 
and  the  expense  of  their  maintenance 
was  so  great  that  the  freeholders  of 
the  pale  daily  deserted  their  holdings 
to  escape  the  intolerable  imposition : 
for,  "  what  with  the  extortion  of  coin 
and  livery  daily,  and  with  the  wrongful 
exaction  of  hosting  money,  and  of  car- 
riage and  cartage  daily,  and  what  with 
the  king's  |^eat  subsidy  yearly,  and 
with  the  said  tribute  and  blade  rent 
to  the  king's  Irish  enemies,  and  other 
infinite  extortions  and  daily  exactions  •*, 
all  the  English  folk  of  the  counties  of 
Dublin,  Kildare,  Meath,  and  Uriel 
(Louth),  be  more  oppressed  than  any 
other  folk  of  this  land,  English  or 
Irish,  and  of  worse  condition  be  they 
on  ttus  side  than  in  the  marches." 

As  might  be  expected,  the  Church 
was  in  a  deplorable  condition.  ''  The 
noble  folk  otlrdand  oppress  and  spoil 


'  The  kernes  were  the  oommon  ptotAe.  the  hone- 
ncB  and  gallofflasaes  the  gentry.  Neither  kerne 
DOT  hfoneman  had  any  ddennve  armour,  bat  the 
pOoivrianes  were  ^d  in  mail,  and  carried  a 
'ipar,  or  long-handled  axe ;  they  usually  decided 
tltt  &te  of  any  pitched  battle.  "These  sort  of 
Bten,*  says  the  deputy  St  Leger,  "  be  those  that 
do  not  laehtiT  abandon  the  field,  but  bide  the  brunt 
|o  the  aeath."  Sometinies  they  appear  to  have 
been  Sootdsh  mesoenaxies,  ready  to  transfer  their 
ttnioes  to  the  best  paymaster.    Each  horseman 


had  at  least  three  horses,  and  as  many  attend 
the  gaflMlasses  also  had  bcnrs  with  Uiem.  bearing 
dam,  which  they  cast  at  the  enemy  br —  **' — 
i  to  the  hand-stroke.    The 


vcn  diridcd  into  "banners,'*  varying  from  twenty 
to  eighty  men :  and  the  gaUoglaases  mto  "  battles,^ 

>  For  example,  the  lords  Barry  and  De  Grarcy 
bote  the  names  of  Mac  Adam  and  Mac  Patrick ; 
the  BenuQflhams  and  De  Burghs  s^led  them- 
selves MacFioris  and  Mac  William;  Uie  Dexters 
(de  Exooia)  and  Fits-Stephens,  Mac  Jordan  and 
JucSlanir.  These  and  30  more  Anslo-Irish  chie& 
'fiQUow  ne  same  Irish  order  and  xeep  the  same 
nue,  and  evenr  one  of  them  maketh  war  and  peace 
fiorhjmsdf  without  any  licence  of  the  king,  or  any 
croartqmoral  person,  save  him  that  may  subdue 


■  These  oflBcers  themsehes  had  adopted  an 
Irish  custom  most  oppressive  to  the  people.  The 
writer,  alluding  doubtless  to  the  earl  of  Kildare, 
who  so  loQg  held  the  post  of  deputy,  says,  "  Some 
time,  in  our  days,  the  king's  deputy  used  always  to 
have  about  him,  whenever  that  he  did  ride,  a  s&ong 
guard  on  horseback  of  spears  and  bows,  weU  gar- 
iw^ed,  alter  the  English  manner,  that  paid  truly 
for  their  meat  and  drink,  wherever  they  did  ride ; 
now,  guard  of  the  king's  deputy  h  n<me  other  than 
a  multitude  of  Irish  galloglasses,  and  a  multitude 
of  Irish  keraes  and  spears,  with  infinite  number  of 
horselads ;  and  with  the  said  guard  the  king's  de- 
puty is  ever  moving  and  stirring  from  one  place  to 
another ;  and,  wiu  extortion  of  coin  and  liveiy, 
consumeth  and  devoureth  all  the  substance  of  the 
poor  folk,  and  of  the  common  people  of  all  the 
king's  subjects."  He,  however,  did  not  venture 
to  practise  these  extortions  on  the  port  towns,  or 
(m  the  nobles  of  the  pale. 

>  "The  English  counties  that  bear  tribute  to  the 
wikl  Irish"  are  enumerated ;  U^  whole  sum  is  £7^ 
English  money,  of  which  ^hty  marks  were  paid 
from  the  exchequer  to  Bfac  Morough  (or  Kavanagh), 
of  Idrone,  county  Carlow. 

»  Some  particulars  of  these  exactions  ^^J^ 
found  under  a.d.  XS37,  from  the  inquests  takoi 
by  St.  Leger  and  other  commissionen  on  the  sab- 
ject 


U 


2i)0 


THE  TQBORS. 


[a.d.  1516—1519. 


the  prelates  of  the  Chnrdi  of  Christ  of 
their  possessions  and  liberties ;  and 
tlicrefore  they  have  no  fortune,  no 
irrace,  no  prosperity  of  body  or  douL" 
The  prela^  and  cdo^,  bowever, 
were  themselves  greatl^  to  Uame, 
**ios  there  is  no  archbishop,  »o  bi- 
shops abbot,  no  prior,  parson,  no  vicar, 
nor  any  odber  person  of  the  Churdh, 
high  (X-  low,  great  or  small,  English 
or  Irish,  that  useth  to  preach  the  word 
of  God,  saving  the  poor  friars  b^gars ; 
if  their  word  of  God  do  oease,  there 
can  be  no  grace,  aad  without  the 
special  grace  of  God,  this  land  Biay 
never  be  refonned.** 

The  writer  then  notices  thevario«s 
causes  assigned  for  the  d^ray  of  the 
land,  and  having  shewn  that  it  is 
mainly  to  be  attributed  to  the  evil 
conduct  of  the  ^English  noble  folk,'' 
advises  ''the  sword  of  the  common 
folk"  to  be  employed  2^nst  them ; 
in.  other  words,  tnat  t&  tenants  of 
Mcath  shall  first  be  armed  and  trained 
in  the  English  manner,  being  sup- 
ported by  500  English  horsemen ; 
then  the  same  course  to  be  taken  in 
each  county  of  the  pale;  and  when 
the  whole  (estimated  at  100,000  men) 
are  ready,  the  king  to  come  over  with 
a  body  of  2,000  men,  and  force  the 
''great  English  rebels'*  to  submit  to 
his  laws.  Thai  to  introduce  at  least 
one  man  from  each  parish  in  Eng- 
land; to  compel  the  English  to  in- 
close their  fields  and  gaidens,  and 
plant  trees;  and  to  conciliate  the 
Irish  (who  are  represented  as  well 
iiKlined  to  submit  to  the  king's  laws, 
if  they  could  be  sure  of  protection 
from  the  lawless  English '),  by  oflfier- 
ing  a  peerage  to  each  great  captain, 
and  knighthood  to  each  petty  captain ; 
to  appoint  the  bishops  and  great  land- 
holders justices  of  the  peace,  and 
-oblige  all  to  adopt  the  Ei^lish  habit, 
and  to  bring  up  their  children  to  the 
English  language,  and  in  habits  of 


industry,  sofleting  no  idle  man  «r 
vagabouds,  ^  upon  pain  of  their  tives.* 
These  sensible  suggestions  aie  said 
to  be  taken  from  a  work  by  the 
Pandar^  wbo,  iMweinr,  iFenlaies  abo 
on  projtecy,  And  fises  the  ham 
diange  he  ^sticnates  from  them  nt 
the  year  1517 ;  he  says,  *The  pro- 
phecy is,  that  tlie  king  of  England 
shall  put  this  buid  in  such  order,  that 
all  the  wars  of  tihe  land,  whereof 
groweth  aM  the  vices  of  die  sttne, 
shall  cease  for  ever ;  and  after  that, 
God  shall  give  such  grace  and  for- 
tune to  llie  said  long,  that  he  shall, 
with  the  army  of  England  and  of 
Ireland,  subdue  the  re^m  of  France 
to  his  obedience  for  ever,  and  shall 
rescue  the  Greeks,  and  recover  the 
great  dty  of  Constantinople,  and  shall 
vanqui^  the  Turks,  and  win  the  Hoi)' 
Cross  and  the  Holy  Land,  and  shall 
die  emperor  of  Rome,  and  eternal  bliss 
shall  be  his  end.* 


A.D.  15 16. 
A  league  is  formed  by  die  Emperor, 
the  Pope,  and  several  Italian  states 
against  the  king  of  France^  Oct  29. 
A.D.  1 5 17. 
A  riot  against  the  foreign  merchaats 
and  artisans  settled  in  L^don  ocean 
May  I,  whidi  is  afierwaids  known  as 
"evil  May-day'/ 

Wolsey  receives  the  office  of  papal 
legate ;  his  coadjutor  is  Laurence 
CampegiuSy  a  Roman  rardinaL 
A.D.  1 5 18. 
Wolsey  promotes  a  treaty  between 
Henry  and  the  king  of  France,  in  op- 
position to  the  esdsting  league. 

A.D.  1519. 

The  Emperor  Maximilian  dies, 
Jan.  12.  After  some  time,  his  graiMl- 
son  Charles  of  Spain  (Charies  V.)  is 
elected  ■• 


p  This  was  prolaUy  trae ;  theY  hsd  applied  for 
the  king's  protection  aoo  yean  before.    See  A.D. 

4  A  aaautcnpt  exists  in  the  British.  Maseum, 
''Pandari  Salus  Fopnli,   de   rehus  Hi- 
Hea.  VL,"  which  is  probably  the 


Lctok  referred  to. 

'  Oae  John  lineoln.  a  broker,  induced  Dr.  Bell, 
a  canon  of  the  S^taU  to  preach  against  the  for- 
eicnen»  at  the  otttoaBaiy  &ster  aennon,  (Tuesday, 
April  24):  in  consequence,  the  houses  of  many 
turcigners  were  sacked.    Near  300  of  the  rioters 


were  made  prisoners,  and  the  fSltf  was  tCQipial 
for  aooae  days  by  the  duke  of  Noilrik  with  s  hrr 
fimaa.  liacofai  aad  aboat  a  dom  «lkes  «ve 
csDeouled,  bat  the  rest  w«re  cardoaed  iters  w 
dehy,  at  tfie  iatofcessien  ofQuMn  Katheucnd 


Qtsecns  of  Fkasoe  iuhi  jmn^n  . 

Hflwy  proposed  himself  as  a  candiikMA^^ 
abaadoMd  tha  idea:  Fnaa  L 


strare  eageriy  to  obbin  iL  sad  Ibs 
vented  itself  fa •-*-  - 


which  bsted  (with  soma  slight 
the  remainder  of  his  lifei 


fer 


A.D.  1519^15*^] 


HENRY  VIII. 


291 


Tooraay  surrendered  to  the  French 
on  the  promise  of  payment  of  a  large 
sura»,  Feb.  ic^ 


St  Mary  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge, founded  by  Edward,  duke  of 


IRELAND. 


A.D.  1520. 

Thomas,  earl  of  Surrey,  is  appointed 
loid-lietittnaat,  ApriL 

Gerald,  earl  of  Kildaie,died  in  1512, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  also 
named  Gerald,  who,  with  aE  the  am- 
bition of  his  fether,  was  less  success- 
ful in  contending  with  the  hereditary 
lirals  of  his  ho^,  the  Bntlers.  Sir 
Pierce  Buder,  afterwards  earl  of  Or- 
moad  and  Ossor^,  was  a  resident  in 
£n^and;  and  his  representations  to 
Cardinal  Wolsey  of  the  state  of  Ire- 
land had  such  effect,  that  Kildare  was 
deprived  of  his  government,  and  the 
eail  of  Surrey  substituted,  with  full 
powers,  on  paper,  to  redress  the  dis- 
onders  of  the  land ;  but  being  ill-sup- 
plied with  money  and  military  force*, 
he  solicited  and  obtained  his  recall  in 
less  than  two  years  after,  and  Butler 
was  appointed  deputy  (March  6, 1522). 
KiUkre  was  reappointed  in  1524,  after 
signing  (Aug.  4)  a  formal  indoiture, 
in  which  he  bound  himself  in  a  penalty 
of  ^1,000  to  pursue  a  legal  course  of 
government.  This,  however,  made  no 
difoence  in  his  conduct,  or  in  that 
of  Botler;  and  at  last,  in  1527,  both 
were  summoned  to  Endand  to  give 
account  of  their  proceemngs,  Riduurd 
Nugent,  Lord  Ddvin,  being  appointed 
vicfrdcputy.    The  Irish  council  com- 


plained of  his  inefficiency,  and  peti- 
tioned for  the  return  of  hoiti  the  earls, 
as  die  only  defence  of  the  land  against 
die  natives ;  and  when,  shortly  after, 
(May  12,  1528,)  Ddvin  was  made  pri- 
soner by  OrConnor,  (a  native  chief  and 
son-in-law  of  Kildare,)  they  at  once 
elected  a  brother  of  the  earl,  Sir 
Thomas  Fitzgerald,  in  his  place.  He 
was  allowed  to  hold  the  post  for  a 
while ;  and  though,  in  August,  1529, 
Sir  William  Skemngton  was  sent  as 
deputy,  his  instructions  rendered  him, 
in  reality,  subordinate  to  Kildare,  who 
in  1530  was  again  installed  in  his  an- 
cient post 

A.D.  1520. 

The  emperor  (Charles  V.)  seeks  the 
favour  of  Wolsey  by  grants  of  pen- 
sions, and  also  visits  Henry  in  his 
journey  from  Spain  to  Germany. 

Henry  proceeds  to  France,  and  holds 
a  series  of  formal  interviews  with 
Francis,  between  Guisnes  and  Ardres, 
June  4—25.  He  also  visits  the  em- 
peror at  Gravdines,  and  returns  to 
England  in  July. 

A.O.  1521. 
Edward,  duke  of  Buckingham,  is 
charged  with  treason  ^,  convicted  by  his 
peers.  May  13,  and  executed.  May  17. 


'  Vobey  reoerred  a  pensioo  of  xooo  maHcs  a-year 
fv  resigiiiBr  the  administration  of  die  bishopric 

\  He  called  it  after  his  own  name,  Baclonffham 
^sUefe ;  bat  banc  «xm  after  attainted,  be  left  it 
pooriy  eadowed.  L«rd  Attdley,  ofWalden,  about 
tvcncy  years  after,  became  a  oonsidenible  bene- 
<«tor,  and  save  the  college  its  present  a^ypel- 
Jtioo. 

*  He  tooik  with  turn,  beside  other  forces,  xoo  of 
tile  royal  niard,  but  these  being  mostly  "men 
d  unc  aiUMNanoe  In  EngUmd."  soon  gxvw  tired 
^  titt  rough  service.  A  few  received  small  ap- 
pownmiiu,  as  cuatomk*  aearcheis,  &c,  and  Sonvv 
obtauBd  peimiaaion  to  pension  the  rest  off  at  10. 
*-daf  (mm  oidiaaty  pay  at  home  was  4d.  and  an 
Ir^bad  6J.\  hiring  mstead  spearmen  feoat  the 
Wekh  and  northern  borders.  Tncse,  however,  fxe- 
qotody  BBtimed  for  want  of  their  pav. 

'  He  was  Die  son  of  Henry,  duke  of  Bnckingfaaa, 
«aecaiBd  in  1483,  by  Kathenne  Woodviile,  aster 
to  the  qwen  oTEdward  IV. ;  was  on  his  lather's 
«de  dftrrodcd  from  Thomas  of  Woodstodc,  son  of 
£dvanl  III.,  (see  a.d.  1450),  and  quartered  the 
royalanv.  He  btttlt  a  stated  mansion  at  Thom- 
rary,  ioGloaoHtBdare,  and  enclosed  a  vast  pailc 


there,  to  the  extreaie  diaooBMBt  of  the  people 
around ;  thb  was  taken  as  evidence  of  dssb^rnl 
views,  and  otntributod  to  his  down^L  On  his  trial 
he  was  diMged  with  aqniing  to  tbe  crown  as  long 


Al1IUI<tiMteA,ftDtotf 


back  as  x5zx,  and  with  conwilting  with  NiAolas 
Hopkins,  a  Carthusian,  who  pretended,  to  dive 
revelatiotta.  and  assured  him  that  he  should  Luiaoae 
king.  He  was  further  charged  widi^mtendug  to 
kin  the  kiug,  and  to  behead  CKdwal  Wolsqr.  Stf 


U2 


292 


THE  TUDORS. 


[a.d.  isti — 1523. 


The  king  writes  a  book  on  the  Seven 
Sacraments,  in  opposition  to  the  views 
of  Luther »,  and  receives  in  return  from 
the  pope  (Leo  X.)  the  title  of  Defender 
of  the  Faith,  by  bull  dated  Oct.  11, 
1521. 

War  breaks  out  between  Charles  V. 
and  Francis  L;  the  king  mediates 
a  peace.  Wolsey  is  sent  to  Calais, 
and  holds  conferences  for  the  purpose, 
in  August,  without  effect,  but  also  se- 
cretly forms  another  lea^e  with  the 
emperor  against  Francis. 

A.D.  1522. 

The  emperor  again  visits  England, 
in  May.  The  king  declares  war  against 
France. 

Francis  negociates  treaties  with  the 
earl  of  Desmond  (Maurice  Fitzgerald) 
and  other  nobles,  for  the  conquest  and 
partition  of  Ireland  •. 

The  earl  of  Surrey  ravages  the  coast 
of  Britanny. 

Vast  sums  are  raised  by  way  of  loan 
or  "benevolence,"  and  an  army  sent 


into  the  north  of  France.  Picardy  is 
devastated,  and  a  great  amount  of 
booty  brought  into  Calais. 

A.D.  1523. 

The  parliament  meets,  April  15; 
Sir  Thomas  More  is  the  speaker. 
Wolsey  visits  the  house  in  great  state, 
and  endeavours  to  procure  a  large 
grant  of  money ;  this  is  at  length  ob- 
tained. The  convocation  grant  one 
half  of  their  revenues,  as  a  token  of 
their  gratitude  for  the  king's  book 
against  Luther  \ 

The  king  empowered  by  his  letters 
patent  to  reverse  attainders  for  high 
treason,  [14  &  15  Hen.  VIIL  c.  21]. 

The  constable  of  Bourbon  leagues 
with  the  emperor  and  the  king  against 
Francis  *. 

The  duke  of  Suffolk  (Charles  Bran- 
don) ravages  France  as  far  as  the  en- 
virons of  Paris,  but  is  obliged  to  re- 
txun  to  Calais,  without  effecting  any 
permanent  conquest. 

The  Scots,  incited  by  the  French, 


Thomas  Lovely  and  others.  In  1593  he  was  at- 
tainted by  act  of  parliament  [14  ft  25  Hen.  VIII. 
c.  ao],  but  this  act  was  in  reality  one  of  grace  to 
protect  the  interests  of  numerous  penons  who  had 
field  property  or  office  under  him ;  and  by  subse- 
quent statutes  of  the  same  pariiament  some  pro- 
vision was  made  for  his  wife  (Eleanor  Percy, 
daughter  of  Henry»  fourth  eail  of  Northumberland) 
and  his  son  Henry.  The  latter  was  restored  in 
blood,  uiuler  the  title  of  Lord  Stafford,  by  Ed- 
ward VI.,  and  married  Ursula,  the  sister  of  Car- 
dinal Pole. 

■  Martin  Luther,  the  son  of  a  miner,  was  bom  at 
Eisleben,  in  Saxoo^,  in  1483.  He  jomed  the  Au- 
gustinian  order,  and  being  a  man  of  talent,  and 
a  good  preacher,  he  soon  became  popular.  He 
received  the  appinntment  of  divinity  jirofessor  in 
the  University  of  Eisenach,  and  also  visited  Rome 
on  the  business  of  his  order.  It  had  been  customary 
to  confine  to  the  Augusdnians  the  disposal  of  in- 
dulgences in  Germany;  but  when  "Popt  Leo  X. 
wished  to  raise  monev  oy  sudi  means,  he  employed 
instead  Tetxd  and  otner  Dominicans/ a  course  that 
was  fi«  *  * 
ported 
of  his 


he  employed 
.  acourse that 
fiercely  denounced  by  Luther,  who  was  sup- 
:d  by  his  own  order,  and,  as  a  consequence 
is  popularity  as  a  preacher,  by  the  people 
also.  He  was  eventually  summoned  to  Rome,  but 
declining  to  appear,  a  ranlinal  (Ogetan)  was  sent 
to  Germany  to  conduct  a  process  agaunst  him. 
Luther  was  protected  by  Frederic,  elector  of  Saxony, 
and  in  his  own  justification  he  published  a  sute- 
ment  of  his  opinions,  idiidi  were  now  seen  to  differ 
greatly  from  the  established  Churdi  system,  not 
only  as  to  the  indulgences,  but  in  regard  to  die 
sacrament  of  the  Eufharist,  the  immber  of  the  other 
sacraments,  the  obligation  of  monastic  vows,  of 
confession,  the  rights  and  duties  of  the  clergy,  the 
employment  of  an  unknown  tongue  in  pubhc  wor- 
ship, and  in  many  other  particulars.  He  was  ex- 
communicated in  1590,  but  he  openlv  defied  the 
t»pa]  power,  burnt  the  bull,  (Dec.  xo,)  and  though 
cited  before  the  Diet  of  Worms  in  the  following 
year,  and  put  under  the  ban  of  the  empire,  (May 
36.)  refused  to  make  any  submission.  His  pro- 
tector, the  efector  of  Saxony,  placed  him  for  safety 


in  the  castle  of  Wartbutg,  where  he  occupied  his 
time  in  digesting  the  sjrstem  of  doctrine  since  50 
well  known  by  his  name,  and  which  now  prevaik 
in  a  large  part  of  Protestant  Europe,  and  in  a  tram- 
lation  at  the  BiUe  into  German. 

Henry  VIIL  undertook  to  rrnly  to  Lather  in 
regard  to  the  Sacraments,  and  in  nis  book  (Asertb 
S^»tem  Sacramentorum  adversns  Maxtinnm  Lo- 
thorum)  he  treated  the  "arch-heretxc,"  as  he  styled 
him,  rather  ooarsdy.  The  reformer  refdied  with 
equal  intemperance,  for  he  was  naturally  fearless, 
and  each  vear  saw  new  princes  join  his  paitv,  some 
actuated  oy  dislike  of  the  papal  system,  others  by 
fear  or  hatred  of  the  proceedings  of  the  emperor 
(Charles  V.)  At  length,  in  153s,  the  Diet  at  Nq- 
rembeiig  conceded  a  kind  of  protection  to  his  ad- 
herents, and  thourii  this  agieonent  was  not  adhered 
to,  but  war  speedDy  followed  instead,  the  Lnthesaa 
opmions  were  very  generalhr  received  in  the  north 
and  west  of  Gennany,  in  Stwitteriand,  ia  Sweden, 
and  in  Denmark.  Divisions  soon  broke  out,  and 
views  differing  from  those  of  Luther  were  advo- 
cated by  Zuinglius  and  others,  hot  be  continued 
the  admowledged  head  of  the  opponents^  of  the 
papacy  until  his  death,  which  occurred  at  Eisleben, 
nis  birthplace,  Feb.  r8,  r546,  leaving  hy  hts  wife, 
Catherine  Bora,  who  had  bc«n  a  nun.  a  family  of 
three  sons,  of  whom  nothing  remarkable  is  re- 
corded. 

•  The  king  was  to  supply  shqis  and  troops,  aad 
was  to  have  Kinsale  arid  other  westoii  potts  ss- 
Bgned  to  him ;  Desmond,  already  palarinr  of  KeiTy. 
was  to  have  the  south  of  Irdand  m  full  aovereigntf : 
Richard  de  la  Pole  was  to  bekin^of  theremamdcr. 
The  nlan,  however,  came  to  nothing. 

•  See  A.D.  xsai. 

•  Charies  de  Bourbon,  a  kinsman  of  Francis,  had 
received  many  injuries  from  the  queen-mother- 
Louisa  of  Savoy.  He,  like  the  emperor  Maximi, 
lian,  was  in  the  pay  of  Henry,  and  he  sSgeed 
a  treaty  for  the  partition  of  France.  He  served 
for  a  wnile  with  tne  emperor's  troops  in  Italy,  st- 
tempted  in  vain  to  cause  an  insurre^tioo  in  his 
native  country,  and  was  at  last  killed  (Hay  6.  X5S7> 
while  heading  his  troops  at  the  sadc  at  Rome. 


A.D.  IS23~^529-] 


HENRY  VIII. 


293 


land  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  but  are 
unsuccessful  The  earl  of  Surrey  in- 
vades Scotland,  and  captures  Jed- 
burgh, Sept  24. 

The  pope  (Adrian  VL)  dies,  Sept 
24.  Wolsey  aspires  to  succeed  him  ; 
he  is  supported  by  the  king,  but  is 
disappointed. 

A.D.  1524. 

The  French  are  driven  out  of  Italy 
early  in  the  year.  Francis,  however, 
heads  a  new  army,  and  penetrates  as 
far  as  Milan. 

Wolsey  being  dissatisfied  with  the 
emperor',  inclines  the  king  towards 
peace  with  France. 

A.D.  1525. 

Francis  is  defeated  and  taken  pri- 
soner at  Pavia,  by  the  forces  of  the 
emperor,  Feb.  24  •. 

The  king,  by  the  advice  of  Wolsey, 
endeavours  to  raise  funds  without  the 
sanction  of  parliament  for  the  inva- 
sion of  France.  The  demand  is  unani- 
mously resisted,  and  is  at  length  aban- 
doned. 

Wolsey  is  licensed  to  found  a  col- 
lege at  Oxford ',  July  13. 

The  emperor  reproaches  the  king  for 
Ms  private  negotiations  with  France  ; 
on  which  treaties  are  concluded  with 
the  queen-mother,  Aug.  30,  and  all  in- 
tercourse with  the  emperor  broken  off. 

Wolsey  being  clamoured  against  for 
the  recent  attempt  at  illegal  exactions, 
presents  Hampton  Court  (his  newly 
built  and  magnificent  seat)  to  the  king, 
and  is  restored  to  favour. 

A.D.  1526. 
The  king  of  France  is  set  at  liberty 


by  the  emperor,  on  very  hard  con- 
ditions ',  March  17. 

He  secures  the  support  of  the  king, 
and  of  several  Italian  princes,  and  re- 
fuses to  abide  by  some  of  the  most 
onerous  stipulations. 

A.D.  1527. 

Rome  sacked,  and  the  pope  (Cle- 
ment VII.)  made  prisoner  by  the  im- 
perialists ••. 

Wolsey  goes  in  state  to  France,  and 
concludes  a  new  treaty  between  the 
king  and  Francis. 

The  king  applies  to  the  pope  to  ex- 
amine into  the  lawfulness  of  his  mar- 
riage with  Katherine  of  Aragon  *.  The 
pope  grants  a  commission  to  two  car- 
dinals to  inquire  into  the  case. 

A.D.  1528. 

The  kings  of  England  and  France 
declare  war  against  the  emperor, 
Jan.  22. 

The  pope  grants  a  new  commission 
to  Cardinals  Wolsey  and  Campegius, 
to  try  the  question  of  the  king's  mar- 
riage, June  6. 

A  truce  concluded  with  the  empe- 
ror, June  8. 

Campegius  arrives  in  England, 
Oct  7  J. 

The  king  makes  a  speech  at  the 
palace  of  Bridewell  to  the  nobility  and 
others,  explaining  his  motives  for  seek- 
ing a  divorce,  Nov.  8. 

The  cardinals  wait  on  the  queen, 
and  endeavour  in  vain  to  induce  her 
to  consent  to  a  dissolution  of  her 
marriage. 

A.D.  1529. 
The  cardinals  hold  a  court  at  the 


*  It  b  usually  said  that  he  took,  among  other 
^des  of  ihewing  this,  the  step  of  inspiring  doubts 
B  the  kioff's  mind  as  to  the  legality  of  his  mar- 
''BSe  with  KAtherine,  who  was  tbe  emperor's  aunt ; 
<>at  6e  truth  of  the  charge  is  doubtful 
,'  The  loss  of  the  Frendi  was  very  great.  Among 
^  slain  was  the  "White  Rose  of  England? 
^panl  de  la  Pole,  whose  death  was  the  cause 
cf  moch  exultation  to  Henry. 

It  .was  to  oecupy  the  site  of  the  nunnery  of 
^  r  ndeswide,  which  had  been  suppressed  May  zo, 
1524. 

( Among  other  things  in  this  treaty,  made  at 
"««d,  he  was  obliged  to  agree  to  surrender  B»ur- 
pBdy  to  the  emperor ;  to  reinstate  Bourbon  and 
ott  adherents ;  to  pay  large  sums  of  money ;  and 

f  «  ™  *^  «>"»  »•  hostages. 
«e  took  refuge  in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  but 
^obhged  to  surrender,  June  7.    His  imprison- 
"i^  excited  much  iadignatioo,  and  the  emperor 


was  obliged  to  set  him  at  hberty  before  the  end  of 
the  year.  Rome  suffered  every  imaginable  cala- 
mity from  the  conquerors,  among  whom  were  mer- 
cenaries from  all  nations,  but  chiefly  Germans, 
who  fully  indulged  their  national  haitred  to  the 
Italians. 

I  It  seems  probable  that  scruples  were  instilled 
into  his  mind  on  this  point  as  early  as  the  year  1524, 
as  he  then  ceased  to  five  with  the  queen,  though  he 
continued  to  treat  her  with  outwara  respect  and  at- 
tention, which  were  denied  to  her  at  a  latere 


She  continued  to  reside  in  the  court  tmtil  July  14, 
1531,  when  she  was  peremptorily  ordered  to  leave 
Wmdsor,  and  she  never  saw  Henry  after. 

J  He  was  furnished  with  a  bull  dissolving  the 
king's  marriage,  but  he  refused  to  publish  it,  and 
after  a  time  destroyed  it,  in  consequence  of  instruc- 
tions from  the  "popCf  who  had  come  to  an  under- 
standing with  the  emperor. 


«94 


THE  TUDOkS. 


[a.d.  1529. 


Black  Friars'  monastery,  in  London, 
open  their  commission,  and  summcm 
toe  king  and  queen  to  aj^iear  before 
them.  May  31. 

.  The  legatine  court  commenced  its 
regular  session  on  June  18,  when  the 
queen  appeared,  |)rotested  gainst  the 
legates  as  partial  judges,  and  declared 
tlot  her  cause  had  been  removed  to 
Rome.  On  the  21st  she  again  ap- 
peared, as  also  did  the  king,  when  the 
((^pates  intimating  their  intention  of 
proceeding  with  the  cause,  she  with- 
drew, and  was  thereupon  pronounced 
contumacious.  The  court  met  several 
times  during  the  ensuing  month,  and 
received  evKtence  touchmg  the  mar- 
riage of  Prince  Arthur,  and  on  July  30, 
without  coming  to  any  decision,  ad- 
journed until  October  i  \  The  king 
went  on  a  progress  early  in  August, 
accompanied  by  Anne  Boleyn\  gave 
an  auaience  at  Grafton  to  the  legates, 
whom  he  dismissed,  and  never  more 
suffered  Wolsey  to  enter  his  pre- 
sence. 

The  peace  of  Cambray  is  concluded 
between  the  emperor  and  the  king  of 
France,  Aug.  S". 

Thomas  Cranmer  advises  that  the 
king  shall  ask  the  opinion  of  tiie  uni- 
versities, "  Do  the  laws  of  God  allow 
a  man  to  marry  his  brother's  widow  ■?" 


The  hint  is  taken,  and  commissioners 
are  dispatched  to  each  university  at 
home  and  abroad. 

Cardinal  Wolsey  opens  the  court  of 
Chancery,  Oct  .9.  On  the  same  dav 
the  king's  attorney  (Christopher  Hales) 
prefers  an  indictment  agamst  him  in 
the  King's  Bench  for  receiving  bulk 
from  Rome,  in  violation  of  the  Statute 
of  Provisors**.  The  great  seal  is  taken 
from  him,  Oct  17,  and  given  to  Sir 
Thomas  More,  Oct  25. 

The  cardinad  is  ordered  to  leave  his 
noble  mansion  of  York  Place  (after- 
wards Whitehall),  and  retire  to  Ktbtr, 
Oct.  17  ;  judgment  of  forfeiture  of 
goods  and  imprisonment  is  given 
against  him  in  the  King's  Bench, 
Oct.  28. 

The  parliament  meets  Nov.  3,  and 
agrees  to  an  address  to  the  king, 
charging  the  cardinal  with  many  great 
ofibices ;  his  steward,  Thomas  Qom- 
well,  defends  him,  and  the  king  re- 
fuses to  receive  it'. 

Felons  and  murderers  taking  sanc- 
tuary ordered  to  be  marked  with  a  hot 
iron  with  the  letter  A  on  the  thumb, 
and  then  abjure  the  realm,  on  pain  of 
losing  Uie  benefit  of  sanctuary,  [21  Hen 
VIII.  c  2I 

The  king  released  from  his  debts  by 
statute,  [c  24.*]. 


k  Thqr  were  probably  aware,  although  they  knt 
the  natter  from  the  kiiig»  that  the  pope  had,  on  ae 
z8th  July,  resolred  to  admit  of  the 


moved  to  Rome. 

>  She  was  the  danehter  of  Sir  Thomas  Boleyn 
Qdterwards  earl  of  WfltshireX  and  niece  of  Thomas, 
third  duke  of  Norfolk,  and  had  gone  to  Fnmee  as 
an  attendant  on  Henry's  sister.  After  the  queen's 
return  to  England  Azme  continued  at  the  French 
court,  and  acquired  there  a  light  manner  which  was 
more  agreeable  to  the  king  than  the  quiet  piety  of 
•  Katherme,  into  whose  service  she  enterea  about 
the  year  X5M.  Lord  Henry  Percy,  the  heir  of  the 
earl  <^  Ncithumberland,  wuhed  to  marry  her.  but 
the  king,  who  had  become  enamoured  of  her, 
caused  the  engagement  to  be  broken  cff  by  rapre- 
imtatinnB  made  to  the  earl  by  Wolsey. 

■  It  was  negotiated  by  the  aunt  or  the  emperor 
and  the  mother  of  the  long,  and  by  it  several  of  the 
aitidesof  the  treai^y  of^Madiid  (see  A.D.  1596)  were 
mitigated.  Henry  assisted  Frauds  with  money  on 
the  occasion,  and  thus  enabled  him  to  ransom  his 
two  sons,  who  had  been  sivea  as  hostages  when  he 
had  been  himsdf  released. 

*  He  was  bom  at  Aslacton,  in  Nottinshamshire, 
in  1489,  and  was  a  member  of  Jesus  CoUege,  Cam- 
bridge, but  was  then  residing  in  the  house  of  a  gen- 
tleman near  Waltham,  where  Gardiner,  the  kmg's 
secretary,  rested  for  the  nighc  Cranmer  was  at 
oooe  brought  to  court,  and  empkiyed  to  write  in 
dcfiBaoe  of  the  divorce,  was  sent  on  embassies  con- 
ceraiqg  it*  and  at  length,  on  Archbishop  War- 
haun's  death,  was  raised  to  die  see  of  Canterbury. 
His  conduct  in  that  station,  and  his  melancholy 
death,  will  be  considered  hereafter. 

*  See  A.D.  Z35X. 


f  He  had  just  before  sent  Wolsey  a  nag  as  a 
token  of  his  fisvour,  which  occasioned  the  caidisal 
to  address  him  from  Esher,  Nov.  a,  in  the  follow- 
ing strain ;  the  original  letter  is  praittw.d  in  tfe 
Public  Kecord  Office^ 

"Most  nadous  and  meroKul  Sovereiga  Lorl 
these  shall  DO  to  give  your  royal  M^esty  my  most 
lowly  and  humble  thanks  for  the  comfoct  which  it 
hath  pleased  your  Highness  to  send  unto  m^  yoar 
poor  priest  and  prostrate  subject,  languishing  ir. 
extreme  sorrow  and  heaviness,  by  your  Grace's 
trusty  servant.  Sir  John  Russdl ;  by  whom  I  do 
perceive,  to  my  inward  consolatioo,  liiat  jvnr 
Highness  is,  and  will  be,  my  good  and  giadoti^ 
sovereign  lord,  and  have  futy,  mercy,  and  compas- 
sion upon  me :  in  the  assured  trust  sod  cooftdewx 
whereof  I  shall,  as  ni|^  as  my  fragility  can  perait. 
endeavour  myself  to  quiet  my  poor  heart,  and  in 
some  part  attenmer  my  sorrow ;  pnyi^  God  most 
effectually,  for  this  your  hig^  goodness,  to  posae. 
augment,  and  incrcase  your  most  noble  and  royal 
estate ;  and  that  as  soon  as  it  shall  seem  10  your 
pit^  heart  and  to  stand  with  your  Grace's  hcaiaar. 
It  may  openly  be  known  to  my  boot  fnrarti  sad 
servants,  that  your  Highness  hathttagiveu  me  anae 
offence  and  trespass,  and  delivered  ae  from  the 
danger  of  your  laws;  for  the  attaining  whereof 
I  sdaII  incessantly  pray*  cry,  and  call.  Writta 
this  morning,  with  the  rude  and  trembling  hand  of 
your  Graces  most  humUe  and  prasttafee  wuhjitct 
and  priest,  T.  Cari^  Ebor." 

4  The  reason  given  in  the  statute  is,  ^lat  dse 
ku%  had  employed  his  own  funds  as  well  as  the 
taxes  on  his  subjects  in  the  defence  of  the  Church 
and  kingdom,  and  in  establishing  a  general  sad 
universal  peace  among  all  Christian  prints. 


AA  iSS^f  1531] 


vm. 


«95 


Tbe  cardinal,  wlio  was  beiiered  to 

be  dying,  is  comforted  by  kind  mes- 
sages from  the  king.  He  receives 
a  general  pardon,  Feb.  t2,  Hx  grant 
of  the  temporalities  of  his  see  of  York, 
Feb.  17,  and  presents  in  money  and 
plate.  Heretires  to  his  diocese,  and  re^ 
sides  there  dbchargmg  his  episcopal 
duties  till  the  end  of  October. 

The  opinions  of  various  universfties 
in  finreor  of  the  divorce  are  forwarcfed 
to  the  pope,.  July  13.  Cranmer  goes 
with  them,  and  offers  to  dispute  with 
an-  omGDeaty  bat  his  chsulenge  is 
mineeaed. 

The  cardinal  is  arrested  for  higk 
treason  by  the  earl  of  Northumber- 
land%  Not.  4,  and  bnx^ht  towards 
London,  bat  falls  sick,  and  dies  at 
Leicester  Abbey  %  Nov.  29. 

Abjured  persons  ordered  not  to  quit 
the  realm,  but  instead  to  lemaiA  in 
some  sanctuary  for  the  remainder  of 
their  lives*,  [23  Hen.  VIII.  c  14]. 


A.Di  1 531* 

The  gu3t  of  praenmnire  held  to  her 
incurred  by  the  clergy  m  submitting^ 
to  the  legatine  authority  of  Cardinal 
Wolsey,  acknowledged  by  formal  deed, 
March  22.  The  penalties  remitted  on 
the  payment  of  ;^  100,000  in  five  years 
by  tne  convocation  of  Canterbury,  [22 
Hen.Vni.c.15].  TheprovinceofVork 
had  to  pay  a  sum  of  ^18,840  or.  loef, 
for  a  like  paidon",  [23  Hen.  VIII. 
c.  19J. 

The  opinions  of  various  universities 
in  favour  of  the  king's  divorce  are  laid 
before  the  parliament,  March  50. 

Poisoners  ordered  to  be  boiled  to 
death',  (22  Hen.  VIIL  c.9]. 

^gyp^^^  (or  gipsies)  ordesed  to^ 
leave  me  realm  within  15  days,  under 
penalty  of  imprisonment  and  forfeit- 
ure of  goods,  [c.  10]. 

Beggars  and  vagabonds  ordered  to 
be  ^^{qped  and  set  in  the  stocks^, 
[c  12]. 

Gardiner  and  Bonner*  are  sent,  to- 


'  He  waa  die  lord  Henry  Percy,  nhoat  intended 
nazriage  with  Aaae  Bak9n,.Wol9^  had  broken  off. 
SeeA.j>.  Z599. 

•  HewBs  in  the  custody  of  Sr  WtUiam  Kingston, 
the  lieutenaot  of  the  Tower,  to  whom  he  made  the 
dedaratiaD:  "  If  I  had  served  God  a*  dil^gcady 
a»  I  have  done  the  king^.  He  would  not  have  given 
aw  over  in  my  gray  haua  :  but  dHs  is  the  just  re> 
ward  that  I  must  receive  for  the  diligent  paans  and 
and^  that  I  have  bad  to  do  hian  service^  nor  re- 
Saimng  aqr  aervioe  to  God,  but  only  to  satisfy  his 
fittsote." 

'  The  statute  states  that  many  of  th«ft  pcrana 
are  am  '*  fit  and  able  for  war,"  and  that  thev  have 
cmied  abroad  the  knowledge  of  archeir,  ''^to  the 
10  little  damage  and  prejudice  of  the  reaun." 

"  The  grant  of  these  sums  was,  by  the  king's  es- 
pecial command,  accompanied  by  an  acknowledge- 
mot  that  he  was  "the  chief  protector,  the  only 
»Ki  siinreme  lord,  and,  as  &r  as  die  law  of  Christ 
«U!  allow,  the  Supreme  Head*  of  the  OtuidL 

7  Thi*  act  was  occasioned  by  the  crime  of  one 
Kidiard  Rosse,  cook  to  Fisher,  bishop  of  Roches- 
ter, who  mised  poison-  in  a  vessel  containing  yeast 
Kaodiag  in  the  bishop's  kitchen,  and  thereby  occa- 
aoBKl  the  death  of  Bennet  Curwen,  one  of  the 
bosaehold,  and  Alice  Trippett^  a,  poor  widow  who 
CUM  there  fbrdlarity. 

*  The  justioes  of  the  peace  were  allowed  to  imre 
IxBaMs  to  "aipBd^  poor  and  impotent  persons  to 
s^ot  ahns  withm  certain  determined  dbtricts; 
poor  sdiolan  unlicensed  from  their  University, 
oilMs  pretending  shipwreck,  and  fortune-tellers, 
*^  to  be  twice  whipped,  and  to  be  set  in  the 
piOory  lor  three  bouis  and  lose  their  ears  fbr  any 
lutheroflbiGe. 

>  Stq>hen  Gardiner  was  bom  at  Btiry  St  Bd- 
Md's  in  1483,  and  was  educated  at  IVinity  Hall, 
Caadirid^,  of^which  he  afterwards  became  master. 
He  aonuued  gveat  reputation  as  a  canonist,  was 
^Mle  secretary  of  state,  and  became  bishop  of 
^inchtster  in  is^t.  Apparentlv  to  push  his  for- 
^ns  at  court,  he  laboured  zealously  to  promote 
's views,  and  even  wrote  a  book  "On True 


Honry'sviev 
ObniUaee.'* 


^^ St"  in  which  he  defended  the  separation 

n<oin  Rome.     Hc^  however,  refused  to  associate 


himself  with,  the  proceedings  of  the  adviscm  of 
Edward  YL,  and  was  in  consequence  deprived  of 
his  see  and  imprisoned  in  the  Tower.  Queen  Maacy 
released  him,  and  for  the  short  semamder  o£  his 
life  he  was  her  chief  adviser,  dying  Nov.  xa,  xss^ 
Idmimd  Bonner  was  betn.  of  poor  pareots  in 
Worcestershire,  about  1496,  and  torough  the  dia- 
rity  of  a  neighbouring  gendeman  was  sent  to  Broad- 
gates  Hall,  Ozfiiid,  whence  he  removed  to  Cardi- 
nal Wolsey^s  household.  Hia  fiirwasdneaa  and 
activity  recommended  him  to  thekin^,  and  he  was 
employed  in  various  embassies  relating  to  the  di- 
vorce, whidi  hediacfaai)ged  with  more  fixmness  than 
courtesy.  By  the  fiivour  of  Cromwall  he  was  in 
Z535  made  archdeacon  of  Leicester.  In  1538  he 
was  appointed  bishop  of  Hereford,  but  early  m  the 
next  year,  before  a>nsecration,  he  was  removed  to 
Lonwm,  which  see  ha  held  until  15^1,  when,  like 
Gardiner,  he  was  deprived  and  impnaoned.  Like 
him  he  was  reinstated  by  Mary,  and  became  a  very 
acdve  instrument  in  the  persecudcm  which  so  un- 
happily marked  her  rei^.  Upoa<the  aoceasaon  of 
Ekaabeth  be  was  received  by  her  with  such  marieed 
aversion  that  his  life  was  endangered  from  the  Wr- 
sentment  of  some  among  the  populace,  and  the  oath 
of  supremacy  was  tendered  to  oim  first  of.  all  the 
bishops  (May  30,  ,i5m)*  ,  His.  refusaL  to-  take  ifc 
was  loUowed  by  his  deprivation  (Juac  ao),  and  in 
April,  X560,  apparently  without  any.spedfic  cfaai^ 
he  was  sent  to  the  Macshalsea,  where  he  died 
Sept  5,  1^69,  and  was  buried  in  a  poition  of  the 
neighbouring  churchyard  of  Sc  GeoiSff*  Soath- 
wainc,  appropriated  to  criminals. 

The  characters  by  which  both  dwsn.  men  arft- 
usually  known  are  very  odious,  but  it  must  not  be 
forgotten  that  they  are  drawn  by  their  avowed  ene- 
mies. Gardiner  u»  known  to  have  been  a  learned 
man,  and  an  acute  statesman :  Bonner  is  not  to 
dfiUiiiguished.  Both  were  busy,  secular  men,  chiefly, 
intent  on  their  own  advantxment,  and  thecefoie  bi^ 
too  ready  to  cany  out  any  mode  of  goyemment^ltoi^ 
ever  harsh,  which  prevailed  in  their  time.  Their 
cruelty  towards  the  reformers,  however,  is  o^^^l^Y 
greaUy  exaggerated,  and  it  must  be  remembered  that 
diey  had  been  treated  hardly  by  Edward  s  ministen ; 
and  when  they  again  came  into  power  they  were 


2g6 


THE  TUDORS. 


[a.d.  1531—1534. 


gether  with  Sir  Edward  Brian,  as  am- 
bassadors to  the  pope>  but  fail  to  bring 
about  an  accommodation. 

A.D.  1532. 

Sir  Thomas  More  resigns  the  chan- 
cellorship, May  16.  He  is  succeeded, 
as  lord  keeper,  by  Sir  Thomas  Audley, 
June  5. 

Undue  citations  by  spiritual  courts 
restrained  by  statute,  [23  Henry  VIII. 
Cr  9]- 

Appeals  to  Rome  forbidden  under 
heavy  penalties  ',  [24  Hen.  VIII,  c. 
12I 

Henry  advances  Anne  Boleyn  to  the 
dignity  of  marchioness  of  Pembroke, 
Sept.  I*. 

The  king  passes  over  to  France, 


and  has  interviews  with  Francis,  Anne 
Boleyn  accompanying  him,  October. 

A.D.  1533. 

Cranmer  is  appointed  archbishop  of 
Canterbury  •. 

The  convocation  having  decided  in 
favour  of  the  divorce,  Cranmer  holds 
a  court  at  Dtmstable,  and  pronounces 
the  marriage  between  the  Idng  and 
Katherine  of  Aragon  null  and  void 
from  the  beginninjg.  May  23  ;  he  also 
pronounces  the  king's  marriage  with 
Anne  Boleyn  good  and  lawful.  May 
28  \  Anne  is  crowned  on  Whitsun- 
day, June  I '. 

The  pope  reverses  the  decision  of 
Cranmer. 

The  king  appeals  from  the  judgment 
of  the  pope  to  a  general  counciL 


THE  REFORMATION. 


A.D.  1534. 

An  act  passed  for  the  punishment 
of  heresy  •*,  [25  Hen.  VIII.  c.  14]. 

The  free  importation  of  foreign 
printed  books  allowed  bv  the  statute 
of  Richard  III.  restrained*,  [c.  15]. 

Cardinal  Campegius  and  Jerome  de 
Ghinucci  deprived  of  their  sees  of 
Salisbury  and  Worcester,  as  aliens  and 
non-residents  [c  27I,  March  25. 

The  clergy  forbidden  to  make  con- 
stitutions, except  in  convocation  with 
the  king's  assent ',  [c.  19]. 


The  payment  of  first-fruits  to  Rome 
forbidden  »,  [c.  20]. 

The  papal  power  in  England  set 
aside  by  act  of  parliament,  [c  21]. 

This  important  act  declares  all  pay- 
ments to  the  Apostolic  Chamber  H- 
legal ;  enacts  that  all  ^  dispensations 
or  licences  for  things  not  contrary  to 
the  law  of  God,  but  only  to  the  law 
of  the  land,"  shall  in  future  be  granted 
within  the  kingdom  by  the  two  arch- 
bishops ;  and  confirms  the  exemption 
of  monasteries  from  episcopal  visiu- 


assailed  br  coarse  and  probably  tmfounded  at- 
tacks on  their  parentage,  and  by  caustic  reflec- 
tions on  their  former  subserviency  to  the  imperi- 
ous Henry. 

y  This  statute  was  intended  to  prevent  any  ap- 
peal against  the  judgment  which  the  convocation 
was  expected  to  pronounce  in  &vour  of  the  king's 
<livorce. 

"  He  afterwards  married  her  privately,  but  the 
date  is  imcertain ;  the  received  statement  is,  No- 


vember 14,  x^3a ;  but  a  letter  exists  ascribed  to 
Cranmer,  which  places  it  in  Jan.  1533.    The  pri( 
who  p^ormed  the  ceremony  (Rowland  Lee)  « 


made  bishop  of  Lidifidd  in  1534. 

•  Archbishop  Warham,  who  had  held  the  see 
nearly  thirty  years,  died  Aug.  23, 15^3.  Cranmer's 
appomtment  was  by  papal  bull  dated  Feb.  ax,  1533, 
and  he  was  consecrated  March  3a  He  took,  as 
was  then  usual,  an  oath  of  obedience  to  the  pope, 
but  before  he  did  so,  he  made  a  public  protest,  that 
he  would  not  be  bound  by  it  to  omit  domg  anything 
which  in  duty  to  God,  the  lung  and  the  realm,  he 
was  bound  to  do. 

^  These  proceeding  were  a  few  days  after  com- 
municated to  Kathenne.  She  solemnly  protested 
against  them,  and  refused  the  title  of  Princess 
IJowager  and  the  oflTer  of  being  treated  as  "the 
king's  sister;"  soon  after  she  was  removed,  almost 


by  force,  from  Ampthill,  and  at  length  was  settled 
at  Kimbolton,  where  she  died. 

•  The  expenses  of  the  ceremony  were  paid  firom 
fmes  levied  on  persons  who  declined  to  receive 
knighthood. 

'  The  statute  of  Henry  IV.  (see  a.d.  1401)  was  re- 
pealed as  insufficient,  and  the  statutes  of  Ricnani  II. 
(see  A.D.  1381)  and  Henry  V.  revived,  as  mote  effica- 
cious ;  but  speaking  aeamst  the  pope  or  he  decrees 
was  expressly  declared  not  to  be  heresy. 

•  See  A.D.  z^  This  was  professedly  for  the 
benefit  of  Ensiish  printers,  but  the  real  object  was 
to  prevent  the  circulation  of  books  advocatiog 
Lutheran  tenets. 

r  No  canons  were  to  be  enforced  wludi  weit  con- 
tnurv  to  the  king's  prerogative,  nor  was  any  appeal 
to  Rome  to  be  suffered ;  all  appeals  from  the  arcbi* 
episcopal  courts  were  to  be  deteimined  by  the 
king's  commissioners. 

r  Power  had  been  granted  to  the  king  to  sns-  . 
pend  these  payments  early  in  the  preceding  year,  ^ 
[23  Hen.  Vlli.  c.  ao,]  while  the  negotiadons  with 
Rome  were  pending ;  these  being  broken  off,  the 
payment  was  declared  illegal,  and  the  customaiy 
reference  to  Rome  for  the  confirmation  of  bishops 
was  done  away  with :  persons  paying  any  regard  to 
papal  directions  in  the  matter  tncuxred  toe  pcaalucft 
of  the  statutes  of  praemunize. 


A.D.  IS34.] 


HENRY  VIII. 


297 


tion,  but  renders  them  liable  to  visita- 
tion by  commissioners  acting  under  the 
great  seal  for  the, king.  Offenders 
were  to  incur  the  penalties  of  the 
statutes  of  orovisors  and  praemunire  \ 

Though  the  separation  of  the  Church 
of  England  from  that  of  Rome  was 
formaUy  accomplished  in  Henry's 
reign,  it  was  in  reality'  the  effect  of 
causes  that  had  been  in  operation  for 
centuries.  The  exactions  of  the  papal 
court  had  been  frequently  withstood, 
and  its  assumption  of  supreme  power 
resisted,  long  before  the  time  of  Wick- 
liffe\  but  from  his  days  a  succession 
of  opponents  of  Rome,  and  of  sufferers 
for  rdigious  opinions,  is  readily  to  be 
traced.  Wills  occasionally  occur  with- 
out any  provision  for  masses,  an  omis- 
sion which  betokens  a  disbelief  of 
purgatory ;  a  bishop  was  in  the  days 
of  Henry  VI.  removed  from  office, 
whose  opinions  in  many  points  re- 
sembled those  of  Wickliffe  "^ ;  a  par- 
tial visitation  of  monasteries  under 
Henry  VII.  exposed  many  scandals', 
and  Wolsey  set  the  example  of  their 
dissolution  by  the  means  which  he  em- 
ployed to  endow  bis  Cardinal's  College. 

It  is  certain  that  in  the  time  of  die 
Tudors  the  clergy  were,  for  very  in- 
sufficient causes,  unp>opular  with  the 
other  influential  classes,  though  de- 
servedly esteemed  the  friends  of  the 
humble.  The  nobility,  who  had  been 
impoverished  by  the  civil  wars,  envied 
the  wealth  of  the  Church,  the  property 
of  which  had  been  respected,  and  even 
augmented,  during  its  confusions  : 
whilst  the  middle  class,  now  rising 
in  importance,  with  the  extension  of 
coQunerce^  was  desirous  to  humble 
a  power  such  as  that  of  the  ecclesi- 


astical courts,  which  was  no  doubt 
in  some  cases  unwisely  exercised,  and 
thus  clashed  with  the  ordinary  ad- 
ministration of  the  laws.  One  in- 
stance of  this  (the  case  of  Richard 
Hunne")  revived  the  old  disputes  as 
to  ecclesiastical  immunities,  and  in- 
duced Henry  VIII.  to  meditate  on 
braving  the  power  of  Rome,  which 
at  the  same  time  was  threatened  frx)m 
another  quarter,  (Germany  ■).  He, 
however,  had  no  sympathy  with  the 
Lutherans,  but,  on  the  contrary,  re- 
ceived the  title  of  "Defender  of  the 
Faith"  for  his  writings  against  them ; 
and  when  his  breadi  with  the  pope 
actually  occurred,  he  still  retained  all 
those  opinions  which  the  Reformed 
Churches  reject  as  distinctively 
Romish. 

The  Reformation  was,  indeed,  a  po- 
litical, rather  than  a  religious  move- 
ment with  too  many  of  its  forwarders. 
It  was  a  great  work  carried  on  by  men 
actuated,  in  the  main,  by  unworthy 
motives,  such  as  love  of  j>ower  and 
greediness  of  riches,  but  by  God's  pro- 
vidence overruled  to  goo(^  and  Uius 
its  success  is  more  a  subject  for  re- 
verent thankfidness  than  if  the  means 
had  appeared,  humanly  speaking,  less 
unsuitable  to  the  end. 

The  very  first  steps  of  the  change 
shew  unmistakeably  that  it  was  the 
work,  not  of  theolo^ans,  but  of  states- 
men. The  act  which  caused  an  irre- 
concilable breach  with  Rome  [25  Hen. 
VIII.  c.  21]  was  one  which,  avowedly 
leaving  doctrinal  matters  untouched, 
assailed  its  pecuniary  interests;  and 
the  visitations,  the  surrenders,  and 
finally  the  suppression  of  the  monas- 
teries, were  partly  the  result  of  re- 


J  S^  A.D.  X3SO,  1393.  '  See  a.d.  1^5. 

*  This  was  Kiq;hiaid  Peacock,  successively  bi- 
wop  of  Sl  Asaph  and  of  Chichester.  He  recom- 
aendcd  the  stady  of  the  Bible  to  the  laity,  approved 
<'jjbe  maitiage  of  the  derjgjt  and  censured  ascetic 
obfovanoes.  These  opinions  were  condemned  in 
*  »ypod  held  at  Lambeth  in  1457,  when  he  was 
°^>rived  of  his  see,  obliged  to  recant,  and  then 
vas  sent  to  Thomey  Abbey,  Cambridgeshire,  where 
faedied. 

'  It  was  conducted  by  Arehbishop  Morton,  by 
^racr  of  Pope  Innocent  VIII.,  and  the  abuses  then 
Ciscovered  and  reported  to  the  pope  afford  strong 
presunptiaQ  that  Henry's  commissioners  40  years 
later  did  not  invent  aU  the  enormities  that  they 
<^urg«d  on  the  monastics,  which  they  have  been 
Reused  of  doing ;  though  it  may  well  be  believed 
»at  they  sought  more  anxiously  to  find  them  guilty 
toan  to  prove  them  innocent. 

■  Hmine  was  a  citizen  of  London,  who  died  in 


the  bishop's  prison,  where  he  was  orafined  on 
a  charge  of  heretical  opinions,  for  which  he  was 
condemned  after  death  and  his  body  burnt.  He 
had  rendered  himself  obnoxious  to  ue  dei^gy  bv 
a  dispute  about  fees«  and  Dr.  Honey,  the  bisnop  s 
chancellor,  was  openly  accused  of  his  murder.  After 
a  vehement  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  Convoca- 
tion, Horsey  was  put  on  his  trial,  but  by  an  ar- 
rangement that  had  been  made,  no  evidence  was 
offered  against  him,  and  he  was  acquitted.  Dr. 
Standish,  who  had  maintained  that  the  da^  were 
amenable  to  the  civil  courts,  was  censured  m  Con- 
vocation, but  supported,  and  his  views  adopted,  by 
the  king. 

■  The  attack  on  the  papacy  abroad  was  led  by 
Martin  Luther,  and  some  Englishmen  (as  Tindal 
and  Coverdale,  the  translatois  of  the  Bible,  Barnes 
and  Cranmer)  imbibed  manv  of  his  views ;  but  the 
foreign  reformers  had  no  influence  with  the  govern- 
ment until  the  reign  of  Edward  VI. 


2^3 


THE  TUDORS. 


[aJX  XS34. 


sentment  at  the  opposition  of  the 
monastics  to  the  steps  taken  to  obtain 
the  divOTce  of  Katherine  of  Axagon% 
but  mttch  more  of  a  lesohre  to  deprive 
the  finnest  supporters  of  the  papal 
power  of  their  wealth  and  consequent 
in^uence;  The  Pilgrimage  of  Grace 
aiKl  other  risings  shewed  that  the 
monks  had  numerous  friends,  but 
were  insufficient  to  stay  the  course 
of  politic  destruction,  which  also  swept 
away  by  the  thousand,  chantries,  and 
free  chapels,  and  hospitals  ^,  and  was 
even  believed  to  threaten  the  uni- 
versities and  the  parish  churches  i. 
A  comparatively  stnall  portion  of  the 
spoils  was  devoted  to  the  incongruous 
uses  of  die  endowment  of  six  new 
bishoprics  %  and  a  college  in  each 
University,  and  the  erection  of  castles 
for  the  defence  of  the  coast" ;  but  the 
great  bulk  was,  with  worldly  wisdom  % 


distributed  among  a  host  of  needy  2md 
rapacious  adventurers,  who^  as  Lati- 
mer *  remarks,  ^  had  become  gospefiers 
for  the  abbey  lands."  These  men 
ruthlessly  destroyed  many  of  the  no- 
Uest  edifices  of. the  country  merely 
to  seU  their  materials,  desecrated 
churches,  or  bartered  them  like  mcr^ 
chandize,  wantonly  or  ignorantly  ruined 
valuable  libraries,  threw  down  tombs 
and  obliterated  monumental  inscrip- 
tions, and  cast  out  the  bones  of  the 
great  and  good  that  they  might  gain 
a  little  further  profit  from  their  kaden. 
coffins  and  their  sepuldiral  brasses  ^ 

The  merely  political  views  of  Henry 
and  his  confederates  equally  appear 
frcxn  the  course  of  their  deeding  with 
the  discipline  and  doctrine  dT  the 
Church.  A  layman  (Thomas  Crom- 
wdl)  was  appointed  '^lord  vicegerent 
in  matters  ecdesiasdcal,'  and  under 


•  Tbe  Fnsdicaas  opcdallToppoMd  the  diiroRM. 
and  one  of  their  number  (William  or  Peter  Peto)  in 
a  sermon  before  the  king  at  Greenwidi,  May  z,  r533, 
likened  ham  to  Ahab,  and  prophesied  a  similar  &te 
to  him.  Henry  bore  this  apparently  unmoved,  and 
merely  employed  Hugh  Cnrwen  to  preach  against 
him  on  the  following  Sunday.  Peto,  however, 
thought  it  prudent  to  go  abroad,  aiul  he  was  soon 
after  attainted.  He  returned  in  the  time  of  Mary, 
became  her  coB&ssor,  aided  in  restoring  his  con- 
vent, and  died  a  cardinal  and  biahop-elect  of  SaJift- 
bury  in  i$%9. 

p  According  to  a  calcnhtion,  whidi  b  bdieved 
at  all  events  not  to  be  in  nrriii,  376  small  houMS 
(thOM  estimated  at  less  than  i^aoo  per  annum,) 
were  su^ypressed  in  1536;  645  greater  houses 
(twenty-nine  ct  which,  called  mitred  abbeys  or 
pnoria^  entitled  their  heads  to  seats  in  parlia- 
ment,) were  surrendered  or  seised  in  1539;  3,374 
free  chantries  and  chapels,  and  zio  hospitals,  in 
1545.  The  rents  of  mcir  lands,  their  plate  and 
jewela,  amonntcd  to  a  vast  sum :  ud  it  was  alleged, 
to  make  the  confiscation  palatable  to  the  people, 
that  the  king  would  never  more  have  to  call  on 
them  for  suteidies.  So  little  was  this  the  case, 
that  subsidies  and  benevolences  continued  as  heavy 
as  ever ;  the  king's  debts  were  dishonestly  remitted 
by  the  parliament,  and  both  he  and  his  two  imme- 
dute  successors  died  with  an  empty  treasury. 

4  **  God's  law  is  turned  '  upso  downe/  abbeys  and 
rhiirrhrs  overthrown  ....  and  I  think  they  will 
cast  down  parish  churches  and  all,  at  the  last." 
Many  churches  were  in  foct  desecrated  or  pulled 
down ;  the  monastic  churches  suffered  the  most, 
but  pariah  dxurches  were  destroyed  also.  As  one 
instance,  it  may  be  mentioned,  that  a  docmnant 
exists  in  the  PubUc  Record  Office,  dated  July  6, 1514, 
an  which  one  Henry  Norres  makes  an  otter  to  tnie 
CkHirt  of  Augmentatioas  to  buy  *'tbe  scite  of  the 
parish  chun£  of  Compton,  in  Berkshire."  At  this 
very  time,  thsee  of  tut  finest  (lurches  in  London 
were  in  use  as  storehouses,  the  Grey  Friars  holding 
a  stock  of  wine,  and  the  Austin  and  Bkckfriars  being 
filled  with  herrings.  "The  king  will  hang  in  hdl 
one  day  for  the  puadciag  down  (^  abbeys."  **  I  fear 
that  within  a  while  the  king  will  puU  down  parish 
chnrdMs.**  Such  speeches  as  thoe,  which  doabt- 
less  represent  the  popular  impression,  are  among 
the  "most  wicked  ami  execrable  wozds*'  in^mted 
to  Geoffrey  Pole  and  other  adherents  of  the  car- 


diaal.  and  ynnisheri  an  ttaason.  \ 
'  Wesumnster,  suppressed  in  i 
Chester,  Gloucester,  Oxford  and  ^terb 
which  still  exisL  Canterbury  and  several  < 
cathedral  diapters  mere  rcnodalkKJ^  but  wi&  no 
increase  of  revenue.  On  the  ooutxary,  in  nunt 
cases  thechapters  were  forced  into  dtsadvantageons 
exchanges;  and  even  down  (othft  end  of  the  riign 
of  Elizabeth,  each  new  bishop  usually  had  to  sur- 
render a  part  of  the  property  of  his  see  to  sona 
powerful  couities. 

*  Sandown»  Deal,  and  Wahoor.  iu  Kot,  Soallh 
sea,  by  PortsmoutlL  Hurst  Castle,  and  Sandom, 
in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  were  amoug  tkem :  a  (iew 
harbours  were  abo improved;  but t~ 
to  but  a  mere  iractioa  of  the  spoiL 

*  To  interest  as  many  persona  as 
mauttatning  the  new  ofder  of  things, 
even  coranelled  to  exchanee  their  heradltary  e 
for  Churoi  lands.    Lord  Windscnr  was  thus  ol 
to  part  with  his  stately  manrion  of  StanweU,  i 
said  to  have  died  of  vexntion  short^  after. 

*  Hugh  Latimer,  the  son  of  a  yeomaB  in 
tenhire,  was  bora  in  z47q^  and  was  educated  at  Cbre 
Hall.  Cambridge.  He  was  at  first  a  veheaant 
opponent  of  the  reformers,  but  being  couvcmd 
by  the  preaching^  of  Thomas  Bilney  (afterwards 
a  martyr),  he  mamtained  their  doctrines  bom  the 
pulpit  of  the  University,  and  was  thus  eiqMsed  to 
persecution,  but  was  secured  ftx»m  serious  conse- 
ouences  by  Cromwell,  by  whose  fivKOur  ha  obtaiped 
tha  Irving  of  West  Kington,  in  Wilmhir&  la  153$ 
he  was  appointed  to  the  see  of  Woreastsr,  but  r»> 
signed  it  m  1539  on  dm  passing  of  the  Act  ef  SSx 
Artidfls,  and  was  imprisancd  for  the  rsmaiaHrr 
of  Henry's  reign.  He  was  laleaaed  on  the  acoes- 
skm  of  Edward  VI.,  but  dsc&i^^  tu  undotske 
again  an  epuoopal  chaige,  preftmng  inslaan  ^ 
act  as  an  itmeiaat  pieacAer ;  and  he  thus  power- 
fully contributed  to  fix  the  doctrines  of  the  lte> 
formation  in  the  minds  of  tha  people.  Oa  the 
accession  of  Mary  ha  was  coouniiled  lo  prisos^ 
but  affaer  a  time  was  carried  (wiA  OansMr  and 
Ridley)  to  Oxford  to  hold  a  pubKc  " 
which  was  managed  with  manifest  1 
condemned  as  a  heretic,  and  at 


Oct.  x6,  z«55,  being  then  8<  years  of  age. 

>  Tbe  bones  or  King  Stephen  were  torn  ftem 
their  resting-place  and  thrown  into  the  tea  firam 
this  cause.    See  a-D.  1154. 


A.D.  IS34.] 


HENRY  VIII. 


399^ 


that  title  superseded  many  of  the  func- 
tions of  the  bishopsy  and  controlled 
aU  the  rest  Though  Cranmer  and 
some  few  others  from  the  first  doubt- 
less had  the  desire  to  see  the  peculiar 
tenets  of  Rome  repudiated,  as  even- 
tually came  to  ]»ss,  such  was  by  no 
means  the  intentioB  of  the  king.  Cran- 
mer gained  from  him  pennission  to 
prepait  a  translation  of  the  Bible,  but 
It  was  hardly  completed,  when  its  use 
was  limited  by  act  of  parliament,  (34 
Hen.  VIIL  c  i).  And  attenipts  were 
made  to  supersede  it  by  books  drawn 
np  in  the  king's  name,  which  were  as- 


serted to  contain  ''all  necessary  doc- 
trine," yet,  except  in  matters  avowedly 
levelled  at  the  ^  usuiped  power  of  the 
Bishop  of  Rome,"  differ»l  little  fhnn 
what  had  been  formerly  taught''.  It 
was  not  until  near  the  close  of  Henry's 
life  that  Cranmer  was  allowed  to  pre- 
pare a  few  prayers  and  a  litany  in 
English,  and  to  conunence  an  exami- 
nation of  the  mass,  but  these  were  ne- 
cessary steps  to  the  great  work  of 
Edward's  reign,  the  compilation  of  our 
Book  of  Common  Prayer  and  admi- 
nistration of  the  Sacraments. 


IRELAND. 


A  J).  1534. 

The  earl  of  KUdare  is  summoned  to 
England  in  February,  and  is  soon 
after  thrown  into  the  Tower. 

Although  this  imprisoimient  was 
owing  to  the  complaints  of  his  coun- 
cil, luldare  had  yet  sufficient  influence 
to  cause  his  son  Thomas  to  be  re- 
ceived as  his  deputy,  and  he  had  also 
stored  his  castles  with  arms  and  am- 
munition. The  young  lord,  who  was 
known  as  Silken  Thomas  (from  his 
castomaiy  rich  attire  and  his  courtly 
manners),  no  sooner  heard  of  the  im- 
prisonment of  his  &ther  than  he  for- 
mallv  resigned  his  office  (June  11, 
I534J»  and  attempted  to  capture  the 
castle  of  Dublin ;  but,  failing  in  that, 
sdied  die  archbishop  of  Dublin  (John 
Men'}  near  Waterford»  when  fleeing 
to  England  for  succour,  and  put  him 
to  deaA  (July  28).    Skeffington  was 


now  appointed  deputy,  having  Lord 
Leonard  Grey*  as  his  marshal ;  Tho- 
mas was  defeated  and  surrendered^ 
(Aug.  1535) ;  five  of  his  uncles  also 
were  captured  early  in  IC36,  and  being 
sent  to  England  the  whole  six  were 
hanged  at  Tyburn  (Feb.  3,  1537),  the 
old  earl  having  long  before  died  in 
the  Tower  (Dec  12,  1534).  The  next 
heir,  Gerald,  a  lad  of  twelve  years  of 
age  at  his  father's  death,  after  lurking 
about  in  the  care  of  his  tutor,  Thomas 
Leverous*",  for  a  time,  escaped  into 
France  (Mardh,  1540),  was  protected 
by  his  kinsman,  Cardinal  role,  and 
eventually  restored  to  his  ancestral 
honours  by  Msuy  (May  14,  1554)1  al- 
though his  attainder  was  not  reversed 
until  the  year  1569. 

Skeffington  died  in  office  in  1537, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Lord  Leonard 
Grey,  who  proclaimed  the  king's  supre- 


'  The  dual  of  these  books  were,  a  Prixoer,  pub- 
Bihed  m  ijn%  wliidi  wes  mainly  an  exnlanation  of 
tbe  Tea  Coounandments,  the  Lord's  Grayer,  and 
tltt  Apostks'  Creed :  a  series  of  Articles,  'Mevised 
by  the  Idag's  hi^iaess  to  establish  Christian  quiet- 
DOB  and  ttstty  among  ns"  053^  I  the  Institution 
of  a  Christian  Man.  or  the  Bishops'  Book  (1537) ; 
aed  the  Mecesaaiy  tjoctrine  and  Erudition  tor  any 
Chrittian  Man,  or  the  Kins's  Book  (1543)-  The 
Aitides  and  the  InsdtntioQ  upee  in  all  essential 
PoiBis,  bot  the  Emdidon  inculcates  many  Romish 


;Bas  which  tiiey  had  oondenmed. 

Allen  had  been  Archbishop  Waiham's  asent  at 

and  was  afterwards  employed  by  Wolsey 

^  inf  the  smaller  monasteries,  with  a  iriew 

to  their  sopprcanan.    His  arrogant  conduct  in  the 

ge  of  ads  oiBce  was 


Ronc^  an 
ttriahmg 


)  much  complained  of. 

la  1518  he  was  appointed  archbishop  of  Dublin, 
and  abo  dumceUor  of  Ireland.  He  had  a  ^reat 
ooMealiQD  tor  the  primacy  with  Clromer.  archbishop 
Of  Armu^  and  be  was  also  at  variance  widi  the 


in  &ct  heading  the  < 


lition  to 


_         oppositiL 

supposed  the  adviser  of  his 

tmpopularity,  and  death. 


•  Son  of  Thomas,  marquis  of  Donet,  and  unde 
of  Lady  Jane  Grey. 

^  His  name  is  to  be  seen  rudely  cot  on  the  wall 
of  the  Beauchamp  Tower,  in  the  Tower  of  London 
^  Note,  p.  3x1):  and  a  letter  of  hb  remains  in  the 
Public  Record  Office,  in  which  he  requests  his 
"  trusty  and  wdl-belofed  servant,  John  Rothe,"  to 
procure  him  the  sum  of  ;Cao  boat  O'Brien,  with 
whom  he  had  left  his  plate.  *'  I  never  had  any 
money  since  I  came  into  prison,"  he  savs,  "but 
one  noble,  nor'hose,  doublet,  shoes,  or  shut,  but 
one  ....  and  I  have  gone  bare-foot  and  bare- 
legged divers  times,  when  it  hath  not  been  very 
warm ;  and  so  I  should  have  done  still,  and  now, 
but  that  poor  prisoners,  of  their  aentleness,  have 
sometimes  given  me  old  hose,  and  shoes,  and  old 
shirts.** 

•  Afbrwards  dean  of  St  Patrick  and  bishop  of 
Kildare,  but  expelled  in  the  time  of  Eluabeth. 
He  retired  to  Adair,  near  Limeridc,  and  for  many 
years  supported  himself  by  keeping  a  school,  havin|: 
Richard  Cieagh,  the  deprived  archbishop  of  Ar- 
magh, for  his  usher. 


300 


THE  TUDORS. 


LA.D.  IS34,  1535- 


macy,  suppressed  monasteries,  burnt 
the  most  venerated  relics,  and  carried 
on  the  spoliation  of  the  Church  with 
a  hig^  hand ;  but,  though  in  this  he 
only  acted  up  to  his  instructions,  and 
also  shewed  vigour  and  address  in 
contending  with  the  rebels*,  he  was 
at  last  accused  by  his  council  of  being 
in  league  with  them*,  was  recalled, 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  and  at  last 
beheaded,  June  28,  1541. 


A.D.  1534. 

The  succession  to  the  throne  regu- 
lated by  parliament,  [25  Hen.  VIII. 
c.  22].  The  king's  marriage  with  Ka- 
therine  of  Aragon  was  declared  in- 
valid', and  that  with  Anne  Boleyn 
good ;  the  penalties  of  treason  (or  of 
misprision  of  treason  if  the  opposition 
was  confined  to  words)  being  incurred 
by  all  who  maintained  the  contrary  ». 

Elizabeth  Barton,  styled  the  Holy 
Maid  of  Kent,  (who  had  uttered  pre- 
tended revelations  condemning  the 
king's  conduct,)  is  executed  with  seve- 
ral of  her  associates  **,  May  5.  John 
Fisher,  bishop  of  Rochester,  accused 
of  having  countenanced  her,  is  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower,  and  very  harshly 
treated 

WilUam,  lord  Dacre,  warden  of  the 
west  marches,  is  tried  on  a  charge  of 
treasonable  correspondence  with  the 
Scots,  but  acquitted,  July  9. 

The  first  fruits  and  tenths  of  all 


benefices,  formerly  paid  to  the  pope, 
are  granted  to  the  crown*,  [26  Hen. 
VI  ri.  c.  3]. 

Many  new  treasons  declared  by  sta- 
tute, [c.  13]. 

Among  these  were  attempting,  or 
wishing,  any  bodily  harm  to  the  king 
or  queen ;  denying  any  of  their  titles ; 
or  slandering  them  as  heretics;  and 
the  more  palpable  offence  of  attempt- 
ing to  ke^  possession  of  forts,  ships, 
arms,  &c  belonging  to  the  king,  when 
legally  summoned  to  surrender  them. 

The  king  is  empowered  to  Appoint 
suffragan  bishops  J,  [c.  14I. 

Bishop  Fisher,  Sir  Thomas  More, 
Thomas  earl  of  Kildare,  and  others, 
attainted,  [cc.  22,  23,  25], 

A.D.  1535. 

The  king  formally  assumes  the  title 
of  "on  earth  Supreme  Head  of  the 
Church  of  England  V  Jan«  'S- 

Houghton,  Webster,  and  Lawrens, 
priors  of  Carthusian  houses,  two  priests 
and  a  monk,  (Feron,  Hale,  and  Rey- 
nolds,) are  convicted  of  treason  for 
speaking  against  the  king's  marriage 
and  his  supremacy,  April  29. 

Bishop  Fisher  (styled  in  the  indict- 
ment late  bishop  of  Rochester)  and 
three  Carthusians  (Middlemore,  Ex- 
mew,  and  Newdygate)  are  convicted 
of  denying  the  king's  supremacy,  June 
1 1  and  17.  Sir  Thomas  More  is  con- 
I  demned  on  a  similar  charge,  July  i  K 


*  In  the  Public  Record  Office  is  a  document 
containins  a  Ibt  of  treaties,  twenty-seven  in  num- 
ber, concluded  by  him  with  the  native  and  Anglo- 
Irish  chiefs,  who  all  confess  their  allegiance  to  the 
king,  and  promise,  some  of  them  money,  but  more 
only  militaiy  service. 

*  His  sister  was  Kildare's  second  wife,  and  he 
was  thought  to  have  favoured  the  escape  of  the 
young  Gerald. 

'  Bv  another  act  of  the  same  session  [c.  a8]  she 
was  forbidden  to  be  any  more  styled  queen,  but 
was  to  be  called  "  the  princess  dowager. 

*  An  oath  in  the  sense  of  this  statute  was  ordered 
to  be  taken  by  all  persons,  but  as  it  contained  also 
an  acknowledgment  of  the  king  as  supreme  head 
of  the  Church,  it  was  refused  by  Sir  Thomas  More, 
who  was  in  conseouenoe  sent  to  the  Tower. 

^  She  and  six  of  her  abettors  had  been  attainted, 
and  Bishop  Fisher  and  five  others  condemned  to 
imprisonment  for  life  by  statute,  [35  Hen.  VIII. 
c  xaj. 

>  In  consequence  of  this  statute  a  valuation  of 
all  livings  was  made,  which  is  still  in  use  for 
some  purposes,  and  is  known  as  "Liber  R^^" 
By  a  subsequent  sutute  [27  Hen.  VIII.  c.  4a], 
the  Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  were 
excused  from  these  payments  on  condition  of  pro- 
vidins  certain  lecturers  in  Greek,  Hebrew.  &c.  : 
and  the  colleges  of  Winchester  and  Eton,  lor  the 


same  exemption,  were  to  celebrate  obits  for  die 


king. 
J  The 


i  TlThe  places  for  whidi  they  may  be  appointed 
are  enumerated  in  the  act ;  they  amount  to  35 : 
viz.,  Bedford,  Berwick,  Bridgwater,  Bristol,  Cam- 
bridge, Colchester,  Dover,  St.  German's^  Gkw- 
cester,  Grantham,  Guildford,  Hull,  Hunti — ^" 
Ipswich,  Leicester,  Marlborough,  No 
'^Pereth"  [Penrith  n>  Shaftesbury, 
Southampton,  Southmolton,  Ikunton, 
and  the  Isle  of  Wight  The  sutute  was  very  Utile 
acted  on,  but  has  of  late  years  been  put  in  opeia- 
tion  as  to  two  of  the  towns  named,  viz.  Dover  and 
Nottingham.  «S4^ot  A  vuZcLfe^^t^ir , 

k  This  was  in  virtue  of  stat.  96  Hen.  VIIL  c  i. 
which  declares  the  king  "  shall  be  taken,  acc»ted 
and  reputed  the  only  supreme  head  in  eartn  of 
the  Church  of  Eqgland,  called  AngUcana  Ec- 
desia." 

>  The  offence  of  the  bishop.  Sir  Thomas  More, 
the  priors  and  Reynolds,  according  to  their  indict- 
ments, consisted  in  openly  saying,  when  in  custody 
in  the  Tower,  "  The  king,  our  sovereign  lord,  is  aoc 
supreme  head  in  earth  of  the  Church  of  Eaglaod.'* 
The  priests,  it  is  alleged,  uttered  "execrable  words" 
against  the  king,  describing  lum  as  '*the  most 
cruellest,  capiuuneretic,  defaoer  and  treader  uader 
foot  of  Christ  and  of  His  Church,"  wished  for  his 
speedy  death,  and  spoke  of  his  marriage  with  *'his 


A.D.  IS3S,  ^53^'] 


HENRY  VIII. 


301 


Thomas  Cromwell  is  appointed  vicar- 
general  with  extensive  power  in  eccle- 
siastical affairs.  One  of  his  first  steps 
is  a  visitation  of  the  monasteries. 

James  V.  sails  from  Leith  to  Gal- 
loway with  a  powerful  fleet,  and  re- 
duces the  turbulent  insular  clans  to 
his  obedience. 

A.D.  1536. 

Queen  Katherine  dies  at  Kimbolton, 
Jan.  7. 

Piracy  ordered  to  be  tried  by  the 
king's  commissioners  ",  [27  Hen.  VIII. 

c.  4 

Sanctuary  men  ordered  to  wear 
badges,  and  forbidden  to  carry  wea- 
pons or  to  be  out  at  nights,  on  pain 
of  forfeiture  of  their  privileges,  [c  19]. 

Vagabonds  and  sturdy  beggars  sub- 
jected to  severe  punishment ;  whipping 
for  the  first  offence^  loss  of  an  ear  for 
the  second,  and  hanging  for  the  third, 
[c.  25]. 

W^es  incorporated  into  and  united 
with  England,  [c  26]. 

The  statute  provided  that  all  per- 
sons bom  in  Wales  were  to  enjoy  like 
liberties  as  those  bom  in  England; 
the  English  laws  were  to  be  extended 
to  Wales,  and  all  suits  to  be  carried 
on  in  the  English  language ;  a  chan- 
cery and  an  exchequer  were  to  be  es- 


tablished at  Brecknock  and  Denbigh  ; 
lands  wtre  to  descend  according  to 
English  law,  and  Welsh  laws  and  cus- 
toms to  be  inquired  into  by  a  com- 
mission ^ 

The  Court  of  Augmentations  esta- 
blished for  management  of  the  reve- 
nues expected  to  be  derived  from  the 
suppression  of  the  monasteries,  [c.  27]^*. 

Ail  the  smaller  monasteries  and  nun- 
neries (such,  namely,  as  had  less  than 
/200  of  yearly  revenue)  dissolved,  and 
their  effects  granted  to  the  crown,  [c.  28]. 

A  code  of  ordinances  for  the  govern- 
ment of  Calais  enacted,  [c  63J 

The  Protestant  princes  of  Germany 
endeavour  to  induce  the  king  to  put 
himself  at  the  head  of  their  league. 

The  queen  (Anne)  is  suddenly  sent 
to  the  Tower,  May  2.  Four  of  her  al- 
leged paramours  (Sir  Francis  Weston, 
Brereton,  Norris,  and  Smeaton')  are 
tried.  May  12,  and  executed.  May  17. 

The  queen  and  her  brother,  George 
Lord  Rochford,  are  tried,  and  pro- 
nounced guilty  of  adultery  and  incest, 
Mav  15  ;  and  the  queen's  marriage 
with  the  king  is  set  aside  on  the  alle- 
gation of  a  pre-contract  with  Lord 
Henry  Percy,  May  17.  She  is  exe- 
cuted within  the  Tower,  May  19; 
Rochford  had  been  executed  May  17. 

The  king  marries  Jane  Seymour', 


wife  of  fornication,  this  matron  Anne,"  as  a  matter 
of  the  highest  sh^ne  and  undMng  to  hjigyetf  ^^^ 
all  the  realm.  According  to  the  act  under  which 
tbe)r  were  tried,  mere  words  only  incurred  the  pe- 
nalties of  misprision  of  treason,  but  Feron  was 
charged  with  writing  down  the  words  spoken  b^ 
Hak,^  and  both  were  pronounced  traitors.  This 
straiaing  of  provisions  aheady  unduly  severe,  is  ' 
a  marked  feattue  of  the  Tudor  times.  The  eccle- 
siastics were  executed  at  Tybura,  soon  after; 
Bishop  Fisher,  June  aa,  and  Sir  Thomas  More, 
July  6,  on  Tower  hilL  The  manor  of  Duddington, 
Oxfonlshire,  which  belonged  to  Sir  Thomas,  was 
gnnted  to  Henry  Norris,  who  was  himself  attainted 
and  executed  in  less  than  a  twelvemonth  altar. 

*  The  reason  given  is,  that  the  process  in  the 
Admiral's  court,  bong  according  to  the  dvil  law,  is 
■molerablv  e3q;>ensive  and  tecDous,  and  thereby 
bvoun  the  escape  of  male&ctors.  There  is  an- 
other statute  00  the  same  subject,  [a8  Hen.  VI 11. 

'  The  laws  and  customs  of  North  Wales  were 
ezoepced  from  this  inquiry. 

*  The  lands  were  soon  parted  with,  either  by 
sale  or  grant,  so  that  this  court  became  a  nullity, 
and  was  abolished. 

1^  Smeaton  pleaded  guilty  to  the  charge  of  adtU- 
tery,  but  denied  the  treason  allied  against  him ; 
the  others  denied  both  charges. 

<)  She  was  the  dau^ter  of  Sir  John  Seymour, 
2  Wiltshire  knight  Her  brother  Edward,  who 
was  kn^hted  for  service  in  France  in  1584.  was 
created  visootmt  Beauchamp  on  the  occasion  of  her 
"carriage,  and  earl  of  Herobrd  soon  after,  and  an 
lugmentation  was  granted  to  his  fiunily  arms.    He 


next  received  the  appointment  of  lord  chamberlain, 
but  he  was  also  maae  captain  of  Jersey,  and  was  ac- 
tively ennployed  on  sevoal  occasions  both  in  Soot- 
land  and  France,  bdng  often  associated  with  Dudley, 


AimitfSeymoQr. 


who  finally  bronght  him  to  the  scaffold.  Hertford 
succeeded  the  earl  of  Surrey  as  eovemor  of  Bou- 
logne, was  named  by  Henry  VIII.  one  of  his 
executors,  and  under  his  nephew  Edward  VI.  he 
became  duke  of  SomerseL  He  professed  hunself  a 
Reformer,  drove  away  the  Romish  members  of  the 
council,  and  became  Protector,  lord  treasurer,  Md 
earl  marshal  He  did  not,  however,  long  hold  hu 
high  offices.  In  1549  he  was  driven  from  the  coun- 
dland  imprisoned,  and  though  soon  released,  and 
appaienUy  reconciled  to  Warwick  (their  children 
intermarried),  the  latter  was  resolved  to  destroy 
him,  and  the  duke  was  beheaded  on  what  appeals 


302 


THE  TUDORS. 


[A.D.  1536. 


at  Wolf-hall,  near  Great  Bedwin,  in 
Wiltshire^  May  2a 

The  Pnncess  Mary  is  received  into 
the  king's  favour,  on  acknowledging 
him  as  ^  supreme  head  in  earth  under 
Christ  of  the  Church  of  England,"  and 
also  confessing  that  her  mother's  mar- 
riage was  justly  set  aside '. 

The  succession  to  the  throne  is  a 
second  time  regulated  by  act  of  parlia- 
ment, [28  Hen.  VIII.  c  ;■]. 

A  further  act  passed  to  extinguish 
the  authority  of  me  bishop  of  Rome, 
[c.  10],  by  which,  refusing  to  make 
oath  of  the  king's  supremacy  is  again 
declared  treason. 

The  king's  successor  empowered  to 
set  aside  any  laws  that  may  be  passed 
before  he  attains  his  24th  year,  [c.  17]. 

Lord  Thomas  Howard  (son  of  the 
duke  of  Norfolk)  and  the  lady  Marga- 
ret Douglas  (the  king's  niece)  are  sent 
to  the  Tower,  in  consequence  of 
making  a  contract  of  marriage*  with- 
out the  royal  permission,  July. 

R^inald  Pole*  publishes  a  book 
*^  De  Unitate  Ecclesiastica,"  in  which 
he  severely  condemns  the  long's  sepa- 
ration from  Rome. 


An  insurrection  breaks  out  in  Lin- 
colnshire, occasioned  by  the  suppres- 
sion of  die  smaller  monasteries,  Octo- 
ber. The  insurgents  disperse,  on 
promise  of  pardon. 

The  people  of  Yorkshne  took  up 
arms  on  the  same  account,  diortly 
after.  They  styled  their  expedition 
the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  earned  ban- 
ners on  which  were  depicted  the  five 
wounds  of  Christ,  demanded  the  driv- 
ing away  of  "  base-bom  councinors*", 
the  suppression  of  heresy,  and  the 
restitution  of  the  goods  of  Uie  Chiircfa. 
They  were  headed  by  Robert  Aske, 
a  gentleman  of  Doncaster,  bat  were 
soon  joined  by  the  archbishop  of  Yoik 
(Edward  Lee  '),  Lords  Darcy,  Latimer, 
Lumley,  Scroop,  Sir  Thomas  Percy 
and  others,  and  sdzed  York  and  Hull 
The  duke  of  Norfolk  was  dispatched 
against  them,  but  finding  them  too 
strong,  he  negotiated,  and  at  length 
induced  them  to  disperse  before  Christ- 
mas, by  the  offer  of  a  general  pardon^ 
and  the  promise  that  a  parliament 
should  be  iield  next  year  in  the  north, 
by  which  their  grievances  were  to  be 
redressed. 


to  have  been  a  &Ue  charge  of  oonspiring  uainst 
the  life  of  his  rival,  Jan.  aa,  1553.  He  had  long 
been  unpopular,  from  oonsenting  to  the  execution 
of  his  brother  (Lord  Thomas  Seymour),  and  for  the 
rapacity  he  had  shewn  in  e^unuig  estates  from  the 
crown,  as  well  as  for  building  a  stately  palace  in 
the  Strand  f Somerset-house)  with  the  materiab  of 
churches  pulled  down  fior  the  purpose  and  his  fidl 
was  tittk  lamented.  His  dncbess  (to  irfaooe  proud 
spirit  was  attributed  his  fatal  quarrel  with  his  bro- 
ther) was  imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  but  was  re- 
leased by  Mary  on  her  accession,  and  lived  until 
1587. 

'  She  wrote,  by  the  direction  of  Cromwell  and 
under  fear,  letters  to  him  expressing  her  deep  peni- 
tence for  having  withstood  his  "  most  just  and  vir- 
tuous laws :"  she  was  also  obliged  to  confess  that 
her  mother's  marriage  was  **  incestuous  and  unlaw- 
ful." These  letters  have  been  coounented  on  as 
proofii  of  her  insincerity,  but  they  are  merely  proofs 
of  her  weakness  :  and  the  greatest  blame  must  as- 
suredly rest  on  the  heartless  parent  who  could  ex- 
tort such  submissions  from  a  oaughter. 

*  By  this  act  Anne  Bolevn  was  attainted,  her 
daughter  bastardixed,  and  the  succession  ascribed 
to  the  issue  of  Jsme  Sejrmour ;  the  penalties  of  trea- 
son being  incurred  by  all  opposers. 

*  LordThomas  died  about  a  year  after,  and  the 
lady  was  then  released.  She  was  bom  Oct.  7, 
15x5,  eventually  aurried  the  eail  of  Lennox,  and 
beoune  the  mother  of  Dandey. 

••  He  was  the  younger  brother  of  Locd  Moata> 
cute,  and  gruidson  oT  George,  duke  of  Clarence. 


He  was  bom  in  the  year  x«eo, 
Oxfonl(at  the  expense  of  Ae  convent  of  St.  Frides- 
iride  by  the  kws  ooBaand)  and  at  Fkiis,  irery 
early  received  Ckuidi 

tended  for  the  see  of  Y(  

Vy  the  death  of  Wober.  Pole,  however,  conscien- 
tiously expeetsed  his  dislike  of  the  kin^s  proceed- 
ines  m  tiie  matter  of  the  divorce,  contmued  to  i«- 
ttw  abroad,  and  icoMdned  imoonnBoed  by  the 


axguncats  of  Sampson  and  others  who  wrote  books 
in  support  of  Henry's  views.  He  lepliod  to  Sam^ 
son  with  considerable  asperity^  and  by  some  per- 
sonal refiecdans  gave  mortal  offence  to  Henry,  who 
had  him  attainted,  and,  as  he  could  not  seue  his 
person,  put  his  mother  and  several  members  (rf*  hk 
mmily  to  death  for  correqionding  with  him.  Pole 
was  now  made  a  cardinal,  and  sent  as  papal  nuncio 
into  Flanders ;  he  afterwards  attended  t&e  Cooacil 
of  T^ent,  and  on  the  death  of  Pope  Paul  lY.  had 
the  offer  of  succeeding  him,  but  decfinad  the  dig- 
nity. On  the  accession  of  Maiy  hk  sttaindrT  was 
revened,  he  came  to  England,  where  be  eflected 
a  formal  recondliatian  of  the  kiqgdom  with  the 
Holy  See.  and  was  made  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
llie  craelties  of  Mary's  reim  do  not  seem  in  any 
way  in^Nitable  to  P<Me.  alOongh  as  i^apal  l^tte 
the  proceedings  were  often  taken  in  his  name;  in 
fiut,  from  his  mildness,  his  conduct  was  displrarisg 
at  Rome,  and  he  would  have  been  removed  from 
his  office  but  for  die  pfrsonal  (avour  of  the  c 
who  refused  to  admit  any  other  legate,  aU 
the  person  named  was  Flrur  Peto,  her  own  c 
mr,  and  a  man  who  had  suffered  many  yean'  exile 
for  advocating  the  cause  of  her  mother,  even  to 
Henry's  face.  (See  1^  ao8X  Pole  died  Nov.  iB, 
1^58,  and  was  buried  m  his  cathedral,  leaving  be- 
hind him  the  character  of  a  strictly  ooosdeatiDUs 
man,  of  a  mild,  generous  and  tdennt  ^arit,  and  if 
not  inclined  (as  some  of  his  oantempovaxies  op- 
posed) to  Protestantism,  yet  anxiom  for  the  re- 
moval of  known  abuses  frrai  lus  Chuch. 

*  Cromwell  was  especially  meanL 

*  He  was  bdievcd  to  have]nidded  tooompulaai^ 
and  so  was  pardoned,  whilst  several  of  the  oihos 
were  executed,  in  the  next  year. 

f  This  was  a  mere  pretence,  as  wcy  afterwards 
experienced ;  and  so  jealous  was  dke  govennneac, 
that  a  Windsor  biitdier  was  hanged  as  a  rebel  tor 
saying  he  had  rather  "the  mod  foDows  ia  the 
North^had  h)9  meat  than  sdl  it  a 
I  was  offend. 


1  it  at  a  piioe  tbt 


^n.  iSW] 


HEintY  vni. 


3<« 


XD.  1537. 

A  fresh  insQinectioii  breaks  out  early 
in  tbe  year,  in  the  north ;  also  another 
n  Somersctshne.  Both  are  promptly 
suppiessed,  many  smnmary  executions 
ibDow%  and  several  of  those  formerly 
nordoned  are  now  put  on  their  trial. 
Lords  Darcy  and  Hussey,  Sir  Robert 
Constable,  Sir  Frands  Bigot,  Sir 
Thomas  Percy,  Sir  John  Bulmer,  Ro- 
bert Aske,  and  o&ers,  are  seized, 
tried,  and  executed;  as  are  the  ab- 


bots of  Bariings,  Fountains,  and  Jer- 
vanx  (Matthew  Mackereil,  William 
Thriske,  and  Adam  Sedbar^),  Whalley, 
Wobum,  and  Sawky  (John  PaflAew, 
John  Hops^  and  William  Traffoid), 
and  the  prior  of  Bridtington  (Wu- 
liamWood). 
The  queen  (Jane)  dies,  Oct.  24* 
The  duke  of  Norfolk  is  recalled, 
and  his  place  supplied  by  a  board  of 
commissioners  styled  die  Council  of 
the  North*. 


IRELAND. 


In  1537  Anthony  St  Lcger  and  three 
other  English  gentlemen  were  sent  as 
a  commission  of  incpiry  to  Ireland. 

Beside  endeavounng  to  obtain  a  sub- 
sidy to  reimburse  the  king's  charges 
in  repressing  the  rebellion  of  the  Fitz- 
geralds,  the  commissioners  were  di- 
rected to  examine  the  conduct  of  the 
deputy  (Lord  Leonard  Grey)  and  his 
council',  and,  preparatory  to  introduc- 
ing the  king's  laws  in  every  part,  to 
report  on  the  exactions  and  oppres- 
sions of  the  great  landholders.  Ac- 
cordingly the^r  held  inquests  in  various 
places^  both  in  the  pale  and  the  so- 
called  English  districts,  and  their 
reports,  preserved  in  the  PuUic  Record 
Office*,  fully  justify  the  complaints  of 
the  writer  of  the  paper  of  15 15  already 
referred  to'* 
From  these  we  leaxn  that  the  cus- 


>  The  king  wrote  thus  to  the  duke  of  Korfolk, 
Feb.  99,  1537:  "We  do  riKht  well  approre  and 
aUow  your  pfoceediags  in  ttie  dispUtyiag  of  our 
And  fofasmsich 


1  fofasmuch  as  the  same  is  now  spread 
_  ,  id,  bf  reason  whereof  till  the  same 
shall  hm  cfeised  again,  the  coarse  of  our  laws  must 
give  place  to^  the  ordinances  and  statutes  martial, 
car  pMftnre  is,  that  before  you  close  up  our  said 
benaer  affsia,  jcn  shall,  ia  any  wise,  cause  such 
dreadfiU  execitnon  to  be  done  upon  a  good  number 
of  the  inhabitants  of  every  town,  village  and  ham- 
kt,  thatt  have  offended  in  this  rebellion,  as  well  1^ 
the  hanging  of  them  up  in  trees,  as  bj^  the  quarter- 
ing of  them,  and  the  setting  of  their  heads  and 
<|aaftart  in  every  town,  great  and  small,  and  in  all 
sodi  other  places,  as  they  may  be  a  tearful  spec- 
tacle to  all  other  hereafter  that  would  pcactise  any 
Bke  natter :  whidi  we  require  you  to  do,  without 
pity  or  lespect,  accoiding  to  our  fbnner  letters." 
The.rebelbon  is  imputed  to  the  "solicitation  and 
Hahorous  cooBpinicy  of  the  monks  and  canons,'* 
and  the  duke  is  directed  to  visit  Hexham,  SaOay, 
Ntisiiiiiiir<  V.  Lanexcost,  and  other  abbeys  and 
pnaAtM,  asa  to  **  cause  all  the  monks  and  canons 
that  be  in  any  wise  fiuilty,  to  be  tied  m,  without 
further  delay  or  oeremomr,  to  the  terrible  example 
of  othccBj  wfaereoi  we  think  you  shall  do  unto  us 
high  sawics. 

•  His  name  is  '*  Sedlar"  in  the  indictment  against 
him  (May  17, 15^7),  but  it  is  given  as  Sedbanr  in 


tomary  feudal  burdens,  which  pressed 
heavily  on  their  brethzen  in  England, 
were  almost  entirely  evaded  by  the 
An^o-Irish  nobles.  One  (the  earl  of 
Desmond)  maintained  that  he  was 
legally  exempt  from  attendance  in  par- 
liunent,  and  the  others  only  ob^ed 
the  king's  deputy's  summons,  either  in 
war  or  peace,  when  it  pleased  them- 
selves ;  they,  however,  when  sum- 
moned, r^ularly  assessed  their  pre- 
stmied  expenses  on  their  tenantry, 
whether  they  moved  from  their  castles 
or  not. 

The  lords  usually  would  not  suffer 
the  long's  courts  to  be  held  within 
their  districts,  and  they  heavily  fined 
their  tenants  if  they  repaired  for  jus- 
tice to  the  walled  towns,  where  the 
burgesses  kept  themselves  in  some 
measure,  though  not  entirely,  free  from 


the  escheat,  and  there  remains  an  inscription  in  the 
Beauchamp  Tower  vHiich  reads  '*  adak  :  ssdbak 
ABBAS  :  T0RBVAL1,  Z537." 

<>  He  IS  so  styled  m  his  indictment,  but  the  es- 
cheat on  his  conviction  calls  him  Robert  Hobbes. 

«  This  council  had  existed  in  the  time  of  Ed- 
ward IV.,  but  had  fallen  into  disuse.  Henceforth 
it  had  a  Lord  President,  whose  remdence  was 
usually  at  York,  and  it  continued  until  the  time  of 
Charles  I. 

'  In  a  letter,  dated  Feb.  a(,  2537,  announcing 
the  appouitmeat  of  this  oommisnon,  the  Un^cfaaiges 
them  with  wasting  his  revenue^  or  applying  it  to 
their  own  purposes.  The  council,  in  answer,  deny 
the  charges,  and  say  to  Cromwell,  *'  Would  to  God 
his  majesty  and  your  lordship  did  know  our  gains 
and  riches,  which  is  so  great*  that  we,  of  the  mean 
sort  ct  this  council,  being  his  grace's  officers, 
amongst  us  all  be  not  worth  in  money  and  plate 
j^xooo  Irish,  which  is  a  small  substance  fior  us  all, 
being  in  the  rooms  that  we  be  under  his  grace.  We 
be  no  purdiasers  of  possessions,  builders,  dicexs,  no 
caiden,  neither  yet  poo^Mms  houaeholden.  whereby 
we  should  consume  our  profits  and  gains,  if  we  had 
.  Wherefine  we  most  humbl^  beseech  your 
lordship  to  be  mean  to  hb  grace  to  a<xqpt  nt» 
. '  poor  men,  as  his  true  and  biithful  sumectt. 

*  A  summary  of  them  will  be  found  in  the  Stat6 
Pemers  of  Henry  VIIL  Part  II.  p.  5»— 5".  «»*• 

7Secp.a88. 


gopdl 
being 


304 


THE  TUDORS. 


[A-D.  IS37. 


their  exactions.  They  instead  upheld 
the  Brehon  law,  which  was  more  pro- 
fitable to  themselves,  as,  according  to 
that  system,  murders,  manslaughters, 
and  other  violences  were  atoned  for 
by  a  fine,  called  hericky  and  theft  by 
another,  termed  canne;  but  these 
sums,  which  varied  with  the  supposed 
wealth  of  the  offender,  were  never 
given  to  the  injured  parties*;  they 
were  either  taken  by  the  lord,  or  shared 
between  him  and  his  brehon,  or  judge. 
In  all  suits  of  a  civil  nature,  a  large 
sum  {oyUzeag)  was  payable  by  each 
party  to  the  orehon ;  and  anotfier,  at 
least  as  large  {bieng),  was  necessary  as 
a  bribe  for  the  lord's  favour  \ 

The  recognised  rent  of  each  plough- 
land  was  one  bushel  of  summer  oats, 
but  this  was  usually  increased  tenfold, 
and  sums  of  money  m  addition  (^^o^) 
were  exacted  quarterly.  The  husband- 
man's produce  was  taken  from  him  at 
the  lord's  own  price*,  unless  he  re- 
deemed it  by  a  fine ;  a  tribute  of  miUc 
was  exacted  for  each  of  his  cows  ;  he 
had  to  furnish  annually  for  each  plough- 
land  a  week's  labour  in  strengmening 
the  ditches  and  fences,  and  two  days' 
work  of  an  axeman  to  fell  timber ;  he 
had  to  supply  carts  and  cattle  for  con- 
veying the  goods  and  chattels  and 
building  materials  of  the  lord,  and  the 
plunder  of  his  armed  followers.  Yet, 
after  all,  these  afforded  him  so  little  pro- 
tection^ that  he  was  also  obliged  to  pay 
biofk  rent  to  the  neighbouring  Irish 
chiefs ;  and  if  his  com  or  cattle  were 
carried  off  and  recovered,  the  lord  ap- 
propriated it  to  himself*. 

But  the  greatest  grievance  of  all  was 
the  exaction  called  coin  and  livery, 
which  in  numberless  documents  is  em- 
phatically stated  to  be  **  the  cause  why 
the  land  be  so  Irish  and  so  poor." 
This  consisted  in  the  exaction  of  meat, 
drink,  and  lodging,  for  three  or  four 
nights  at  a  time,  and  a  sum  of  money 
beside,  for  the  support  of  the  soldiery 
of  each  chief;  and  it  was  as  frequently 
practised  by  the  king's  deputies  as 


any  of  the  rest".  It  was  veiy  common 
also  to  demand  quarters  for  a  larger 
number  than  were  actually  present 
{black  men),  any  demur  as  to  which 
was  punished  by  a  fine  of  a  cow  {kyn- 
troisk);  and  if  any  tenant  escaped 
such  quartering  for  a  while,  he  was 
made  to  pay  heavily  for  the  exemp- 
tion. Everv  birth,  marriage^  or  death 
in  the  lord's  family  occasioned  the 
demand  of  a  sheep  from  each  hus- 
bandman, and  a  cow  from  each  vfl- 
lage ;  money  was  levied  (sraMe)  for 
the  expenses  of  journeys,  never  under- 
taken, to  Dublin  or  to  England 
Forced  contributions  of  food  and 
money  {/py  and  pay,  and  mertye^ht^ 
relieved  the  lord  horn  all  expenditure 
of  his  own  when  he  had  guests ;  when 
he  hunted,  his  dogs  were  regaled  with 
bread  and  milk,  or  butter  ;  and  whole 
quarters  of  oats  were  demanded  when 
most  scarce,  for  his  ''great  horsey"  and 
a  composition  in  money  exacted.  The 
Anglo-Saxon  king  claimed  the  labour 
of  his  freemen  to  build  his  residence*; 
but  the  Irish  noble  exacted  mustrons 
for  the  keep  of  all  his  various  crafts- 
men, from  masons  to  tailors ;  he,  how- 
ever, seldom  lived  at  home,  but  passed 
his  time  in  periodical  visits,  with  an 
unlimited  retmue,  to  his  tenants,  when 
meat,  drink,  lodging,  candle,  and  a 
present  at  parting  had  to  be  provided 
Four  such  visits  to  pass  tne  night 
(called  cody,  or  cosher),  were  usually 
bestowed  on  each  huslxindman,  while 
more  occasional  visits  were  often  paid 
for  the  express  purpose  of  ruining 
C'  eating  up'O  an  obnoxious  inferior. 

Burdensome  as  these  exactions  were, 
matters  were  rendered  still  worse  by  the 
insolence  and  rapacity  of  the  assessors, 
or  harbingers,  as  they  were  termed,  who 
seized  far  more  than  th^  accoimted  for 
to  their  lords,  unless  conciliated  by  a 
payment  of  black  money  to  themselves. 

Neglect  of  duty  and  disorderiy  life 
is  in  many  instances  alleged  agamst 
the  clergy,  as  well  as  the  t^Jcing  of  ex- 
orbitant fees  on  causes  in  the  spiritual 


'It  was  otherwise  axnooK  our  Saxon  forefathers 
(see  p.  75)  ;  but  these  lordly  plunderers  knew  no 
other  law  than  their  own  pleasure  and  profit 

^  These  two  payments  amounted  in  general  to 
one-fifth  of  the  value  of  the  claim  from  each  party. 

i  And  also  at  the  lord's  own  measure  :  one  noole 
(William  Bermingham)  is  mentioned  as  taking 
thi'nin  at  the  rate  of  x6  quarts  to  die  gallon. 

^  The  king^s  castles  are  suted  to  have  all  fallen 
to  ruin,  and  those  of  the  marchers  were  mere  recep- 
tacles of  plunder.     In  fact,  the  marchmen  were 


looked  on  as  worse  enemies  than  the  "  mere  Irish* 
to  those  who  had  anything  to  lose. 

*  Lady  Katherine  Poer  even  improved  on  this ; 
she  not  only  Vept  the  piopeity  recovered  by  her 
soldiers,  but  lev»ed  a  fine  on  the  husbandman  for 
his  n^ligence  in  losing  it. 

"  The  deputies  are  chaiged  beside  with  fre- 
quently levymg  money  for  roads,  journeys,  and 
hostings  (expeditions  of  various  magnitude  against 
the  "  wild  Irish"),  and  aoplying  it  to  their  ow 
use.  ■  Seep.  TiS. 


A.D.  IS37— 1539.1 


HENRY  vnL 


305 


courts.  One  exaction  much  com- 
plained of  was  portion  canon^  a  sum 
of  variable^  but  heavy  amount  levied 
on  the  death  of  a  man  or  his  wife,  in 
addition  to  the  ordinary  mortuary  fees. 
St.  Lester,  the  chief  conunissioner, 
became  deputy,  in  1540,  but  he  does 
not  seem  to  have  remedied  any  of  the 
abases  that  he  has  recorded  ;  and  the 
coantry  continued  in  much  the  same 
state  during  the  remainder  of  this  and 
the  two  succeeding  reigns. 


AJD.  1538. 


The  king  enters  into  a  negotiation 
with  the  Protestant  princes,  for  a 
league  against  the  emperor,  but  it  is 
broken  off,  through  the  dissimilarity 
of  their  religious  views  ®. 

Forest,  a  friar,  is  burnt  for  denying 
the  royal  supremacy  ',  May  22. 

The  emperor  and  the  king  of  France 
agree  to  a  ten  years'  truce,  June  28. 
The  pope  (Paul  III.)  publishes  a  bull 
(Dec.  17)  excommunicating  and  de- 
posing Henry,  and  endeavours,  but  in 
vain,  to  induce  them  to  endeavour  to 
put  it  in  execution  '. 

Cromwell  issues  Injunctions  to  the 
clergy,  one  article  of  which  directs  the 
setting  up  of  the  Bible  in  English*  in 
each  church,  and  another  orders  the 
keeping  of  a  register  of  births,  deaths, 
and  marriages',  September. 


Becket's  shrine,  and  many  similar 
objects  of  pilgrimage,  pltmdered  and 
destroyed. 

The  king  assists  at  a  public  dispu- 
tation on  the  Corporal  presence  in  the 
Eucharist,  which  dogma  he  maintains 
against  John  Nicholson  (or  Lambert), 
a  schoolmaster*,  November. 

Many  of  the  relatives  and  friends  of 
Cardinal  Pole*  are 'accused  of  treason, 
and  executed.  His  mother,  Margaret, 
countess  of  Salisbury,  is  imprisoned  in 
the  Tower. 

Two  German  anabaptists  burnt  in 
Smithfield%  Nov.  29. 

A.D.  1539. 

The  parliament  meets,  April  28, 
when  the  countess  of  Salisbury  and 
several  other  persons  in  custody  are 
attainted  without  trial. 

The  king's  proclamations  declared 
as  valid  as  acts  of  parliament,  [31  Hen. 
VIII.  c.  8«]. 

The  king  empowered  to  erect  bi- 
shops' sees  and  appoint  bishops  by 
his  letters  patent,  [c  9]. 

The  place  of  peers  in  parliament 
determined  by  statute,  [c.  10]. 

All  monasteries  dissolved  and  grant- 
ed to  the  king^  [c.  13]. 

An  act  passed  "  for  abolishing  diver- 
sity of  opinions  in  certain  articles  con- 
cerning Christian  religion,"  [c.  14]. 

Such  was  the  title  given  to  a  merci- 


*  A  dqratatioii  of  thdr  divines  came  to  England, 
bat  they  oould  not  arrive  at  any  agreement  with 
the  long,  who  quaireUed  iritli  notning  pa^  except 
the  suDremagr. 

r  Hurix  Latimer,  afterwards  himself  burnt, 
pitacheda sermon  at  hb execution. 

f  The  document  is  dated  Aug.  31, 1535,  but  its 
publication  had  hitherto  been  withheld  in  the  hope 

'This  was  most  probaUy  Coverdale's  translation, 
which  had  just  i^neared  with  a  dedication  to  the 
^.  It  was  speedilv  followed  by  another  transla- 
tion, known  as  Matthew's,  permission  to  circulate 
which  was  souffht  by  Cranmer,  in  a  letter  to  Cromwell, 
Aue.  4, 1537.  ~' until  such  time  that  we  the  bishops 
^afl  set  tenth  a  better  translation,  which  I  think," 
he  strn^  *'  will  not  be  until  a  day  after  doomsday. 

*  This  direction  occasioned  great  discontent  a- 
Boog  the  people,  as  they  conceived  the  register  was 
intended  as  the  instrument  of  some  new  taxation. 

'  Lambert  had  been  the  chaplain  of  the  English 
actory  at  Antwerp,  but  when  he  adopted  the  views 
of  the  Reformers,  he  quitted  his  post  and  became 
a  schoolmaster.  He  was  silenced  in  the  disputa- 
tioo.  and  refusing  to  retract  his  opinions,  was  burnt 
Aortly  after. 

*  His  brotiiers,  Henry  lord  Montacute,  and  Sir 
Gcoffrnr  Pole,  Henry  marquis  of  Exeter,  Sir  Ed- 
ward Neville,  Crofts  and  Collins,  priests,  and  Hol- 
land, a  mariner,  were  convicted  on  charges  of  cor- 
respon<fing  with  him|  denying  the  king's  supremacy, 
and  further  expre»mg  the  opinion  that  "  knaves 


ruled  about  the  king,"  and  that  Henry  himself  was 
"  a  beast,  and  worse  than  a  beast"  Sir  Nicholas 
Carew  was  soon  after  convicted  for  holding  dis- 
courses about  "a  change  in  the  worid"  with  the 
marquis  of  Exeter.  Geoffrey  Pole's  life  was  spared* 
but  the  others  were  all  executed,  (Tan.  9,  March  3, 
1539)-  ^^  ^  usually  said  that  he  bore  witness 
agamst  his  brother,  who  was  convicted  the  day  be- 
fore he  himself  was  tried.  He  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  da^  in  prison,  and,  as  appears  from  an  in- 
scription m  the  Beauchamp  Tower,  was  alive  as 
late  as  156a. 

*  Four  others  had  been  condemned  with  them, 
but  they  saved  their  lives  by  recantation  at  Paul's 
cross.  Wov.  34. 

>  Persons  offending  against  this  act  were  to  be 
judged  by  a  larger  number  of  the  council  than 
could  be  convenientiy  assembled,  and  therefore  in 
Z544  another  act  was  passed  [34  &  35  Hen.  VIII. 
c  93I,  giving  authority  to  a  much  smaller  number 
tol  decide.  C)ne  of  the  most  remarkable  of  the  pro- 
clamations thus  legalized  after  its  issue  b  that 
dated  Nov.  x6,  1538,  whid^  stigmatizes  Thomas 
Becket  as  a  traitor,  and  forbids  his  being  any 
longer  received  as  a  saint ;  the  plunder  and  de- 
struction of  his  rich  shrine  at  Canterbury  had  been 
effected  not  long  before. 

1  Many  had  already  been  surrendered,  but  the 
abbots  and  monks,  having  only  life  interests  therem, 
had  exceeded  their  power  in  so  doing.  This  act 
was  therefore  necessary  to  the  legal  security  of  the 
grantees  or  purchasers  of  the  spou. 


3o6 


THE  TUDOftS. 


[A.i>.  1539, 1540 


less  statute,  better  known  as  the  Statute 
of  the  Six  Articles,  the  passing  of 
which  proved  a  great  discouragement 
to  Cranmer  and  other  sincere  friends 
of  the  Reformation.  Transubstantia- 
tion,  communion  in  one  kind,  vows  of 
chastity,  private  masses,  celibacy  of 
the  cleigy,  and  auricular  confession, 
were  asserted  to  be  agreeable  to  the 
law  of  God ;  the  denial  o'f  the  first 
was  to  be  punished  as  heresy,  the  rest 
as  felony.  Commissioners  were  ap- 
pointed to  carry  the  act  into  execution, 
but  the  number  of  offenders  was  found 
so  great  (500  were  apprehended  in 
London  alone,  in  a  short  time,  prin- 
cipally for  denying  the  corponil  pre- 
sence) that  the  Romish  party  became 
alarmed,  and  ventured  to  enforce  its 
penalties  but  in  few  instances. 

Shaxton*  and  Latimer  %  bishops  of 
Salisbury  and  Worcester,  resign  their 
sees  into  the  king's  hands,  July  i.  They 
are  both  committed  to  prison  as  "sa- 
cramentarian  heretics". 

Several  castles  built  on  the  sea-coast 
with  the  spoils  of  the  monasteries**, 
an  apprehension  being  entertained  of 
an  invasion  to  put  in  execution  the 
papal  bull. 

The  abbots  of  Glastonbury,  Read- 
ing, and  Colchester,  (Richard  Whiting, 
Hugh  Feringdon,  and  John  Beche,) 
executed  as  traitors «,  Nov.  14,  Dec.  i. 

A.D.  1540. 

The   king,    at    the    instigation    of 


Cromwell,  marries  Anne  of  Clcvcs^ 
Jan.  6. 

Wills  regulated  by  statute,  [32  Hen. 
VIIL  c.  i]. 

Sanctuaries  regulated,  their  noraber, 
and  the  number  of  inmates,  limited, 
[c  12]. 

A  navigation  act  passed,  by  which 
freight  is  regulated,  [c.  14]. 

"Hie  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem 
suppressed  in  England  and  Ireland*, 
[c.  24]. 

Two  priests  executed  at  Calais  for 
denying  the  royal  supremacy,  April  la 

Three  anabaptists  burnt  in  South- 
wark.  May  3. 

Cromwell  is  accused  of  treason  at 
the  council-board,  by  the  diJce  of 
Norfolk,  and  committed  to  the  Tower, 
June  10.  He  is  attainted  by  act  of 
parliament,  June  29,  and  beheaded, 
July  28. 

The  Convocation  is  empowered  by 
commission  to  try  the  validity  of  the 
king's  last  marriage,  July  6 ;  it  is  pro- 
nounced invalid,  July  10,  and  abro- 
gated by  parliament,  July  24 ',  fc  25) 

The  king  marries  Katherine  Howard, 
the  niece  of  the  duke  of  Noifolk,  at 
Oatlands,  July  28. 

Barnes,  Gerard,  and  Jerome,  burnt 
as  heretics,  and  Abel,  Fetherstone,  and 
Powell,  executed  at  the  same  time,  in 
Smithfidd,  as  traitors  ',  July  3a 

Laurence  Cook  \  prior  of  Doncaster, 
Home,  a  lay  brother  of  the  Charter 
House,  Broiihohnc,  a  priest,  and  four 


■  Shaxton  afterwards  oonfonned,  and  preached 
at  the  burntng  of  Anne  Askew  and  othen,  exhort- 
ing them,  in  vain,  to  follow  his  example.  It  ap- 
pears from  Cardinal  Pole's  Pension  Book  that 
Shazlon  was  alive  in  1556,  and  in  the  receipt  of 
a  pension  from  the  crovim  of  jC66  zjs.  ^d, 

•  Latimer,  as  already  mentioned,  suffered  for  his 
opinions  in  1555. 

<>  The  materials  of  demolished  churches  were 
employed  for  this  purpose,  both  in  Enp^land  and  at 
Calais.  In  pulling  down  Hurst  Castle  m  1 866  many 
canrcd  stones  from  Beaulieu  Abbey  were  foond. 

"  They  were  chained  with  denying  the  king's 
fsupremacy,  and  also  with  sendine  assistance  to  the 
insurgents  in  1537,  but  their  real  offence  seems  to 
Juve  been  their  steady  refusal  to  surrender  their 
nouKs* 

^  She  was  the  sister  of  William,  duke  of  Cleves, 
who  was  a  proouMnt  member  of  the  Protestant 
party  in  Germany.  Henry  wished  to  secure  their 
hdp  againat  the  enqwior,  and  they  desired  his 
mencT. 

•  iWe  statute  states  that  certain  members  of  the 
order  uphdd  the  pope's  usurned  power,  and  slan- 
dered the  king  and  his  councillors.  Its  possessions 
were  aeiaed^  Iwt  considerable  pemuons  were  albwed 
to  Sir  WiUiam  Weston  and  Sir  John  Rawson.  its 
holds,  on  cooditioa  of  dropping  their  titles  of  lord 
prior  aad  prior  of  Kilmainham  :  members  who  were 
abroad  were  offered  pensions  if  they  returned,  but 


were  to  have  nothing  if  they  remained  oat  of  the 
king's  obedience.  Kawson  was  made  ViscocBt 
Ckmtarff,  and  lived  into  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.. 
but  Weston  died  on  the  very  day  that  be  was 
obfiged  to  leave  his  priory. 

'  Amie  of  Geves  formalhr  consented  to  the  tens 
of  separation,  July  11.  Blediingley  paik,  in  Sur- 
rey, forfeited  by  Sir  Nicholas  Care  w  (see  p.  305)  ** 
granted  to  her,  as  weH  as  a  large  sum  in  titlies  dat 
had  been  given  to  Cromwell.  She  continued  to  re- 
side in  England  until  her  death,  which  occuxred  it 
Chelsea,  July  17,  1557 ;  she  was  buried  at  We«- 
minster  with  mudi  pomp,  Aug.  4.  Her  will  sbevf 
great  consideration  for  her  servants,  and  givs* 
very  &voarable  impression  of  her  character. 

s  The  whole  of  these  sufferers  bv  this  Wdeoas 
e^diibitioa  of  Henrys  impartial  oarbomy  v^ 
clergymen  of  the  universities,  estimable  fer  Aor 
Icarmng  and  the  purity  of  their  lives.  Banes  li» 
early  imbibed  the  Reformed  opinions,  but  lecanted 
at  Paul's  cit)ss,  March  5.  1537  ;  he  had  now  rt- 
turaed  to  them.  Abd  had  been  chaplain  to  Kaiht' 
rine  of  Aragon,  and  he  and  his  two  companio* 
were  condemned  for  affinning  the  legality  of  ha 
marriage.  Abel  was  confined  in  the  Beaodiaap 
Tower,  where  his  inscription  (tmokas  and  **a  » 
a  bell)  still  remains. 

^  He  also  was  imprisoned  in  the  Baw^g'P 
Tower,  as  is  evidenced  by  his  xnscriptkm  "ooctob 
cook:  X54a** 


^D.  1540— 154«.] 


HENRY  VIII. 


307 


gentlemen,  executed  together  at  Ty- 
burn, for  denying  the  ro^  supremacy, 
Aug.  4. 

The  Privy  Council  Register  com- 
mences, Aug.  18.  A  second  secretary 
of  state  U  appointed  about  the  same 
time. 

A.D.  1 541. 

The  countess  of  Salisbury  is  be- 
headed*. May  27. 

Lord  Dacre  of  the  South  (Thomas 
Fiennes)  tried  and  convicted  of  mur- 
der*, June  27. 

Lord  Leonard  Grey,  late  deputy  of 
Ireland,  is  executed,  June  28. 

Sir  David  Genson,  a  knight  of 
St.  John,  is  hanged  for  denying  the 
king's  supremacy,  July  i.  A  Welsh 
minstrel  is  executed  on  the  same  day, 
for  singing  a  **  prophecy"  against  the 
king. 

'Hic  king  makes  a  progress  in  the 
north,  and  receives  large  sums  of 
money  from  the  parties  supposed  to 
have  fsivoured  the  recent  insurrec- 
tions. 

The  Scots  make  an  inroad,  and 
ravage  Northumberland. 

The  queen  (Katherine  Howard)  is 
charged  with  impure  living,  and  sent 
to  the  Tower,  in  November.  Two  of 
her  alleged  paramours,  Culpeper  and 
Dereham,  are  tried  Dec.  i,  and  exe- 
cuted Dec.  10.  Lord  William  Howard 
and  several  other  persons  are  tried 


and  convicted  of  concealing  her  un-* 
chaste  life,  Dec.  22. 

A.D.  1542. 

A  bill  of  attainder  against  the  queen 
and  her  confederates  is  brought  into 
parliament  Jan.  21,  and  receives  the 
royal  assent,  at  the  request  of  the 
Houses,  very  shortly  after,  [33  Hoi. 
VIII.  c.  21]. 

Offences  committed  in  the  king's 
palace  ordered  to  be  tried  by  a  jury 
of  the  royal  household,  [c  12]. 

The  diocpse  of  Chester  and  the  Isle 
of  Man  incorporated  in  the  province  of 
York,  [c.  31} 

The  king  takes  the  title  of  King  of 
Ireland,  instead  of  Lord*,  Jan.  23. 


Amu  of  tte  Kioipflom  of  Inlaiid. 

Several  of  the  Irish  and  Anglo-Irish 
chieftains  are  made  peers  of  paiiia- 
ment ". 

The  queen  is  examined  bv  the  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  and  confesses 
the  looseness  of  her  life.  She  is  exe- 
cuted, with  Lady  Rochford,  Feb.  12. 


SCOTLAND. 


A.D.  1542, 

The  Scots  and  the  English  make  se- 
veral devastating  inroads.  In  one  from 
England,  Sir  Robert  Bowes,  the  warden 
of  me  east  marches,  is  taken  prisoner, 
at  Halydon-rigg,  Aug.  24- 

The  duke  of  Noiiolk  bums  Kelso, 
but  shortly  after  retires  to  Berwids. 


James  sends  an  army  to  invade 
Cumberland.  From  hatred  of  the 
general  (Oliver  Sinclair,  a  court  fa- 
vourite), they  disband,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Esk,  the  nobles  and  gentry  giv- 
ing themselves  up  prisoners,  Nov.  25. 

James  dies  at  Falkland,  Dec  14* 
He  is  succeeded  by  his  infant  daugh- 


*  The  dhax^e  against  her  was  that  she  had  fa- 
voured the  rising  called  the  Pilgrimage  of  Grace 
•fire  yean  hefore,  and  had  since  corresponded  with 
her  son,  Cafdmat  Pole. 

'^  He  had,  in  companv  with  some  wild  compa- 
nlottSy  fiDTcibly  entered  the  park  of  Nicholas  Pel- 
ham,  at  Laugfaton,  in  Sussex,  with  dogs  and  nets 
Sor  the  puz|x)se  of  himting  ;  they  were  opposed  in 
their  "  tnutoious  intention  "  by  three  keepers,  one 
of  whom  (}ohn  Bushbridge)  was  mortally  wounded 
in  die  scuffle,  Ai^ril  30, 1541.  Lord  Dacre.  afUa- 
a  part  of  the  evidence  had  been  heard,  pleaded 
guilty,  and  threw  himself  on  the  king's  mercy  ;  he 
was  nevertheless  executed,  June  39. 


>  This  had  been  advised  by  the  deputy  and  coob- 
dl  of  Ireland  some  vears  before,  at  the  beginning 
of  his  differences  with  the  pope,  who  was  stm  geae- 
rallv  regarded  as  the  feudal  superior  of  the  land,  as 
he  had  been  ages  before,  (see  an  instance  of  tlus, 
A.D.  X318).  1  ne  diaiuse  was  confirmed  in  1544,  ^ 
act  of  pailiamenL  fjs  Hen.  VIII.  c.  3]. 

■  The  title  of  Lord  Carbery  was  conferred  oa 
William  Bermingham,  Jtme  17, 1541 ;  Con  O'Neal 
and  his  son  Matthew  were  created  eari  of  Tyrone 
and  Lord  Dungannon,  Oct.  x,  1543 ;  Moitjgh 
O'Brien  was  made  earl  of  Thomond,  Ulick  Buricew 
earl  of  Clanrickard,  and  Donougfa  O'Brien,  Lord 
Ibracken,  July  z,  1543. 


3o8 


THE  TUDORS. 


\a.d.  1542, 1543. 


ter,  Mary",  under  the  guardianship  of 
her  mother,  Mary  of  Guise. 

The  chief  adviser  of  James  had  long 
been  Cardinal  Beaton,  archbishop  of 
St.  Andrew's,  and  the  first  place  in 
the  council  of  regency  was  assigned 
to  him  by  the  will  of  the  king.  This 
was  set  aside  by  the  parliament,  and 
the  earl  of  Arran®,  the  presumptive 
heir  to  the  throne,  placed  at  the  head 
of  affairs  (Tan.  10^  1543).  Beaton  was 
imprisoned  for  a  while  Qan.  26  to 
April  10),  but  Arran,  being  a  weak 
man,  soon  became  the  mere  tool  of 
the  cardinal,  who,  in  concert  with  the 
(jueen-mother,  cultivated  a  close  al- 
liance with  France,  and  procured  the 
rejection  of  an  offer  to  unite  the  two 
kingdoms  of  England  and  Scotland 
by  the  marriage  of  the  infant  queen 
to  Edward,  the  son  of  Henry.  He 
also  laboured  strenuously  to  repress 
the  spirit  of  hostility  to  Rome  which 
had  long  existed  in  Scotland  ^,  but  had 
begun  to  exert  itself  more  boldly  of 
late  yeaiis  in  consequence  of  the  de- 
struction of  the  papal  power  in  Eng- 
land. Among  omer  victims,  he  seized 
and  put  to  death  George  Wishart, 
the  most  prominent  of  the  reformed 
preachers,  but  he  was  himself  assassi- 
nated, by  the  paid  agents  of  Henry, 
in  his  castle  of  St  Andrew's,  very 
shortly  after,  (May  28,  1546,)  and  the 
power  of  the  Church  in  Scotland  fell 
with  him. 

The  queen-mother,  though  of  the 
family  of  Guise,  from  political  reasons 
for  a  while  favoured  the  holders  of  the 
reformed  doctrines ;  but  when,  having 
accomplished  her  projects  of  securing 


the  regency  to  herself  and  the  mar- 
riage of  her  daughter  to  the  heir  of 
the  French  crown,  she  wished  to  re- 
trace her  steps  and  rule  by  the  aid 
of  French  mercenaries,  she  found  it 
impossible  to  do  so.  The  reformers, 
styling  themselves  ''the  Congregation 
of  the  Lord,"  flew  to  arms;  they 
sought  succour  from  England^  then 
under  the  rule  of  Elizal^th,  and  a 
fierce  war  ensued.  At  length  the 
queen's  party  was  crushed,  she  her- 
self died  of  grief  in  the  castle  of 
Edinburgh,  where  she  was  more  of 
a  prisoner  than  a  ruler,  and  Leith, 
the  last  stronghold  of  the  Romanists, 
was  surrendered. 

At  the  very  outbreak  of  the  war,  the 
reformers,  incited  by  the  fierce  invec- 
tives of  Knox  4,  Erskine  and  others, 
against  the  clergy,  had  thrown  down 
churches  and  monasteries  far  more 
recklessly  than  had  been  done  in 
England.  Being  now  triumphant,  a 
parliament  in  1561  not  only  set  up 
a  new  form  of  Church  polity,  on  the 
Genevan  model,  in  which  bishops  were 
replaced  by  "superintendents,"  but 
confirmed  the  almost  total  confisca- 
tion of  the  Church  property  which 
private  rapacity  had  already  accom- 
plished', and  committed  the  entire 
destruction  of  abbey  churches,  hos- 
pitals and  other  religious  and  charit- 
able foundations  to  the  heads  of  the 
party,  as  a  "most  holy,  just,  and  ne- 
cessary work*." 

A.D.  1543. 
The  parliament  meets  Jan.  22,  and 
sits  till  May  12. 


■  She  was  bom  only  sax  days  before,  Dec  8, 
1543. 

^  James  Hamilton,  great  grandson  of  James  II. 

f  A  Lollard  prcacner  (John  Risby)  was  burnt  in 
Scotland,  in  1407  ;  and  a  statute  for  the  punishment 
of  "  heretics  and  Lollards*'  was  passed  in  1^35. 

4  John  Knox  was  bom  near  Haddington  m  1505. 
He  studied  at  St  Andrew's,  and  very  earlv  at- 
tained to  great  proficiency  in  scholastic  theology. 
He  discharged  for  a  while  the  duties  of  a  Romish 
priest  but  his  opinions  were  shaken  by  the  preach- 
ing ot  Williams,  a  Dominican,  who  as  early  as  2540 
ventured  to  inveigh  against  the  papal  authority. 
Knox  afterwards  became  the  friend  of  Wishart 
and  only  escaped  his  fate  by  concealing  himself. 
On  Cardinal  Beaton's  death,  Knox  joined  the  party 
which  held  the  castle  of  St  Andrew's,  preached  the 
doctrines  of  the  Reformation  under  their  protection, 
was  captured  with  them,  and  carried  to  France, 
where  he  was  condemned  to  the  galleys.  He  was 
released  after  a  time,  and  came  to  England,  where 
he  became  a  licensed  preacher,  and  it  was  intended 
to  bestow  a  bishopric  on  him ;  but  Northumber- 
land, who  then  ruled  in  the  name  of  the  king,  found 
ium,  as  he  tells  Cecil,  the  secretary,  "  neither  grate- 


ful nor  pleasable*'  (Dec  7,  zssaX  >nd  the  destgn 
was  abandoned.    On  the  aocesdoB  of  Maiy,  Koaz 
went  abroad,  and  associated  himself  inth  Cahrin. 
He  returned  to  Scotland  in  1155,  embroiled  hin- 
self  with  the  bishops,  and  was  ournt  in  effigy :  he 
again  went  to  (yeneva,  where  he  wrote  a  v^emest 
attack  on  *'the  monstrous  rwimeat  [govemmeDtl 
of  women,"  directed  against  Marir,  but  remembered    ^ 
to  his  disadvantage  by  ElisabeOi.    Knox  had  a    ^i 
great  share  in  preparing  the  (Geneva  Bible,  and  re-    ,1 
turning  to  Scotland  in  256{^he  took  a  leading  i^it    '  * 
in  the  events  of  the  next  few  yean,  which  witnessed 
the  min  of  his  queen,  the  expulsion  of  the  bbhops, 
and  the  destraction  of  the  churches.  He  died  Nov. 

'  Tnc  reformed  preachers  thus  found  themsetves 
without  a  maintenance.  Their  urgent  denaads 
procured  a  giant  of  one-third  of  the  Church  re- 
venues, but  this  pittance  was  irregulariy  paid. 

•  "Throw  down  their  nests,  and  the  crows  »■«• 
take  flight,"  was  the  exhortaUon  of  Knox :  and  it 
was  responded  to  by  the  destruction  of  the  state- 
liest edifices  of  the  hnd.  Neither  tombs  nor  libra- 
ries were  spared.  *'  In  a  word,'*  says  Spouswode, 
"  all  was  ruined." 


A.D.  IS43— IS4S-] 


HENRY  VIII. 


309 


An  act  '^for  the  advancement  of 
true  religion"  passed ',  [34  &  35  Hen. 
VIII.  c.  il 

Wales  (uvided  into  twelve  counties, 
[c  2].  By  thi$  act  a  president  and 
council  are  appointed  for  Wales ;  also 
justices  of  the  peace,  with  power  to 
hold  sessions  as  in  England.  By  an- 
other statute,  a  code  of  ordinances  was 
drawn  up  for  Wales,  [c.  26]. 

The  king  makes  a  treaty  with  the 
emperor,  Feb.  11,  and  prepares  for 
a  war  against  France. 

The  king  releases  the  chief  Scottish 
prisoners,  on  condition  of  their  en- 
deavouring to  procure  a  marriage  be- 
tween his  son  and  their  infant  queen. 
The  proposal  is  favourably  received  in 
Scotland,  and  a  treaty  on  the  subject 
is  concluded,  July  i. 

The  king  marries  his  sixth  queen 
(Katherine  Parr"),  in  July. 

The  oueen-mother  of  Scotland  and 
Cardinal  Beaton  gain  over  the  earl  of 
Arran  to  their  party,  and  endeavour 
to  set  aside  the  marriage  treaty.  The 
king  in  return  ravac^es  their  borders, 
and  seizes  Scottish  ships. 

The  Scots  form  a  new  alliance  with 
France,  and  declare  the  treaty  with 
England  null  and  void,  Dec  11. 

A.D.  1544. 

The  succession  to  the  throne  a  third 
time  r^ulated,  under  the  penalties  of 
treason,  1^35  Hen.  VIII.  c.  i]. 

The  king's  style  set  forth  both  in 
Latin  and  English',  it  being  declared 
treason  to  obiect  to  it,  [c.  3]. 

An  English  army  and  fleet,  under 
the  earl  of  Hertford  and  Lord  Lisle  ^ 


capture  and  bum  Edinburgh  and  Leith, 
and  devastate  the  surrounding  coun* 
try,  in  May. 

The  wages  of  members  of  parlia- 
ment settled  at  4^.  a-day  for  loiights 
of  the  shire;  and  2j.  anday  for  bur- 
gesses, [c.  11  J. 

The  king's  debts  remitted,  and  any 
sums  that  he  had  paid  ordered  to  be 
returned  to  him,  [c.  12]. 

The  earl  of  Lenox'  makes  a  treaty 
with  the  king,  engaging  to  forward  his 
views  on  Scotland,  May  17.  In  re- 
turn he  receives  the  hand  of  Lady 
Margaret  Douglas,  the  king's  niece  •. 

The  king  invades  France,  in  July. 
He  besieges  Boulogne,  which  surren- 
ders Sept  14. 

The  emperor  and  the  king  of  France 
suddenly  conclude  a  peace.  Sept  19, 
when  the  English  army  is  obliged  to 
withdraw.  The  king  returns  to  Eng- 
land, Sept  30. 

A.D.  1545. 

The  French  make  several  unsuc- 
cessful attempts  to  retake  Boulogne ; 
they  are  foiled  by  the  earl  of  Hert- 
ford and  Lord  Lisle. 

The  king  raises  a  large  sum  by 
"benevolence,"  which  is  very  unwil- 
lingly paid  \ 

The  French  fleet  attempts  to  invade 
England.  They  have  an  indecisive  ac- 
tion off  Portsmouth  with  the  English 
ships  S  July  18. 

The  French  ravage  the  marches  of 
Calais,  and  also  send  assistance  to  the 
Scots. 

The  earl  of  Hertford  overruns  and 
plunders  the  south  of  Scotland. 


.  the 
search  the 


'The  liberty  fonnerly  granted  of  i 

BtUe  was  ahndged  by  thu  act ;  and  the  : 
^^  was  shortly  after  published,  aa  oont 
all  that  the  laity  needed  oif  Christian  doctrine 
cla]gy,  it  was  allowed,  wexe  bound  to  ' 


*  So  she  is  usually  called,  but  it  is  her  maiden 
Buae :  she  had  been  married  twice  before,  and  was 
^.a  die  widow  of  Lord  Latimer.  Her  brother, 
WiUiaai  Parr,  was  created  marquis  of  Northamp- 
ton:  he  was  a  man  of  bad  character,  who  complied 
^lUx  every  diange  of  religion  and  government,  and 
held  office  m  all  circumstances.  He  died  in  1571. 
. '  It  is  worded  thus  in  the  original  act :— "Hen- 


nott  Ocuvus  Dei  gratia  Anglie  Fraunde  et  Hi- 
^cnde  Rex,  fidei  defensor  et  in  terra  Ecdesie 
AQKlicane  et  Hibemice  supremum  caput ;"  and 

•Henry  the  Eight,  by  the  met  of  God  Kyng  of 
hodoode  Fraunce  and  Irelande  Defendor  of  the 
^tbe,  and  of  the  Churche  of  Englonde,  and  also 
of  Iitbmde  in  earthe  the  supreme  Hedde." 

.'Afterwards  the  Protector  Somerset,  and  his 
nvil  Ottdky,  duke  of  Northumberland. 


■  Matthew  Stuart ;  he  was,  like  the  ttgeat  Arran, 
descended  from  James  IL 

*  She  had,  some  years  before,  been  contracted  to 
Lord  Thomas  Howard  (see  a.d.  1536^  Her  por- 
tion from  the  king  was  Temple  Mewsam,  for- 
feited in  the  I^lgrimage  of  Grace,  and  some  abbey 
lands.  She  was  the  mother  of  l>amley,  the  hus- 
band of  Maiy  queeil  of  Scots. 

i>  Hence  the  name  was  changed,  and  die  next  in- 
volimtary  gift  in  the  foUowins  year  was  styled,/'  a 
loving  contribution  made  by  the  subjects'  finee  vnlL" 
Richard  Read,  a  London  alderman,  who  declined 
to  contribute  in  1545.  was  sent  as  a  common  soldier 
to  the  army  m  Scotland,  where  he  was  taken  pri- 
soner at  Jedwoith,  being,  by  the  king's  order,  ex- 
poaed  to  special  duiger* 

•  Two  days  after  tlie  action  one  of  the  largest  of 
the  English  ships,  the  Mary  Rose,  was  upset  in  a 
squall  m  Portsmouth  harbour,  and  of  her  crew  of 
700  men,  only  35  were  saved.  The  wreck  was  not 
removed  imtil  x8^6,  when  several  brass  guns  were 
recovered  in  good  condition ;  one  of  them  may  be 
seen  mounted  on  the  Flatfona  at  Southampton* 


3T^9 


THE  TUDORS. 


[aj>.  1545,  1546. 


AH  cbil^es,  diantries  and  hosptals 
cfeunivGd  and  granted  to  the  crown  <*, 
[37  Hen.  VIII.  c  4]. 

A  law  made  against  usury,  which 
Iknited  interest  to  10  per  cent,  [c.  9}. 

Persons  dispersing  rianderoos  libels 
decla^  guilty  of  felony,  [c  lol 

Tithes  in  London  fixed  at  the  rate 
at  2S.  s^ 'm  the  £1  on  rent,  [c  12]. 

Lpdymen  empowered  to  exercise  ec- 
dfanastical  jonsdiction  %  [c  17]. 

The  council  of  Trent,  called  pro- 
fessedly for  the  reformation  of  man- 
ners and  discipline,  but  really  directed 
against  the  Reformation,  holds  its  first 
session,  December  13. 

A.13^  1546. 
The  French  continue  thek  efforts  to 


retake  Boulogne.  The  carl  of  Surrej-, 
the  governor,  being  defeated  by  them, 
is  recalled  to  England.  He  gives  vent 
to  his  resentment  in  violent  speeches^ 
which  are  reported  to  the  Idi^. 

Cardinal  Beaton  is  killed  in  his 
castle  of  St  Andrew's  V  May  28. 

A  peace  is  concluded  with  France, 
June  7.  It  provides  for  the  restoration 
of  Boulogne  in  eight  years,  and  also 
for  a  peace  with  the  Scots. 

Anne  Askew'  and  three  other  per- 
sons are  burnt  as  Sacramentarians, 
July  16. 

Christ  Church,  Oxford  *,  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge*,  founded  by  the 
Ismg. 

The  dvkt  of  Norfolk^  and  the  eari 
of  Surrey  are  committed  to  theTower, 
Dec.  7. 


and  others  an  in  the  Artillery  Muaeom  at  Wool- 
wich. 

*  From  the  terms  eaiployed,  the  universities  con- 
adered  thenuetves  bt  danger,  but  Henry  conde- 
scended to  aasiue  them  of  safety. 

•  The  occasion  of  this  act  was  that  papal  decrees 
dflBonnoed  exconnmiiiiGation  against  laymen  who 
TCBtiired  to  Judge  in  ecclesiastical  causes,  as  mar- 
riages and  wills.  In  its  preamble.  "  all  ecclesiasti- 
cal power"  is  said  to  be  derived  from  the  Idnz  as 
the  "  undottbted  Snprene  Head  of  the  Church.^. 

'  The  murder  had  been  proposed  by  Lord  Ca9- 
aSs  a  year  before,  and  was  sanctioned  hj  Henry, 
though  he  declined  to  appear  openly  in  it :  a  Csct 
'  by  a  letter  of  the  English  council  to 


1  of  the  murder.  Tke  party  consisted  of 
Gorman  Leslie,  James  Melvin,  and  15  others :  they 
£cBt  Idlkd  the  perter  and  threw  his  body  into  the 
ditch,  then  drove  out  the  worfanen  and  serrants  ; 
die  cardinal,  hearing  the  tumult,  came  from  his 
dhamber  to  the  bloachouse,  and  was  there  killed. 
«« The  cemmon  bell  of  the  town  rang,  the  provost 
and  town  gathered,  to  the  nambcr  of  300  or  400 
men,  and  came  to  the  castle,  when  Norman  Leslie 
and  his  oonqMny  came  to  the  wall-liead,  and  asked 
what  they  desired  to  see—a  dead  man?  Incon- 
it  they  brougfat  the  cardfaial  dead  to  the  wall- 
in  a  pair  of  sheets,  and  hung  htm  over  the 
by  the  one  arm  and  the  one  foot,  and  bade  the 
people  see  th«R  their  God.  This  John  of  Douglas 
of  Edinburgh ....  shewed  me . . .  who  was  in  St. 
i^admw's,  and  aasr  the  some  with  his  own  eyes." 

Hie  castle  w»  held  fet  some  time  by  Norman 
Leslie  and  his  party,  who  were  in  the  pay  of 
Henry;  boc  at  length  it  was  capcared  by  a  body 
oC  Frendi  troom^  and  destrayedr  a&  having  been 
polluted  by  the  olood  of  a  can&nal. 

c  Anne  Asiiew  was  an  inrimatr  of  some  of  the 
ladies  of  the  court,  and  she  had  been  racked  in  the 
Tower,  fer  the  oncpoae  of  finding  matter  of  accu- 
sation ag^mat  the  Queen,  who  wae  believed  to 
hold  similar  opinions.  Katherioe^  however,  had 
the  tact  to  avert  Henry's  suspidnna  by  alleging 
that  she  only  raised  doubts  to  have  them  solved 
by  has  leaxmng,  pacticulariy  as  she  saw  that  Ae 
oonipation  diverted  his  mind  from  the  pains  dT 
dinaae  onder  which  he  sofiered. 

^  In  253^  Carriinal  Wobey  had  obtained  per- 
Aianoit  to  OBBfert  tbe  prioiy  of  St.  Frideswide  into 


a  seminary,  wftidi  he  styled  Cardinal  Con^n,  en- 
dowing it,  and  anodicr  feundatSon  at  IpswkSt  with 
the  noils  of  several  suppressed  monasteries.  The 
whole  came  into  the  king^s  hands  on  the  frJl  of  the 
founder.    The  Ipcwidi  foundation  lapsed,  hut  that 


■e^a 


inns  tf  GhrM  GhTizeh,  Qxfort. ' 

at  Oxfbid  was  re-established  as  King  Henry's  Col- 
lege, Sept  77,  1532 :  fourteen  yeara  after  it  ^ 
more  fully  endowed,  and  the  name  aga' 
to  its  present  one. 

1  To  form  dus  college  several  saudler  hdDs  wet>c 
added  to  King's  Hall,  founded  by  Edward  111. 
in  13^6  ;  Queen  Mary  was  also  a  benefructor. 

^  *'  If  a  man  commg  of  die  coDateml  fine  to 
the  heir  of  the  crown,  who  ought  not  to  bear  the 
arms  of  Engkmd  but  on  the  second  quarter,  with 
the  difierence  of  their  ancestor,  do  presnrae  u» 
change  his  ri^t  place,  and  bear  them  in  the  fint 
quarter,  leaving  out  the  true  difference  of  the  an- 
cestry, and,  in  the  lieu  diereof,  use  the  v«sry  place 
only  of  the  heir  male  apparent,  how  this  man's 
intent  is  to  be  judged:  and  whether  diis  impot 
any  dangex,  penl,  or  slander  to  the  title  of  the 
pxmce^  or  very  heir  ai>parent ;  and  how  it  weighcdi 
m  our  bws.*'  Such  is  the  fint  sentence  of  a  re- 
warfcable  paper  of  charges  ajgunst  the  duke,  drawn 
up  apparently  for  the  opinion  of  the  jvidges,  and 
corrected  in  many  places  by  the  king  himacif,  re- 
served in  the  Public  Record  Office.  Others  relate 
to  '*  pcesnming  to  take  an  old  coat  of  the  cxown' 
fthe  ,arms^  of  Edward  the  Confessor ;  see  p.  64). 
**  which  his  ancestor  never  bare,  nor  he  at  ri^ht 
ought  to  bear ;"  ^ving  arms  to  strangers ;  holdag 
plas,  and  exemsing  free  warren  in  his  grounds, 
without  licence ;  "d^rsving  of  the  king's  ciMmdl  ;*" 
*'  compassing  to  govern  Uie  reafan  ;*  amd,  which 
seems  to  shew  dat  the  jealousy  of  the  Seymours 
had  inspired  these  proceedings,  there  is  n  charge 


A.D.  1 547-] 


HENRV  VIII. 


5it 


A.D.  1547. 

The  carl  of  Suney  is  tried  and  con- 
victed of  high  treason',  Jan.  13  ;  he 
is  beheaded,  Jan.  19. 

The  duke  of  Norfolk  is  attainted 
h3r  act  of  pariiamenl^  to  which  .the 


royal  assent  is  given  by  commission  ; 
Jan.  27  ». 

The  king  dies  at  Westminster,  in 
the  morning  of  Jan.  28.  He  is  buried 
at  Windsor,  Feb.  16. 


Events  in  General  History. 


Tbe  Pacific  Ocean  reached  by  Vasco 

Nunez  de  Balboa  .  .  .  1513 
Egypt  conqneTed  by  the  Tttrks  1517 

The    pirate     states     of    Barbary 

foonded 1518 

Rliodes  taken  by  the  Turks;  the 

Knights  retire  to  Sicily  .  .  1522 
GnstavQs   Vasa   becomes  king   of 

S^reden  ....     1523 

Pnmcis  I.  taken  prisoner  at  Pavia  .     1525 


Rome   stormed   by   the    Imperial 

troops 1527 

Hmiguy  conquered  by  the  Turks  .     152^ 

The  KoightB  HodpitaUers  esta- 
blished at  Blalta     .        .        .     1530 

Insurrection  of  the  Anabaptists  in 

Munster  crushed  .    1536 

Charles  V.  fails  in  an  attempt  to 

take  Algiers   ....     1541 

The  Council  of  Trent  opened         .     1545 


NOTE. 
The  Bejluchamp  Tower. 


This  edifice,  which  is  the  second  tower 
en  the  western  side  of  the  Tower-green, 
has  been  restored  of  late  years,  and  is  now 
open  to  public  inspection.  It  derives  its 
name  {rom  its  having  been  the  scene  of  the 
imprisonment  of  Thomas  Beauchamp,  earl 
of  Warwick,  in  1397,  and  the  wails  are 
afanost  covered  with  records  of  the  abode 
there  of  many  persons  well  known  in  his- 
toiy ;  indeed,  on  entering,  the  ^e  at  once 
iUls  on  the  name  of  Robert  Dudley,  after- 
wards the  &voarite  Leicester. 

The  tower  consists  of  three  stories  of  one 
room  each,  beside  some  small  cells,  but  the 
inscriptions  are  found  chiefly  in  the  room 


on  the  first  floor ;  on  the  basement,  how- 
ever, we  have  the  followix^  distich : — 

"  The  man  whom  this  house  camioC  mend. 
Hath  evil  become,  and  worse  will  end  ■  ;* 

it  is  the  wo^  of  Charles  Bailly,  an  agent 
of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 

In  the  great  room  on  the  first  floor  each 
of  the  four  loopholed  recesses,  as  well  a^ 
the  fireplace  and  the  recess  now  occupied 
by  a  modem  window,  presents  a  mass  of  in- 
scrk>tions  and  devices,  among  which  those 
of  Philip,  earl  of  Arundel,  Lords  Thomas 
Fitzgerald,  John  and  Robert  Dudley',  Drs. 
Abel,  Cook,  and  Story,  Geoffrey,  Arthur 


a^atinst  the  earl  of  Smrey  of  saying.  "  If  the  long 
(BCf  who  should  have  the  rule  of  the  prince,  but 
ay&therorjt" 

'  Tbe chaxve  against  him  was  that,  "machinatiDff 
to  extinguish  the  cordial  love  wluch  the  king's 
fi^ges  bore  to  him,  and  to  deprive  him  of  his  crown 


Inns  of  Sdwazd  the  OonftBor. 

■^  .dignity,  he  had  set  up,  joined  to  his  proper 
Manags,  the  anas  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  'Azure, 


a  cross  fleury  between  five  martlets  fsold,'  whicb 
belonged  to  the  king  in  right  of  his  kmgdom,  and 
might  not  be  borne  by  any  subject.'* 

■*  His  life  was  saved  by  the  death  of  the  king 
eariy  on  the  following  morning,  but  he  was  im- 
prisoned in  the  Tower  until  the  accession  of 
Mary. 

■  The  spelling  of  the  inscriptions  cited  has  been 
modernized. 

o  The  device  of  John  Dudley,  earl  of  Warwick, 
is  very  handsome  and  elaborate.  It  comprises  tlie 
lion  double  quevde  and  the  bear  and  ragged  staiT 
within  a  fkral  border,  composed  of  roses,  gera> 
niums,  honeysuckles  and  acorns,  to  indicate  the 
initiab  of  his  tour  brothers,  Robert,  Guilford,  Henry 
and  Ambrose.    The  inscription  runs  thus : 

"  You  that  these  beasts  do  well  behold  and  see. 
May  deem  with  ease  wherefore  here  made  they  be,. 
With  borders  eke  wherein  [tAere  maj^  be  found  i\ 
Four  brothers'  names  who  list  to  search  the 
groxmd." 

In  another  recess  is  the  name  "Jwi^t**  doubtless 
Lady  Jane  Grey,  and  probably  inscribed  by  her 
httSMnd  Guilfora  Dudley. 


312 


THE  BEAUCHAMP  TOWER. 


and  Edmund  Poole,  may  be  traced,  as  well 
as  many  others  by  persons  less  known. 
Many  of  the  devices  are  of  a  religious  cha- 
meter,  others  are  heraldic ;  some  present 
skdetons  and  other  emblems  of  mortality. 
The  inscriptions  are  in  a  variety  of  lan- 
guages— English,  Latin,  French,  Spanish 
and  Italian.  Many  are  passages  of  Scrip- 
ture, others  are  "the  sorrowtal  sighing  of 
the  prisoner,"  as, — 

*'  Thomas  Miagh,  which  lieth  here  akme. 
That  fidn  would  from  hence  be  fi^ne. 
By  torture  strange  my  troth  was  tried. 
Yet  of  my  liberty  demed.  zsSz,  Thomas  Miagh." 

Another  Is  a  melancholy  calculation,  by 
T.  Salmon, — "Close  prisoner,  8  months, 
32  weeks,  224  days,  5376  hours  ;"  a  third 
is  a  piece  of  sound  advice,  pointing  out 
a  line  of  conduct  which  it  is  to  be  hoped 
its  author  (Charles  Bailly)  followed  nun- 
self  :- 

"The  most  uahappy  man  in  the  worid  is  he  that 
is  not  patient  in  advernties  ;  for  men  are  not  killed 
with  the  adversities  they  have,  but  with  the  im- 
patienoe  which  they  suffer." 

The  great  majority  of  the  inscriptions 
are  expressive  of  hope  or  pious  resigna- 
tion, and  few  breathe  either  impatience  or 


despondency.  "  Spera  in  Dio ;"  "  Ado» 
ramus  Te/'  "En  Dieu  est  men  espe- 
ranee  ;*'  "  Dolor  patientia  irincetar  ;* 
**  Hope  to  the  end,  and  have  patienoe;* 
and  similar  thoughts,  are  plentifully  in- 
scribed. There  are  but  two  of  a  contraiy 
nature,  and  these  appear  the  production  a 
one  person,  William  Tjrire!,  who  was  a 
knight  of  St  John,  imprisoned  in  1541, 
probably  in  connexion  with  the  soppressiaa 
of  his  order  in  the  preceding  year.  In  one 
inscription  he  exdaims,  in  Italian,  "  Oh ! 
unhappy  man  tiiat  I  tUnk  myself  to  be  f " 
and  m  the  other  he  expressses  himself  sdU 
more  despondingly :  *'  Since  Fortune  hath 
chosen  that  my  hope  should  go  to  the  wind  to 
complain,  I  woula  that  Time  were  no  more, 
my  star  beiog  ever  sad  and  unpropitioos." 
Such  are  a  few  of  the  painmlly  interest- 
ing inscriptions  to  be  seen  in  the  Beao- 
duimp  tower.  Many  other  parts  of  the 
fortress  have  been  formerly  used  as  "pii- 
son-lodjgings',**  and  they  also  have  their 
memorials,  as  the  Salt  tower,  where  may 
be  seen  the  curious  sphere  cut  by  **  Hew 
Draper  of  Bristowe'^  in  1562,  a  reputed 
alchemist,  but  they  are  now  occupied  as 
dwellings,  or  in  oUier  wap  which  prevent 
their  bong  readily  accessible. 


Powers,   of 

the  date  of  Z64S  (printed  in  the  Appendix  to  Bayley's 
History  of  the  Tower,  p.  xxxiii.)  mentions  as  such, 
beside. the  Bcauchamp,  the  Bell,  Broad  Arrow, 


Constable.  Cradle,  Lantern,  Martin.  Salt,  Wake- 
field and  Well  towers,  and  the  Nun's  bower,  ofcr 
Cold  Harbour-gate,  adjoining  the  WUte  tower. 


ereatSealofBftwud?L 


EDWARD  VI. 


Edward,  the  son  of  Henry  VIII. 
by  Jane  Seymour,  was  bom  at  Hamp- 
ton Court,  Oct.  12,  1537.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  Jan.  28, 1547,  and 
bis  reign  is  a  very  important  period  of 
Engli^  history,  although,  from  his 


youth,  his  influence  on  its  transactions 
was  very  Umited.  The  real  rulers 
were,  first,  his  uncle  Somerset,  and 
afterwards  John  Dudley,  duke  of  Nor- 
thumberland*, both  men  of  Uttle  prin- 
ciple.    From  merely  political  motives, 


*  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  Dodlev  of 
Heurr  VII.'s  reign,  and  was  bora  in  xyn.  Soon 
after  his  father's  death  he  was  restored  in  blood, 
aiul  he  early  distinguished  himself  in  arms,  being 


Ann  of  Oodlfly,  duke  of  VarQuunberlBiid. 

l<^mghted  for  his  prowess  in  Z594.  He  accompanied 
Cardinal  Wohejr  on  his  embassy  to  France,  and 
«as  appmnted  master  of  the  horse  to  Anne  of 
Ueves.  In  1543  ^^  ^"^^t  in  consequence  of  his 
°>^itenial  descent,  made  Lord  Lisle  ;  and  was  soon 


after  appointed  lord  high  admiral,  when  he  took 
Leith,  and  the  next  year  defended  Boulogne,  and 
ravaged  the  French  coast  He  was  named  one  of  the 
executors  of  the  will  of  Henry  VIIL,  was  created 
earl  of  Warwick,  bore  the  principal  part  in  the 
Scottish  campaugn  of  1547.  and  is  accused  of  sowing 
the  dissension  between  the  Protector  and  his  bro- 
ther which  caused  the  ruin  of  both.  He  became 
on  Somerset's  &11  the  real  ruler  of  the  kingdom, 
obtained  the  high  offices  of  lord  steward  and  earl 
marshal,  and  was  created  duke  of  Northumberland, 
receiving  at  the  same  time  the  county  palatine  of 
Durham,  the  see  being  sui>pressed.  By  a  feigned 
seal  for  Protestantism  be  gained  a  great  ascendancy 
over  Edward  VI.,  and  prevailed  on  him  to  bequeath 
the  crown  to  his  cousin.  Lady  Jane  Grey ;  but  this 
enterprise  failed  in  the  execution.  Northumber- 
land was  deserted  by  his  adherents,  was,  in  spite 
of  his  abject  submission,  tried,  condemned,  and 
executed  as  a  traitor,  and  he  owed  Christian 
burial  to  the  gratitude  of  an  old  servant  Qohn 
Cock,  Lancaster  herald),  who  beg^d  his  remains 
from  the  queen,  and  interred  them  m  the  chapel  of 
the  Tower.  He  had  married  Jane,  daughter  of 
Sir  Edward  Guilford,  warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports, 


3U 


THE  TXJDORS. 


they  joined  with  Cranmer  and  other 
Reformers  in  establishing  the  Church 
of  England  substantially  on  its  present 
footing ;  but  they  confiscated  its  pos- 
sessions, laboured  to  render  its  minis- 
ters, from  the  highest  to  the  lowest, 
mere  creatures  of  the  State  ^,  and 
treated  the  Princess  Mary,  Gaidiner, 
Heath,  Bonner,  and  others  m  a  man- 
ner that  is  altogether  unjustifiable,  and 
which  unquestionably  had  a  great 
share  in  bringing  about  the  persecu- 
tion by  which  the  following  reign  was 
rendex^  so  unhappy  and  so  odious. 

Somerset  the  Protector,  after  driv- 
ing from  me  council  the  lord  chan- 
cellor, (Wiiothesley,)  who  was  a  de- 
cided Romanist,  apfuied  himself  with 
vigour  to  cany  fiarward  the  work  of 
reformation.  He  also  made  an  expe- 
dition against  Scotland,  but  though  he 
gained  a  victory  in  the  field,  he  could 
not  bring  about  the  marriage  which 
Henry  VIII.  had  projected  between 
his  son  and  the  youn^;  qneen  as  a 
means  of  uniting  the  kmgdoms.  He 
offended  the  rest  of  the  council  by  as- 
suming a  superiority  which  they  con- 
tended that  Henry  VIII.  had  not  meant 
to  exist,  and  alarmed  them  by  intro- 
ducing foreign  troops.  Becoming  also 
odious  to  the  nation  in  general  for  his 
rapacity  in  seizing  the  college  and 
chiajitry  lands,  and  his  unnatural  con- 
duct in  bringing  his  brother  to  the 
scaffold,  he  was  easily  stripped  of  his 
power  by  a  confederacy  formed  against 
him,  and  committed  to  the  Tower,  in 
October,  1549. 

The  earl  of  Warwick  was  now  ruler. 
After  a  while  Somerset  was  permitted 


to  return  to  the  council,  but  was  soon 
involved  in  what  seems  to  have  been 
a  sham  plot,  tried,  condemned,  and 
put  to  death.  The  young  king's  health 
nad  loi^  been  dedining,  and  Dudley 
(now  become  duke  of  Northumb^- 
land)  having  gained  his  confidence  by 
an  apparent  zeal  for  the  Reformation, 
persuaded  him  to  settle  the  crown  on 
nis  cousin.  Lady  Jane  Grey*,  to  the 
exclusion  of  his  sisteis ;  a  change  in 
the  succession  which  he  was  incompe- 
tent to  make  without  the  auChority  of 
parliament  Edward  died  very  shordy 
after,  at  Greenwich,  on  July  6,  1553, 
and  was  buried  on  Aogost  8,  at  West- 
minster. 

Beside  the  formal  establishment  of 
Protestantism,  the  reign  of  Edward  is 
chiefly  remaricable  for  the  enactment 
of  severe  laws  against  vagabonds  and 
tumultuous  assemblies,  the  creation  of 
a  variety  of  new  treasons  ',  and  some 
discreditable  tampering  with  the  coin*. 
A  peace  was  condud^  with  France, 
by  which  Henry's  conquest  of  Bou- 
logne was  given  up,  and  an  attempt 
was  made  to  bring  about  a  marriage 
between  the  king  and  Elizabeth,  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  II.  War  was  maintained, 
on  a  small  scale,  against  the  Scots, 
but  the  council  feared  to  enter  on  hos- 
tilities with  the  emperor  (Charles  V.)» 
and  therefore,  after  an  angry  debate, 
they  desisted  from  their  design  of 
forcing  the  new  service-book  on  the 
Princess  Mary,  though  they  impri- 
soned her  servants,  and  prevented  ner 
own  escape  to  Flanders. 

The  arms  of  Edward  VI.  are  the 
same  as  those  of  Henry  VIII.,  but  his 


and  had  a  lari^e  lamily.  Four  of  his  sons  were 
concerned  in  hu  treason,  but  only  one  ctf  them 
(Guilford)  was  executed  ;  his  dau^ter  Mary  be- 
came the  mother  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney.  Northum- 
berland was  a  boldp  active,  unscrupulous  man,  and 
though  he  neatly  forwarded  the  Reformation,  it 
was  evidently  merely  from  views  of  personal  ag- 
grandisement, for  he  died  professing  himself  a  Ro- 
manist, and  warning  the  spectators  to  avoid  the 
Pkotestant  teachers  as  "  sowers  of  sedition." 
^  *  Bishops  were  appointed  by  letters  patent,  and 
in  the  instances  of  Ridley  and  Pojmet  reduced  to 
the  position  of  mere  stipendiaries,  £\ooo  a-year 
each  being  allowed  them,  and  the  revenues  of  their 
sees  of  Rochester  and  Winchester  appropriated  by 
the  Gowmmcnt ;  whilst  the  see  ot  Durham  was 
suppressed,  without  even  such  a  provision  behig 
made  for  its  administration. 

•  She  was  the  daughter  of  Henry  Grey,  duke 
01  Suffolk,  by  his  wife  Frances,  who  was  the 
danghter  of  Mary,  the  sister  of  Henry  VIII.  and 
Charies  Brandon.  Lady  Jane,  who  was  only  six- 
teen, was  the  wife  of  Guillord  Dudley,  the  duke's 


son.  ^  She  was  learned,  amiable,  andiuous,  and  her 
imprisonment  and  violent  death  were  the  firuit  of 
her  filial  piety,  which  induced  her  to  accept  the 
crown  against  her  better  judgment. 

'  These  treason^  in  general,  had  been  created 
under  the  rei^  of  Henry  VIII.  and  abolished  in 
the  first  parliament  of  Edward  VI.  :  they  were 
re-enacted  in  the  year  1552,  after  the  fall  of  So- 
merset. 

•  Under  the  date  April  zo^  X55X,  the  young  king 
writes  in  his  Journal :  *'  It  was  appointed  to  make 
90,000  poimd  weight  for  necessity  somewhat  baser, 
to  get  gains  £i6,ooo  dear,  by  which  the  debt  of 
the  realm  might  be  paid,  the  country  defended  firom 
any  sudden  attempt,  and  the  coin  amended."  Seve- 
ral subsequent  entries  speak  of  "  delibeiatioas 
touching  the  coin."  in  one  of  which  "  the  small 
money  was  ordered  to  be  made  of  a  baser  state." 
and  in  another,  two  standards  were  fixed  on,  *'  one 
without  any  craft ;"  **  the  other  not  fally  six 
[the  nominal  standard],  of  which  kiiul  was  aoc 
a  few." 


A.D.  1547.] 


EDWARD  vr. 


315 


supporters  are  uniformly  the  eolden 
lion  and  the  red  dragon.  Only  one 
badge,  the  snn  in  splendour,  is  as- 
cribed to  him. 


imt  «f  HwBrt  TI. 

not  himsdi^  has  been  laid  the  odium 
of  the  execution  of  his  uncles,  and 
the  burning  of  heretics,  and,  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,  justly ;  and  he  has  htea 
praised  personally  for  the  foundation 
of  hospitals  and  schools,  to  which, 
however,  he  gave  little  but  his  name. 
His  acquirements  embraced  both  an- 
cient and  modem  languages ',  and  he 
has  left  a  minute  Journal,  and  several 
detached  letters  and  papers  on  politi- 
cal and  controversial  subjects,  but  their 
tone  is  harsh  and  dogmatic,  and  their 
value,  of  course,  very  small. 


A.D.  1547. 

Edward  received  as  king,  Jan.  28  ». 
He  is  crowned,  Feb.  20. 

The  executors  of  the  late  king's  will 
meet,  when,  after  some  opposition  from 
Wriothesley,  the  chancellor,  the  earl 
of  Hertford  is  declared  protector  of 
the  king's  realms,  and  governor  of  his 
person. 

Several  of  the  executors  and  others 


His  youth  and  his  ill-health  com- 
bined have  inclined  writers  in  general 
to  gfive  a  fttvourable  idea  of  Edward's 
character.     On  his  councillors,  and 


Bidge  of  HwaM  TL 

receive  higher  titles :  the  earl  of  Hert- 
ford is  created  duke  of  Somerset ;  the 
viscount  Lisle,  earl  of  Warwick  ;  the 
lord  Wriothesley,  earl  of  Southampton. 

Andrew  Dudley  (brother  of  the  earl 
of  Warwick)  is  sent  to  cruise  against 
the  Scots  *,  Feb.  27. 

The  chancellor  puts  the  great  seal 
in  commission  without  the  consent  of 
the  rest  of  the  executors.  He  is  him- 
self in  consequence  deprived  of  his 
office,  and  imprisoned,  March  6. 

The  Protector  receives  a  g^nt  of 
his  office  by  letters  patent,  March  13. 

Francis  I.  of  France  dies,  March  22. 
He  is  succeeded  by  Henry  II. 

The  curate  and  churchwardens  of 
a  London  parish  (St  Martin,  Iron- 
monger-lane) remove  the  images  and 
pictures  and  crucifix  from  their  chm-ch. 
Gardiner  and  the  clergy  generally  cen- 
sure this,  but  Cranmer  and  his  friends 
resolve  on  a  further  reformation. 

An  ecclesiastical  visitation  carried 
out,  for  the  purpose  of  removing 
images,    assertmg    the    royal    supre- 


f  Hasdaef  tntor  was  Sir  John  Cheke,  a  man  of 
more  Icanitng  than  finnncss  of  princintc  He  was 
uf  St  John's  College.  Cambridge,  and  greatly  pro- 
iioted  the  stodv  of  Greek  in  that  University.  On 
the  death  of  tne  young  king  he  was  impnaoned, 
int  as  a  partium  of  Lauiy  Jane  Grey,  and  next  as 
t  heretic,  when  hard  usage  induoed  him  to  fei^ 
=<niormity  to  Romanism  ;  but  being  put  forward  m 
■^  persecution  of  others,  he  died  ofgrief  and  shame 
inthejearz5K7. 

'  His  regnal  years  are  computed  from  this  day, 
vkich  was  also  that  of  the  death  of  his  predecessor, 
-a  practice  then  first  introduced. 

*  An  attack  on  the  English  coast  by  the  Scots 


and  French  was  expected,  and  the  following  pas- 
sage fixMn  a  letter  or  Edwa^  Vaughan,  governor  of 
Portsmouth,  dated  Feb.  i6,  1547,  and  now  in  the 
PuUic  Record  Office,  shews  how  ill  prepared  that 
town  at  least  was  to  meet  it.  "  I  do  not  doubt  but 
that  your  Lordships  [of  th^  Council]  doth  right  vrell 
consider  the  esute  of  this  town,  and  how  it  lieth 
open,  so  that  at  low  water  men  may  come  into  it 
although  they  were  thirty  in  rank ;  and  also  the 
gates  to  the  waterside  are  so  weak,  that  four  or  live 
good  feUows  with  a  piece  of  timber  may  lay  them 
on  the  ground.  And  the  walls  in  this  frost  ttiat 
hath  been  now  of  late  doth  moulder  away,  and 
beguineth  in  divers  places  to  (all  into  the  ditch." 


3i6 


THE  TUDORS- 


[A.D.  1547. 


inacy)  and  compelling  the  use  of  the 
English  tongue  in  the  Church  services. 

A  book  of  Homilies,  twelve  in  num- 
ber, set  forth,  in  which  the  doctrines 
of  the  Reformers  are  advocated 

The  castle  of  St.  Andrew's  captured 
and  destroyed  by  the  French,  August 

Nicholas  Ridley  appointed  bishop 
of  Rochester*,  Aug.  14. 

The  Protector  invades  Scotland,  in 
order  to  enforce  the  marriage  treaty 
formed  in  1^43.  He  defeats  the  Scots 
at  Pinkie  (pear  Musselburgh),  Sept 
10,  captures  Edinburgh,  and  places 
garrisons  in  Broughty,  Roxburgh,  and 
other  castles,  and  returns  to  England 

Bonner  and  Gardiner  express  their 
dissent  from  the  proceedings  of  the 
visitors,  and  are  imprisoned  in  the 
Fleet,  September  ^ 

The  Princess  Mary  protests  against 
the  projected  changes  in  religious 
matters  \ 

The  parliament  meets,  Nov.  4. 

The  sacrament  of  the  altar  directed 
to  be  administered  in  both  kinds,  as 
agreeable  to  primitive  usage,  and  con- 
temptuous words  against  it  to  be 
fiumshed  by  fine  and  imprisonment, 
I  Edw.  VI.  c  i} 

The  appointment  of  bishops  ordered 
to  be  by  letters  patent,  [c.  2j. 

Vagabonds  ordered  to  be  branded, 
and  tor  absconding  to  be  reduced 
to  perpetual  slavery,  [c.  3]. 

This  statute,  though  containing  some 
provisions  for  the  relief  of  '*  impotent 
folk,''  was  manifestly,  from  the  num- 
ber of  clauses  relating  to  clerks  con- 
vict, directed  against  the  expelled 
monastics,  whose  natural  hostility  to 
the  men  who  had  displaced  them, 
pointed  them  out  as  senous  obstacles 


in  the  way  of  the  reformation  which 
Cranmer  and  his  friends  were  resolved 
to  carry  out  Though  the  pensions 
that  had  been  grant^  to  them  when 
their  houses  were  suppressed  appear 
to  have  been  paid  *,  and  though  some 
of  their  number  received  benefices, 
these  were  ordinarily  inadequate  to 
their  subsistence,  and  they  would  have 
starved  but  for  die  affection  borne  to 
them  by  the  great  bulk  of  the  people. 
Hence,  from  necessity,  many  wan- 
dered about  living  on  alms,  and  they 
thus  fell  under  the  penalties  of  this 
statute,  which  are  more  barbarous 
than  can  readily  be  imagined  Any 
person  was  empowered  to  seize  ano- 
ther "loitering,  without  work  for  three 
days  together,"  and  take  him  before 
a  justice,  who  was  to  cause  the  pri- 
soner to  be  branded  with  "  V"  on  the 
breast  with  a  hot  iron,  and  to  adjudge 
him  to  two  years'  slavery,  to  be  "fed 
on  bread  and  water,  or  such  small 
drink  and  refuse  of  meat"  as  the  mas- 
ter should  think  fit ;  who  was  also 
empowered  to  punish  the  "slave"  at 
his  discretion  by  beating,  chaining, 
or  the  like.  If  the  unhappy  crea- 
ture endeavoured  to  escape,  ne  was 
to  be  branded  with  "S,"  and  con- 
demned to  slavery  for  me.  Such  a 
system  could  not  long  be  maintained, 
even  against  religious  opponents,  and 
accordingly  stat  3  and  4  Edw.  VI. 
c  16  abolished  it,  and  revived  the 
less  rigorous  provisions  of  the  act  ot 
22  Henry  VIII ». 

Sevend  of  the  new-made  treasons  of 
the  late  king's  reign  abolished,  [i  Edw. 
VI.  c  12]. 

All  colleges,  chantries,  and  free 
chapels  given  to  the  king%  [c.  14]. 


*  He  was  bom  in  1500.  ia  Northumberland,  was 
educated  at  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge*  and  be- 
came enunent  as  a  preadier.  He  warmly  embraced 
the  doctrine  of  the  Reformation,  and  ventured  as 
early  as  1^40  to  celebrate  portions  of  the  service  in 
En^i^,  in  his  diurch  of  lieme,  near  Canterbury, 
but  was  saved  from  evil  consequences  b>;  Cranmer, 
by  whose  influence  also  he  was  now  raised  to  the 
episcopate.  In  1^50  he  was  translated  to  London, 
and  treated  the  kmdxed  and  servants  of  his  deprived 
predecessor  Bonner  with  a  kindness  and  liberality 
which  he  unfortunately  did  not  himself  experience 
when  Bonner  was  reinstated.  A  sermon  of  his  be- 
fore Edward  VI.  had  iptzt  effect  in  inducing  him 
to  endow  the  city  hosptals.  On  the  young  king's 
death,  Ridlejr  preacned  in  fiivour  of  Lady  Jane 
Grey,  stigmatizmg  Mary  as  an  idolater ;  he  was  in 
consequence  thrown  into  the  Tower,  where  he  was 
for  a  while  mildly  treated,  in  the  hope  of  his  con- 
formity. At  length  he  was  sent  to  Oxford,  con- 
demned as  a  herel&c,  and  busnt  with  Latimer, 
Oct  x6, 1555. 


^  Gardiner  was  released  in  January,  1548^  but 
again  imprisoned  in  June ;  and  he  nrtnaunea  m  the 
Tower  until  the  accession  of  Mary. 
^  I  She  maintained  that  the  council  had  no  autho- 
rity to  make  any  change  in  the  laws  of  Henry  VIII., 
they  having  sworn  to  observe  them  wlule  the  king 
was  under  age.  Sudi  was  also  the  opinion  of  Gar- 
diner and  Bonner. 

M  This  fact,  which  has  been  doubted,  is  proved 
by  the  returns  to  a  commission  of  inquiry  00  the 
subject  issued  in  jsS*-  As  one  example,  the  com- 
missioners for  the  bishopric  of  Durnam  (Robert 
Tempest,  Christopher  Chaytor  and  Edward  AUan- 
son),  under  date  of  Dec  ao^  x5S3f  report  that  198 
persons  had  appeared  before  them,  who  all  acknow- 
ledfsed  that  they  had  been  **  fully  paid  hitherto." 
Evidence  of  a  similar  nature  also  occurs  in  the  next 
reigU' 

■  See  A.D.  isjx. 

o  The  act  professes  that  their  revenues  are  to  be 
devoted  to  the  maintenance  of  grammar  achoolst 
the  improvement  of  vicangeSf  and  the  support  of 


A.D.  IS48,  IS49-] 


EDWARD  VI. 


3x7 


A.D.  1548. 

Proclamations  issued  against  several 
accustomed  ceremonies  (as  carrying 
candles  on  Candlemas-day,  and  ashes 
on  Ash-Wednesday),  and  also  for  the 
removal  of  images,  February. 

A  committee  of  bishops  and  other 
divines'  appointed  to  examine  the 
offices  of  the  Church,  and  consider  of 
their  amendment 

A  new  communion-office  is  in  con- 
sequence promulgated,  to  take  effect 
at  the  next  Easter,  (April  i). 

Gardiner  is  sununoned  before  the 
council,  and  declining  to  preach  in  all 
respects  as  directed,  is  sent  to  the 
Tower,  June  3a 

The  French  dispatch  succours  to 
Scotland,  and  the  young  queen  (Mary) 
is  sent  to  France. 

The  Scots  besiege  Haddington  in 
vain',  but  recover  Home  castle  and 
other  fortresses,  August. 

An  English  fleet  is  repulsed  in  an 
attempt  on  the  Scottish  coast 

Peter  Martyr,  Bucer,  Fagius,  and 
other  foreign  reformers  are  invited  to 
England  \ 

A  commission  issued  to  bishops 
Goodrich  and  Ridley  and  others  tor 
the  visitation  of  the  Universities  •, 
Nov.  12. 

Lord  Seymour,  the  Protector's  bro- 
ther*, intrigues  against  him,  and  en- 
deavours to  gain  possession  of  the 
king's  person. 


A.D.  1549. 

The  Act  of  Uniformity  passed,  [2  & 
3  Edw.  VI.  c.  I,]  ordaining  that  the 
"order  of  divine  worship"  contained 
in  the  book  drawn  up  by  the  commis- 
sioners •,  "with  the  aid  of  the  Holy 
Ghost,"  should  be  the  only  one  to  be 
used  after  the  ensuing  Whitsuntide 
(May  20)  \  The  penalties  for  refusing 
to  use  it,  or  for  writing  or  speaking 
against  it,  were,  fines  for  tne  first 
and  second  offences,  and  forfeiture  of 
goods  and  imprisonment  for  life  for 
the  third. 

Lord  Seymour  is  committed  to  the 
Tower,  Jan.  17.  The  charges  against 
him  were  that  he  had  endeavoured  to 
marry  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  and  to 
corrupt  the  king's  servants ;  had  at- 
tempted to  raise  forces,  and  had  pro- 
cured the  coining  of  base  money ;  had 
leagued  with  pirates,  and  intended  to 
seize  on  the  isle  of  Lundy  and  the 
Scilly  isles  ^  He  was  condemned 
without  a  hearing,  and  attainted,  [2 
&  3  Edw.  VI.  c.  18J. 

Tithes  regulated  by  statute,  [c.  13]. 

Abstinence  from  flesh  ordained,  not 
as  a  religious  matter,  but  as  healthful, 
and  also  to  employ  fishermen,  [c.  19]. 

The  marriage  of  priests  allowed, 
[c.  21]. 

Commissioners  appointed  to  make 
inventories  of  church  ornaments,  jewels, 
bells,  vestments,  and  other  property", 
Feb.  15. 


pnachen.  Some  portion  was  so  applied,  but  much 
the  greater  part  was  shared  among  the  members  of 
the  ^ireraraent,  to  support  the  charge  of  their  new 
dignities,  or  was  employed  in  the  payment  of  some 
of  the  late  king's  debu. 

'  These  were  Cranmer  and  Holgate.  the  arch- 
hnhops :  the  bishop  of  London  (Bonner)  and  fifteen 
other  Ittshops,  and  Cox  and  five  other  divines. 

*  The  fortifications  of  Haddington  were  blown 
up,  and  the  town  abandoned  by  the  English  shortly 

I  Ai  has  been  remarked  (seep.  305)  the  foreign 
Rromers  had  no  influence  while  Henry  VIII.  lived, 
out  they  were  now  courted  most  assiduously  by 
Cranner  and  his  friends.  They  were  divided  into 
we  two  classes  of  Lutherans  and  Calvinists,  and 
some  of  the  peculiar  and  contradictory  dogmas  of 
each  being  introduced  into  our  public  formularies 

8 ve  occasion  for  the  unhappy  dissensions  in  the 
kurch  which  marked  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  and 
ho;raccessorS(  and  endure  to  the  present  day. 

Of  the  parties  named,  Peter  Martyr,  originally 
an  Italian  friar,  was  particularly  skilful  in  dtsputa- 
bon,  and  of  a  fierce  quarrelsome  temper ;  Bucer 
had  carried  on  a  oontrovenv  with  Garoiner  on  the 
^Triage  of  priests ;  and  Fagius  was  an  eminent 
Hefaraot.  Peter  Martyr  was  placed  in  a  professor- 
ship at  Oxford  ;  the  owers  were  similarly  employed 
at  Cambridge.  Bucer  and  Fagius  died  in  Eng- 
and ;  Peter  Martyr  withdrew  on  the  accession  of 


Marr,  and  afforded  such  aid  as  was  in  his  power  to 
the  Protestant  exiles. 

*  The  commissioners  are  accused  of  making  much 
barbarous  havoc  with  the  libraries  of  the  colleges, 
destroying  illuminated  missals  and  other  preciom 
manuscripts,  or  selling  them  to  tailors  for  measures 
and  bookbinders  for  covers. 

<  His  wife  (Queen  Katherine)  was  now  dead, 
and  he  wished  to  maorry  the  I^cess  Elizabeth, 
which  the  Protector  opposed. 

*  See  A.D.  1548. 

*  Some  priests  were  found  who  continued  to  use 
the  former  mode.  A  presoitment  of  the  grand 
jury  of  Essex  remains  on  record  against  Wuliam 
Harpen  vicar  of  Writtlc^  for  **  elevating  the  sacra- 
ment of  our  Lord"  and  mvoking  saints  contrary  to 
this  statute  ;  the  proceedings  were  removed  mto 
the  court  of  King's  Bench,  April  24, 1550,  but  their 
result  is  not  known. 

y  Some  of  these  charges  are  known  to  be  true, 
from  other  sources  of  information,  as  the  attempt 
to  marry  the  Princess  Elizabeth.  The  depositions 
of  Katherine  Ashley,  her  governess,  remain  in  the 
Public  Record  Office,  and  present  a  strange  picture 
of  the  manners  of  a  Court  m  the  sixteenth  century. 
But  cm  the  other  matters  chained,  there  is  no  cer- 
tainty, as  these  Tudor  bills  of  attainder  are  noto- 
riously untrustworthy.  ... 

»  A  great  number  of  the  returns  made  under  this 
and  similar  commissions  issued  in  1551  and  1553 


3i8 


THE  TUDORS. 


[A.D.  1549. 


Lord  Seymour  is  beheaded,  March 
20'. 

The  Princess  Mary  refuses  to  re- 
ceive the  new  service.  The  council 
remonstrate  with  her,  but  the  emperor 
(Charles  V.)  espouses  her  cause,  and 
they  do  not  venture  to  proceed  to 
extremities. 

Public  disputations  held  at  Oxford 
and  Cambridge  on  the  doctrine  of 
transubstantiation. 

Tumults  in  many  parts  of  England, 
chiefly  directed  against  landlords  who 
had  illegally  seized  on  common  lands  ^, 
indosed  their  own  lands  also  for  pas- 
ture, and  discouraged  tillage;  The 
Protector  expresses  himself  ^vourable 
to  the  people,  and  thus  offends  many 
of  his  fellow-councillors. 

The  people  of  Cornwall  and  Devon, 
headed  by  Humphrey  Arundel,  a  vete- 
ran soldier,  rise  in  June,  and  demand 
the  restoration  of  the  ancient  Liturgy^. 
They  besiege  Exeter,  but  are  dispersed 
by  Lord  Russell**  about  the  middle  of 
August ;  some,  who  retire  into  Somer- 
setshire, are  followed  and  dispersed  by 
the  end  of  the  month.  Ket,  a  wealthy 
tanner,  rises  in  Norfolk,  in  July,  and 
demands  the  destruction  of  indosures 
and  the  dismissal  of  evil  counsellors. 
He  defeats  some  parties  sent  against 
him,  but  his  forces  are  dispersed  by 
the  earl  of  Warwick,  about  the  end 
of  August 

Much  blood  was  shed  in  skirmishes, 
and  after  the  dispersion  of  the  insur- 
gents, many  were  put  to  death  by  mar- 
tial law,  several  priests  being  hung  on 
their  own  church  steeples.  Arundel, 
Bury,  a  Somersetshire  insurgent,  and 
the  two  Kets,  Robert  and  William*, 
together  with  John  Wynchelade  and 


Thomas  Holmes,  were  tried  at  West- 
minster', Novembo:  26u  They  aU 
pleaded  guilty,  and  were  soon  after 
executed. 

The  French  bea^e  Boulogne^  and 
the  Scots  recover  all  their  strong 
places,  except  Lauder,  from  the  Eng- 

Bonner  is  ordered  to  preach  on  the 
necessity  of  obeying  the  long,  diough 
under  age.  His  sermon  not  being 
considered  satisfactory,  he  is  sum- 
moned before  the  council,  is  deprived 
of  his  see,  and  imprisoned',  Oct.  i. 

The  earls  of  Southampton  and  War- 
wick cabal  against  the  Protector.  He 
retires  to  Hampton  Court  with  the 
king.  The  rest  of  the  council  assemble 
at  Ely-house,  Oct  6 ;  they  dtaxgt  the 
Protector  with  a  design  s^ainst  their 
lives,  are  joined  by  the  lientenant  of 
the  Tower,  and  the  dtizens  of  London, 
and  the  speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. 

The  Protector,  having  meanwhile 
removed  the  king  to  Windsor,  submits 
to  the  council,  and  is  sent  to  the 
Tower,  Oct  11.  The  king  is  brought 
back  to  Hampton  Court,  and  placed 
in  the  keeping  of  the  earl  of  Warwick 
and  five  others  of  the  counciL 

The  earl  of  Warwick,  who  was  un- 
derstood to  be  favourable  to  the  an- 
dent  worship,  finding  the  king  in- 
clined to  a  further  reformation,  takes 
every  possible  step  to  promote  it 

The  parliament  assembles,  Nov.  4. 
It  passes  a  severe  act  against  unlawful 
assemblies,  [3  &  4  Eaw.  VL  c  5] ; 
the  meeting  of  twelve  persons  on  any 
matter  of  state  being  declared  trea- 
son, or  if  for  destroying  indosures 
only,  felony  ^ 


arepresenred  in  the  Public  Record  Office.  That 
of  the  latter  date  (May  x6, 1553)  states  that  many 
of  the  articles  of  value  have  been  embezzled  instead 
of  being  preserved  for  the  king's  use,  and  directs 
a  strict  search  for  the  offenders;  but  the  docu- 
ments also  shew  that  the  churches  had  not  been  so 
ruthlessly  stripped  by  Somerset  and  his  atsodatrs 
as  is  usually  stated.  Several  of  these  inventories 
have  of  late  years  been  printed  by  the  Kent  and 
other  Archaeological  Societies. 

»  His  nephew,  the  young  king,  enters  the  fact  in 
hisjoumar,  wiUiout  one  word  of  natural  feeling : 
**  Hie  lord  Sudley,  admiral  of  England^  was  con- 
4lemaed  to  death,  aod  died  in  March  ensumg."  His 
brother  the  Protector,  and  Cranmer,  both  signed 
the  warrant,  which  rendered  them  very  unpopular. 

^  This  oppresri<m  of  the  poor  was  mainly  the 
vrotk  of  new-made  nobles  and  gentry,  who  had  ac- 
<2uirwl  a  laige  share  of  the  abbey  lands. 

•  They  declared,  "We  will  have  the  act  of  Six 
Artides  up  again,  and  ceremonies  as  were  in  King 
Henry's  tune."    Cranmer  was  employed  by  the 


council  to  reply  to  their  demands,  but  ncitfaer  tbu 
nor  a  threatenmg  proclamatioa  from  die  king  was 
at  all  regarded  bv  them. 

'  John  Russell,  a  DoneCsihire  gentiemao,  who 
became  a  courtier,  obtained  vast  grants  of  abbey 
lands,  and  was  made  a  peer  in  1539.  In  1550  he 
was  created  eari  of  Beafbrd.  By  a  timely  000- 
formity  on  the  death  of  Edwaxxi,  he  continued  in 
favour  under  Mary,  was  emj^ojred  by  her  in  cat- 
bassies,  and  died  in  March,  2555. 

•  Thev  are  called  "  Kete  or  Kettie,  olhenrise 
Kniaiit,   in  the  indictments  found  against  diem. 

^  From  the  indictments  of  various  parlies  it  ap- 
pears that  there  were  disturbances  also  m  the 
counties  of  Berks,  Hants,  Kent,  Middlesex.  Oxibnii 
Suffolk,  Surrey,  and  Sussex  ;  the  cry  of  me  insor- 
gents  in  some  places  wa&  "  Kill  diejKBtlemen.'' 

c  Hooper,  afterwards  bishop  of  Gkmoater,  «u 
one  of  the  two  anformants  oa  whose  lepoct  the 
council  acted. 

>>  The  parties  were  to  be  warned  lo  dfapeisc,  m 
a  form  of  words  substantially  the  same  at  thoac 


A.D.  iS49>  1550.] 


EDWARD  VI. 


319 


Images  and  pictures  of  saints  in 
churches  ordered  to  be  destroyed^, 
[c  10]. 

A  new  form  of  ordination  of  minis- 
ters ordered  to  be  prepared  by  a  com- 
mittee of  six  prelates  and  six  divines, 
[c.  12]. 

The  duke  of  Somerset  makes  his 
fonn2d  submission  before  the  king  and 
the  council,  Dec.  23  ^ 

The  council  directs  all  missals  and 
similar  books  to  be  given  up,  and  pro- 
vision to  be  made  for  celebrating  the 
conmiimion  in  both  kinds. 

A.D.  1550. 

Heath,  bishop  of  Worcester,  de-. 
clines  to  agree  to  the  Ordinal  drawn 


up  by  his  fellow-conmiissioners,  and 
is  sent  to  the  Fleet,  March  4. 

The  duke  of  Somerset,  who  had 
been  released  from  the  Tower,  Feb.  6, 
is  re-admitted  to  the  council,  April  lo^ 

Peace  made  with  France  and  Scot- 
land, March  24.  Boulogne  is  surren- 
dered for  a  sum  of  money  *,  and  the  fw:- 
tifications  of  Roxburghand  other  places 
on  the  Scottish  border  destroyed. 

The  earl  of  Warwick  makes  him- 
self supreme  in  the  council,  and  fines 
and  imprisons  on  various  pretexts 
most  of  those  who  had  joined  him 
against  Somerset,  as  well  as  Somer- 
set's friends. 

The  sees  of  London  and  Westmin- 
ster united,  and  Nicholas  Ridley  ap- 
pointed bishop,  April  i. 


IRELAND. 


The  new  Liturgy  read  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Christ  Church,  Dublin,  on 
Easter-day  (April  6). 

The  Prayer-book  was  printed,  pro- 
fessedly in  Dublin,  in  155 1,  and  the 
Bible  in  the  following  year";  but 
these  important  steps  in  favour  of  the 
Reformation  were  not  followed  up. 
Sir  Anthony  St  Leger,  who  had  been 
appointed  in  1540,  continued  lord  de- 
puty in  both  this  and  the  succeeding 
reign";  and  though,  in  obedience  to 
directions  from  England,  statutes  were 
enacted  for  a  reformation  in  religion, 
no  pains  were  taken  to  put  them  in 
execution.  Archbishop  Browne,  of 
DubUn,  and  John  Bale,  bishop  of 
Ossory,  were  ahnost  the  only  favourers 


of  the  Reformation.  On  the  death  of 
King  Edward,  Browne  was  expelled 
as  being  a  married  man,  and  Bale,  at- 
tempting to  celebrate  the  English  ser- 
vice, had  several  of  his  attendants 
slain,  and  was  besieged  in  his  palace ; 
when  relieved  by  the  mayor  of  Kil- 
kenny, he  thought  it  prudent  to  retire 
to  Dublin,  and  shortly  after  went  into 
exile. 


A.D.  1550. 

Joan  Bocher,  a  woman  of  Kent®, 
burnt  for  heretical  opinions  on  the  in- 
carnation of  our  Lord,  May  2. 

John  Hooper  p,  appointed  bishop  of 
Gloucester,  July  3,  refuses  to  wear  the 


now  onployed  in  case  of  riot :  '*  The  kinff,  our 
soToeign  lord,  cfaargeth  and  commandeth  all  per- 
sons being  aasembted,  immediately  to  disperse 
themselTes,  and  peaceably  to  depart  to  their  habi- 
tati(»s,  or  to  their  lawfnl  bunness,  upon  the  pains 
contained  in  the  Act  lately  made  against  Unlaw- 
ful and  Rebellioos  Assemblies.  And  God  save 
the  Idng." 

>  Images  on  tombs  were  excepted  from  the  op»- 
xatioa  cm  this  statute,  but  too  many  of  them  were 
aacrifioed  to  a  barbuous  zeal  stimulated  by  cu- 
pidity, as  they  were  often  formed  of  copper.  Mo- 
nmneatal  bcuaes  were  also  destroyed  firom  tlie 


i  In  this  document  he  pleads  guil^  to  all^  the 
natten  contained  in  an  accusation  of  20  articles 
exhibited  gainst  him.  His  submission,  however, 
did  not  appear  complete,  and  he  was  obliged  to 
make  anotner,  couched  in  most  abject  terms, 
Feb,  s,  z5sa 

^  He  appeared  at  the  court  on  the  31st  March, 
acootding  to  the  King's  Journal. 

1  Locd  Qinton,  the  governor,  marched  out  with 
Jiis  gartMoa,  Apnl  as ;  he  returned  to  England  in 
Mxy,  and  wu  made  lord  high  admiral.    Ibe  light 


horsemen  and  men  at  arms  of  the  garrison  were 
employed  as  a  body  guard  for  the  court,  under  the 
marquis  of  Northampton ;  the  rest  were  sent  to 
the  Scottish  frontier. 

■  These  have  been  usually  considered  the  earliest 
productions  of  the  Irish  press,  but  it  is  now  pretty 
generally  agreed  that  the  Prayer-book  was  printed 
m  England. 

■  He  was  displaced  and  reinstated  twice  in  the 
time  of  Edward  VI.,  in  consequence  of  quarrels 
with  the  Butlers.  One  of  the  intermedUate  gover- 
nors rSir  Edward  Bellingham]  enlarged  the  English 
pale  by  the  reduction  of  the  districts  of  Leix  and 
Ofally,  (now  King's  and  Queen's  County). 

•  According  to  local  tradition,  she  Wonged  to 
a  congregation  at  Eythorne,  near  Dover,  which 
still  exists,  and  claims  to  be  die  oldest  noncon- 
formist body  in  England. 

p  He  had   been  a  Cistercian   monk,  but  had 

auitted  the  order,  and  had  for  several  years  wan- 
ered  on  the  Continent,  where  he  espMBcially  at- 
tached himself  to  the  Reformers  of  Geneva.  He 
became  even  more  intolerant  than  his_  masters  in 
the  matter  of  vestments  and  ceremonies,  and  vp 
to  the  very  close  of  his  life  he  maintained,  from  his 


3«o 


THE  TUDORS. 


[A.D.  1550-155-^ 


customary  vestments,  on  which  a  con- 
troversy arises  among  the  Reformers. 

A  congregation  of  German  Protes- 
tants allowed  to  settle  in  London, 
under  the  superintendence  of  John  a 
Lasco^ 

Ridley  makes  a  visitation  of  his  dio- 
cese, and  labours  zealously  to  inforce 
the  injunctions. 

The  Princess  Mary  endeavours  to 
flee  to  Flanders,  but  the  sheriff  of 
Essex  (Sir  John  Yates)  is  directed  to 
prevent  her,  and  bodies  of  troops  are 
posted  to  watch  the  coast,  July. 

Sentence  of  sequestration  pronounced 
against  Gardiner,  July  19. 

A  revision  of  the  new  service-book 
is  made,  in  accordance  with  the  advice 
of  Bucer  and  others  of  the  foreign 
Protestants, 


A.D.  1551. 

Gardiner  is  deprived  of  his  see, 
March  23.  He  is  succeeded  by  John 
Poynet,  bishop  of  Rochester. 

George  van  Parre,  an  Anabaptist, 
burnt,  April  24. 

Articles  of  religfion,  (forty-two  in  num- 
ber) prepared,  and  further  alterations 
made  in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

The  council  endeavour  to  compel 
the  Princess  Mary  to  adopt  the  new 
service-book.  They  imprison  her  chap- 
lains and  officers,  but  she  refuses  to 


yield',  and  they  abandon  the  point, 
for  fear  of  a  war  with  the  emperor,  her 
kinsman. 

Veysey,  bishop  of  Exeter,  resigns 
his  see.  He  is  succeeded  by  Miles 
Coverdale  •,  Aug.  14. 

The  earl  of  Warwick  intrigues  to 
alter  the  succession  to  the  throne.  He 

Procures  higher  titles  for  himself  and 
is  adherents*,  and  resolves  to  remove 
the  duke  of  Somerset 

Day,  bishop  of  Qiichester,  and 
Heath,  bishop  of  Worcester,  are  de- 
prived of  their  sees,  Oct.  la 

Somerset  is  suddenly  seized  and 
sent  to  the  Tower,  Oct.  16.  He  is 
tried  before  the  Lord  High  Steward 
(William  Paulet,  marquis  of  Winches- 
ter) and  peers,  charged  with  high  trea- 
son and  felony",  Dec.  i.  He  is  ac- 
quitted of  treason,  but  found  guiltv  of 
felony,  and  sentenced  to  be  handed. 

Tunstall,  bishop  of  Durham,  is  sent 
to  the  Tower,  Dec.  20. 

A.D.  1552. 

The  parliament  meets,  Jan.  30. 

A  second  act  for  uniformity  of  com- 
mon prayer  and  administration  of  the 
sacraments  passed*  [5  &  6  Edw.  VI. 
c  i],  and  ordered  to  be  read  in 
churches  annually. 

The  duke  of  Somerset  is  beheaded 
within  the  Tower,  Jan.  22  ^ 

Sir  Ralph  Fane,  Sir  Thomas  Aran- 


prison,  an  angry  cotitrovcisy  with  Ridley  and 
others,  in  whom  he  detected  some  lingering  re- 
gard tor  "Romish  rags/'  as  he  styled  clerical 
attire. 

4  Letters  natent,  dated  July  34,  2550,  were  is- 
sued, naturafizing  them,  380  in  number,  and  assign- 
ing die  church  a£  the  Austin  Friars,  in  the  dty  of 
London,  for  their  use.  Other  bodies  quickly  fol- 
lowed, and  one  party,  consisting  chieflv  of  Flemish 
weavera,  was  allowed  to  set  up  dieir  looms  in  the 
ruined  church  of  Glastonbury. 

'  According  to  her  brother  King  Edward's  Jour- 
nal, when  summoned  before  the  council  (March  x8X 
"she  answered,  that  her  soul  was  Gods,  and  her 
faith  she  would  not  change,  nor  dissemble  her 
opinion  with  contrary  doings."  Strict  measures 
were  taken  against  her  servants ;  Dr.  Mallet,  her 
chaplain,  was  sent  to  the  Tower,  April  27 ;  and 
Sir  Robert  Rochester  and  other  members  of  her 
household,  in  Augus»t,  when  the  Lord  Chancellor 
(Rich)  and  others  visited  her  at'her  house  at  Copt- 
hall,  Essex,  and  forbade  the  celebration  of  the 
mass. 

•  He  was  bora  in  Yorkshve,  in  1487,  and  became 
an  Augustinian  friar.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest 
Englishmen  who  adopted  the  views  of  Luther,  and 
in  consequence  went  abroad,  where  he  was  the 
associate  of  Tindal  in  the  translation  and  printing 
of  the  Bible.  On  the  accession  of  Mary  he  was 
expelled  from  his  see,  and  again  went  abroad, 
where  he  took  part  in  the  production  of  the  Geneva 
Bible.    Thougti  he  returned  in  the  time  of  Eliza- 


beth, he  declined  to  re-enter  on  his  see»  hatp'ssti 
the  few  remaining  years  of  his  life  as  an  idnerajit 
preacher,  being,  under  the  name  of  "Father  Cover- 
dale,"  greatly  esteemed,  and  the  scruples  regarding' 
vestments  which  he  had  brouglU  with  him  fron 
Geneva,  treated  with  kindly  forbeannoe.  He  di«<i 
in  1568. 

His  coadjutor,  William  Tindal,  was  a  Wdshnan. 
who  had  been  educated  at  Oxford,  but  failing  t^ 
procure  a  living  at  home,  had  gone  to  Antwop, 
where  he  employed  himself  on  the  transbnoo  a 
the  New  Tesument.  He  afterwards  remowd  i> 
Hamburg,  where  he  met  with  Coverdale.  After  sot- 
fering  shipwreck  and  other  misfortunes,  Tmdal  ^* 
seiz^  ana  executed  as  a  heretic  at  Brussels,  a  t^t- 

»  He  himself  was  created  duke  of  Noithumbsr- 
land,  Oct  ix.  and  the  marquis  of  Dorset,  duke  ci 
Suffolk  :  the  earl  of  Wiltshire  became  marau<s  ct 
Winchester,  and  Sir  WUUam  Herbert,  eari  oflH^ 
broke.  Cecil,  the  secretary,  (afterwards  the  nu«>- 
ter  of  Elizabeth,)  was  knignteid.  .     , 

*•  The  treason  was  a  design  imputed  to  dub  ct 
seizins  the  Tower  and  the  treasure  and  stof^ 
therein,  and  the  great  seal :  the  fekmy,  an  stteinpt 
on  the  liberty  (not  the  Uvea)  of  Warwick  and  other 
councillors. 

«  The  act  states  that  the  Book  of  Conunon  *t^«^ 
had  been  "perused,  explained,  and  made  hl^ 
perfect,"  and  it  was  alone  to  be  used,  under  u.e 
samejpenalties  as  in  the  act  of  1540^    See  n.  3^7; 

7  The  king  gives,  m  his  Journal,  t»^nx^J*r^ 
lars  of  the  charges  against  his  unde,  hut  Ramsey 


A.D.  ISS2,  ISS3-] 


EDWARD  VI. 


321 


del,  Sir  Miles  Partridge,  and  Sir  Mi- 
chael Stanhope,  are  tried  as  having 
instigated  the  duke  of  Somerset  to 
insurrection*,  Jan.  27,  28,  Feb.  5  and 6. 
They  are  found  guilty  %  and  are  exe- 
cuted, Feb.  26. 

A  new  king  of  arms,  Ulster,  ap- 
pointed for  Ireland,  Feb.  2. 

A  body  of  canon  law  drawn  up,  prin- 
cipally by  Cranmer^ 

The  see  of  Gloucester  is  suppressed, 
and  its  territory  united  to  that  of 
Worcester,  John  Hooper  being  made 
hishop,  May  20. 

A  number  of  new  treasons  created 
by  act  of  parliament,  Is  ^^  Edw.  VI. 
c.  iij  Keeping  possession  of  any  of 
the  king's  castles,  or  ships,  or  artillery, 
six  days  after  being  ordered  to  give 
them  up;  or  declaring  the  king,  or 
any  of  tie  presumptive  successors 
named  by  his  father's  will  (the  Prin- 
cesses Mary  and  Elizabeth),  to  be  a 
heretic,  schismatic,  tyrant,  infidel,  or 
usurper,  are  among  the  number. 

Fast  days  and  holy  days  set  forth 
by  statute,  [5  &  6  Edw.  VI.  c.  3]. 

A.D.  1553. 
The  parliament  meets,  March  i.    It 


grants  a  subsidy  to  the  king,  stating 
in  the  preamble  of  the  act  [7  Edw.  VI. 
c.  12],  that  the  occasion  for  it  arises 
from  the  "wilful  misgovemance"  and 
waste  of  his  treasure  by  the  duke  of 
Somerset. 

The  see  of  Dxu-ham  suppressed  by 
act  of  parliament,  [c.  17J.  The  act 
professes  that  two  sees  were  to  be 
founded,  one  at  Durham,  and  another 
at  Newcastle ;  but  the  whole  of  the 
temporalities  of  the  see  were  granted 
as  a  county  palatine  to  the  duke  of 
N  orthumberland. 

The  king  grants  his  palace  of  Bride- 
well to  the  citizens  of  London  for  a 
workhouse,  April  10.  He  afterwards 
bestows  on  them  also  the  hospital  of 
St.  Thomas,  in  Southwark. 

The  English  merchants  fit  out  ships 
for  discovery  and  trade  ^. 

The  king,  who  had  been  ill  from 
the  beginning  of  the  year,  being  in 
danger  of  death,  is  prevailed  on  by 
the  duke  of  Northimiberland  to  bestow 
the  succession  to  the  crown  on  Lady 
Jane  Grey,  by  his  letters  patent,  June 
21.  He  dies  at  Greenwich  July  6, 
and  is  buried  at  Westminster  *,  Aug.  8. 


Events  in  General  History. 


Interim  decree  at  the  diet  of  Augs- 
burg        1548 


The  Turks  fail  in  an  attack  on  Malta 
The  Peace  of  Passau 


A.D. 
1552 


his  death  in  the  most  heartlcas  manner :  "  The 
duke  of  Somerset  had  his  head  cut  off  upon  Tower- 
iuU,  between  8  and  9  o'clock  in  the  morning." 

*  Thr|r  were  chaijsed  with  the  design  to  murder 
Warwick,  and  imprison  the  marquis  of  Northamp- 
ton and  Sir  William  Herbert. 

*  The  Idnff  states  that  Arundel  was  only  con- 
woffled  "after  long  controversy,"  the  Jury  re- 
laiaing  near  a  day  and  night  shut  up  before  they 
^turned  their  verdict.  He  also  complains  that 
'ue  "answered  like  a  ruflian."  Fane  was  a  vete- 
no  soldier,  and  his  offence  seems  to  have  con- 
sisted in  saying  to  the  court,  "  Now  the  wars  are 


ended,  the  coward  and  the  brave  man  are  esteemed 
aUke." 

b  He  was  the  head  of  the  commission,  which 
consisted  of  eight  prelates  and  eight  other  divines, 
eight  civilians,  and  eight  lawyers. 

•  Threevessels  sailed  for  northern  discovery  ;  two 
were  lost  at  Nova  Zemblia,  but  the  third  reached 
Archangel,  and  opened  a  trade  with  Russia. 

*  The  service  was,  in  consequence  of  the  exer- 
tions of  Cranmer,  according  to  the  English  ritual ; 
but  Queen  Marv  also  celebrated  solemn  obsequies 
for  him  in  the  Roman  mode  in  her  private  chapel. 


Great  Seal  of  PUHip  and  Ibiy. 


MARY. 


Mary,  the  only  child  of  Henry  VIII. 
and  Katharine  of  Aragon  who  sur- 
vived her  parents,  was  bom  at  Green- 
wich, Feb.  i8, 1516.  In  her  tenth  year 
a  separate  establishment  was  formed 
for  her,  and  she  was  sent  to  reside  at 
Ludlow,  with  a  household  of  300  per- 
sons, and  with  the  countess  of  Salis- 
bury* for  her  governess.  The  time 
she  passed  there  was  probably  the 
happiest  of  her  days,  for  her  life  was 
«arly  embittered  by  the  controversy 
regarding  her  parents*  marriage,  al- 
though she  was  not  pronounced  ille- 
gitimate until  her  father  had  formed 
a  new  union  with  Anne  Boleyn.  Mary 
was  brought  up  in  a  profound  vene- 
ration for  the  see  of  Rome,  by  her 
mother,  with  whom  she  naturally  sided, 
and  thus  she  gave  deep  offence  to  her 
imperious  father,  who  at  length  ex- 
ported the  most  humiUating  submis- 


sions from  her**;  though  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  he  did  not  entertain  tlie 
monstrous  thought  of  putting  her  to 
death,  as  has  been  asserted.  Her  life, 
however,  for  years  was  evidently  foO 
of  anxiety  and  danger,  and  her  case 
was  little  iminroved  when  her  brother 
Edward  VI.  succeeded  to  the  throne. 
Though  twenty  years  her  juxiior,  be 
undertook  to  oihghten  her,  and  when 
his  reasonings  made  no  hnpressioii, 
his.  councillors  endeavoured  to  aforoe 
her  conformity  to  the  "  new  rdigioii,' 
as  she  considered  it,  by  hnprisoning 
her  chaplains  and  servants.  She  re- 
fused- to  yield,  and  though  they  pre- 
vented her  from  escaping  to  the  con- 
tinent, they  feared  to  proceed  further, 
as  she  was  supported  by  a  numerous 
party  to  whom  she  was  endeared  by 
ner  mother's  sufferings,  and  her  own 
community    of  faith    and   works  of 


>  The  daughter  of  George  duke  of  Qarence  and  mother  of  Cardinal  Pole,  executed  in  1541. 
fc  See  A.D.  1536. 


MART. 


323 


charity  %  and  she  had  beside  a  power- 
ful and  steady  friend  in  her  cousin  die 
emperor  (Charles  V.) 

Edward  VI.  died  July  6,  1553,  and 
Mary  became  queen,  in  spite  of  a  futile 
attempt  of  the  duke  of  Northumber- 
land to  place  his  daughter-in-law,  Lady 
Jane  Grey,  on  the  throne.  She  en- 
tered London  in  triumph,  accompanied 
by  her  sister  Elizabeth  and  the  Lady 
Anne  of  Cleves,  released  the  prisoners 
in  the  Tower,  and  took  one  of  them, 
Gaidiner  bishop  of  Winchester,  who 
had  been  harsUy  treated  in  the  pre- 
ceding reign,  for  her  chief  adviser. 
He  was  maide  lord  chancellor,  and  he 
at  once  set  himself  earnestly  to  work 
to  undo  all  that  had  been  effected  to 
the  prejudice  of  the  see  of  Rome  for 
the  preceding  twenty  years.  Cranmer, 
Ridley,  and  other  eminent  Protestants, 
having  supported  the  usurpation  of 
Jane  Grey,  were  imprisoncxl,  osten- 
sibly as  traitors ;  all  preaching  except 
on  the  side  of  the  Romish  party  was 
forbidden;  a  public  disputation  was 
managed  with  palpable  unfairness ; 
and  Grindal,  Sandys,  Aylmer,  Jewel, 
and  others  who  aftemi^rds  became 
governors  of  the  Church,  as  well  as 
Whittingham,  Sampson,  Humphrey, 
and  manv  more  who  in  the  next  reign 
disturbed  its  peace,  retired  to  the  con- 
tinent; as  did  several  desperate  ad- 
venturers, who  having  failed  in  an 
attempt  to  rob  the  treasury,  joined  the 
Frendi,  and  planned  an  invasion. 
The  married  clergy  were  displaced, 
images  restored,  and  the  ancient  wor- 
ship ie-establis^ed  in  many  cases 
(as  by  Bonner  at  St  Paul's)  without 


waiting  for  the  consent  of  the  par- 
liament. 

Mary's  first  parliament  met  in  Octo- 
^Jcr,  1553  ;  and,  acting  on  the  prompt- 
ing of  Gardiner,  it  annulled  all  tne 
laws  of  the  last  two  reigns  regarding 
religion,  and  thus  prepared  the  way 
for  a  formal  reconciliation  with  Rome, 
which  was  effected,  under  the  media- 
tion of  Cardinal  Pole',  about  a  year 
later.  Meanwhile,  after  an  attempt 
to  prevent  it  by  insurrection,  the  queen 
had  married  Philip  of  Spain,  and  most 
probably  by  him*,  rather  than  by- 
Gardiner,  was  induced  to  sanction  the 
barbarous  persecation  of  the  Protest- 
ants, in  the  course  of  which,  and  in 
less  than  four  years,  an  archbishop, 
three  bishops,  many  other  clergy- 
men, and  almost  three  hundred  of  die 
laity ',  of  every  age,  sex,  and  condition, 
suffered  at  the  stake,  but,  in  the  lan- 
guage of  one  of  the  victims,  (Latimer), 
"  lighted  such  a  candle  as  all  Rome 
has  not  since  been  able  to  put  out/' 
Though  Protestantism  was  as  yet  the 
creed  of  bat  a  minority  of  the  people, 
the  forcible  re-establishment  of  Ro- 
manism proved  impossible,  smd  these 
cruelties  of  its  most  devoted  partisans 
only  rendered  themselves  odious  to 
every  succeeding  age. 

The  foreign  transactions  of  Mary's 
reign  were  as  unfortunate  as  her  do- 
mestic government  The  traitorous 
proceedings  of  some  of  the  exiles 
plunged  her  into  a  war  with  France, 
which  utterly  exhausted  her  treasure, 
and  caused  the  loss  of  Calais;  an 
event  that  she  ^d  not  long  survive, 
dying  exhausted  by  grief  and  anxiety  ', 


'  Her  Privjr  Puree  Account  from  1536  to  1544 
>-xs  been  published  by  Sir  Frederic  Madden.  The 
eatries  thew  active  bienevolence  towards  the  poor, 
cotnpassioa  for  prisoners,  friendly  regard  and  libe- 
nljty  to  her  servants ;  and  also  indicate  many 
decant  pumics  and  domestic  virtues,  Car  which  in 
general  she  docs  not  receive  credit. 

'  See  A.D.  x5^. 

*  Public  o^ion  at  the  time  regarded  Philip  as 
die  real  originator  of  thepersecntioa,  and  Gardmer 
and  Bonner  merely  as  his  tools ;  an  opinion  which 
received  oonfirmation  from  his  treatment  of  die 
j'nMestants  in  his  hereditary  states^  and  which  was 
not  altered  by  a  sermon  mculcating  charity  and 
forheaxaact  preadied  by  his  confesaor,  a  Spanish 
niar. 

f  There  are  various  estimates  of  the  number,  but 
dns  is  the  lowest ;  and  to  it  must  be  added  many 
^'Ktims  who  died  in  prison. 

K  In  apprehension  of  the  peril  ofdiildbirth  Mary 
oade^  a  wiD,  Mardi  50,  2558,  which  abounds  in 
atfecriooate  expressions  respecting  her  mother,  her 
husband,  and  her  subjects.    She  leaves  the  place 

Y 


of  her  burial  to  her  executors,  only  directing  that 
they  shall  cause  her  mother's  body  to  be  removed 
from  Peterborough  and  buried  with  her,  "with 
honourable  tombs  or  monuments  for  a  memory  of 
ns  bodi."  She  gives  considerable  sums  to  rdigious 
houses,  and  bequeaths  400  marks  a-year  for  the 
foundation  of  an  tioqiital  for  old  and  aoaimed  sol- 
diers, "the  which  we  think  both  honour,  con- 
sdenoe,  and  charity  wiOeth  should  be  oronded 
for/'  She  walk  vabiable' jevds  to  ker  bnfaaDd, 
which  die  prays  him  to  keep  for  a  remembrance, 
and  oidy  to  bequeath  them  to  their  diildren,  "  il 
God  should  give  her  any :"  provides  for  her  aar- 
ints;  and  solemnly  charges  her  eaecmars  to  make 
lyment  of  the  loans  she  has  recently  received  fiom 
_  jr  people,  and  after  that  to  discharge  the  debts  of 
her  broSer  and  her  father.  On  Oa.  aS,  iiAen  ste 
feU  the  araroach  of  deadi,  she  added  a.  codi^ 
lamenting  that  PUfip  ahouM  so  longer  leup,  hot 
poiyiagfimevertoiemam  fiiendhr  to  ^fiogJiA 
nation;  and  earnestly  adjuring  her  "bar  and 
successor"  (she  does  not  name  herVto  petfood  her 
bequests,  and  to  pay  her  debts.    The  debts  were 


^ 


324 


THE  TUDORS. 


in  the  same  year,  Nov.  17,  1558.  She 
was  buried  in  Henry  VII/s  chapel  at 
Westminster,  Dec.  13. 

In  her  youth  several  marriages  were 
proposed  for  Mary,  but  they  were  all 
abandoned,  probably  in  consequence 
of  the  stigma  cast  on  her  birth.  In 
1554  she  married  Philip,  the  son  of 
the  emperor  Charles  V.,  who  was  much 
younger  than  herself ;  he  soon  treated 
her  with  neglect,  and  some  time  before 
her  death  withdrew  entirely  to  his  own 
dominions  \    She  had  no  issue. 

Mary  before  her  marriage  bore  the 


Anns  of  Harj  before  lier  manlAge. 

same  arms  as  her  brother,  but  without 
the  garter ;  after  her  marriage  her 
arms    were   impaled   with    those    of 


Philip*.  For  supporters  of  her  own 
arms  she  employed  the  golden  lion, 
associated  sometimes  with  the  red 
dragon,  at  others  with  the  white  grey- 
hound ;  but  the  coat  when  impaled  is 
supported  by  an  eagle  and  a  lion. 
She  ordinarily  employed  the  usual 
motto,  "DiEU  ET  MON  DROIT;"  but 
sometimes  (in  allusion  to  a  passage 
in  the  preamble  of  the  act  asserting 
her  legitimacy)  "Veritas  Temporis 
FILIA  \"  She  used  the  pomegranate, 
and  rose  and  pomegranate  badges  of 
her  mother,  and  also  a  badge  peculiar 
to  herself,  an  impalement  of  the  Tudor 
rose  and  a  sheaf  of  arrows. 

Like  all  the  children  of  Henry  VI 11., 
Mary  was  learned  \  and  her  only  plea- 
sures were  her  devotions,  her  cha- 
rities, and  her  books.  Her  personal 
piety  cannot  be  disputed,  and  her 
simple  ineiroensive  mode  of  life  saved 
her  people  from  the  exactions  and  dis- 
orders which  attended  the  splendid 
"f progresses"  of  her  successor.  Yet 
the  character  of  Mary  is  usually  re- 
presented in  the  darkest  colours.  Her 
treatment  of  her  sister,  her  alleged 
ingratitude  to  Cranmer,  and  her  per- 
secuting to  the  death  so  many  of  her 
subjects,  her  war  with  France,  and 
consequent  loss  of  Calais,  have,  in  the 
popular  estimation,  covered  her  me- 
mory with  infamy. 


Badges  of  Xarj. 


There  are  circumstances,  however, 
in  regard  to  all  these  charges  against 
her,  which  ought  to  be  taken  into  the 
account,  if  it  be  wished  to  form  an  im- 
partial estimate  of  her  conduct.    Her 


war  with  France  was  manifestly  far 
more  the  work  of  her  ministers  than 
of  herself,  and  she  as  deeply  deplored 
its  result  as  any  of  her  suDJects  could 
do.    Whilst  in  matters  in  which  she 


eventualhr  paid,  but  the  beauests  were  not,  and  the 
hosintal  for  soldiers  was  left  to  be  founded  in  an- 
other age. 

^  Phflip  became  king  of  Spain  by  the  resignation 
of  his  fatheTi  in  January,  1556. 

*  Philip's  coat  has  no  less  than  eleven  bearinn ; 
the  arms,  namely,  of  Castile,  Leon,  Aragon,  Sialy. 
Granada,  Austria  (modem).  Burgundy  (anaent  and 
modem),  Brabant,  Flanders,  and  Tyrol. 

^  The  expression  seems  to  be  taken  from  an  elo- 


quent passage  in  the  sj^eech  of  Bishop  Fox  of  Here- 
ford, m  the  convocauoD  of  1537 :  "^^^^  >»  t^ 
daughter  of  Time,  and  Time  is  the  mother  of 
Truth :  and  whatsoever  is  besi^ed  of  Truth  can- 
not long  continue ;  and  upon  whose  side  Troth 
doth  stand,  that  ought  not  to  be  thought  transi> 
tory,  or  that  it  will  ever  fall.** 

>  Her  tutor  was  Dr.  Fetherstone,  who  was  exe- 
cuted in  Z540  for  asserting  the  validity  of  her 
mother's  marriage. 


A.D.  1553-] 


MARY. 


32s 


was  personally  concerned,  it  is  ob- 
vious that  she  was  sincere  in  her  line 
of  conduct,  and,  unlike  most  of  her  con- 
temporaries, the  changes  in  religion 
which  she  attempted  were  the  source, 
not  of  gain,  but  of  loss  to  her".  She 
could  scarcely  regard  as  a  sister,  the 
child  of  the  rival  of  her  mother,  and 
Elizabeth  did  not  conduct  herself  to- 
wards her  in  a  way  to  remove  her  dis- 
trust ■.  The  statement  that  Cranmer's 
intercession  preserved  her  life  from  the 
fuiy  of  her  father  is,  at  best,  doubtful ; 
and,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  undeni- 
able that  he  concurred  in  the  harsh 
proceedings  of  her  brother's  council 
against  her,  and  joined  in  the  attempt 
to  exclude  her  from  the  throne ;  and  she 
could  hardly  be  expected  to  forget  the 
sentence  of  divorce  and  bastardy  that 
he  had  pronounced  As  to  the  heaviest 
chaige  against  her,  her  persecution  of 
her  Protestant  subjects,  this  was  dis- 
guised, probably  even  to  her  own 
heart,  by  the  same  specious  reasons  as 
induced  Latimer  to  preach  at  the  burn- 
ing of  Forest,  and  Cranmer  to  commit 
Joan  Bocher  and  the  Anabaptists  to 
the  flames.  Persecution  of  all  who 
ventured  to  hold  opinions  contrary  to 
those  favoured  by  authority  was  a 
general  rule  of  policy  with  every  com- 
muiuon  in  the  sixteenth  century ;  and 
this  fact  accounts  for,  though  it  cannot 
justify,  the  conduct  of  the  queen  of 
England  and  the  contemporary  king 
of  France,  as  well  as  that  of  Cranmer 
and  Calvin  ^ 

A.D.  1553. 
Northumberland  and  his  associates 
endeavour  to  seize  the  Princess  Mary. 
She  is  informed  of  her  brother's  death, 
which  they  endeavour  to  conceal,  and 
writes  to  the  council  from  Kenninghall, 
in  Suffolk,  July  9,  to  claim  the  crown '. 


The  council  reply,  that  "^ueen  Jane 
is  their  sovereign,  accordmg  to  the 
ancient  laws  of  the  land  and  the  late 
king's  letters  patent.". 

Lady  Jane  is  proclaimed  queen, 
July  10. 

Queen  Mary  raises  forces  to  sup- 
port her  title '.  N  orthumberland  leaves 
London,  July  14,  to  proceed  against 
them. 

Ridley,  bishop  of  London,  preaches 
at  Paul's-cross  in  favour  of  Jane,  Sun- 
day, July  16,  as  does  Sandys,  the  vice- 
chancellor,  at  Cambridge,  on  the  same 
day'. 

The  earl  of  Arundel  and  others  of 
the  council  forsake  Northumberland. 
They  proclaim  Queen  Mary  in  Lon- 
don, July  19,  and  order  Northumber- 
land to  disband  his  forces. 

Northumberland,  being  at  Cam- 
bridge, dismisses  his  troops  and  pro- 
claims Queen  Mary,  July  20.  He  is 
seized  by  the  earl  of  Arundel,  July  21, 
and  sent  with  three  of  his  sons  to  the 
Tower,  where  he  arrives  July  25  •. 

The  queen  enters  London,  August  3, 
accompanied  by  the  Princess  Eliza- 
beth, and  the  Lady  Aime  of  Cleves. 
She  proceeds  at  once  to  the  Tower, 
and  releases  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  Gar- 
diner bishop  of  Winchester,  the  widow 
of  the  duke  of  Somerset,  lord  Courte- 
nayS  and  other  prisoners. 

The  queen  sends  for  the  lord  mayor 
(George  Bame)  and  aldermen  to  the 
Tower,  Aug.  12,  and  assures  them  that 
"  albeit  her  own  conscience  was  stayed 
in  matters  of  religion,  yet  she  meant 
not  to  compel  or  strain  men's  con- 
sciences otherwise  than  God  should, 
as  she  trusted,  put  in  their  hearts  a 
persuasion  of  the  truth  that  she  is  in, 
through  the  opening  of  His  word  unto 
them  by  godly  and  virtuous  and  learned 
preachers." 


■  Though  burdened  with  the  debts  of  her  father 
asd  brother,  she  re-founded  several  religious  houses, 
and  gxve  back  to  the  Church  the  first-fruits  and 
toths.  These  were  all  seized  again  by  her  suc- 
ccsK>r  Elizabeth. 

,  "  Vet  she  made  her  several  presents  of  rich 
)e*ds,  and  at  least  at  the  beginning  of  her  reign 
treated  her  kindly :  but  she  soon  found  that  she 
nust  be  on  her  guard  against  the  dedgns  of  such 
men  asWyatt,  who  styled  themselves  Elizabeth's 
Wends. 

*  If  the  royal  offenders  against  Christian  charity 
cooimitted  atrocities  which  seem  to  throw  the  bum- 
ug  <rf  the  Anabaptists  and  of  Servetus  into  the 
»ade.  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  there  was  at 
Mast  as  great  a  difference  in  the  power  of  the  re- 
cpcctive  parties  as  in  their  actions. 

»  Her  reign  is  reckoned  to  begin  July  6. 


4  Among  the  earliest  to  join  her  were  the  crews 
of  some  ships  that  had  been  stationed  on  the  coast 
to  prevent  her  anticipated  flight. 

'  They  were  both  sent  to  the  Tower  a  few  da^rs 
after.  Ridley  was  kept  in  confinement  until  his 
martyrdom,  but  Sandys  was  soon  released :  he  went 
abroad,  returned  on  Mary's  death,  held  in  succes- 
sion the  sees  of  Worcester,  London  and  York,  and 
died  Aug.  8, 1588.  ^ 

•  The  duke  of  Suffolk,  father  to  Lady  Jane  Grey, 
was  also  sent  to  the  Tower,  July  a8,  but  released 
three  days  after. 

*  He  was  the  son  of  the  marquis  of  Exeter,  exe- 
cuted in  1530.  He  was  soon  created  earl  of  Devon, 
but  fell  under  suspicion  of  favouring  Wyatt^  re- 
bellion, was  imprisoned  for  n  time,  and  died  in 
exile  at  Padua,  Sept  15  s6. 


3^6 


THE  TUDORS. 


[A.D.  1553. 


Bonner  reinstated  as  bishop  of  Lon- 
don,  Aug.  5.  A  tiunult  occurs  in  Paul's- 
cross,  on  Sunday^  Aug.  13*;  occasion 
is  thence  taken  to  prohibit  all  preach- 
ing except  by  persons  having  special 
licence*. 

The  duke  of  Northumberland,  the 
marquis  of  Northampton,  and  the  earl 
of  Warwick,  (Northumberland's  son,) 
are  tried  before  the  duke  of  Norfolk  as 
Lord  High  Steward,  and  their  peers^ 


charged  with  treason ;  they  plead 
guilty,  Aug.  iS.  Sir  Andrew  Dudley  ^^ 
Sir  John  Gate,  Sir  Henry  Gate,  and 
Sir  Thomas  Palmer,  are  tned  by  a  spe- 
cial commission  on  a  similar  chs^rge^ 
Aug.  19 ;  they  also  plead  guilty.  The 
duke.  Sir  John  Gate,  and  Sir  Thomas 
Palmer,  are  beheaded,  Aug.  22'. 

Gardiner  is  made  lord  chancellor^ 
Aug.  23. 


IRELAND. 


A.D.  1553. 

Geoige  Dowdall,  archbishop  of  Ar- 
magh, is  reinstated  in  his  see,  and  the 
primacy. 

Dowdall  had  gone  into  exile  in  the 
time  of  King  Edward,  on  the  primacy 
being  adjudged  to  the  see  of  Dublin. 
He  now  had  a  commission  granted  to 
him,  in  virtue  of  which  he  deprived  the 
archbishop  of  Dublin  (Geoxge  Browne), 
and  the  bishops  of  Meath,  Kildare,  and 
Leighlin  (Eldward  Staples,  Thomas 
Lancaster,  and   Robert  Travers),  as 


married  men ;  and  Bale,  bbhop  of 
Ossory,  having  fled  the  country,  the 
rest  of  the  bishops  readily  complied 
with  the  restoration  of  Romanism.  Sir 
Thomas  Ratcliif  (afterwards  eaxl  of 
Sussex)  was  a4>pointed  deputy  in  1556, 
and  held  a  parliament  which  passed 
acts  regarding  religion  similar  to  those 
that  had  been  carried  in  England,  but, 
probably  owing  to  their  small  number, 
no  persecution  of  Protestants  followed ; 
indeed,  some  from  England  found  re- 
fuge in  Ireland. 


A.D.  1553. 

Bonner,  Day,  Gardiner,  Heath,  and 
Tonstall,  are  formally  restored  to  their 
sees.  Hooper,  bishop  of  Gloucester,  is 
sent  to  the  Fleet,  Sept  i. 

Latimer  (formerly  bishop  of  Worces- 
ter) is  sent  to  the  Tower,  Sept.  13'.  The 
foreign  Protestants  are  ordered  to  leave 
England, and  Cox,  Grindal,  Home,  and 
other  Churchmen,  retire  to  Germany. 

Cranmer  draws  up  a  declaration  of 
his  stedfastness  in  the  reformed  reli- 


gion**. He  is  summoned  before  the 
council,  and  conmiitted  to  the  Tower, 
Sept.  15. 

The  queen  is  crowned  with  much 
ceremony,  by  Gardiner,  Oct  r,  on 
which  occasion  she  remits  the^  taxes 
voted  in  the  last  parliament  of  King 
Edward. 

The  archbishop  ofYork  (Robert  Hoi- 
gate)  committed  to  the  Tower,  Oct  4. 

The  parliament  meets*  Oct  5,  and 
sits  (with  a  short  adjournment)  till 


*  Boum,  his  chaplain,  preached  a^  sermon  in 
which  he  censured  the  proceedings  against  Bonner 
in  the  preceding  leign ;  stones  and  a  dagger  were 
thrown  at  him,  and  he  owed  his  life  to  the  exertions 
of  Rx>gers  and  Bradford,  two  of  the  prebendaries, 
who  afterwards  suffered  martyrdom. 

*  These  licences  were  gnuited  only  to  known 
Humanists,  but  many  of  the  Protestants  preached 
without,  and  were  in  consequence  imprisoned, 
which  was  the  first  step  in  the  Marian  persecution. 

J  Northumberland's  brother,  a  celebrated  naval 
commander.  He  was  pardoned  and  released  Jan. 
18,1555. 

*  The  sum  of£io  xyt.  4d.  was  ^ven  to  them,  by 
the  queen's  order,  to  distribute  in  alms  at  their 
execution,  as  appears  from  the  Lord  Chamberlain's 
accounts.  Nortnumberland  on  the  scaffold  pro- 
fessed himself  a  Romanist,  and  they  all  died  wam- 
iog  the  people  not  to  turn  religion  into  sedition,  as 
they  had  done.  The  others  were  pardoned  after  a 
brief  imprisonment,  and  most  of  them  were  after- 
wards employed  by  the  queen ;  the  earl  of  War- 
wick, however,  died  at  Penshurst,  the  residence  of 
hh  brother-in-law.  Sir  Henry  Sidney  (having  been 


released  earlier  than  the  rest  in  coosetinence  of  ill- 
ness), Oct.  ax,  X554.  He  has  left  his  own  name 
"  JOHN  DVDLS,"  00  the  wall  of  the  Beauchanp 
tower,  as  also  an  elaborate  device  and  inscriptioo, 
commemorating  by  floral  emblems  the  names  of 
his  four  brothers. 

•  He  is  said  in  the  Coundl-book  to  be  ooaunatted 
for  his  seditious  demeanour ;  he  was  to  remam  a 
close  prisoner,  but  to  be  attended  by  one  Aasly. 
his  servant. 

i>  Reports  had  been  spread  that  he  had  offiered  to 
perform  mass  before  the  queen,  and  had  caused  it 
to  be  restored  in  his  cathedraL  Inspired  it  is  said 
by  Peter  Martyr,  a  man  of  vehement  temper,  he 
denied  the  statement  in  such  violent  tenna  as  gave 
great  offence. 

«  The  convocation  met  Oct.  x8,  and  after  a  stre- 
nuous opposition  from  Philpot  and  a  few  otherv^hc 
doctrine  of  transubstantiatson  was  affirmed.  Wes- 
ton, dean  of  Westminsur,  the  prolocutor,  in  rej^y 
to  one  who  said.  "We  have  the  word  tof  Scrip- 
ture],"  exclaimed,  *'  But  we  have  the  sword»*  and 
closed  the  debate. 


A.D.  I5S3,  1554] 


MARV. 


327 


Dec.  6.  The  new  treasons,  prsemu- 
niies,  and  fdonies  created  in  the  two 
preceding  reigns  are  aboltshed,  [i  Mar. 
c  i].  The  c[ueen  is  declared  to  have 
been  bom  "  m  a  most  jnst  and  lawful 
matrimony,''  [sess.  2,  c.  i] ;  the  laws 
concerning  rdigion  passed  in  the  last 
reign  are  annulled,  [c.  2]  ;  and  the  form 
of  divine  service  as  used  in  the  last 
year  of  Henry  VIII.  is  re-established 
from  the  ensuing  20th  December'. 

Assemblies  of  more  than  twelve  per- 
sons to  attempt  any  alteration  of  reli- 
gion declared  felony',  [i  Mar.  c.  12]. 

The  attainder  of  the  duke  of  Norfolk 
reversed,  [i  Mar.  cc,  22,  34]. 

Aichbishqp  Cranmer,  Lady  Jane 
Grey,  her  husband  Guilford,  and  his 
brothers  Sir  Ambrose  and  Henry 
Dudley,  are  tried  at  Guildhall,  Nov. 
13,  by  a  specisd  commission  consist- 
ing of  the  lord  mayor  (Thomas  White), 
the  duke  of  Noifolk  and  others,  on 
charges  of  treason.  Cranmer  pleads 
not  guilty,  but  withdraws  his  plea; 
the  rest  plead  guilty.  Sir  Robert 
Dudley',  another  brother,  is  tried  at 
the  same  place  on  similar  charges, 
Jan.  20,  1554,  and  pleads  guilty*. 

N^ociations  are  commenced  for  a 
reconciliation  with  Rome.  Cardinal 
Pole  is  conmiissioned  as  legate  to 
bdng  it  about 


Veysey,  bishop  of  Exeter,  is  restored 
to  his  see,  Dec.  28. 

A.D.  1554. 

A  marriage  is  concluded  between 
the  queen  and  Philip,  son  of  the  em- 
peror, Charles  V.  The  parliament 
(dissolved  near  the  end  of  the  pre- 
ceding year)  had  expressed  their  dis- 
like of  the  match,  and  now  certain 
parties  resolved  to  resist  it  by  arms. 

Sir  Thomas  Wyatt,  a  Kentish  gen- 
tleman, confederated  with  Sir  Peter 
Carew,  Sir  William  Pickering,  Sir 
Nicholas  Arnold,  Sir  Nicholas  Throck- 
morton, Sir  James  Crofts,  and  others* 
as  early  as  November,  1553,  to  hinder 
the  marriage,  and  they  seem  to  have 
been  little  scrupulous  about  the  means  ^- 
The  duke  of  Suffolk,  his  brother  ^ord 
Thomas  Grey),  and  his  sons  joined 
themselves  to  them,  and  endeavoured 
to  raise  troops  in  Leicester,  Jan.  29, 
by  the  offer  of  a  payment  of  sixpence 
a-day;  their  attempt  was  unsuccess- 
ful, and  they  were  soon  lodged  in  the 
Tower.  Carew*  and  Crofts  equally 
failed  in  Devonshire  and  Wales. 

Wyatt's  enterprise  at  first  seemed  to 
prosper.  He  got  together  at  least 
2,000  men  at  Rochester,  as  early  as 
Jan.  26,  (according  to  the  indictment 
against  him,)  and  fortified  the  castle 


*  By  the  leal  of  Bonner,  the  former  service  was 
fully  re-esublishcd  in  St.  Paul's  on  the  asth  of 
November,  even  before  the  queen  had  assented 
to  this  act.  Indeed,  he  had  commenced  its  xestoxa- 
tjon  00  his  own  authority,  Aug.  aj. 

•  By  the  assembly  of  a  less  number  the  penalty 
of  a  year's  imprisonment  was  incurred.  The  act 
also  Tf«i|i«h*^  tumults  for  other  purfwses,  as  de- 
stroymg  indosure^  Ac,  but  its  provisions  under 
that  head  were  less  rigorous  than  those  of  the  sta- 
titte  of  1549  andast  nnlawfol  assemblies. 

'  Afterward  earl  of  Leicester. 

s  Only  Guilford  Dudley  and  Ladv  Jane  were 
'— «— **H  on  dais  oonvicticm.  The  other  Dudleys 
received  a  oardon  in  2555,  and  Cranmer  was  put  to 
deaih  as  a  neretic,  not  as  a  traitor. 

^  Among  their  schemes,  a  pretended  sinri^  con- 
cealed in  t&e  wall  of  a  house  in  the  dty,  denounced 
the  queen,  the  prince,  the  mass,  confession,  and 
other  matters ;  tne  impostor  (Elizabeth  Croft,  a  ^rl 
of  tZ)  was  detected,  and  made  a  public  confession 
of  her  offence  at  Paul's-croBs,  July  25.  Some 
prayed  for  the  queen's  death,  and  at  least  one  man 
oaDte]iq>bted  regidde.  This  was  William  lliomas, 
formerly  clerk  of  the  coundl,  who  in  May,  1554, 
was  convicted  of  suggesting  to  Arnold  and  others 
the  murder  of  die  queen.  In  his  indictment  he  is 
daiged  with  putting  the  following  "argument" 
in  writing :  "  whether  were  it  not  a  good  device  to 
e  all  these  perik  that  we  have  talked  of,  taken 


m  prison  before  his  trial,  but  was  executed  May  z8. 
Unlike  the  rest,  most  of  whom  professed  penitence 
«n  the  scaffold,  he  vehemently  dedaimed  against  the 


queen,  and  declared  he  died  for  his  country. 

*  He  escaped  to  France.  The  conduct  of  the 
^een  towards  him,  recorded  in  the  following  term» 
in  the  Council-book,  (Hampton  Court,  Sept.  33, 
Z554,  Gardiner  being  present,)  may  fairly  be  taken 
as  an  evidence  that  she  was  not  destitute  of  kind 
and  womanly  feeling.  "Whereas  the  Lady  Tal- 
boys  [widow  of  Lord  Talboys  of  Kyme,  who  died 
April  IS,  15MJ,  wife  to  Sir  Peter  Carew,  hath  made 
right  humble  and  earnest  suit  unto  the  King  and 
C^een's  Majesties,  as  wdl  for  leave  to  write  unto 
her  husband  from  time  to  time,  as  also  to  have  li- 
cense to  send  him  some  present  relief;  notw'.th- 
standing  the  greatness  of  her  husband's  offences, 
upon  her  importunity  nevertheless,  and  conaderins 
that  she  hath  done  herein  for  her  part  no  less  than 
became  a  good  and  loving  wife,  their  majesties 
being  inclined  to  compassion  and  clemency,  have 
been  contented  to  condescend  thereunto  ;  and  there- 
fore it  was  this  day  resolved  by  the  lords,  that  the 
Lady  Talboys  being  called  before  them,  should,  for 
answer  of  the  King  and  Queen's  Highness'  plea- 
sure in  the  premises,  not  only  have  tmis  much  de- 
dared  unto  her,  that  she  ought  when  she  would 
write  over  the  seas  to  her  smd  husband,  and  for 
this  one  time  only  relieve  him  with  her  jgoods. 
widiout  incurring  their  Highnesses'  indignation  for 
so  doing."  What  follows  shews  kindness  in  the 
coundlalso.  *' The  lords  further  declared,  upon  her 
humble  suit,  that,  for  her  indemnity  and  better  dis- 
charge, this  dedaration  of  the  King  and.  Queen  s 
Highnesses'  pleasure  herein  should  be  entered  an 
matter  of  record  in  the  liedger  and  Register-book 
of  the  Coundl ;  of  which  resolution  she  being  de- 
sirous to  have  a  copy,  the  lords  were  content  10 
grant  her  therein  ah»  ner  humble  requcsL," 


328 


THE  TUDORS. 


[A.D.  1554. 


and  bridge.  The  duke  of  Norfolk^ 
was  sent  against  him  with  the  queen's 
guard,  his  own  retinue,  and  about  500 
men  raised  in  London,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Alexander  Brett.  He  sent  a 
herald  to  offer  pardon  to  the  rebels, 
which  they  refused  to  accept,  and 
when  he  was  about  to  attack  their 
position  (Jan.  29),  Brett  and  the  Lon- 
doners cried  out  "  We  are  all  English- 
men !"  "A  Wyatt!  a  Wyatt !"  and 
went  over  to  the  Kentish  men,  as  did 
some  of  the  guard  and  many  of  the 
retinue ;  the  duke  was  obliged  to  flee 
for  his  life,  leaving  all  his  cannon  and 
anununition  behind. 

Wyatt  reached  Deptford  on  the  ist 
of  February,  and  in  answer  to  a  mes- 
sage from  the  queen  demanded  that 
she  should  change  her  councillors, 
surrender  the  Tower  to  him,  and  go 
to  reside  there  under  his  custody.  On 
the  same  day  the  queen  came  to  the 
Guildhall,  in  London,  and  claimed  the 
assistance  of  the  citizens  against  Wyatt, 
appointing  Lord  William  Howard  lieu- 
tenant of  the  city,  and  the  earl  of  Pem- 
broke general  of  her  forces  in  the  field. 
The  Kentish  men  entered  Southwark 
without  opposition  on  the  evening  of 
the  3rd,  and  plundered  the  palace  of 
the  bishop  of  Winchester*,  but  were 
unable  to  force  a  passage  over  London 
bridge.  On  the  morning  of  the  6th 
Wyatt  withdrew  from  Southwark,  at 
the  entreaty  of  the  inhabitants,  who 
saw  the  guns  of  the  Tower  directed 
against  them,  and  marched  to  King- 
ston. He  repaired  the  bridge,  which 
had  been  broken,  and  marched  in  the 
night  of  Feb.  6-7  towards  London, 
but  losing  time  in  endeavouring  to 
bring  on  a  gun  which  had  broken 
down,  and  which  he  could  not  be  per- 
suaded to  abandon,  his  design  of  sur- 
prising the  queen  in  her  palace  before 
daybreak,  miscarried:   he  halted  at 


Knightsbridge  to  rest  his  men,  when 
many  of  his  partisans,  despairing  of 
success,  forsook  him.  When  he  moved 
forward  he  found  himself  exposed  to 
the  fire  cf  artillery  and  charges  of 
horse ;  he  passed  on,  however,  repuls- 
ing an  attack  made  on  him  by  Sir 
John  Gage  at  Charing  Cross,  until  he 
came  to  Ludgate,  which  was  defended 
against  him  by  Lord  William  Howard. 
Thus  unable  to  join  his  partisans  in 
the  city,  he  returned  towards  West- 
minster, but  was  met  at  Temple-bar 
by  a  party  of  horse;  a  skirmish  en- 
sued, and  after  a  brief  parley  with  a 
herald,  who  exhorted  him  to  merit  the 
queen's  pardon  by  sparing  bloodshed, 
he  surrendered  himself  to  Sir  Maurice 
Berkeley,  and  with  his  chief  accom- 
plices was  shortly  after  conveyed  to 
the  Tower. 

Wyatt's  approach  was  notified  to 
the  queen  early  in  the  morning,  but 
she  refused  to  remove  for  safety  to 
the  Tower.  She  instead  remained 
calmly  at  her  devotions  while  the  con- 
flict was  going  on  around  her  gates  " ; 
and  she  afterwards  displayed  a  degree 
of  lenity  very  imusual  in  her  age,  in 
dealing  with  the  defeated  insurgents ; 
of  the  many  hundreds  of  prisoners 
taken,  not  a  tenth  were  punished,  ex- 
cept by  a  few  days'  imprisonment". 

This  rebellion,  however,  proved  fatal 
to  the  unhappy  Lady  Jane  Grey  and 
her  husband*;  they  were  executed, 
the  one  within,  the  other  without,  the 
Tower,  Feb.  12.  Her  father,  the  duke 
of  Suffolk,  was  tried  by  his  peers,  and 
convicted,  Feb.  17,  and  executed  Feb. 
23;  her  uncle.  Sir  Thomas  Grey, 
pleaded  guilty  March  9,  and  was  exe- 
cuted April  27.  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt 
pleaded  guilty  March  15,  and  was  exe- 
cuted April  1 1  ^ 

Sir  James  Crofts  and  Sir  Nicholas 
Throckmorton   were   tried  April  17. 


^  He  had  not  long  before  been  released,  after 
a  six  years'  trnprisonment  in  the  Tower,  and  he 
was  now  more  than  80  years  of  age.  He  died  in 
the  following  July,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
grandson,  who  was  executed  in  1573. 

>  According  to  Stow,  "  they  left  not  a  lock  on 
a  door,  or  a  book  in  his  gallery  or  library  uncut  or 
rent  into  pieces,  so  that  men  might  have  gone  up 
to  the  knees  in  leaves  of  books  cut  out  and  thrown 
under  foot." 

■  So  imminent  appeared  the  danger,  that  Dr. 
Weston,  who  sang  the  mass  before  her,  wore 
armour  under  his  vestments. 

"  Her  father,  her  brother,  her  sister,  all  acted 
very  differently,  though  not  exposed  to  personal 
danger.    See  a.d.  X537, 1549,  1569. 


•  It  seems  highly  probable  that  but  for  it  they 
would  never  have  suffered,  as  their  confinement  had 
hitherto  been  by  no  means  rigorous.  Lady  Jane, 
the  Dudleys,  and  Archbishop  Cranmer,  were,  by 
order  of  council.  Dec  17,  x^^j,  allowed  to  have 
"the  liberty  of  the  walks  witmn  the  garden  of  the 
Tower,"  on  suggestion  "  that  diven  be  and  have 
been  evil  at  ease  m  their  bodies  for  want  of  air." 

P  A  great  number  of  his  followen  weie  tried,  and 
mostly  pleaded  guilty,  on  various  dates  firom  die 
X3th  to  the  a6th  of  February,  of  whom  about  50 
were  executed,  mainly  in  London.  On  February  so, 
upwards  of  400  were  brought  before  the  queen  at 
Westminster  with  halters  round  their  neoc^  aad 
then  were  set  at  liberty. 


A.D.  1 554.] 


MARY. 


329 


The  trial  of  Throckmorton  occupied 
the  whole  day,  and  he  was  acquitted  % 
for  which  the  jury  were  imprisoned  for 
a  time,  and  fined '.  Crofts  was  again 
brought  to  the  bar,  April  28,  and  con- 
victed, but  afterwards  pardoned. 

The  earl  of  Devon  (Edward  Cour- 
tenay)  is  sent  to  the  Tower,  Feb.  12. 

The  foreign  congregations  are  or- 
dered to  quit  the  realm,  Feb.  17. 

The  queen  issues  injunctions  to  the 
bishops  to  restore  the  ecclesiastical 
laws  to  their  state  under  Henry  VIII., 
but  dispensing  with  the  oath  of  supre- 
macy, March  4. 

Cranmer,  Ridley,  and  Latimer  re- 
moved from  the  Tower,  March  13, 
and  conveyed  to  Oxford. 

The  Princess  Elizabeth  is  sent  to  the 
Tower,  March  18  ■. 

The  marquis  of  Northampton,  Lord 
Cobham,  and  several  other  prisoners, 
are  released  from  the  Tower,  March  24. 

The  married  clergy  are  either  ex- 
pelled, or  separated  from  their  wives*. 

The  archbishop  of  York  (Robert 
Holgate),  the  bishops  of  Bristol  (Paul 
Bushe),  Chester  (John  Birde),  St 
David's  (Robert  Ferrar),  Gloucester 
(John  Hooper),  Hereford  (John  Har- 
ley),  and  Lincoln  (John  Taylor),  are 
deprived  of  their  sees.  The  bishop  of 
Bath  and  Wells  (William  Barlow)  re- 
signs* ;  the  bishop  of  Chichester  (John 
Scory)  preserves  his  see  for  awhile  by 
renouncing  his  wife  and  doing  penance, 
but  is  subsequently  expelled  ^ 

The  parliament  meets,  April  2,  and 
sits  till  May  5. 

All  regal  power  declared  to  be  vested 


in  the  queen  as  fully  as  in  any  king, 
[i  Mar.  sess.  3,  c.  i]. 

The  stipulations  of  the  queen's  mar- 
riage contract  established  by  parlia- 
ment, [c.  2]. 

The  see  of  Durham  re-established  ^ 
[c.  3]. 

A  public  disputation  held  at  Oxford, 
April  16, 17,  18,  on  the  mass,  at  which 
Cranmer,  Ridley,  and  Latimer  state 
their  opinions,  but  are  borne  down  by 
clamour.  They  are  again  brought  for- 
ward April  28,  and  refusing  to  con- 
form are  pronounced  "obstinate  he- 
retics ■." 

The  imprisoned  preachers  in  London 
issue  a  protest  against  the  public  dis- 
putations as  unfairly  managed,  and  a 
design  of  taking  some  of  them  to 
Cambridge  for  that  purpose  is  aban- 
doned. May  8. 

The  exiled  earl  of  Kildare  *  restored. 
May  14. 

The  Princess  Elizabeth  is  released 
from  the  Tower,  May  19.  She  is  put 
first  in  the  chaise  of  Lord  Williams, 
at  Woodstock,  and  afterwards  under 
the  care  of  Sir  Henry  Bedingfield ''. 

The  preacher  at  Paul's-cross  (Dr. 
Pendleton)  is  fired  at,  June  10,  which 
occasions  a  proclamation  against  bear- 
ing weapons. 

Philip  of  Spain*  lands  at  South- 
ampton, July  20,  and  marries  the  queen 
at  Winchester,  July  25.  He  procures 
the  release  of  the  earl  of  Devon  ^  and 
others,  and  opposes  the  views  of  Gar- 
diner against  the  Princess  Elizabeth, 
but  is  unpopular  from  his  haughty, 
formd  behaviour '. 


H  He  was  charged  with  conspiring  with  Sir  Peter 
Carew  to  sdze  the  Tower,  and  had  accompanied 
Wyatt  throughout  his  rebellion.  Though  acquitted, 
he  was  not  set  at  liberty  until  Jan.  x8,  1555. 

'  They  were  held  by  the  judges  to  have  given  an 
■ntrue  veixlict,  and  were  therefore  liable  to  the 
much  heavier  penalty  of  attaint  under  the  statute 
of  Henrv  VII.    See  a.d.  1497. 

•  She  nad  been  desired  in  courteous  terms  to  re- 
pair to  the  court  nearly  two  months  before  (J»n.  a6), 
but  seems  to  have  neglected  to  do  so. 

t  From  earljr  times,  a  i>riest  who  took  a  wife  was 
considered  a  bigamist,  bong  already  married  to  his 
church.  Hence  three  married  priests  and  two 
laymen  who  had  two  wives  each  aid  penance  toge- 
ther at  Paul's-cross,  on  Sunday,  Nov.  4, 1554. 

■  He  soon  after  escaped  beyond  sea ;  one  Wil- 
liam Marriner,  of  Bristol,  was  sent  to  the  Marshal- 
sea  for  aiding  him. 

s  He  became  bishop  of  Hereford  under  Eliza- 
l^th,  and  alienated  much  of  the  property  of 
the  see. 

7  The  former  act  suppressing  the  see  is  said  in 
the  preamble  to  have  been  brought  about  by  "the 
sinister  labour,  great  malice,  and  corrupt  means  of 


certain  ambitious  persons  then    being  in  autho- 
rity." 

•  Cranmer  exckumed,  "  From  this  your  judg- 
ment and  sentence,  I  appeal  to  the  just  judgment 
of  Ahnighty  God,  trusting  to  be  present  with  Him 
in  heaven,  for  whose  presence  on  the  altar  I  am 
thus  condemned."  His  fellow  prisoners  also  re- 
joiced that  they  were  to  stiffer  for  the  truth. 

»  Sec  A.D.  1534. 

b  Thomas  Birchall,  one  of  her  servants,  was 
committed  to  the  Marshalsea  for  seditious  words, 
July  6,  but  was  released  Sept.  17. 

•  He  had  received  from  his  father  the  kingdom 
of  Naples,  and  in  consequence  he  and  the  queen 
took  the  style  of  "  King  and  Queen  of  ^  England, 
France,  Naples,  Jerusalem,  and  Ireland." 

•  He  hadf  been  removed  from  the  Tower  to  the 
castle  of  Fotheringhav.  He  was  now  allowed  to 
go  abroad,  and  he  died  in  Italy  in  1556. 

•  Quarreb  ensued  between  his  attendants  and 
the  EngUsh,  which  are  noticed  in  the  Privy  Coun- 
cil Book,  under  date  Aug.  15,  xsS4-  The  Spanuirds 
are  referred  to  the  judgment  of  the  king,  heingap- 
parently  not  considered  amenable  to  the  English 
laws. 


330 


THE  TUDORS. 


[a.d.  1 554, 1555. 


A  scale  of  allowances  for  prisoners 
in  the  Tower  is  fixed  by  the  council ', 
June  24. 

Notes  of  the  proceedings  in  council 
ordered  to  be  made  in  Latin  or  Spanish 
for  the  use  of  King  Philip  »,  July  27. 

The  bishops  make  a  visitation  to  en- 
force the  queen's  injunctions \  Some 
of  the  Reformed  disperse  ballads  and 
poems  in  ridicule  of  the  re-established 
ceremonies,  which  gives  great  offence, 
and  measures  are  taken  for  severe 
punishment  ^ 

The  parliament  meets,  Nov.  12,  and 
sits  till  Jan.  16,  1555. 

Cardinal  Pole's  attainder  is  reversed. 
He  comes  to  England,  arriving  in 
London,  Nov.  14 ;  and  makes  a 
speech  to  the  jparliament  inviting  them 
to  reconciliation  with  the  Holy  See, 
Nov.  27. 

The  cardinal's  speech  is  considered 
in  the  parliament,  Nov.  29.  A  con- 
ference of  both  houses  is  held,  and  an 
address  voted  to  the  king  and  queen 
expressing  detestation  of  their  ^  most 
horrible  defection  and  schism  from 
the  Apostolic  See,''  a  readiness  to  re- 
peal aJl  laws  made  to  its  prejudice,  and 
an  earnest  desire  for  reconciliation. 

The  cardinal,  in  consequence,  grants 
them  absolution,  and  frees  the  realm 
from  all  spiritual  censures,  Nov.  30. 

Cardinal  Pole  and  Gardiner  advise 
different  courses  regarding  the  Re- 
formed. The  cardinal  recommends 
lenity  and  forbearance,  but  the  more 
violent  counsels  of  Gardiner''  unfor- 
tunately prevail. 

A  statute  passed, "  repealing  all  Sta- 
tutes, Articles,  and  Provisions  made 


against  the  See  Apostolic  of  Rome 
since  the  twentieth  year  of  King  Heniy 
VII L,  and  also  for  the  establishment 
of  all  Spiritual  and  Ecclesiastical  Pos- 
sessions and  Hereditaments  conveyed 
to  the  Laity ;"  [i  &  2  Phil.  &  Mar. 
c.  8].  This  act  recites  that  "much 
false  and  erroneous  doctrine  hath  been 
taught,  preached,  and  written,  paitly 
by  divers  the  natural-bom  subjects  of 
this  realm,  and  partly  being  brought 
in  hither  from  sundry  other  foreign 
countries,  hath  been  sown  and  sprod 
abroad  within  the  same;"  hence  the 
obnoxious  statutes  (19  in  number) 
which  are  now  repealed  K 

Praying  for  the  queen's  death,  said 
to  be  practised  in  ''prophane  and 
schismatical  conventicles,"  declared 
treason,  [c.  9]. 

Speaking  or  preaching  openly  and 
advisedly  against  the  title  of  the  kin^ 
and  queen  and  their  issue  made  punish- 
able, for  the  first  offence  by  foifeiture 
of  goods  and  imprisonment  for  life,  and 
for  the  second  as  treason*,  [c.  10]. 

The  Russia  Company  incorporated. 
They  dispatch  Richard  Chancdlorand 
Anthony  Jenkinson  as  their  agents  to 
open  a  trade  with  Russia  and  Persia. 

AJD.  1555. 

Sir  Andrew  Dudley,  Sir  James 
Crofts,  Sir  Nicholas  Throckmorton, 
Sir  George  Harper,  and  several  other 
prisoners,  are  released  from  the  Tower, 
Jan.  18  ». 

The  Marian  persecution  begins,  with 
the  seizure  of  a  congregation  of  thirty 
persons  in  the  city  of  London,  who 


'  For  nobles  the  sum  was  6s.  8d.  per  day ;  for 
Icnishts  £z  138.  4d.,  and  for  gentlemea  los.  per 
week. 

s  This  would  seem  to  prove  that  he  took  more 
interest  in  English  affairs  than  historians  have 
supposed. 

"  See  p.  399. 

*  Some  of  them  had  before  this  acted  very  un- 
wisely and  offensively.  One  Robert  Menciham, 
a  tailor,  was  brought  before  the  Star-chamber, 
Sept.  15,  1553,  for  ''shaving  a  dog  in  despite  of 
priesthood,'  and  was  ordered  *' openly  to  confess 
his  folly"  m  the  parish  church  of  St.  Gilcs-in-the- 
Fields.  On  Sunday,  April  8,  1554,  a  cat  was  found 
hanging  in  Cheap,  "  with  her  head  shorn,  and 
the  likeness  of  a  vestment  cast  over  her,  with  her 
fore  feet  tied  together,  and  a  round  piece  of  paper 
like  a  singing  cake  betwixt  them  ;"  this,  by  order 
of  Bonner,  was  shewn  to  the  people  at  Paul's-cross, 
by  Dr.  Pendleton,  who  was  himself  fired  at  in  the 
pulpit  shortly  after.  Such  conduct  has  provoked 
the  wrath  of  governments  in  ages  more  tolerant 
than  that  of  the  Tudors. 

k  Gardiner  was  probably  led  to  this  unhappy 


course  Uirough  tlie  irritation  caused  by  socae  of  dbe 
English  exiles  abroad  reprinting  a  book  on  Trae 
Obedience,  written  by  him  twenty  years  behove,  io 
which  language  most  offensive  to  the  queen  was 
used  regarding  her  mother's  nuuriage  and  "the 
usurped  authority  of  the  bishop  of  Rome.* 

>  llie  bishoprics,  collei^es,  schools,  faocpitaLsftc 
"  established  sithence  this  sdiism,"  are  confirmed, 
as  are  all  marriages  liable  only  to  canonical  obiec- 
tions.  Cardinal  Pole,  as  painl  legate,  consented 
to  the  Church  property  whicK  had  been  setaed  re- 
maining in  lay  bands,  but  laid  it  as  a  solemn  dbarge 
on  men's  consciences  to  make  restitution  In  the 
extent  of  their  ability. 

"  The  arbitrary  course  of  proceeding  by  attainder, 
so  frequent  under  Henry  VIII.,  and  toed  by  In- 
ward V  I.'s  ministers,  is  forbidden  by  thm  statute ; 
all  prosecutions  under  it  are  directed  to  be  "ac- 
cording to  tlie  due  order  and  course  of  the  common 
laws  of  this  realm,  and  not  otherwise.** 

"  The  prince  of  Orange  had  visited  the  Tovcr 
a  few  dajrs  before,  and  expressed  compassion  lor 
thei^  captivity,  and  a  hope  that  the  queen  would 
relieve  Uiem. 


A.i>-  ^sss] 


MARY. 


331^ 


are  discovered  using  the  service-book 
of  King  Edward. 

Rogers,  a  prebendary  of  St  Paul's, 
is  brought  before  the  council,  and  ex- 
amined as  to  his  religious  opinions, 
Jan.  22;  he  refuses  to  acknowledge 
the  supremacy  of  the  pope,  and  is  sent 
back  to  Newgate. 

Hooper,  the  deprived  bishop  of 
Gloucester,  and  Rogers,  are  examined 
before  Gardiner  and  other  bishops  at 
St.  Mary  Overy,  Southwark,  and  con- 
demned as  ''obstinate  heretics,"  Jan. 
28. 

Rogers  is  burnt  in  Smithfield,  Feb. 
4;  and  Hooper  at  Gloucester,  Feb.  9. 

Alpbonso,  a  Spanish  friar,  and  the 
king's  confessor,  preaches  a  sermon, 
Feb.  10,  in  which  he  throws  the  odium 
of  the  burnings  on  the  bishops  ;  they, 
in  consequence,  pause  in  their  course. 

Thirlby,  bishop  of  Ely,  and  lord 
Montacute  **,  are  sent  as  ambassadors 
to  Rome,  to  formally  complete  the  re- 
conciliation, Februaiy. 

The  English  exiles  circulate  an  ad- 
dress to  the  queen  and  the  people 
against  persecution  for  conscience' 
sake^ 

The  queen  surrenders  such  of  the 
Church  lands  as  still  remain  with  the 
crown,  and  places  them  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  cardinal. 

Robert  Ferrar^  the  deprived  bishop 
of  St  David's,  burnt  at  Caermarthen, 
March  3a 

William  Flower,  formerly  a  monk, 
attempts  to  murder  the  pnest  at  St. 
Margaret's,  Westminster,  whilst  minis- 
tering the  sacrament  on  £aster-day 
(April  14).  His  hand  is  cut  off,  and 
he  is  then  bamt  as  a  heretic,  in  the 
Sanctuary,  April  24. 

The  justices  of  the  peace  are  en- 


joined diligently  to  search  out  heretics. 
Many  persons  are  in  consequence  ap- 
prehended, condemned,  and  executed. 

Thirteen  persons  burnt  at  Stratford,. 
June  27. 

John  Bradford  %  a  prebendary  of 
St  Paul's,  is  burnt  in  Smithfield,  Jidy  i. 

The  English  ambassadors  have  con- 
ferences with  the  pope,  (Paul  IV.),  who 
presses  them  for  a  restoration  of  all 
the  Church  lands,  and  the  payment  of 
Peter-pence. 

The  bishops  of  Lincoln,  Glouces- 
ter, and  Bristol,  Qohn  White,  James 
Brooks  and  John  Holyman)  and  other 
commissioners,  hold  a  court  under  the 
papal  authority  at  Oxford,  for  the  trial 
of  Cranmer,  Ridley  and  Latimer'. 
After  several  examinations  Ridley  and 
Latimer  are  condemned  as  *'  obstinate 
heretics,^  and  are  btunt  near  Balliol 
College,  Oct.  16.  Cranmer  is  remanded 
to  prison. 

The  parliament  meets,  Oct.  21. 

Commissioners  appointed  to  restore 
and  re-edify  casdes  and  towns  in  the 
northern  counties,  [2  &  3  PhiL  &  Mar. 
ci]. 

Tenths  and  first-fruits  restored  to 
theChurch%  [c.  4]. 

Former  statutes  for  the  relief  of  the 
poor  confiimed  and  amended ',  [c  5]. 

Sir  Anthony  Kington,  a  member  of 
the  Commons,  is  imprisoned  by  the 
council  for  his  conduct  in  parliament  \ 

Cardinal  Pole,  having  the  royal  li- 
cence, holds  a  synod,  at  which  canons 
are  drawn  up  for  reforming  the  state 
of  the  Church. 

Dr.  Story,  a  civilian  %  and  others 
are  commissioned  to  restore  the  rood- 
lofts,  crucifixes,  and  images  in  the 
churches. 

Gardiner,  bishop  of  Winchester  and 


*  Antlumy  Brownet  fonnerly  one  of  the  queen's 
luN&chold. 

9  This  nmnifrtto  also  entered  into  political  matters^ 
cadeavoored  to  alarm  the  holders  of  the  abbey 
lodk  and  drew  a  picture  of  Uie  Spanish  rule  in 
the  KcthcriandSf  and  of  the  dangers  which  thtcat- 
eoed  Eacland  from  the  same  cause.  It  was  an- 
swered by  the  Rmnanists  by  an  a|meal  to  the 
Mosaic  laws  against  blasphemers,  ana  such  texts 
ss  "  Gxnpel  them  to  come  in." 

1  Ahcady  mentioned  (see  a.i>.  1553)  as  having, 
With  his  fellow  martyr  Rogers,  saved  the  life  of 
Bottin,^  Bomicr*s  chaplain.  He  had  been  imprisoned 
ever  since  Aug.  x6,  1553,  and  is  remarkable  for 
having  carried  on  a  warm  theological  controveny 
with  Ridley  and  other  prisoners. 

'  The  process  commenced  eaily  in  September, 
"101^  sentence  was  not  pronounced  against  Ridley 
aad  Latimer  until  Friday,  Oct.  4,  and  then  the 
CUM,  as  &r  as  regarded  Cranmer,  was  remitted  to 


Rome,  where  a  definite  sentence  of  derivation 
was  passed  against  him  in  December.  This  was 
earned  out  by  his  fonnal  degradation,  Feb.  14, 
^556. 

•  They  had  been  given  to  the  crown  m  {536. 
They  were  reclaimed  bv  Elizabeth  in  X5^^9,  but 
were  again  given  up  by  Ame  in  X703,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  augmenting  the  provision  for  the  poorer 

*  wiiere  the  poor  were  particularly  numerous 
they  might  be  licensed  to  b^ :  and  sums  Kathered 
in  London  for  their  relief  were  to  be  paid  to  and 
disbursed  by  Christ's  HoepitaL 

«  He  was  discharged  after  a  fortnight's  confine- 
ment, but  being  afterwards  accused  of  a  design  to 
rob  the  Exchequer,  he  was  apprehended,  and  died 
on  his  way  to  London.  His  alleged  confederalesj 
John  Throckmorton  (brother  of  Sir  Nicholas)  and 
seven  others,  were  found  guilty,  and  executed. 

'  See  A.D.  Z57X. 


332 


THE  TUDORS. 


[A.D.  IS5S,  1556. 


lord   chancellor,  dies    at    Whitehall, 
Nov.  12  ^ 

A.D.  1556. 

The  archbishop  of  York  (Nicholas 
Heath)  is  appointed  lord  chancellor, 
Jan.  I. 

William  Chamberlain,  or  Constable, 
a  youth  who  had  personated  the  de- 
ceased king,  Edward  VI.,  is  executed  J", 
March  13. 

Cranmer  is  tampered  with  in  prison, 
and  recants.  He  however  is  ordered 
for  execution  by  writ  dated  Feb.  24 ; 
after  a  further  delay  he  is  burnt  at 
Oxford,  March  21. 


Trinity  College,  Oxford,  founded  by 
Sir  Thomas  Pope*,  March  18. 

Cardinal  Pole  is  consecrated  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  March  22  *.  He 
publicly  assumes  the  functions  of  papal 
legate,  March  28. 

Richard  Uvedale,  governor  of  Yar- 
mouth castle,  in  the  I  sle  of  Wight,  is 
convicted  of  treason  **,  April  21,  and 
executed  April  28. 

A  commission  granted  to  Bonner  and 
others  (Sept  23)  to  search  for  and  col- 
lect all  records  of  the  visitations  of  the 
monasteries,  and  deliver  them  to  the 
cardinal, "  that  they  might  be  disposed 
of  as  the  queen  should  order '." 


'  His  body  was  wrapped  in  lead  and  placed  in 
a  vatilt  in  the  church  of  St.  Mary  Ovcry,  South- 
wark,  where  it  remained  until  near  the  end  of 
February.  1556,  when  it  was  removed  with  much 
pomp  and  buried  at  Winchester.  Whilst  it  rested 
in  St.  Mary's,  the  rich  velvet  pall  was  stolen  from 
the  coffin. 

y  Some  persons  were  examined  by  the  council  as 
long  back  as  Nov.  1553,  for  spreading  a  report  of 


King  Edward  being  alive.  Chamberlain  was  the 
son  of  a  miller  in  the  north,  and  had  been  in  the 
service  of  Sir  Peter  Meautvs,  who  was  himself  im- 
prisoned in  Z555 ;  he  had  before  confessed  his  im- 
posture, and  been  dismissed  with  a  wluppin^,  oo 
a  promise  of  repairing  to  his  own  country,  whidi  it 
seems  he  had  not  done. 

■  This  deserves  notice,  as  the  first  college  founded 
in  either  University  by  an  individual  since  the  Re- 


Tomb  Of  Sir  Thomas  Pope,  In  Trinity  College  GhapeL 


formation.    On  its  site  were  some  ruined  buildings 
of  Durhain  college,  a  foundation  of  the  latter  part 


ims  of  Trinity  College,  Ozibid. 
of  the  Z3th  century,  which  had  been  shortly  before 
granted  to  Dr.  George  Owen  and  William  Martyn, 
and  were  purchased  from  them  by  Sir  Thomas 


Pope.  He  had  been  educated  at  Eton,  was  a 
lawyer,  and  had  held  many  important  offices.  He 
became  clerk  of  the  Star-chamber,  then  a  privy 
councillor ;  also  treasurer  of  the  Court  of  Augment- 
ations, master  of  the  jewels,  and  warden  of  the 
mint.  He  was  for  awhile  the  keeper  of  Princess 
Elizabeth,  and  dying  in  January,  1550,  soon  after 
her  accession,  he  was  buried  in  the  (Sapel  of  his 
college. 

•  Re  had  been  appointed  by  the  pope,  by  a  bill 
dated  Dec.  zx,  1555. 

*>  He  had  agreed  not  to  oppose  a  threatened 
landing  of  Henry  Dudley  and  others  who  had  fcn*- 
merly  fled  to  France,  and  to  whom  the  plunder  of 
the  Exchequer  (see  a.d.  1555)  was  intended  to  be 
sent  John  Throckmorton  was  tried  and  executed 
with  him. 

«  They  are  presumed  to  have  been  destroyed,  as 
very  few  are  now  known  to  exist. 


A.a  1556—1558] 


MARY. 


333 


The  abbey  of  Westminster  formally 
re-established,  Nov.  21 ;  John  Fecken- 
ham,  or  Howman,  late  dean  of  St. 
Paul's,  is  installed  as  abbot. 

A.D.  1557. 

Cardinal  Pole  holds  a  visitation  of 
the  Universities,  when  English  Bibles 
and  books  containing  ''heretical  opi- 
nions" are  destroyed.  The  body  of 
Peter  Martyr's  wife  is  removed  from 
its  grave  at  Oxford,  but  re-interred 
through  defect  of  legal  evidence  as  to 
her  creed  '.  At  Cambridge  the  bodies 
of  Bucer  and  Fagius  are  taken  up, 
their  teaching  testified  to,  and  their 
remains  then  Dumt  •,  Feb.  6. 

A  commission  issued,  Feb.  8,  to 
Bonner  and  others,  to  inquire  rigor- 
ously concerning  "devilish  and  cla- 
morous persons,"  who  spread  seditious 
reports  or  brought  in  "heretical  and 
seditious  books."  They  had  also  full 
power  over  those  who  neglected  or 
contemned  the  Church  ceremonies,  and 
'^vagabonds  and  masterless  men '." 

Osep  Napea,  the  first  ambassador 


from  Russia,  arrives  in  London,  Feb. 
28  ',  and  makes  a  commercial  treaty. 

St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  founded 
by  Sir  Thomas  White  •»,  March  5. 

The  qyteen  declares  war  against 
France,  m  support  of  her  husband 
Philip  S  June  7. 

The  Spaniajxis  defeat  the  French  at 
St.  Quentin,  Aug.  10,  being  assisted  by 
some  English  troops. 

The  French  incite  the  Scots  to  in- 
vade England. 

The  English  fleet  defeated,  and  Sir 
John  Qere,  the  admiral,  killed,  in  an 
attack  on  die  Orkneys,  Aug.  13. 

The  order  of  Knights  of  St.  John  of 
Jerusalem  re-established  ^  ;  Sir  Tho- 
mas Tresham  made  lord  prior  of  Eng- 
land', Nov.  30. 

A.D.  1558. 
The  French,  under  the  duke  of 
Guise,  invest  Calais.  The  castles  of 
Newenham  bridge  and  Ruysbank  are 
abandoned,  Jan.  3 ;  the  duke  then  be- 
sieges the  castle  of  Calais,  which  sur- 
renders, Jan.  6"  ;  the  town  capitulates 
the  next  day".    The  French  then  ad- 


'  She  could  not  speak  English,  and  therefore 
testimoiiy  as  to  her  religious  opinions  was  not 
piocunhle. 

*  This  revolting  act  seems  to  have  been  forced 
on  Pbte'soMnmissioners  by  the  bigotry  of  the  bishop 
of  Chester  (Cathbert  Scott)  and  some  members  of 
the  University. 

They  were  empowered  to  fine,  imprison,  or 

otherwise  nunish,  at  their  pleasure ;  but  charges 
of  "heredcal  acts  or  opinions"  they  were  to  remit 
to  the  qmitual  courts.  These  commissioners  be- 
came aceedingly  odious,  as  thev  were  looked  on 
>>  the  precursors  of  the  establishment  of  the  In- 
qotntioo. 

t  He  had  left  Archangel,  July  98, 1556,  in  a  shro 
bdoDgiagtothe  English  merchants  (see  a.d.  1553), 
hot  suffered  shipwreck  on  the  coast  of  Scotland, 
vben  Richard  Chancellor,  his  conductor,  was 
arowned. 

\  He  was  a  Muscovy  merchant,  who  had  been 
twice  lord  mayor  of  London,  and  was  knighted  for 


Abbb  Of  8t  Jolm's  OoUecB,  Oxford. 


His 


^  lemces  in  suppressing  Wyatt's  rebellion.    

{™«ion  occupies  the  site  of  St.  Bernard's  Col- 
Kge.  an  educational  esublishment  of  the  Cister- 
cans,  founded  by  Archbishop  Chicheley.  Sir 
ihooMMniitc  died  in  1567,  and  was  buried  in  the 


chapel  of  hit  college  ;  his  funeral  oration  was  de- 
livered by  Edmund  Campion,  afterwards  the  cele- 
brated Jesuit. 

i  Phiup  had  long  before  endeavoured  to  induce 
the  oueen  to  take  this  step,  but  she  declined  it 
until  ner  states  were  attacked  by  a  force  fitted  out 
b)r  the  refugees  in  France.  Thomas  Stafford  landed 
with  a  partT  in  Yorkshire^  and  seised  Scarborough 
castle,  April  95 ;  he  also  issued  a  proclamation  re- 
viling the  queen,  and  styling  himself  protector  of 
the  kinedom.  He  was  soon  captured  and  brought 
to  London,  where,  with  five  of  his  associates,  ne 
was  tried.  May  99  and  95  ;  they  all  pleaded  guilty 
(one,  John  Sheriles,  a  Frenchinan,  at  first  pleaded 
not  guilty,  but  retracted  his  plea).  Stafford  was 
behotded  on  Tower-hill,  and  three  others  (Stowell, 
Proctor,  and  Bradford)  executed  at  Tyburn,  May 
98 :  Sheriles  and  Saunders  were  pardoned. 

k  See  A.D.  Z540. 

t  As  he  was  a  skilfiil  soldier,  the  defence  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight  was  committed  to  him. 

"  Troops  were  hastily  assembled  at  Dover  for 
the  relief  of  (Calais,  but,  owing  to  tempestuous 
weather,  they  were  unaUe  to  cross  over  in  time  to 
save  it. 

■  Lord  Wentworth  and  fifty  others  were  to  re- 
main as  prisoners ;  the  rest  of  the  English,  about 
4jOoo  in  ntnnber,  were  to  go  where  they  would. 
The  French  at  once  entered  the  town,  "and  forth* 
with,**  says  Grafton,  "all  the  men,  women,  and 
chiUben  were  commanded  to  leave  their  houses, 
and  to  go  unto  certain  places  appointed  for  them^ 
there  to  remain  till  order  were  further  taken  for 
their  sending  away.  The  places  appointed  for  them 
to  remain  in  were  chiefly  tour,  the  two  churches  of 
Our  Lady  and  St.  Nicholas,  the  deputy's  house, 
and  the  Staple,  where  they  rested  part  of  that  day, 
the  night  folk>wing,  and  the  next  day  till  the  after- 
noon.  And  while  they  were  thus  in^  these  four 
places,  proclamation  was  made  in  their  hearings, 
stxaitly  charging  them  that  were  inhabitants  of  the 
town  of  CabJs,  having  about  them  any  money, 
phte,  or  jewels,  to  the  value  of  fourpence,  to  bring 


.334 


THE  TUDORS. 


[A.D.  1558 


vance  to  Guines,  which,  after  a  stout 
defence  by  Lord  Grey  of  Wilton,  is 
taken,  Jan.  21,  and  the  only  remaining 
fort  in  Hammes  being  abandoned  the 
same  night,  the  English  are  entirely 
expelled  from  France. 

The  loss  of  Calais  occasions  great 
discontent.  Philip  offers  to  assist  in 
recovering  it,  but  the  queen's  council, 
though  greatly  urged  by  herself",  plead 
inability  to  bear  the  expense  of  the 
attempt. 

The  parliament  meets,  Jan.  20,  and 
sits  till  March  7. 

The  French  defeated  at  Gravelines, 


July  13,  by  the  Spaniards,  assisted  by 
an  English  fleet 

A  fleet  sent  against  France,  under 
Lord  Clinton,  bums  Conquet,  in  Brit- 
tany, (July  29,)  but  though  joined  by 
some  Spanish  ships,  does  not  venture, 
as  was  intended,  to  attack  Brest'. 

Conferences  for  peace  between  Eng- 
land, .  France,  and  Spain  opened  at 
Cambray,  in  October. 

The  Queen,  who  had  been  long  in 
bad  heaJth,  (£es  at  St.  James's,  Nov. 
I7*».  She  is  buried  in  Henry  Vll.'s 
chapel,  Westminster  abbey,  Dec 
13'. 


Events  in  General  History. 


The  Emperor,  Charles  V.,  abdicates 
The  pope,  Paul  IV.,  claims  the  dis- 
posal of  the  empire  . 


A.D. 

1556 
1556 


Commerce  established  between  Eng- 
land and  Russia 


1557 


the  same  forthwith^  and  lay  it  on  die  high  altars 
of  the  said  churches  upon  pain  of  death,  beaiix^ 
them  in  hand  they  shonld  he  seardied.  By  reason 
of  which  proclaaiation  there  was  ntade  a  sonrowiul 
offering ;  and  while  they  were  at  thb  offering  in 
the  churches,  the  Frenchmen  rifled  their  houses, 
where  they  found  inestiniable  riches  and  treasare.** 
Alter  this  the  English  were  expelled  firom  the  town, 
in  several  parties,  but  they  were  kindly  treated  by 
the  Scottish  horsemen  in  the  duke's  amy,  who 
guarded  them  throus;h  the  French  camp,  and  pro- 
tected them  from  the  insolence  of  the  victors.  This 
event  was  the  cause  of  sreat  rejoicings  in  France, 
and  the  district  is  to  &e  present  time  popularly 
'Icnown  as  the  Reconquered  Country. 


<*  She  pleaded  peraonafly  -vrith  them,  stjitDg 
Calais  "ttie  chief  jevd  of  our  reahn,"  but  to  no 
purpose. 

p  It  was  hoped  to  capture  it,  and  eichain^c  it 
for  Calais  when  peace  should  be  made. 

1  Cardinal  Pole  lay  ill  at  the  same  time,  aod 
died  the  day  after  her. 

'  The  bishop  ofWinchester(Jdhn'White)pieached 
her  fiineral  aemon ;  hb  text  was,  "  I  pnised  the 
dead  which  are  already  dead  more  diaa  the  Ihrinf 
which  are  yet  alive  r  and  giving  offence  by  speak- 
ing warmly  in  her  ptaise|  amd  condeamiBg  the  vn- 
iected  alteradoos  m  religion,  he  was  oanfined  «> 
nis  house  until  the  meeting  of  parliament.  He  was 
deprived  in  1559,  and  died  Jan.  la,  1560. 


»■•««.  r  J.  JLDfl.^O^ 

Great  Seil  of  SlintetlL 


ELIZABETH. 


Elizabeth,  the  only  surviving  child 
of  Henry  VI I L  by  Anne  Boleyn,  was 
boTTi  at  the  palace  of  Placentia  (Green- 
^ch),  September  7, 1533.  In  her  third 
year  she  was  deprived  of  her  mother, 
and  was  also  declared  illegitimate ;  but 
in  1544  she  was  conditionally  restored ; 
and  firom  that  time  until  the  death  of 
Ednrard  VI.  she  was  apparently  well 
treated.  She  joined  her  sister  Mary  in 
opposing  the  usurpation  of  Lady  J; 
Crey,  and  accompanied  the  c^ueen 
her  entry  into  London.  Little  < 
diality,  however,  could  be  expected  to 
subsist  between  them ;  Elizabeth  was 
looked  upon  as  the  hope  of  the  Protest- 
ant party,  and,  being  suspected  of  fa- 


ane 
(^ueen  on 
Little  cor- 


vouring  the  rebellion  of  Wjratt,  she  was 
sent  to  the  Tower,  but  after  a  short 
time  was  released,  probably  by  the  de- 
sire of  Philip  of  Spain.  She  was,  how- 
ever, soon  placed  under  restraint  again, 
and  dwelt  in  a  confinement  more  or 
less  rigorous,  according  to  the  various 
tempers  of  her  different  keepers  %  until 
called  to  the  throne  by  the  death  of 
Mary,  Nov.  17,  1558. 

It  was  the  general  expectation  of 
both  friends  and  foes  that  Elizabeth 
would  reverse  the  religious  policy  of 
her  sister ;  and  she  very  soon  pro- 
ceeded to  do  so.  Her  principal  ad- 
viser was  Sir  William  Cecil  (after- 
wards Lord  Burghley*),  who  took  his 


*  Of  these.  Sir  Thomas  Pope  is  said  to  have  been 
(he  most  iadulsent,  and  Sir  Henry  Bedingiield  the 


*•  He  reauuned  her  prime  ndnister  until  his  death, 
sad  to  him  is  due  more  properiy  than  to  the  qneen, 
the  pndse  or  Uame  of  the  most  important  transac- 
^)ou  of  her  reign.  He  was  bom  Sept.  13,  xsao^ 
^  Bourn,  Lincolashire,  his  father  being  then  a  yeo- 
•aan  of  the  robes  to  Henry  VIII.  He  was  educated 
^  St  John's  College,  Cunbridge,  and  was  a  dili- 
Scnt  student ;  be  was  intended  for  the  law,  but 


attracted  the  attention  of  the  king,  and  became 
a  courtier.  Cecil  senred  in  the  Scomsh  war  under 
the  Protector  Somerset :  became  secretary  of  state 
to  Edward  VI.  ;  so  temporised  in  the  matter  of 
Lady  Jane  Grey,  as  not  to  be  committed  with 
either  party;  and  complied  with  the  diange  of 
religion  under  Mary,  though  he  still  kept  op  a  good 
understanding  with  the  Princess  Elisab^  On 
her  accession  he  again  changed  his  rdigious  pro- 
fession. He  was  named  her  secretary  of  state  even 
before  she  set  out  for  London,  and  he  at  once  sub 


33^ 


THE  TUDORS. 


measures  with  so  much  address  that 
all  opposition  was  borne  down,  and  an 
apparent  conformity  brought  about 
wiSi  very  little  trouble  ;  but  it  needed 
all  the  firmness  of  three  successive 
primates  (Parker,  Grindal,  and  Whit- 
gift),  to  prevent  the  Church  being  re- 
duced to  a  mere  creature  of  the  State, 
— a  scheme  most  agreeable  to  the  arbi- 
trary temper  of  the  queen,  who  enter- 
tained as  high  ideas  of  her  ecclesias- 
tical supremacy  as  Henry  VIII.  had 
ever  done. 

Elizabeth's  relations  with  foreign 
powers  were,  during  the  whole  course 
of  her  reign,  surrounded  with  difficul- 
ties connected  with  the  subject  of  reli- 
gion. At  her  accession  the  reigning 
pope  (Paul  IV.)  refused  to  acknowledge 
her  tide ;  Philip  of  Spain  professed 
personal  regard,  but  gave  it  to  be  un- 
derstood that  he  could  only  continue 
in  friendship  with  her  if  she  continued 
a  Catholic  ;  and  the  king  of  France 
(Henry  II.)  induced  his  daughter-in- 
law,  Mary  of  Scotland,  to  assume  the 
style  and  arms  of  queen  of  England  ; 
on  the  other  hand,  the  Protestants  of 
France,  Scotland,  and  the  Netherlands 
looked  to  her  for  support  against  the 
tyranny  of  their  sovereigns,  as  well  in 
civil  as  religious  matters.  Whatever 
her  own  intentions  may  have  been,  the 
"  Machiavel-govemance*"  of  her  mi- 
nisters, not  confined  to  secret  dealings 
with  Romanists  and  Puritans  at  home, 
aggravated  the  troubles  of  other  coun- 


tries ;  their  arts  were  retorted  by  men 
as  imscrupulous  as  themselves,  and 
many  determined  attempts  were  made 
both  against  her  government  and  her 
life,  but  all  these  efforts  were  signally 
unsuccessful  ^ 

Elizabeth  sent  aid  to  the  French  Pro- 
testants on  several  occasions,  but  with- 
out any  verj'  important  results.  Her 
interference  in  Scotland  was  of  a  more 
decided  character,  the  affairs  of  that 
country  being  in  r«dity  directed  by  her 
ministers.  Mainly  by  their  intrigues 
the  ill-advised,  unhappy,  but  probably 
not  guilty  Mary*,  was  driven  from  her 
throne.  She  sought  shelter  in  Eng- 
land ;  and  though  she  found  instead 
a  prison,  and  eventually  a  violent 
death,  her  coming  had  most  im- 
portant consequences,  for  the  Ro- 
manists, who  had  hitherto  accepted 
Elizabeth  as  queen,  now  began  to 
look  to  foreign  powers  for  support, 
which  they  hoped  to  obtain  by  her 
means,  and  in  return  many  shewed 
themselves  ready  to  accept  her  as 
their  sovereign. 

The  Romanists  had,  indeed,  some 
time  before  begun  to  decline  attend- 
ance at  church,  moved  by  the  exhort- 
ations of  William  Allen',  and  of  priests 
who  had  gone  abroad  on  the  re-esta- 
blishment of  the  English  Liturgy,  but 
about  1563  had  ventured  to  return,  and 
who  then  spread  among  them  a  cen- 
sure of  the  Council  of  Trent  on  such 
conformity.    Allen,  too,  founded  a  sc- 


mitted  to  her  "  a  device  for  alteration  of  religion,"  in 
which  he  recommended  a  systematic  discouragement 
of  all  who  had  been  in  authority  under  Queen  Mary, 
and  supplying  their  place  with  "men  meaner  m 
substance  and  younger  in  years,"  the  involving  the 
dergy  in  a  praemunuejand  "  a  sharp  biw  **  against 
popular  assemblies.  The  plan  was  adopted,  and 
at  first  seemed  successful ;  but  many  men  were 
found,  both  Romanists  and  Puritans^  who  refused 
to  follow  his  example  of  adapting  their  consciences 
to  eve^  change  of  government;  nor  could  the 
many  "sharp  laws"  that  were  devised  by  him 
bring  them  to  conformity.  In  the  midst  of  the 
cares  of  state,  Cecil  was  br  from  neglectful  of  his 
own  interest.  He  was  ennobled,  as  Lord  Burghley, 

,  and  afterwards  made  lord  hij^  treasurer ; 

;  succeeded  in  raising  a  vast  estate,  great 


in  X57Z,  and  afterwards  made  lord  hij^  treasurer 
and  ne  succeeded  in  raising  a  vast  estate,  grea 
part  of  it,  as  was  too  usuaTwith  the  courtiers  of 


the  later  Tudors,  wrung  by  wav  of  inequitable  ex- 
chai^  from  the  Church.    He  died  Aug.  4, 1598. 

c  Such  is  the  term  used  by  Archbishop  Parker, 
in  letters  to  Cedl,  as  fittest  to  describe  Uie  secret 
favour  given  by  members  of  the  government  to 
both  RomanisU  and  Puritans,  whikt  the  bishops 
were  compelled  to  coerce  them,  making  both  them- 
selves and  their  order  odious. 

*  Most  of  these  plots  were  foiled  by  the  sagacity 
of  Sir  Francis  Walsingham,  who  was  for  many 
yean  secretary  of  stale,  and  who,  by  foidgn  travel. 


had  imbibed  much  of  the  dark  and  dangerous  policy 
of  hb  opponents.  He  was  bora  at  ChiseDmrst.  ia 
Kent,  in  2536 ;  was  educated  at  Kin^s  CoUet^e, 
Cambridge  ;  went  abroad  on  the  accession  of  Blary, 
thus  betame  an  accomplished  linguist,  and  was 
employed  on  the  most  important  embassies  to 
France  and  Scotland.  He  was  rewarded  with  the 
chancellorship  of  the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  but  he 
was  not  a  fiivourite  with  Elixabeth,  for  he  belonged 
to  the  Puritan  party,  and,  unlike  his  patron  Burgh- 
ley,  he  remained  a  poor  man.  He  died  April  6, 
XS90. 

•  The  guilt  or  innocence  of  the  Scottish  queen 
has  frequently  been  made  almost  a  natiooal  que^ 
tion,  and  bnumerable  writers  have  employed  theii 
powers  upon  it ;  all  their  researches,  however,  only 
confirm  the  proprietv  of  thi  remark  of  a  contem- 
porary (CaadeiO^  wno  says,  "  There  are  many  sus- 
picions, but  no  proofs." 

'  He  was  bora  in  Lancashire  in  1533.  He  studied 
at  Oxford,  was  principal  at  St.  Mary's  Hall  there 
in  the  time  of  Mary,  and  withdrew  to  die  cootinent 
on  her  death.  He  resided  principally  in  FlandcR, 
and  is  accused  of  beins  deeply  engaged  in  the  vari- 
ous plots  against  Eliaibeth.  He  was  made  a  cardi- 
nal m  X587,  wrote  an  Admcmition  in  fitvour  of  the 
proiected  Spanish  invasion,  and  was  rewarded  by 
Philip  with  the  archbiihoptic  of  MecUiii.  He  died 
inx59f 


ELIZABETH. 


337 


minary  at  Douay»,  to  which  the  young 
men  of  their  best  ^Eunilies  were  sent, 
where  many  became  priests,  and  where 
all  appear  to  have  imbibed  opinions  cer- 
tainly hostile  to  the  queen's  ecclesias- 
tical supremacy,  and  little  favourable 
to  her  civil  government.  Severe  laws 
were  in  consequence  enacted,  but  they 
rather  irritated  than  subdued  the  bodv 
against  which  they  were  directed ;  and, 
though  near  200  Jesuits  and  other 
priests  and  their  adherents  suffered  as 
traitors,  the  enterprise  they  had  set 
before  themselves,  of  endeavouring  to 
restore  Romanism,  was  never  aban- 
doned ^ 

Troubles  had  before  arisen  in  an- 
other direction,  and,  being  unwisely 
met,  grew  every  day  more  serious. 
Many  learned  and  pious  men  (espe- 
cially some  who  had  been  exiles  in 
Germany  or  at  Geneva)  expressed 
themselves  dissatisfied  with  certain 
points  in  the  discipline  of  the  Church, 
which  to  them  savoured  too  much  of 
Romanism,  though  fairly  defensible 
on  the  grounds  of  decency  and  order  K 
It  was  attempted  to  overcome  such 
scruples   by  depriving  some   of  the 


more  eminent  of  them  of  their  prefer- 
ments ;  but  this  only  induced  them 
to  form  separate  congregations,  which 
at  length  oecame  the  objects  of  the 
rigour  of  the  laws  equally  with  the 
Romanists.  Many  of  the  Puritans, 
as  thev  came  to  be  contemptuously 
termed,  who  had  been  exiles  in  the 
time  of  Mary,  had  imbibed  abroad 
a  democratic  spirit,  which  soon  ex- 
tended itself  among  their  paAy,  and. 
rendered  them  willing  to  proceed  to 
any  lengths  against  the  Church.  They 
were  favoured,  from  interested  motives,, 
by  the  unprincipled  Leicester^  and 
others,  but  repressed  by  the  queen,, 
who  perceived  that,  humanly  speak- 
ing, the  Church  and  the  State  must 
stand  or  fall  together. 

The  Puritans  had  no  support  from 
abroad,  and,  though  violent  in  lan- 
guage, were  then  too  weak  to  do  more 
9ian  inspire  uneasiness,  though  Arch- 
bishop Parker  clearly  pointed  out  the 
dangerous  political  consequences  that 
naturally  flowed  from  their  opinions. 
The  Romanists,  on  the  other  hand, 
had  the  active  help  of  successive  popes 
(particularly  Suctus  V.  *),  and  of  Philip 


c  Tlie  college  was  dedicated  to  St  Thomas 
Bccket.  It  subsisted  till  the  first  French  revolu- 
.  when  the  members  removed  to  England,  and 
blished  a  house  which  still  subsists  at  Old  Hall 
Green,  near  Standon,  in  Hertfordshire  ;  the  patron 
saint,  however,  was  changed  to  Edmund,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.  Other  seminaries  for  the 
Ejighsh  were  in  the  courK  of  a  few  years  established 
at  Reims,  St  Omer,  Rome,  Fans,  Madrid,  and 
ekewfaere,  the  members  of  which  took  an  oouth  to 
•  return  to  England,  when  ordered  by  their  supe- 
riors, "  to  convert  the  souls  of  their  countrymen 
and  kindred." 

^  Campion,  the  Jesuit,  one  of  the  earliest  pa]^ 
missioinaries,  wrote  thus  to  the  queen's  council : 
*'  Be  it  known  unto  ^ou,  that  we  have  made  a 
league,  all  the  Jesuits  in  the  world,  whose  succes- 
sion and  multitude  must  overreach  all  the  practices 
of  £ng;land,  cheerfully  to  carry  the  cross  that  you 
shall  lay  upon  us,  and  never  to  despair  your  reco- 
'vcry.  while  we  have  a  man  left  to  enjoy  your  Ty- 
burn, or  to  be  racked  by  your  torments,  or  to  be 
consumed  by  your  prisons.  Expenses  are  reckoned, 
the  enterprise  is  b<»pin ;  it  is  of  God,  it  cannot  be 
withstood.  So  the  uuth  was  planted,  so  must  it  be 
Tcstored. 

»  The  principal  matters  objected  to  at  first  were 
the  ▼estments,  the  use  of  music,  and  bowing  and 
kneeling  ;  but  afterwards  episcopacy  was  attacked, 
and  autempts  were  persevenngly  made  to  substitute 
the  mesbyterian  form  of  Church  government 

J  t(obert  Dudley,  bom  in  1533,  was  a  youni 
son  of  the  duke  of^  Northumberland.  He  joined 
the  attempt  to  set  Lady  Tane  Grey  on  the  throne. 
aeixed  the  town  of  King  s  Lynn,  and  proclaimed 
her  there,  for  which  he  was  tried,  Jan.  aa,  1554. 
He  pleuled  guilty,  but  his  life  was  spared,  and  he 
vecerved  a  pardon  the  following  year,  (Easter  term, 
2555).  He  then  went  abroacl,  and  served  at  the 
l^ttke  of  St  Ouentin.  By  Elizabeth  he  was  created 
Jjord  Denbigh,  Sept  a8,  X563,  and  earl  of  Leicester 


the  next  day.  He  received  many  important  posts, 
and  was  treated  with  such  peculiar  favour  by  the 
queen  that  she  was  generally  supposed  to  enter- 
tain a  design  of  marrying  him.    In  1585  he  was 


Anns  Of  DadleXt  earl  of  LeloeBter. 

sent,  with  almost  reg^  powers,  into  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, but  greatly  injured  their  cause  by  his  inso- 
lence and  incapacity;  yet  in  1588  he  was  made 
generalissimo  of  the  army  raused  to  oppose  the 
Spaniards.  He  died  in  the  same  year  (Sept  A 
not  without  suspicion  of  poison.  He  professed  ad- 
herence to  the  rigid  doctrines  of  the  Puritans,  but 
was  an  execrable  character,  who  removed  his  opro- 
nents  by  poison.  He  was  three  times  married.  He 
was  suspected  of  murdering  his  first  wife  (Amy 
Robsartl  whom  he  wedded  June  4,  x<50  :  and^<^ 
disowned  the  second  (Lady  Douglas  Howard),  but 
left  by  her  a  son,  Sir  Robert  Dudley,  who  lived 
abroad,  and,  being  a  favourite  of  the  emperor, 
Ferdinand  II.,  styled  himself  duke  of  Northumber- 
land :  he  died  at  Florence  in  1650.  His  third  wife, 
who  survived  him,  was  Lettice,  widow  of  the  earl 
of  Essex,  and  mother  of  another  royal  favourite. 

«  Pius  V.  issued  a  bull  (April  25,  iS7°}>  pronounc- 
ing the  queen  excommunicated  and  deposed,  the 


333 


THE  TUDORS. 


of  Spain,  the  most  potent  prince  of 
his  time.  They  made  one  feeble  at- 
tempt at  rebellion  in  England,  but  Ire- 
land was  for  years  the  scene  of  a  deso- 
lating war,  the  funds  for  which  were 
supplied  by  Philip  ;  and  he  engaged  in 
^futile  attempt  at  the  conquest  of  Eng- 
land. Its  result  was  the  destruction 
of  his  fleet,  and  the  exposure  of  his 
own  shores  to  every  injury  that  a  ruth- 
less na^l  war  could  inflict  K 

Elizabeth  took  a  lively  interest  in 
the  affairs  of  France,  as  well  as  in 
those  of  the  Netherlands ;  and  her 
help,  though  often  grudgingly  be- 
stowed ",  had  a  most  important  effect 
in  establishing  Henry  IV.  on  the 
throne,  and  in  raising  up  the  United 
Provinces.  Scotland  was  so  much 
under  her  influence,  that  it  rather  re- 
sembled a  turbulent  province  of  her 
realm  than  an  independent  kingdom  ; 
and  her  ministers,  though  they  had 
fomented  the  troubles  that  rendered 
the  rule  of  its  king  (James  VI.)  almost 
nominal,  yet  paid  such  obvious  court 
to  him  when  they  saw  that  he  was 
destined  for  Elizabeth's  successor,  as 
embittered  her  declining  years  \  Ire- 
land was  in  reality  a  foreign  country, 
where  her  treasures  were  exhausted 
in  contending,  with  but  very  moderate 
success,  against  the  arts  and  arms  of 
the  popes  and  the  king  of  Spain.  Its 
disturbed  state  rendered  it  impossible 
to  follow  up  with  the  necessary  vigour 
the  measures  proper  to  recommend 
the  reformed  doctrines  to  the  people, 
iind  from  this  fact  the  most  serious 
consequences  have  ensued. 

At  home,  for  many  years,  Elizabeth 


was  harassed  by  plots  against  her  life, 
some  real,  some  imaginary  *,  and  iht 
unjustifiable  execution  of  Mary  did  not 
lessen  her  anxieties.  The  Puritans 
gave  her  deep  uneasiness  by  the  free- 
dom of  their  attacks  on  the  Churdi; 
her  chief  favourite,  Leicester,  was  un- 
deserving her  esteem ;  his  successor, 
Essex,  provoked  an  untimely  fate,  and 
the  queen  at  length  died,  worn  out  as 
much  with  grief  and  anxiety  as  by  age, 
March  24,  1603.  She  was  buried  in 
the  chapel  of  Henry  VII.,  in  West- 
minster Abbey. 

Though  Elizabeth  was  never  mar- 
ried, the  numerous  negotiations  into 
which  she  entered  on  that  subject  forai 
an  important  feature  of  her  reign.  It 
is  probable  that  her  affections  were 
really  given  to  Robert  Dudley,  eaii  of 
Leicester,  although  state  reasons  pre- 
vented her  accepting  him  for  a  hus- 
band. She  fed  with  delusive  hopes 
others  of  her  subjects,  as  Sir  WiUiam 
Pickering  and  Henry  Fitzalan,  earl  of 
Arundel ;  she  listened  with  apparent 
complacency  to  Eric,  king  of  Sweden ; 
to  the  Archduke  Charles  of  Austria; 
and  to  two  French  princes  who  bore  in 
succession  the  title  of  Duke  of  Anjou '. 
Perhaps  she  never  intended  to  give 
her  hand  to  any  of  then^  but  the 
apprehensions  of  her  subjects  were 
raised  as  to  the  French  match,  and 
one  Puritan  (John  Stubbe,  a  lawyer, 
and  brother-in-law  of  Cartwright,)  pub- 
lished a  pamphlet,  entitled,  **  The  Dis- 
covery of  a  Gaping  Gulf,"  in  which  he 
gave  vent  to  remonstrances  with  a 
u-eedom  that  was  highly  resented  and 
severely  punished. 


only  effect  of  which  was  to  bring  down  ruin  on  the 
few  who  attempted  to  execute  it,  and  to  cause  the 
enactment  of  ngorous  laws  against  the  whole  bodv 
4>f  Romanists.  Sixtus  V.  fulminated  a  similar  bull, 
but  he  supported  it  by  an  invasion  of  Ireland  at 
his  own  cost,  and  hy  inducing  Philip  to  send  his 
..Armada  against  England. 

*  Sixain  iLself  was  thus  harassed  after  the  de- 
i^ructtoa  of  the  Armada,  the  Groyne  bein^  taken 
in  1:589,  and  Cadiz  in  1596 ;  but  the  English  sea- 
men, kmg  before  as  well  as  after  these  events,  car. 
Tied  on  a  destructive  warfare  against  the  Spanish 
settlements  in  the  West  Indies.  It  is  impossible  to 
'4]efead  their  proceedings  by  any  laws  now  recog- 
nised among  nations,  and  Philip  always  stigma- 
tized them  as  piracy. 

*  She  was  long  before  she  could  consent  to  help 
subjects  against  thdr  sovereigns ;  and  she  had,  in 
the  eariy  part  of  her  reign,  good  reason  to  complain 
of  the  ingratitude  of  the  French  Protestants.  They 
urgently  solicited  her  aid.  but  soon  after  came  to 
an  agreement  with  their  opponents,  and  shame- 
lessly joined  them  in  ezpemng  her  troops,  their 
iSreat  leader,  the  prince  of  Gondii,  even  taJcing  the 


command  at  the  siege  of  Havre.  The  Scots  and  the 
Netherlanders  adhered  with  honourable  firmness 
to  their  en^pigcments,  and  thus  succeeded  in  main- 
taining theu-  religious  freedom ;  while  the  Fread^, 
who  deserted  their  allies,  were  in  their  turn  de- 
serted by  their  own  leaders,  and  utterly  rained. 

■  The  younger  Cecil  and  Ralegh  especially 
courted  his  &vour ;  both  were  unprincipled  men. 
but  Cecil  was  probably  the  worst.  He  is  suspected 
not  only  of  having  contrived  the  strange  plot  ia 
which  Ral^h  was  involved,  but  of  bewg  privy 

to  the  proceedings  of  Catesby  and  his  i ' — 

though  he  suffered  them  to  remain  onm 
order  to  secure  the  forfeiture  of  their  estates. 

»  Of  the  various  plotters,  Pbirry,  it  would  seat, 
never  intended  more  than  to  obtain  num^ ;  pro- 
bably the  same  may  be  said  of  Squire :  Babtngtoo's 
conspiracy  was  known  from  the  very  outset  to  her 
ministers,  and  giiarded  against ;  but  the  attempt  of 
Lopez,  the  physician,  to  poison  her  at  the  lustra- 
tion of  Spain,  has  the  appearance  of  tntth,  and  was 
very  probably  real. 

*  Henry,  afterwards  Henry  III.,  and  his  Inoliher 
Francis,  duke  of  Alen^on. 


ELIZABETH. 


33^ 


Elizabeth  bore  the  same  arms  as 
lier  father  and  brother,  but  occasionally 
she  employed  a  white  greyhound  for 
the  sinister  supporter.  Her  motto 
Mas  "DiEU  ET  MON  Droit/'  and  some- 


times "Semper  Eadem."  Her  badge 
is  a  Tudor  rose,  with  the  motto, 
*.*  Rosa  sine  Spina  ;"  she  likewise 
used  the  badge  of  her  mother,  Anne 
Bolcyn. 


"^^^A^y^ 


Arms  and  Badges  of  Elisabeth. 


The  reign  of  Elizabeth  is  a  very 
memorable  era  under  every  aspect  in 
which  the  state  of  a  nation  can  be  con- 
sidered. In  religion,  the  reform  that 
had  been  begun  was  accomplished,  not 
so  completely  as  could  be  wished,  for 
the  governors  of  the  Church  met  with 
opposition  at  every  step  from  the  Puri- 
tans, but  still  in  a  degree  that  should 
be  ever  thankfully  remembered.     Lite- 


rature flourished  as  it  had  never  done 
before,  and  works  were  produced,  both 
in  theology  and  on  secular  subjects, 
which  it  may  be  reasonably  concluded 
will  endure  as  long  as  the  English  lan- 
guage itself.  Archbishop  Parker  •>  was 
a  munificent  patron  of  learning,  and 
preserved  many  valuable  records  that 
might  otherwise  have  perished  ;  Jewel ' 
and  Hooker*  defended  the  religious 


^  Matthew  Parker  was  bom  at  Norwich  in  Z504» 
^  was  educated  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
tridge,  where  he  studied  in  company  with  Ridley, 
Cecu,  Nicholas  Bacon,  and  others,  and,  like  them, 
imbibed  the  opinions  of  the  reformers.  He  became 
chaplain  to  Anne  Bolevn,  but  on  her  death  returned 
to  Cambridge,  where  he  was  chosen  master  of  his 
college,  and  twice  served  the  oflfice  of  vice-chancel- 
lor. He  was  expelled  on  the  accession  of  Mary, 
and  lived  in  retirement  durine  her  rei^ ;  bnt  when 
bis  friend  Cecil  became  Eliiabeth's  mmister,  Parker 
^*^  by  him  brought  forward,  and  induced,  though 
reluctantly^  to  accept  the  archbishopric  of  Can'er- 
t^ury.  This  high  station  he  filled  with  dignity, 
providing  such  men  as  Grindal,  Sandys,  and  Jewel 
to  occupy  the  vacant  sees ;  opposing  so  far  as  he 
roight  tne  designs  of  the  courtiers  on  the  property 
of  the  Church ;  extending  a  liberal  patronage  to 
learning,  and  cultivating  it  himself;  settling  the 
^rvice  and  vestments  of  the  ministers  on  a  soile  of 
(JMxnt  splendour ;  and,  though  presenting  a  firm 
front  to  the  intem|>erate  seal  of  some  among  the  re- 
turned Marian  exiles,  ever  desirous  of  conciliating 
ihcm  by  Christian  charity.  He  died  May  17,  15^5, 
and  was  buried  at  Lambeth  :  his  remains  were  ms- 
turbed  during  the  Civil  War,  but  they  were  col- 
lected and  again  interred  by  Archbishop  Sheldon. 

'  John  Jewel  was  a  native  of  Devonshire,  and 
vas  bom  In  1533.  He  was  educated  at  Merton 
College,  Oxford,  was  a  most  laborious  student,  and 
embraced  with  eagerness  the  doctrines  of  the  re- 
lormers,  attaching  himself  particularly  to  Peter 


Martyr,  whose  lectures  he  took  down  in  short-hand. 
On  the  accession  of  Mary  the  fellows  of  his  college 
expelled  him  on  their  own  authority ;  but  he  con- 
tinued in  the  university,  and  was  weak  enough  to 
recant  his  opinions.  Soon  repenting  of  this  un- 
happy step,  ne  resigned  his  archdeaconry  of  Chi- 
chester, and  fled  to  Germany,  where  he  made  a 
public  confession  of  his  fault.  He  lived  chiefly 
with  his  friend  Peter  Martyr,  laboured  to  compose 
the  differences  on  points  ot  discipline  which  broke 
out  among  the  English  exiles,  visited  Italy,  and, 
retumin|(  to  his  native  country,  took  an  active  part 
in  the  disputation  at  Westminster  in  the  year  1559. 
The  next  year  he  was  raised  to  the  sec  of  Salisbury. 
He  died  ^ptemberas,  1571,  worn  out  by  his  earnest 
endeavours  to  discharge  every  duty  of  his  office ; 
though  an  invalid,  he  travelled  unceasingly  through 
his  diocese,  and  he  preached  within  a  few  days  of  . 
his  death.  Bishop  Jewel  had  a  principal  paut  in 
the  revision  of  the  Articles  of  Religion,  and  his  fii- 
mous  Apology  has  ever  been  esteemed  a  master- 
piece both  in  matter  and  manner. 

•  Richard  Hooker,  a  native  of  Devonshire,  was 
bora  in  1554.  He  found  a  patron  in  Bishop  Jewel, 
was  educated  at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford, 
and,  after  some  minor  preferments,  became  master 
of  the  Temple.  Here  he  was  involved  in  a  painful 
controversy  with  the  lecturer,  Walter  Travcrs,  a 
Puritan  ;  but  this,  in  its  result,  was  a  matter  of  Joy 
to  all  who  adhere  to  the  unity  of  the  Church,  free 
alike  from  papal  as  from  Puntan  innovations  ;  for 
it  led  him  to  produce  his  murrhlrss  work  on  Eode* 


Z2 


340 


THE  TUDORS. 


changes  that  had  been  effected  against 
the  Romanists,  as  did  Whitgift  against 
the  Puritans ;  and  Shakspeare,  Spen- 
ser, Sidney,  and  Buckhurst,  not  to 
mention  minor  names,  displayed  the 
poetic  riches  of  their  native  tongue. 
In  other  matters  most  important  pro- 
gress was  made.  The  credit  of  the 
nation  was  re-established  by  the  with- 
drawal of  the  base  coinage  of  former 
sovereigns ;  new  branches  of  industry 
were  introduced  by  foreign  refugees ; 
the  spirit  of  the  people  was  kept  alive 
by  the  favour  with  which  bold  and 
costly  enterprises  for  the  furtherance 
of  trade  and  conmierce  were  regarded  ; 
Hawkins,  Drake,  Frobisher,  Caven- 
dish, and  other  hardy  navigators,  dis- 
played 

"  Her  cross,  triumphant  on  the  main. 
The  guard  of  commerce,  and  the  dread  of  Spain  *  ;** 

and  Elizabeth's  reign  witnessed  the 
beginnings  of  two  of  the  most  wonder- 
ful empires  of  the  world,  the  English 
East  India  Company  and  the  United 
States  of  North  America. 

But  the  era  so  full  of  benefits  for 
posterity  was  very  far  from  a  quiet  or 
a  happy  one  for  the  people  of  its  own 


time.  The  government  was  a  pure 
despotism*,  both  in  Church  and  State, 
the  Courts  of  High  Commission  and 
of  Star  Chamber  being  the  great  in- 
struments of  government,  and  their 
proceedings  not  controlled,  when  any 
reason  of  state  interfered,  by  any  rules 
of  law  or  equity.  A  large  proportion 
of  the  people,  either  as  Romish  or  as 
Protestant  nonconformists,  lived  ex- 
posed to  penalties  and  restrictions 
that  would  at  the  present  day  be 
justly  regarded  as  unbearable;  the 
law  of  treason  was  strained  so  as  to 
include  very  trifling  offences,  and  its 
barbarous  penalties  were  inflicted  to 
the  very  letter',  while  torture  was 
commonly  employed  to  extort  confes- 
sions «.  The  state  of  the  Church  was 
not  more  satisfactory.  The  queen's 
council  was  mainly  composed  of  the 
new-made  nobility  and  gentry,  who 
had  already  gained  so  much  of  its 
property,  but  who  were  desirous  to 
obtain  still  more.  As  a  means  to  this 
end  they  encouraged  the  Puritans  to 
bring  forward  their  "platform,"  or 
"godly  discipline,"  the  success  of 
which  would  have  placed  all  the 
bishops'  lands  at  their  disposal ;  but 


siastical  Polity.  His  humble  and  lowly  roirit  in- 
duced him  to  confine  himself  to  his  living  of  Bishops- 
bourne,  in  Kent,  thoush  his  services  to  the  Church 
-would  have  commanded  its  highest  dignities,  and 
there  he  died,  Nov,  a,  x6oo.^&is  life,  penned  by 
Izaak  Walton,  is  one  of  the  most  delightful  pieces 
of  biography  m  the  English  language. 

t  The  exploits  that  chiefly  recommended  these 
men  in  their  own  day  would  now  be  regarded  as 
piratical,  and  Hawkins  is  believed  to  have  been  the 
first  Englishman  who  engaged  in  the  American 
slave  trade.  In  a  letter  to  tne  queen,  dated  from 
Plymouth,  Sept  z6,  X567(nowinthe  Public  Record 
Office),  he  sutes  that  he  is  about  to  sail  "  to  lade 
negroes  in  Genoya  [Guinea],  and  sell  them  in 
the  West  Indies,  in  truck  of  gold,  pearls  and  eme- 
ralds." He  and  Drake  were  Devonshire  men, 
Frobisher  came  from  Yorkshire,  and  Cavendish 
from  Suffolk.  There  is  a  curious  statement,  in 
some  papers  lately  brought  to  light,  (the  despatches 
of  the  Venetian  ambassador  in  Spain  in  1587,)  that 
Drake  vras  in  his  youth  a  paze  in  the  English 
court  of  King  Philip,  and  was  afterwards  employed 
by  him  in  India,  but  failing  to  obtain  a  laige  arrear 
of  pay,  he  returned  to  England,  sayins;  he  would 
revenue  himself  with  his  own  hand.  "  Having  ob- 
tained leave  from  the  queen,  he  proceeded  imme- 
diately to  India  with  five  armed  ships,  and  in  Ma- 
gellan's Strait,  among  other  prins,  he  captured 
a  vessel  freighted  with  gold.  Not  content  with 
this,  he  returned  a  second  time  last  year  in  yet 
greater  force,  and  then  and  there,  and  now  in 
Spain,  has  done  such  great  damage  as  is  notori- 
ous ;  and  yet  worse  may  be  expected,  which  may 
God  avert."  *  *-       .  1 

*  "  We,  of  our  prerogative  royal,  which  we  will 
sot  have  argued  nor  lm>ught  in  question,'  is  the 
nhrase  employed  by  Elizabeth  in  a  patent,  dated 
May  29,  1591,  which  grants  protection  from  all 
«uits  for  debt  for  both  person  and  property  to  an 


Irish  noble  rPatridc  lord  Dunsany)  and  a  Londoo 
gentleman,  (John  Mathewe).  If  any  suit  should 
be  commenced,  the  judges  of  the  different  courts 
are  directed  to  stay  it,  **  without  other  warnua 
than  the  sight  of  these  our  letters  patent  or  tbe  to* 
rolment  thereof." 

«  These  penalties,  which  the  humane  Henry  VI. 
pronouncea  *'  too  grievous  to  be  done  unto  anjr 
Christian  creature,  were,  as  appears  from  the  re- 
cord of  each  conviction,  as  follows.  The  prisoners 
were  to  be  drawn  on  hurdles  to  the  place  of  execu- 
tion (that  is,  in  many  cases,  from  the  Tower  or 
Newgate  to  Tyburn)  and  hanged,  then  cast  dovii 
to  the  ground  oy  cutting  the  rope,  and  their  bovcts 
drawn  out  of  their  belfies  and  burnt,  iJuy  iimaf: 
then  their  heads  cut  off  and  their  bodies  divided 
into  four  quarters,  and  their  heads  and  <JS?'^''^T 
be  disposed  of  at  the  queen's  pleasure.  The  heads 
were  usually  placed  on  spikes  in  some  ocmspicuoos 
situation,  as  the  tower  on  London  bridge;  the 
quarters  were  generally  buried,  but  sometimes  they 
were  steeped  m  pitch  and  exposed.  One  saStnr 
(Dr.  Story)  is  related  to  have  straggled  with  and 
struck  the  executioner  who  disembowelled  hlm^ 
many  others  are  mentioned  as  "groaning  hcavQy 
imder  his  hands. 

«  Torture  was  allowed  to  be  contraryto  lav,  hot 
it  was  sanctioned  by  prerogative.  The  ooortJ, 
however,  thought  themselves  authorixed  to  pass 
sentences  of  almost  incredible  barbarity :  as  one 
instance,  we  find  (March  a.  1571)  one  "Hinotay 
Penredd,  who  had  forged  the  seal  of  the  kvagi 
bench,  adjudged  to  staml  on  the  pillory  in  Cheap- 
side  on  two  successive  market  days,  "and  on  the 
first  of  such  days  he  is  to  have  one  ear  nailed  to 
the  pillory,  and  on  the  second  day  his  other  eir 
nailed  to  the  pillory,  and  in  such  a  manner  that  be, 
the  said  Timothy,  shall,  fy  his  <mm  proper  mtti^ 
be  compelled  to  tear  away  his  two  eare/nm  t** 
pillory.'* 


A.D.  1558,  I5S9-] 


ELIZABETH. 


341 


the  firmness  of  Parker  and  Whitgift 
defeated  the  scheme,  although  they 
could  not  prevent  the  sees  on  each 
vacancy  from  being  plundered  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent  to  gratify  the 
hungry  courtiers. 

Though  Elizabeth  was  quite  as 
learned,  and  quite  as  imperious  as 
her  father,  she  yet  was  guided  by  a 
few  clever  ministers,  who,  for  their 
own  ends,  strove  successfiUly  against 
the  natural  fickleness  of  her  temper, 
and  kept  her  the  head  of  the  Pro- 
testant party,  but  also  led  her  to  con- 
sent to  many  acts  that  bear  heavily  on 
her  memory.  She  usually  receives  the 
credit  of  the  able,  though  frequently 
dishonest  policy  of  her  statesmen,  and 
therefore  she  ranks  high  as  a  sovereign, 
but  her  personal  cluuacter  had  many 
grievous  defects.  Early  in  her  reign 
she  professed  an  intention  to  live  and 
die  a  virgin  queen,  but  she  gave  to 
worthless  favourites  encouragement 
hardly  consistent  with  the  declaration, 
and  she  indulged  in  boundless  expense 
for  splendid  dress,  though  in  more  im- 
portant matters  her  parsimony  was 
often  carried  to  an  unwise  extreme. 
The  language  which  her  favourites, 
and  even  her  parliaments,  used  to- 
wards her  shew  that  no  flattery  could 
be  too  gross  for  her ;  and  on  many  oc- 
casions she  descended  to  the  meanest 
dissimulation.  Her  bursts  of  passion 
were  extravagant,  and  accompanied 
by  oaths  and  blows;  and  an  innate 
cruelty  of  disposition  unmistakably 
appears  in  her  treatment  of  her  near 
kinswomen,  the  Ladies  Katherine  and 
Mary  Grey  '  and  Mary  of  Scotland. 


A.D.  1558. 
The  Princess  Elizabeth  is  proclaimed 


queen  by  the  lords  of  the  council,  Nov. 
17.  She  enters  London,  amid  great  re- 
joicings, Nov.  24,  and  releases  all  per- 
sons confined  on  account  of  religion. 

The  queen  retains  her  sister's  coun- 
cillors for  a  short  time,  but  adds  to 
their  number  Sir  William  Cecil,  Sir 
Nicholas  Bacon,  and  other  Protestants. 

The  Service-book  of  King  Edward 
is  set  up  in  some  places  without  au- 
thority. Many  of  the  Protestant  re- 
fugees return  from  abroad,  and  angry- 
controversial  sermons  are  preached; 
priests  are  insulted  and  hindered  in 
their  ministration. 

The  queen,  by  proclamation  (Dec. 
27),  forbids  all  unlicensed  preaching, 
as  also  the  elevation  of  the  Host.  She 
allows  the  Lord's  Prayer,  Creed,  Ten 
Commandments,  and  Litany,  to  be 
used  in  English. 

A.D.  1559. 

The  queen  is  crowned  at  West- 
minster, Jan.  IS,  by  Oglethorpe, bishop 
of  Carlisle. 

The  parliament  meets,  Jan.  25,  and 
sits  till  May  8. 

The  "ancient  jurisdiction  of  the 
crown  over  the  estate  ecclesiastical 
and  spiritual"  restored,  and  "all  fo- 
reign repugnant  to  the  same**  abo- 
lished, [i  Eliz.  c  i].  By  this  act  the 
general  repeal  of  statutes  affecting  re- 
ligion by  the  act  of  Philip  and  Mary 
[i  &  2  PhiL  &  Mar.  c.  8l  was  abro- 
gated; all  spiritual  jurisdiction  was 
united  to  the  crown,  in  virtue  of  which 
the  Court  of  High  Commission  was  es- 
tablished in  1583* ;  and  all  ministers 
and  officers,  spiritual  and  temporal, 
were  bound  to  take  an  oath,  acknow- 
ledging Uie  queen  as  "the  only  su- 
preme governor  of  the  realm  ...  as 


7  Her  treatment  of  Queen  Mary  is  but  too  well 
known  ;  the  unhappy  late  of  the  others  is  not  so 
frequently  alluded  to.  Katherine  was  a  younger 
juster  of  Lady  Jane  Grey,  and  having  been  married 
in  May,  1553,  to  Lord  Herbert,  was  divorced  by 
him  a  short  tune  after,  on  the  fidl  of  her  family,  and 
apparently  for  no  other  reason.'  She  lived  unmo- 
l^oed  during  the  reign  of  Mary,  but  about  1561, 
venturing  to  many  Edward  Seymour,  earl  of  Hert- 
ford (son  of  the  Protector),  without  asking  the 
royal  ucenoe,  she  and  her  husbouid  were  committed 
to  the  Tower.  Hertford  was  heavily  fined,  on  the 
cliarae  of  "  corrupting  a  princess  of  the  blood,"  the 
mamage  was  annulled  m  the  ecclesiastical  court 
by  virtue  of  the  queen's  prerogative,  and  Kathe- 
rine died  afker  a  seven  years'  imprisonment,  Jan.  27, 
xS<>a.  On  her  death,  Hertford  was  liberated,  and 
lived  tin  j&n  ;  the  legality  of  his  marriage  had 
previously  been  esublished  by  the  ordinary  courts, 


and  he  was  succeeded  by  his  grandson,  who  suf- 
fered very  sinularly  to  himself  for  an  attempt  to 
marry  the  unhappy  Lady  Arabella  Stuart  Mary 
in  X565  married  Thomas  iCeyes,  the  serseant  porter 
of  Dover  Castle,  a  man  of  substance  and  of  military 
character.  He  was  at  once  committed  to  the  Fleet, 
where  he  remained  for  three  years,  and  his  wife 
was  placed  in  the  custody  first  of  one  gentleman, 
then  of  another.  Sir  Thomas  Gresham  being  one  of 
the  number.  On  his  release  he  applied  for  her 
liberation  also,  but  without  effect,  and  he  died  m 
1571.  She  survived  until  1578.  when  she  died  after 
a  confinement  of  thirteen  years. 

■  A  commission  to  carry  the  act  into  execution 
was  issued  July  19,  1559.  addressed  to  Parker, 
Grindal  and  others.  Several  other  commissions 
were  appointed  from  time  to  time,  each  usually 
with  greater  powers  than  before,  and  at  last  the 
court  was  formally  established  in  1583. 


342 


THE  TUDORS. 


[a.d.  1559. 


-well  in  spiritual  or  ecclesiastical  things 
or  causes  as  temporal/'  and  renounc- 
ing "all  foreign  jurisdictions,  powers, 
superiorities,  or  authorities/'  under  pain 
of  forfeiture  of  present  office  and  dis- 
ability to  hold  any  other.  Persons 
maintaining, ''  by  express  words,  deed, 
or  act,"  the  authonty  of  any  foreign 
prince  or  prelate,  were  to  foneit  their 
goods,  or,  if  they  were  imder  £^20 
value,  to  suffer  a  yearns  imprisonment 
for  the  first  offence ;  to  incur  the  pe- 
nalties of  praemunire*  for  the  second, 
and  to  be  executed  as  traitors  for  the 
third.  The  oath  above  mentioned 
was  to  be  tendered  to  every  person 
within  thirty  days  after  the  close  of 
the  session. 

The  last  Service-book  of  King  Ed- 
ward (as  established  in  15^2)  con- 
firmed with  some  alterations  \  by  the 
Act  of  Uniformity,  [i  Eliz.  c.  2]. 

The  queen's  tide  to  the  crown  re- 
cognised in  general  terms  %  [c.  3]. 

First-fruits  and  tenths  again  vested 
in  the  crown,  [c.  4].  "  The  late  queen," 
the  statute  says,  had  given  up  these 
funds  ''upon  certain  zealous  and  in- 
convenient respects,"  although  they 
had  been  willingly  paid  by  the  clergy 
for  many  years ;  and  they  were  now 
restored  to  lessen  "the  huge,  immea- 
surable, and  inestimable  charges  of 
the  royal  estate." 

Vanous  new  treasons  created ;  among 
them,  denying  the  queen's  title,  [c.  5]. 

The  queen  empowered  to  **  reserve  to 
herself'  the  bishops' lands,  giving  them 
impropriate  tithes  instead,  [c.  i^. 

Queen  Mary's  foundations  suppres- 
sed, and  their  possessions  vested  in 
the  crown,  [c.  24]. 

Peace  is  concluded  with  France, 
April  2.  Calais  remains  in  the  hands 
of  the  French  ^ 

Whilst  the  parliament  sat,  the  clergy 
were  assembled  in  convocation,  and, 
although  warned  by  a  message  from 


the  queen,  drew  up  a  document  as- 
serting the  corporal  presence,  die  su- 
premacy of  the  see  of  Rome,  and  the 
exclusive  right  of  the  Church  to  treat 
of  doctrine,  the  sacraments,  and  the 
orders  of  public  worship.  In  conse- 
quence a  disputation  was  hdd  in 
Westminster  Abbey  (March  31  and 
April  3)  before  the  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment, and  under  the  presidency  <tf  Sir 
Nicholas  Bacon,  lord  keeper.  The 
bishops  of  Carlisle,  Chester,  Lichfield, 
Lincoln,  and  Winchester,  with  Drs. 
Chedsey,  Cole^  Harpsfidd,  and  Lang- 
dale,  appeared  on  one  side ;  andScor)' 
(late  bishop  of  Chichester),  Aylmer» 
Cox,  Grindal,  Guest,  Home,  Jewel, 
Sandys,  and  Whitehead  on  the  other. 
The  Protestants  put  in  papers  con- 
demning the  use  of  an  unknown  tongue 
in  the  public  service  of  the  Church ; 
asserting  that  each  Church  bad  a  right 
to  regulate  rites  and  ceremonies ;  and 
denying  that  the  mass  was  a  propi- 
tiatory sacrifice  for  the  living  and  the 
dead.  Dr.  Cole  argued  against  these 
propositions,  and  was  answered  by 
Home,  whose  reply  was  so  greatly  ap- 
plauded, that  the  bishops  desired  to 
add  something  to  Cole's  speech,  which 
it  was  agreed  they  should  do  at  the  next 
meeting.  They  then,  however,  had 
changed  their  minds,  and  refused  to 
proceed  with  the  disputation,  on  which 
the  bishops  of  Lincoln  and  Winchester 
"were  condignly  committed  to  the 
Tower  of  London,"  and  the  rest  of 
their  party  (except  the  abbot  of  West- 
minster) ordered  to  appear  daily  at  the 
council  table,  to  answer  for  their  "  dis- 
orders, stubbornness,  and  self-will  *!* 

Thomas,  lord  Wentworth,  is  tried 
before  the  marquis  of  Northampton 
and  his  peers  for  the  treasonable  sur- 
render of  Calais,  and  acquitted,  April 
22 '. 

The  new  Book  of  Common  Prayer 
is  first  publicly  used,  June  24. 


•  See  A.D.  1393. 

^  The  revision  was  the  work  of  a  committee  of 
divines,  Parker,  Grindal,  and  othen,  most  of  whom 
were  shortly  after  advanced  to  the  episcopate. 

«  The  tenns  of  this  act  offer  a  striking  contrast 
to  those  of  the  statute  [i  Mar.  sess.  a^  c  z]  by 
which  the  title  of  Mary  had  been  asserted  and  the 
honour  of  her  mother  vmdicated.    See  p.  337. 

*■  Hostages  and  bonds  for  500^000  crowns  were 
placed  in  Elizabeth's  bands,  and  a  promise  was 
made  to  resttMre  the  town  in  eight  years,  if  no  act  of 
hostility  was  committed  in  the  mean  time.  The 
<iueen,  however,  sent  aid  to  the  Protestants,  both 
on  France  and  Scotland,  and  thus  gave  an  excuse 


for  not  fulfilling  the  promise,  which  probably  w.*^ 
never  intended  to  be  kept. 

*  Such  is  the  account  published  by  Sir  NichobN 
Bacon,  and  several  other  councillors. 

'  He  was  tried  on  an  indictment  found  July  .\ 
1558^  in  the  time  of  Queen  Mary,  while  he  was  still 
a  prisoner  in  France.  Edward  Grimston,  conp 
troller  of  Calais,  was  tried  on  similar  charges  and 
also  acquitted,  Dec.  x.  Sr  Ralph  ChainDerlain. 
lieutenant  of  the  castle  of  Calais,  and  John  Harlem 
ton,  lieutenant  of  the  Ruysbank,  were  tried  for 
surrendering  their  posts,  and  found  guilty,  Dec  v. 
but  they  were  pardoned. 


A-B.  1559,  1560.] 


ELIZABETH. 


Injunctions  issued  bv  the  queen  re- 
quiring the  clergy  to  *'use  and  wear 
such  seemly  habits,  garments,  and  such 
square  caps  as  were  most  commonly 
and  orderly  received  in  the  latter  year 
of  the  reign  of  King  Edward  VI. »" 

About  this  time  the  oath  of  supre- 
macy was  offered  to  the  bishops,  and 
leitised  by  all  except  Kitchin,  of  Llan- 
dafT,  and  Stanley,  <^  Sodor  and  Man\ 
Commissions  were  issued  for  a  general 
visitation  of  the  kingdom,  to  enforce 
the  adoption  of  the  reformed  service. 


and  it  was  attended  with  so  much  suc- 
cess that  a  very  small  number  only  of 
beneficed  men  surrendered  their  livings 
rather  than  comply*.  The  hierarchy, 
however,  still  remained  incomplete, 
until  near  the  end  of  the  year,  whei^ 
Matthew  Parker  was  prevailed  on  t€> 
accept  the  see  of  Canterbury*.  He 
shortly  after  consecrated  several  other 
bishops,  and  a  brief  profession  of  doc- 
trine was  drawn  up,  to  which  all  in- 
cumbents were  obliged  to  signify  their 
as^nt  K 


FRANCE  AND  SCOTLAND. 


A.D.  156a 

Elizabeth  sends  money,  arms,  and 
a  fleet  to  the  assistance  ot  the  Scottish 
Reformers,  and  also  succours  the  Pro- 
testants in  France. 

Both  France  and  Scotland  were  at 
this  period  oppressed  by  the  over- 
whehoiiiig  influence  of  the  aspiring  fsi- 
milv  of  Guise  ^  who  were  declared  foes 
to  tne  tenets  of  the  Reformers.  Francis 
duke  of  Guise,  who  had  gained  great 
popularity  by  his  conquest  of  Calais  *, 
was  directed  by,  his  brother  Charles, 
a  cardinal*,  and  they  were  under- 
stood to  aspire,  the  one  to  the  throne, 
the  other  to  the  papacy.  The  king 
(Francis  II.)  and  his  queen  (Mary  of 
Scotland)  were  in  their  hands,  and 
both  too  young  and  inexperienced  to 
counteract  their  designs ;  their  sister 
(Mary  of  Guise,  widow  of  James  V.) 
was  regent  of  Scotland,  and  openly 
endeavoured  to  reduce  that  country  to 


a  mere  province  of  France.  She  had 
succeeded  in  marrying  her  daughter  to 
the  heir  of  the  French  throne,  and 
they  soon  assumed  the  style  and  aim& 
of  sovereigns  of  France,  Scotland  and 
England.  This  was  naturally  resented 
by  Elizabeth ;  she  regarded  it  as  an 
attempt  to  carry  into  execution  the 
threat  of  the  pope  (Paul  IV.),  who  h^d 
denounced  her  as  incapable  of  succes- 
sion without  his  sanction,  and  she 
found  a  ready  means  of  warding  off 
the  danger  by  fanning  the  flame  of 
civil  war  in  Scotland,  where  a  deter- 
mined attempt  was  being  made  by  the 
Protestant  party  to  free  their  country 
from  French  influence.  The  regent 
had  brought  over  French  troops,  who 
strongly  fortified  Leith,  and  she  took 
up  her  residence  there.  The  Scots  as- 
sailed the  town  in  vain,  were  put  to 
flight,  and  the  lands  of  their  leaders,, 
who  took  the  title  of  Lords  of  the  Con- 


•  It  was  explained  that  it  was  not  meant  to  at- 
tribote  any  "holiness  or  special  worthiness"  to 
these  gBrments  ;  hnt  the  ^[reater  part  of  the  cler^ 
-who  had  been  in  exile  disfiked  them,  and  many 
refosed  to  wear  them,  which  at  length  gave  occa- 
sion to  cocrctTe  measures,  and  these  were  followed 
hy  fonnal  separation. 

k  Ten  sees  were  vacant ;  the  holders  of  fifteen 
more  either  resigned  or  were  deprived  in  the  course 
of  A  short  time  after.  Matthew  Parker  was  conse- 
crated as  archbishop  of  Canterbury  Dec  17,  X559, 
and  an  the  sees  except  Oxford  were  filled  up  b^ore 
tike  end  of  1569. 

*  The  whole  number,  including  the  bishops,  is 
■variousiy  stated  at  from  189  to  243,  out  of  a  body  of 
nearly  xovooo  individuals:  but  subsequent  events 
peeved  that  the  compliance  of  the  rest  was  in  many 


i  He  was,  as  appears  firom  his  official  register* 
consecrated  at  Lambeth,  Dec  17,  1559,  bv  the 
bishops  Barlow,  Coverdale,  and  Scory,  and  Hodg- 
kizfs,  suffragan  of  Bedford.  Many  years  after  a 
tale  was  brought  forward  by  Romi&h  writers  of 
a  so<aned  conseciation  of  Parker  at  a  tavern  (the 
2iaiC^  Head,  in  Cheapside),  but  it  can  only  be  re- 
gakrded  as  a  malignant  invention. 

*  The  new  Prayer-book  was  declared  agreeable  to 


Scripture,  the  queen's  supremacyacknowledged,  the 
power  of  the  pope  discudmed,  the  mass  rejected, 
and  pilgrimages,  extolling  of  images,  relics,  and 
feigned  miracles,  condemned  as  vain  superstitions. 

^  The  foimder  of  the  family  was  Claude,  a. 
younger  son  of  Ren^  II.,  duke  of  Lorraine,  who 
served  in  the  wars  of  Francis  I.,  and  received  in. 
marriage  Antoinette  of  Bourbon,  the  king's  kins- 
woman. Of  his  numerous  Daunily ,  Francis,  Charles, 
and  Mary  were  the  most  conspicuous.  Francis 
may  be  regarded  as  the  instigator  of  the  religious 
wars  in  Iirance;  he  defeated  the  Protestanu  at 
Dreux,  but  was  assassinated 'before  Orleans  soon- 
after.  His  son  Henry  saw  him  fall,  vowed  hatred 
to  the  Reformers,  and  in  concert  with  his  brothers, 
Louis  a  cardinal,  and  Charles  duke  of  Mayennc. 
was  for  many  years  the  actual  ruler  of  France.  He 
instigated  and  took  part  in  the  butcheiv  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's day,  formed  the  League,  or  Holy  Union, 
with  intent  to  seize  the  crown,  and  gained  militar>' 
possession  of  Paris.  At  length,  in  1588,  he  was  as- 
sassinated with  his  brother  the  cardinal,  and  the 
duke  of  Mavenne  soon  after  abandoning  the  strug- 
gle, the  civil  war  was  brought  to  a  close. 

■  See  A.D.  1558. 

*  Often  called  the  cardinal  of  Lorramc  He 
died  in  1574. 


344 


THE  TUDORS. 


[A.D.  1560—1563. 


gr^ation,  ravaged.  They  appealed  to 
Elizabeth  for  aid,  and  she  sent  a  land 
force  under  Lord  Grey,  and  a  fleet 
under  William  Winter,  to  assist  them. 
The  siege  of  Leith  was  again  formed, 
the  garrison  made  a  desperate  resist- 
ance, but  were  at  length  reduced  to 
extremity  by  famine.  The  queen  re- 
gent withdrew  to  Edinburgh,  where 
she  soon  after  died  (June  10),  and  a 
treaty  was  concluded  between  Eliza- 
beth and  the  Scots  (July  6),  which  pro- 
vided that  all  the  French  troops  should 
leave  Scotland,  and  that  Mary  and  her 
husband  should  discontinue  the  use  of 
the  style  and  arms  of  sovereigns  of 
England  and  Ireland  ^ 

For  the  present  Elizabeth's  exertions 
in  favour  of  the  French  Protestants 
were  confined  to  remonstrances  against 
the  persecution  they  experience^  and 
complaints  of  the  arrogance  and  sinis- 
ter designs  of  the  Guises ;  but  even- 
tually she  sent  the  earl  of  Warwick 
with  a  large  force  to  Normandy,  which 
had  been  overrun  by  the  prince  of 
Condd  and  other  leaders  ot  the  Re- 
formers. They  had  taken  up  arms 
professedly  to  save  the  young  king 
(Charles  IX.)  from  the  tyranny  of  the 
Guises,  but  evidently  from  worse  mo- 
lives,  as  they  obtained  her  assistance 
by  the  acknowledgment  of  her  right  to 
the  crown  of  France,  an  acknowledg- 
ment glaringly  contrary  to  the  laws  of 
their  country',  which  leaves  as  in- 
delible a  stigma  on  their  patriotism,  as 
their  subse(][uent  conduct  to  their  allies 
does  on  their  honour  and  gratitude. 


A.D.  1560. 
The  exiles  at  Geneva  publish  a  re- 
vised translation  of  the  Bible  in  Eng- 
lish'. 


The  base  money  in  circulation  is 
called  in,  and  money  of  just  value 
issued  instead'. 

A.D.  1561. 

Mary  returns  to  Scotland,  landing 
at  Leith,  Aug.  19*. 

A.D.  1562.-  b 

The  religious  wars  in  France  recom- 
mence. The  duke  of  Guise  attacks 
a  Protestant  congr^ation  at  Vassy, 
March  i.  The  Protestants  take  up 
arms,  overrun  Normandy,  and  apply 
to  Elizabeth  for  assistance ;  she  sends 
forces  under  the  conmiand  of  the  earl 
of  Warwick  (Ambrose  Dudley,  the  son 
of  Northumberland). 

These  forces  took  possession  of 
Havre  in  September.  They  afforded 
important  aid  to  the  Protestants,  but 
were  unable  to  prevent  the  loss  of 
Rouen,  or  that  of  the  battle  of  Dreux 
(Dec.  19),  in  which  the  prince  of  G)nd6 
was  made  prisoner.  The  duke  of  Guise 
was  soon  after  assassinated  at  the 
sie^e  of  Orleans,  (he  died  Feb.  24, 
1503,)  and  a  temporary  pacification 
followed,  (concludea  at  AmDoise,Maxdi 
19,)  when  the  Protestants,  with  almost 
unexampled  baseness*,  joined  the  Ger- 
man mercenaries  of  the  court  in  ex- 
pelling the  English  garrison.  Havre 
was  fiercely  attacked  and  desperately 
defended  for  more  than  two  months 
(May  22  to  July  28),  when  the  garri- 
son, worn  out  by  pestilence',  surren- 
dered on  honourable  terms*,  but 
brought  the  plague  with  them  to  Eng- 
land, where  it  made  fearful  havoc,  es- 
pecially in  London. 

A.D.  1563. 

The  parliament  meets,  Jan.  12. 

An  act  passed  against  ''fond  and 
fantastical  prophecies  V'  [S  £1^2.  c.  15]. 


«  Mary  refused  to  ratify  this  txeaty,  alleging, 
with  truth,  that  it  was  concluded  without  her  au- 
thority. The  title  she  was  willing  to  renounce,  but 
she  feared  that  fay  abandoning  the  arms  she  might 
endanger  her  right  of  eventual  succession  to  the 
English  throne. 

P  See  A.D.  Z328. 

4  This,  generally  termed  the  Geneva  Bible,  con- 
tained a  preface  and  notes,  in  which  both  the  doc- 
trine ana  the  discipline  of  Calvin  were  set  forth  ; 
hence  it  was  as  popular  with  the  Puritans  as  it  was 
distasteful  to  the  queen  and  the  bishops.  Arch- 
bishop Parker  endeavoured  to  counteract  it  by  pro- 
curing a  new  edition  of  Cranmer's  Bible ;  eight 
prelates^  as  well  as  other  learned  men,  were  em- 
ployed m  the  revision,  and  the  work  when  pub- 
lished (in  1 568)  was  commonly  known  as  the  Bishops' 
Bible  :  it  is  the  foundation  of  the  present  authorized 
version. 

'  This  was  justly  considered  so  important,  that  it 


is  commemorated  in  the  inscription  on  EUiabeth  s 
tomb. 

■  Her  husband  (Francis  II.)  died  Dec  s.  1560. 
and  she  was  r^arded  with  jealous  dislike  by  her 
mother-in-law,  Katherine  de  Medids. 

*  "The  pestilence,"  savs  Stow,  '*slew  daily 
great  numbers  of  men,  so  that  the  streets  lay  even 
lull  of  dead  corpses  not  able  to  be  removed  by  rea- 
son of  the  multitude  that  perislied." 

"  The  prisoners  on  both  sides  were  released  with- 
out ransom,  and  the  English  were  to  take  with  them 
all  property  belonging  either  to  the  queen  or  her 
subjects. 

*  Spreading  prophecies  founded  on  the  armorial 
bearings  of  any  person,  or  the  days  or  aeaisoos  of 
the  year,  was  rendered  punishable  with  a  year's  im- 
prisonment and  £xo  fine  for  the  first  oflleace,  and 
imprisonment  for  life  and  forfeiture  of  goods  tai  the 
second. 


A.D.  1563—1565-] 


ELIZABETH. 


345 


Persons  practising  "  conjiurations, 
enchantments^  and  witchcrafts/'  de- 
dared  felons  without  benefit  of  clergy ', 
[c  16]. 

The  authority  and  rights  of  the 
keeper  of  the  great  seal  declared  to  be 
the  same  as  those  of  the  lord  chan- 
ceDor,  [c.  18]. 

The  Bible  and  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  ordered  to  be  translated  into 
Welsh,  and  divine  service  to  be  per- 
fomied  in  that  tongue  in  the  places 
where  it  is  conmionly  used,  [c.  20]. 

The  expenses  of  the  royal  household 
settled  at  ^£40,027  4s.  2|d.  per  annum, 
[C32]. 

The  Articles  of  King  Edward"  are 
modified  in  the  convocation,  and  re- 
duced to  their  present  number,  thirty- 

nini*^  Jan   ^f^ 

Edmund  and  Arthur  Pole,  and  four 
others,  are  tried  and  convicted  of  high 
treason*,  Feb.  26. 

The  parties  in  France  are  recon- 
ciled, and  the  English  garrisons  are 
expelled. 

The  council  of  Trent  holds  its  last 
session,  Dec  3  \ 

The  Romanists  begin  to  withdraw 
abroad  rather  than  attend  the  English 
service.    The  vestments  and  the  cere- 


monies of  the  Church  are  at  the  same 
time  denounced  as  antichristian  by 
some  of  the  cleigy,  and  Protestant 
non-conformity  commences. 

A.D.  1564. 

The  queen  issues  instructions  to  the 
archbishops  and  bishops  to  bring  about 
a  conformity,  which  they  in  vain  at- 
tempt The  non-conformists  gain  the 
support  of  toudley,  earl  of  Leicester, 
and  the  bishops  are  unable  to  carry 
out  their  instructions. 

Peace  is  concluded  with  France,  in 
which  no  mention  is  made  of  the  re- 
storation of  Calais  %  April  i. 

A.D.  1565. 

Sampson  and  Humphrey',  two  of 
the  most  considerable  of  the  non-con- 
formists, are  deprived  of  their  prefer- 
ments, June. 

Mary  of  Scotland  publicly  marries 
Henry,  lord  Damley%  after  many  at- 
tempts on  the  part  of  Elizabeth  and 
her  ministers  to  prevent  it ',  July  29. 

Mary  drives  Murray  and  his  asso- 
ciates from  Scotland  ^  They  repair  to 
England,  where  they  are  received  with 
apparent  indignation  by  the  (^ueen. 

Mary  favours  the  Romanists,  and 


'  If  the  vHchcraft  was  not  directed  against  the 
life  of  anj  one,  imprisoDment  for  life  was  the  ex> 
tremepeoalty. 

■  See  A.  D.  15SX. 

*  The  Poles  were  nephews  of  the  rardmal ;  and 
Arthur  had  in  the  year  1559  written  to  Cecil  offer- 
lag  his  services  to  the  queen|  which  appear  not  to 
have  been  accepted.  In  their  indictment  the  bro- 
thers were  changed  with  a  design  to  set  Mary  of 
Scotland  on  the  throne,  and  to  re-esublish  Ko- 
manism  in  Knf^and ;  Arthur  was  to  be  declared 
duke  of  Clarence,  and  Edmund  was  to  marry  the 
Scottish  qneen.  Their  associates  were  executed, 
but  the  Poles  were  imprisoned  in  the  Tower  until 
their  deaths;  th^  names  occur  several  times  on 
the  vail  of  the  Beauchamp  tower,  roughly  cut, 
doubtless  by  the  unhappy  prisoners  themselves,  in 
poe  place  at  the  end  of  a  Latin  inscription,  import- 
ng,  **  He  who  sows  in  tears  shall  reap  in  joy." 
From  this  source  we  leam  that  Edmund  Pole  was 
alive  in  1568,  and  was  then  in  his  a7th  year. 

^  It  had  been  in  abeyance  for  the  greater  part  of 
the  time  unce  its  first  assembling  in  1C45,  and  it  at 
length  separated  with  little  other  result  than  draw- 
ls up  a  creed  in  which  the  articles  that  had  been 
most  objected  to  by  the  Refonners  were  systema- 
UcUiy  and  authorita^vely  put  forth  as  matters  of 
taith.  One  dedsioo  of  the  council,  condemning  the 
occasional  conformity  of  the  Romanists  to  avoid  the 
penalties  of  the  Act  of  Uniformity,  had  very  im- 
portant consequences,  and  its  acts  are  thus  con- 
nected with  English  history. 

*  See  A.0. 1559.  The  hostages  placed  in  Eliza- 
beth's hands  were  set  at  liberty  m  exchange  for 
viQie  of  her  agenu  who  had  been  seized  when  the 
war  broke  out. 

^  They  both  belonged  to  Oxford.  Sampson  was 
w^  of  Christ  Church ;  Humphrey  was  Regius 


Professor  of  Divinity  and  preudent  of  Magdalen 
CoU^e.  Htunphrey  eventually  conformed,  and 
died  dean  of  Winchester ;  Sampson  refused  com- 
pliance, but  was  allowed  to  receive  some  small  pre- 
ferment, (the  Whittington  lectiueship,  in  the  gilt  of 
a  City  companv). 

•  He  was  the  son  of  Matthew  Stuart,  earl  of 
Lenox,  and  grandson  of  Queen  Margaret  of  Soot- 
land  by  her  second  husband,  Archibald  Douglas, 
earl  of  Angus.  Damley  was  a  tall,  handsome  youth, 
but  of  a  weak,  inconstant,  and  profligate  character. 
He  alternately  sided  witii,  and  deserted  the  Pro- 
testant leaders,  and  met  his  death  at  their  hands. 
This  is  certain,  but  very  different  views  have  been 
put  forth  by  many  distinguished  writers  on  the 
more  obscure  question  of  the  guilt  or  innocence  of 
Mary  in  the  matter. 

'  They  are  said  to  have  been  privately  married 
at  Stiriine,  in  the  preceding  April,  in  the  chamber 
of  David  Rizrio,  the  queen^  foreign  secretary.  As 
no  priest  is  mentioned,  it  is  probable  that  it  was  a 
mere  betrothal. 

K  One  means  was  to  imprison  his  mother.  An 
inscription  remains  in  the  Bell  tower  in  the  Tower 
of  London,  dated  May  20, 1565,  which  shews  she 
was  then  confined  there.  From  papers  in  the  Public 
Record  Office  we  learn  that  sne  remained  a  pri- 
soner all  through  the  vear  1566.  On  the  zath  March, 
X567  (a  month  after  the  murder  of  her  son)  she  was 
in  the  custodv  of  Lady  Dacre  and  Lady  Sackville : 
but  in  the  following  July  she  was  at  liberty.  On 
July  X  her  husband  wntes  to  Cecil,  saying  that 
their  esute  is  still  withheld  from  them,  and  they 
are  £3,000  in  debt ;  he  also  asks  for  a  loan  of 
£1,000,  but  whether  it  was  granted  does  not  ap- 
pear. The  earl  was  killed  in  Scotland  in  1571,  but 
nis  wife  survived  until  1577,  and  was  then  buried 
in  Westminster  Abbey. 


34^ 


THE  TTJDORS. 


[a-d.  1565—156^ 


allows  the  mass  to  be  publidy  cele- 
brated 

Sir  Henry  Sidney  is  appointed  lord- 
deputy  of  Ireland  ^  Oct.  13. 

A.D.  1566. 

Damley  is  gained  over  to  the  party 
of  the  Rdbrmers. 

David  Rizzio  is  murdered  by  Dam- 
1^  and  his  associates  ^  almost  in  the 
queen's  presence^  March  9.  The  con- 
federates attempt  to  seize  on  the  royal 
power,  but  are  suddenly  deserted  by 
Damley,  and  obliged  to  flee  to  Eng- 
land. 

Murray  and  his  friends  are  allowed 
to  return  to  Scotland. 

Mary  pardons  the  murderers  of  Riz- 
zio on  the  intercession  of  the  earl  of 
BothwelP. 

The  Puritans  publish  books  against 
the  vestments  and  ceremonies ;  the 
circulation  of  the  works  is  forbidden 
under  heavy  penalties  K 

The  Parliament  meets,  Sept.  3a 

The  consecration  of  archbishops  and 
bishops,  as  practised  since  the  queen'^ 
accession,  declared  '^good,  lawful,  and 
perfectS''[8Eliz.  c.  ij. 

The  corporation  of  the  Trinity  House 
empowered  to  erect  and  maintain  bea- 
cons and  sea-marks",  [c.  13]. 

Damley  again  quarrels  with  Mary, 
and  leaves  the  court  He  refuses  to 
be  reconciled  with  her.  Murray  and 
others  propose  to  procure  a  divorce. 


which  she  declines.  Bothwell  then 
undertakes  to  murder  him,  and  a  bond 
approving  of  the  deed  is  drawn  up  and 
signed. 

A.D.  1567. 

Mary  and  Damley  are  apparently 
reconciled,  Jan.  He  lies  ill  at  a  lone 
house,  near  Edinburgh,  called  the  Kiric 
of  Field,  which  is  blown  up,  early  in 
the  morning  of  Feb.  la 

Bothwell,  being  publicly  accused  of 
the  murder,  is  brought  to  triaL  He 
appears  surrounded  by  his  friends  in 
arms,  and  is  at  once  acquitted,  April  12. 
His  partisans  draw  up  a  new  bond, 
promising,  in  general  terms,  to  support 
his  views,  April  19;  when  he  seizes 
the  queen,  April  24,  and  compeb  her 
to  marry  him  ■,  May  15. 

A  congregation  of  Protestant  non- 
conformists is  seized  at  Plumbers'  hall, 
in  London  **,  June  19. 

The  Scottish  nobles  take  up  arms. 
Bothwell  flees  the  country',  and  Maiy 
is  obliged  to  resign  the  crown  to  her 
son',  July  24.  She  is  imprisoned  at 
Lochleven,  and  Murray  is  made  re- 
gent. 

A.D.  1568. 
Mary  escapes  from  her  prison  of 
Lochleven,  May  2 ;  she  raises  some 
troops,  which  are  defeated  at  Lang- 
side  (near  Glasgow)  May  13.  She  es- 
capes into  England,  landing  at  Woii- 
I  ington,  in  Cumberland,  May  16'. 


^  He  held  the  office  (with  the  exception  of  three 
yean,  X57x— X574)  until  1578,  and  laboured  zea- 
lously to  advance  the  cause  of  the  Reformation, 
but  his  efforts  had  little  success.  O'Neal  in  the 
north,  and  the  earl  of  Desmond  in  the  south  and 
-west  of  Ireland,  earned  on  an  almost  perpetual  war. 
and  received  supplies  of  both  men  and  money  from 
the  king  of  Spain  and  the  pope.  At  length  O'Neal 
was  assassinated,  but  Desmond  protracted  the  con- 
test for  several  years  after  the  final  recall  of  Sidney. 

'  Among  them  were  the  lords  Ruthven.  Lindsay, 
and  Morton. 

J  James  Hepburn,  the  grandson  of  the  fint  eari  of 
that  name  fsee  a.d.  1491).  was  one  of  the  very  few 
Scottish  nobles  who  under  all  circumstances  had  ad- 
hered to  Mary.  He  was  warden  of  the  marches, 
and  of  a  most  ambitious  and  daring  character ;  he 
had  become  the  aueen's  chief  adviser,  and  he  ex- 
ercised a  most  unhappy  influence  over  her. 

'  The  Stationers'  company  were  directed  to  search 
for  and  seize  such  works.  The  authors  were  to  be 
dealt  with  by  the  High  Commission  Court ;  book- 
sellers were  to  forfeit  aos.  for  each  copy,  and  prin- 
ters to  suffer  imprisonment  and  be  forbidden  to  fol- 
low their  occupation  any  longer.  These  enactments 
utterly  failed,  and  the  press  continued  to  be  ob- 
noxious, and  even  formidable,  to  the  government. 

'  This  statute  was  occasioned  by  an  altercation 
between  Home,  bishop  of  Winchester,  and  Bonner, 
the  deprived  bishop  of  London,  then  a  prisoner  in 
the  Marshalsea.    Home  indicted  him  ior  refusing 


the  oath  of  supremacy ;  Bonner,  on  his  trial,  denied 
that  Home  had  been  regularly  consecrated,  and  ss 
the  rulers  in  those  times  declined  to  allow  such  mat- 
ters to  be  canvassed  in  the  law  comts.  the  ( 
ings  were  stayed,  and  Bonner  was  i " 
his  days  in  pnson. 

■  Removmg  any  steeples,  trees,  or  other  sea- 
marks, is  rendered  an  offence  punishable  by  a  fine 
of  £xoo,  or  oittlawry. 

■  To  prepare  for  this  step,  which  Bothwdl  had 
long  plotted  for,  he  had,  on  the  plea  of  ooBno 
jnimity.  divorced  his  vilie.  (Jane  Gonka,  sister  of 
the  earl  of  Huntley). 

«  The  party  consisted  of  about  xco,  15  of  whnn 
were  seised  and  sent  to  prison  for  the  ni^L  Co 
the  following  day  diey  were  examined  before  Bishop 
Grindal  and  others,  idio  fiuled  to  redooe  them  o 
conformity. 

p  He  lurked  awhile  on  the  Scottish  coast,  sad 
then  retired  to  Norway,  where  he  was  sdscd  as 
a  pirate.  After  a  long  confinement  he  died  a  mad- 
man in  the  castle  of  Draxhohns  in  Zealand,  A|»il 
14,  1578. 

4  In  this  document,  which  has  a  pathetic  ttme 
not  common  in  state  papent.  the  unnappy  qiK«n 
describes  henelf  as  "  vexed  in  spirit,  oody  and 
senses,  and  at  length  so  wearied,  that  her  abilitv 
and  stren^  of  body  b  not  able  longer  to  enduie" 
her  calamities. 

'  She  wrote  at  once  to  EUxabeth,  wishing  to  ^e 
allowed  to  come  to  the  court,  but  this  was  refused^ 


A.D.  is68,  1569.] 


ELIZABETH. 


34T 


The  English  College  at  Douay  is 
founded  by  William  Allen. 

Conferences  held  at  York,  before  the 
duke  of  Norfolk  *,  the  earl  of  Sussex ', 
and  other  commissioners,  at  which  the 
charges  and  comiter-charges  of  Mary 
and  the  Scottish  lords  are  brought  for- 
ward, but  nothing  is  determined.  Mary, 
however,  remains  a  prisoner,  and  plots 
begin  to  be  formed  tor  her  liberation. 

A.D.  1569. 

The  duke  of  Alva  (Ferdinand  Alva- 
rez de  Toledo),  governor  of  the  Nether- 
lands, seizes  the  goods  of  the  English 
merchants*;  they  remove  their  trade 
to  Hamburgh. 

The  pope  (Pius  V.)  sends  agents* 
into  England,  who  denounce  the  queen 
as  a  heretic,  and  **  fallen  from  her 
usurped  authority." 

The  duke  of  Norfolk  intrigues  with 
them,  and  also  corresponds  with  Mary. 


He  is  suomioned  to  court,  and  sent  to 
the  Tower,  Oct.  11. 

The  earls  of  Northumberland  and 
Westmoreland  (Thomas  Percy  and 
Charles  Neville)  are  also  summoned 
to  appear ;  instead,  they  take  up  arms, 
and  proclaim  their  design  of  restoring 
the  old  religion  ^ 

They  enter  Durham,  destroy  the 
Bibles  and  Prayer-books  in  the  cathe- 
dral, and  set  up  the  mass  there  and  in 
other  places.  They  advance  south- 
ward into  Yorkshire,  but  are  obliged 
to  retire  before  the  royal  forces  under 
the  eari  of  Sussex,  and  soon  abandon 
their  enterprise.  The  earls  escape*, 
but  their  followers  are  punished  with 
extreme  severity. 

The  rebellion  commenced  in  the 
middle  of  November,  and  was  com- 
pletely crushed  by  the  end  of  the  year. 
Sir  George  Bowes,  who  had  been 
obliged  to  surrender  Barnard  Castle  to 


as  was  her  next  request,  that  she  might  be  per- 
outted  to  depart  out  of  EM^land.  She  was  instead 
kept  a  prisoner,  fiorst  at  GurUsle,  subsequently  at 
Bolton^  Tutbury,  and  other  places ;  and  sne  was  so 
much  an  object  of  suspicion  that  a  warrant  for  her 
execution  was  drawn  up  in  1569.  This  fiu:t  ap- 
pean  from  a  letter  of  Leicester  to  Walsingham, 
dated  October  xo,  1586. 

*  Hwinas  Howard,  son  of  the  accomplished  earl 
ofSoirey,  executed  by  Henry  VIII.  (see  a.d.  x547).> 
Maiv's  a^ts  interested  the  duke  in  her  favour, 
aod  fed  him  afterwards  into  a  plan  of  marriage  with 
ber,  which  eventually  cost  him  his  head. 

'  He  was  the  great-grandson  of  Lord  fltzwalter, 
executed  in  1494.  H  is  father  was  one  of  the  first  to 
declare  in  favour  of  the  Princess  Mary,  and  he  him- 


Aimi  Of  Baddiff,  earl  of  Bossez. 

self  was  employed  in  embassies  by  her.  He  held  the 
office  of  deputy  of  Ireland,  as  also  that  of  president 
of  the  Council  of  the  North,  in  which  capacity  he 
Impressed  the  insurrection  of  the  earls  of  Northum- 
berland and  Westmoreland,  and  ravaged  the  lands  of 
tbeir  Scottish  partisans.  He  was  a  very  important 
person  in  Elizabeth's  court,  where  he  was  lord- 
chaxnberlain,  but  lived  in  a  constant  rivalry  with 
the  earl  of  Leicester,  against  whom  he  warned  his 
mends  on  his  death-bed.  "  Beware  of  the  Gipsy," 
he  said,  "  for  he  will  be  too  hard  for  you  all ;  you 
know  not  the  beast  so  well  as  I  do."     Sussex  died 


July  9, 1583,  and  was  buried  at  Boreham,  in  Essex, 
where  he  kad  raised  a  stately  monument,  to  which, 
the  bodies  of  several  of  his  ancestors  were  removed. 
He  was  twice  married,  (one  of  his  wives  was  aunt 
to  Sir  Philip  Sidney,)  but  leaving  no  issue,  he  was 
succeeded  by  his  brother  Robert. 

■*  Alva  was  a  bitter  persecutor  of  the  ProtQttants» 
thousands  of  whom  sought  shelter  from  his  tyranny 
in  England.  A  large  sum  of  money  sent  to  him 
from  Bpain  being  carried  into  English  ports  to 
escape  capture  from  the  French,  a  dispute  arose 
about  it :  he  ill  used  and  drove  out  the  English 
merchants,  and  afforded  a  refuge  to  the  oueen's 
enemies:  she  retaliated  by  assisting  the  Nether- 
landers  to  establish  their  independence. 

*  The  most  considerable  of  these  was  Nicholas 
Morton,  formerly  prebendary  of  York,  but  who 
had  long  held  an  office  in  the  papal  court.  Philip 
of  Spain  was  concerned  in  the  plot,  and  placed 
large  funds  in  the  hands  of  Ridolfi,  a  Florentine 
merchant  settled  in  London ;  and  the  duke  of  Alva 
sent  the  marquis  of  Cetona,  an  experienced  soldier, 
under  pretence  of  a  commercial  negotiation,  to  pre- 
pare for  a  projected  invasion. 

r  On  their  banners  were  painted  the  five  wounds 
of  Christ,  or  a  chaUce,  and  Richard  Norton,  "an 
old  gentleman  with  a  reverend  grey  head,"  bore  a 
cross  with  a  streamer  before  them.  The  queen  of 
Scots,  whom  they  intended  to  release,  was  hastily 
carried  from  Tutbury  to  Coventry. 

■  Northumberland  fled  to  Scotland,  and  was  shel- 
tered awhile  on  the  borders,  but  was  afterwards 
given  up  by  Morton  for  a  payment  of  ;C3>ooo,  and 
was  executed  at  York,  Aug.  22,  1572.  Westmore- 
land escaped  to  the  Netherlands,  and  lived  on  a 
pension  ot  aoo  crovms  a  month  from  the  Spaniards. 
Egremond  Radcliff,  the  half-brother  of  the  earl  of 
Sussex,  was  concerned  in  the  rebellion,  but  es- 
caped. After  several  years*  wanderings  he  ven- 
tured to  return  to  England,  when  he  was^  impri- 
soned in  the  Beauchamp  tower,  where  the  inscrip- 
tion, "bacremond  radclyffe,  i576»"  *'»'^  **" 
mains.  At  length  he  was  released,  and  again  went 
abroad.  He  was  soon  after  executed  in  the  Nether- 
lands for  an  attempt  on  the  life  of  the  Spanish  go- 
vernor, Don  John  of  Austria,  and  declared  to  tnc 
last  that  he  had  been  set  at  liberty  by  the  influence 
of  the  secretary  Walsingham  for  that  purpose. 


348 


THE  TUDORS. 


[a-d.  1569,  1570. 


them,  carried  out  martial  law  against 
the  insurgents.  An  alderman  and  a 
priest,  and  above  sixty  others,  were 
hanged  by  him  in  Durham  alone,  and, 
according  to  his  own  boast,  many 
others  suffered  in  every  market  town 
between  Newcastle  and  Wetherby. 
Several  gentlemen  were  executed  at 
York,  and  others  in  London,  but  not, 
apparently,  by  martial  law;  and  the 
earl  of  Sussex  made  a  fierce  inroad  on 
Scotland,  early  in  1570,  advancing  as 
far  as  Dumfries  on  one  side  and  Ha- 
wick on  the  other,  burning  and  de- 
stroying the  castles  and  towns  of  those 
who  had  given  shelter  to  the  fugitives. 
Another  party  was  sent,  later  in  the 
year,  under  Sir  Drew  Drury,  which 
marched  as  far  as  Glasgow  and  Dum- 
barton, and  supported  the  partisans  of 
the  young  king  against  the  friends  of 
his  mother.  In  this  expedition  some 
English  fugitives  were  captured  and 
executed. 

A.D.  1570. 

Leonard  Dacre*  takes  up  arms  in 
the  north,  but  is  defeated. 

The  regent  Murray  is  assassinated 
at  Linlithgow,  Jan.  23.  He  is  suc- 
ceeded by  the  earl  of  Lenox,  the  father 
of  Damley.  Mary's  adherents  ravage 
the  English  border. 

The  pope  (Pius  V.)  publishes  a  bull 
or  "  sentence  declaratory  against  Eliza- 
beth, queen  of  England,  and  the  here- 
tics adhering  unto  her  V  April  25. 

This  memorable  document  ''con- 
tained, among  other  treasonable  mat- 
ter, the  impious  and  most  wicked  de- 


claratory sentence  of  the  said  bishop 
of  Rome,  in  which  he  assumes  and 
usurps  power  and  authority  within  this 
kingdom  of  England  ;  and  the  bishop 
of  Rome,  amongst  other  false  and  im- 
pious matter,  declared  that  the  queen 
was  never  at  any  time  true  queen  of 
this  kingdom  of  England,  but  only  the 
pretended  queen,  and  that  she  had 
been  lawfully  deprived  of  her  royal 
authority.  And  by  the  said  bull  the 
pope  absolved  all  the  proceres,subject5, 
and  people  of  the  resdm  of  all  oaths  of 
fidelity  and  allegiance  to  the  queen.* 
A  copy  of  it  was  fixed  on  the  English 
ambassador's  house  in  Paris,  and  an- 
other copy,  "printed  upon  paper,"  was 
posted  on  the  gate  of  the  bishop  of 
London's  palace,  about  eleven  at  night, 
on  the  24th  May,  by  John  Felton,  a 
gentleman,  and  Cornelius  Irishman, 
a  priest.  Felton,  from  whose  indict- 
ment the  foregoing  account  is  taken, 
was  tried  for  high  treason  at  Guild- 
hall, August  4,  and  executed  August  8. 

Some  gentlemen  of  Norfolk  endea- 
vour to  raise  an  insurrection  to  re- 
lease the  duke.  John  Throckmorton 
and  two  others  are  executed. 

The  duke  of  Norfolk  is  set  at  li- 
berty, Aug.  4,  and  sent  to  reside  in 
his  own  house  (the  Charter-house,  Lon- 
don) under  the  keeping  of  Sir  Henry 
Neville. 

The  earl  of  Sussex  makes  another 
inroad  in  Scotland,  burning  and  de- 
stroying the  houses  of  the  queen  of 
Scotland  and  her  friends^. 

Cartwright**,  a  noted  Puritan  preacher, 
is  expelled  from  Cambridge,  Dec 


*  He  was  the  uncle  of  Lord  Dacre  of  Greystoke, 
who  had  been  killed  by  accident  shortly  oefore. 
He  offered  his  services  against  the  insurgent  earls, 
but  they  were  declined,  and  after  the  insurrection 
had  been  crushed,  he  gathered  some  3,000  desperate 
borderers  around  him  in  Yorkshire,  under  the  pre- 
text of  defending  himself  from  the  vengeance  of 
their  friends.  He  was  summoned  to  lay  down  his 
arms,  but  refused,  and  was  subdued  vrith  extreme 
difficulty  by  Lord  Hunsdon.  Dacre  fled  to  Scot- 
land, and  ultimately  to  the  Netherlands,  where  he 
died  in  poverty. 

^  The  cause  of  issuing  it  is  said  to  have  been, 
the  failure  of  the  late  insurrection.  Many  of  the 
northern  gentry  who  were  favourable  to  that  rising 
excused  their  not  joining  in  it  on  the  plea  that  the 
pope  had  not  given  a  formal  sanction  to  a  war  on 
the  queen  ;  this  now  was  done  in  the  most  explicit 
manner. 

*  Among  others,  they  blew  up  the  castle  of  Caer- 
lavcrock,  which  had  oeen  captured  by  Edward  L 
(seep.  177). 

*  Thomas  Cartwnght,  a  Hertfordshire  man,  bom 
in  X535,  '^^^^  ^,  laborious  student  of  St.  John's,  Cam- 
bridge. During  the  reign  of  Mary  he  withdrew 
from  the  tmiversity,  and  supported  himself  by  the 


occupation  of  a  clerk.  He  returned  on  the  acces- 
sion of  Elizabeth,  and  became  a  fellow  of  Trinity, 
but,  disappointed  as  to  further  promotion,  he  soaa 
after  went  to  Geneva.  He  came  back  about  }S^, 
thoroughly  imbued  with  Calvinism,  and  receiving 
the  appointment  of  Margaret  Professor  in  1^70^  de- 
claimed with  such  vehemence  not  only  against  th« 
vestments,  but  the  hierarchy,  that  he  was  expdkd 
in  the  same  year.  As  the  adcnowledged  head  of 
the  Puritan  psuty,  Cartwright  carried  on  an  angry 
controversy  with  Whitgift  and  others ;  but  in  1573 
he  thought  it  prudent  to  withdraw  to  the  contincDL 
He  passed  several  years  as  chaplain  of  the  English 
factory  at  Antwerp,  and  retummg  without  pen&i^^- 
sion,  m  1585,  was  arrested,  but  soon  released.  He 
was  now  presented  with  the  mastership  of  an  hos- 
pital at  Warwick  by  the  earl  of  Leicester,  and  grew 
wealthy  from  the  gifts  of  his  friends  and  the  prac- 
tice of  usury.  He,  however,  did  not  refrain  from 
preaching  and  praying  against  the  bishops ;  and. 
having  presided  as  mc^crator  at  Puritan  natiocal 
synods,  he  was  in  1590  brought  before  the  High 
CommisMon  Court.  He  steadily  refused  to  take  the 
oath  ex-0^cio,  and  was  in  consequence  imprisoned 
until  Apnl,  1593,  when  he  was  released  on  a  gcnenil 
promise  of  peaceable  behaviour.    He  retunied  to 


A.D.  1571,  1572] 


ELIZABETH. 


349 


A.D.  1571. 

The  parliament  meets  April  2.  Se- 
vere laws  were  passed  against  the  Ro- 
manists ;  calling  the  queen  heretic, 
schismatic,  or  usurper,  was  made  trea- 
son, [13  Eliz.  c.  i] ;  as  was  the  intro- 
duction of  papal  bulls,  [c.  2].  Sending 
relief  to  the  fugitives  over  sea  was 
prohibited,  [c  3]  ;  and  the  earls  of  Nor- 
thumberland and  Westmoreland,  and 
several  other  parties  to  the  late  rebel- 
lion, were  attainted*,  [c.  16]. 

The  Puritans  bring  forward  a  bill 
for  the  abrogation  of  various  religious 
ceremonies  ;  they  also  propose  a  new 
confession  of  faith.  The  oueen  mani- 
fests her  displeasure,  and  imprisons 
the  mover  (Mr.  Strickland).  At  length 
an  act  is  passed  [c.  12]  "to  redress 
disorders  touching  ministers  of  the 
Church  ^^ 

An  act  for  the  attaint  of  jurors 
giving  corrupt  verdicts'  made  per- 
petual, [c.  25]. 

The  universities  of  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge incorporated  by  act  of  parlia- 
ment, [c.  29]. 

Dr.  John  Story  is  executed  for  trea- 
son \  June  I. 

Injunctions  issued  by  the  Ecclesias- 
tical Commissioners,  forbidding  "read- 
ing, praying,  preaching,  or  administer- 
ing the  sacraments  in  any  place,  public 
or  private,"  without  licence,  June  7. 

Sampson  and  other  Puritan  leaders 
are  sunmioned  to  Lambeth,  and  ex- 
horted to  conformity,  but  without  effect. 


The  earl  of  Lenox,  regent  of  Scot- 
land, is  killed,  Sept.  4.  He  is  suc- 
ceeded by  the  earl  of  Mar. 

The  plans  of  the  duke  of  Norfolk 
become  known,  and  he  is  again  sent 
to  the  Tower,  Sept.  7. 

The  queen's  accession-day  is  cele- 
brated with  extraordinary  rejoicings, 
Nov.  17*. 

Jesus  College,  Oxford,  founded. 


Arma  of  JesoB  College,  Oxford. 
A.D.  1572. 

The  duke  of  Norfolk  is  tried  and 
convicted  of  treason,  in  conspiring  to 
dethrone  the  queen,  and  to  marry 
Mary,  "late  queen  of  Scots  V  Jan.  16. 
He  is  executed,  June  2,  on  Tower-hill. 

The  parliament  meets.  May  8,  and 
sits  till  June  29.  *  Its  most  important 
acts  were,  one  declaring  conspiracy  to 
seize,  detain,  or  destroy  castles,  felony, 
and  holding  them  against  the  queen, 
treason  [14  Eliz.  c  i],  and  another 
against  attempts  to  rescue  prisoners 
[c.  2],  both  having  reference  to  the 
proceedings  of  the  partisans  of  Mary 


Warvrick,  and  died  there,  in  z6o9, 
his  death-bed  r^ret  for  the  dissensions 
instrumental  in  occasioning. 

•  Sonoe  attempts  were  nude  to  defeat  this  act  by 
firaudulent  conveyances,  against  which  a  special  law 
was  rassed  in  1576,  [x8  £112.  c.  4]. 

'  This  act  was  in  some  measure  one  of  concession 
to  the  Puritans,  as  it  allowed  clergymen  already 
beneficed,  but  questionably  ordained,  to  hold  pre- 
ferment by  subsicription  to  such  of  the  Articles  of 
156^  "as  only  concern  the  profession  of  the  true 
Christian  £aitn,  and  the  doctrine  of  the  sacra- 
ments :"  in  the  same  j^irit,  a  portion  of  the  twen- 
tieth Article— ("The  Cnurch  bath  power  to  decree 
rites  and  ceremonies^  and  authority  m  controversies 
of  faith'T— was  omitted  in  a  new  edition  of  the 
Thirtv-nme  Articles  prepared  by  Bishop  Jewel,  but 
probably  not  published  until  after  his  death.  Such 
unwarrantable  tampering  with  public  documents 
gave  occasion  to  the  I^tans  of  a  later^  day  to 
charge  the  bishops  with  forging  the  clause  in  ques- 
tion :  but  it  exisu  in  a  Latin  edition  printed  in  1563, 
as  well  as  in  some  English  ones  of  1571. 

c  See  A.D.  1497. 

^  He  was  a  avilian,  and  was  conspicuous  in  par- 
liament for  opposing  the  changes  in  religion  ef- 
fected under  Edward  VI.  Under  Mary  he  was  em- 
ployed in  restoring  the  ornaments  in  churches  (see 
A.D.  1555)  and  made  himself  otherwute  obnoxious  to 
the  Protestants.    On  the  queen's  death  he  with- 


drew to  the  Netherlands,  where  he  obtained^  an 
office  in  the  customs,  which  often  brought  him  into 
coUbion  with  the  English  merchants,  and  they,  in 
the  year  1570,  seized  him  when  searching  one  of 
their  ships,  and  broug[ht  him  to  England.  Some 
curious  letters  respectmg  the  cost  of  his  capture, 
and  his  treatment,  remain  in  the  Public  Record 
Office.  He  was  confined  awhile  in  the  Tower,  and 
was  at  length  executed,  at  the  age  of  seventy,  for 
refusing  the  oath  of  supremacy.  The  inscription, 
"  1570  IHON.  STORB  DOCTOR,"  On  the  Wall  of  the 
Beauchamp  tower,  indicates  the  place  of  his  im- 
prisonment. 

*  A  prediction  had  been  some  time  before  indus- 
triously spread,  in  spite  of  the  penalties  risked  (see 
A.D.  1563),  that  the  queen  would  not  reign  longor 
than  twelve  years.  This  was  the  thirteenth  anni- 
versary, and  therefore  a  pracdcal  confiitation  of  the 
invidious  fancy. 

k  He  was  also  charged  with  sendin^f  money  to 
the  earl  of  Westmorclamd  (his  brother-m-Uiw)jp  and 
the  countess  of  Northumberland,  then  in  exile  in 
Flanders.  The  eari  of  Shrewsbury  was  lord  high 
steward  of  the  court,  which  consisted  of  himself 
and  twenty-six  other  peers,  Leicester  and  Burghlcy 
being  among  the  number.  Norfolk  had  been  edu- 
cated by  John  Foxe.  the  Martyrologist ;  and, 
though  he  leagued  with  Romanists,  he  lived  and 
died  professedly  a  Protestant. 


350 


THE  TUDORS. 


[a.d.  1572-1575- 


of  Scotland  * ;  and  a  merciless  statute 
against  sturdy  beggars  [c  5],  who  were 
ordered  to  be  apprehended,  "  griev- 
ously whipped,"  and  "burnt  through 
the  right  ear  with  a  hot  iron  of  one- 
inch  compass".  Bills  for  abolishing 
many  ecclesiastical  rites  and  cere- 
monies, and  for  suppressing  several  of 
the  Thirty-nine  Articles,  were  brought 
in,  but  dropped,  on  the  manifestation 
of  the  queen's  displeasure  ". 

Some  of  the  Netherland  exiles,  being 
ordered,  on  the  complaint  of  the  duke 
of  Alva,  to  leave  England,  seize  the  port 
of  Briel,  on  the  Maes.  Flushing  and 
other  towns  join  them,  and  they  carry 
on  a  naval  war  against  the  Spaniards. 

Great  numbers  of  the  English  re- 
pair to  the  Netherlands,  and  take  part 
in  the  contest.  Some  Romanists  serve 
the  Spaniards,  but  the  majority  join 
the  malcontents. 

The  Puritans  form  their  first  pres- 
bytery at  Wandsworth  ®. 

The  earl  of  Northumberland  is  ex- 
ecuted at  York,  Aug.  22. 

The  court  of  France  devise  and 
execute  a  hideous  butchery  of  the  Pro- 
testants, since  well  known  as  the  mas- 
sacre of  St  Bartholomew  '. 

A.D.  1573. 
Charke,  Bering',  and  other  Puri- 
tans silenced,  and  attempts  made,  in 


vain,  to  suppress  the  Admonition  to 
the  Parliament 

The  English  seas  infested  by  pirates. 
William  Holstock,  comptroller  of  the 
navy,  is  sent  against  them,  and  cx^ 
tures  20  ships  and  900  men '. 

The  trade  between  England  and  the 
Netherlands  is  resumed,  at  the  desire 
of  the  duke  of  Alva  •. 

English  troops  are  sent  into  Scot- 
land to  support  the  party  of  the  young 
king.  They  capture  the  castle  of  Edin- 
burgh, May  28,  and  soon  after  return 
to  England. 

Thomas  Woodhouse^  a  Romish 
priest,  executed  at  Tyburn,  June  19. 

Peter  Burchet,  a  Puritan,  attempts  to 
murder  John  Hawkins,  a  naval  dficer, 
mistaking  him  for  Sir  Christopher 
Hatton,  captain  of  the  queen's  guard, 
Oct  II.  He  murders  his  keeper  in 
prison,  Nov.  10 ;  is  executed  Nov.  12*. 

The  earl  of  Morton  Qames  Dou^) 
is  made  regent  of  Scotland^  Nov.  9.  ^ 

A.D.  1574.  i-^ 

Several  private  assemblies  of  Roman- 
ists are  surprised,  on  Palm  Sunday, 
(April  4).  The  priests  and  the  hearers 
are  apprehended  %  and  the  service- 
books  and  church  decorations  seized. 

A.D.  1575. 
A  congregation  of  Dutch  Anabap- 


1  John  Hall  and  Francis  Rolston,  Derbyshire 
gentlemen,  were  tried  at  Westminster,  May  17, 
charged  with  corresponding  with  her  for  the  pur-, 
pose  of  delivering  her  from  the  custody  of  Geoi^,' 
«arl  of  Shrewsbury,  as  long  before  as  August,  1569. 
They  were  found  guilty,  and  were  executed. 

■^  They  were  to  fare  still  worse  for  the  second 
offence,  and  for  the  third  to  suffer  death  as  felons. 

■  Shortly  after  the  prorontion  there  appeared 
-an  "  Admonition  to  the  Parliament,"  in  wmch  the 
views  of  the  Puritans  were  set  forth,  and  the  most 
bitter  and  contemptuous  language  was  employed 
^^ainst  the  Established  Church.  Two  divines. 
Field  and  Wilcox,  its  presumed  authors,  were  pro- 
secuted as  seditious  libellers,  and  sentencea  to 
a  year's  imprisonment  each.  Whitg^  was  em- 
ployed to  prepare  an  Answer;  Cartwrig^t  pub- 
lished a  Reply,  Whitgift  a  Defence  of  the  Answer, 
and  Cartwnght  a  Second  Reply ;  the  controversy 
extending  over  nearly  six  jrears. 

«  The  example  was  speedily  followed  in  other 
places.  The  vigilance  of  the  High  Commission 
Court  was  unable  to  detect  the  members  of  the 
Wandsworth  presbytery,  but  they  were  believed  to 
be  London  ministers.  Field,  a&eady  mentioned, 
was  lecturer  at  Wandsworth,  but  resident  in  Lon- 
don, and  a  leadmg  man  in  tbe  Conferences  which 
the  Puritan  ministers  had  long  been  in  the  habit 
of  holding  clandestinely  there. 

»  It  b^m  on  that  day  (Aug.  24),  in  Paris,  with 
the  assassination  of  the  Admiral  Coligny,  and  was 
continued  in  that  city  imtil  all  the  F^rotestantt  were 
Iclieved  to  be  murdered,  or  to  have  made  their 
«i>cape.     Similar  butcheries  took  place  m  many 


fi 


other  places,  and  the  lowest  estimate  of  the  nunlio' 
of  victims  is  that  of  De  Thou,  who  states  ti  at 
,  other  writers  make  it  very  much  higher, 
'o  the  eternal  dissrace  of  the  reigning  pope  (Gre- 
gory XIILX  medals  were  struck,  and  tnankagiYingv 
offered  up  on  the  occasion.  The  monstroos  criiie. 
however,  injured  the  cause  It  was  intended  to 
serve,  as  it  proved  to  the  Protestanto  of  all  cooa- 
tries  that  tluar  safety  could  only  be  found  ia  a 
closer  union  than  they  had  hitherto  maintaiaed; 
accordingly,  they  looked  to  Elizabeth  as  their  pro- 
tectress, and  her  aid  rendered  the  triumph  of 
Romanism  impossiblei 

4  Dering  was  a  lecturer  at  Sl  Panl's,  LondoB: 
Charke,  a  fellow  of  Peteihouse,  Cambridge.  Frao 
their  respective  pulints  they  inveighed  fiercdr 
ag[ainst  tne  hierarchy,  Chariee  in  particular  nab- 
taining  that  "  Satan  had  introduced  bUiops,  ar^ 
bishopa,  metropditans,  patriardis,  and  popes." 
' '  The  pirates  had  shortly  before  attacked  aad 
plundered  the  earl  of  Worcester(William  SooKzsct). 
while  proceedixig  on  an  embassy  to  Frances 

■  It  was,  however,  soon  broken  off,  and  epea 
countenance  given  by  Elizabeth  to  the  ProlirsfBtt. 

*  He  was  manifestly  mad,  but  the  queen.  «h) 
was  alarmed,  wished  to  have  him  executed  by  saar- 
tial  law  directly  he  was  apprehended ;  and  thot^ 
prevailed  on  to  abandon  that  notion,  she  manifetied 
so  mudi  dislike  to  his  sect  that  Cartwrigfat  Oxn^ 
it  prudent  to  withdraw  to  Germany. 

"  The  ladies  Browne,  Guilford,  and  Morky.  sad 
many  other  gentlewomen  aad  children,  were  aosed. 
as  were  four  priests. 


^D.  IS7S-IS77] 


ELIZABETH. 


351 


lists  (27  in  number)  is  seized  on  Easter 
Sunday  (April  3),  in  London.  Four 
recant  their  errors  at  PaulVcross, 
May  15%  and  one  woman  does  so 
afterwards.  Eleven  more  are  con- 
demned to  be  burnt.  May  21,  but  are 
instead  banished.  Two  men  (John 
Wiehnacher  and  Hcndrick  Ter  Voort, 
vfho  probably  had  relapsed,)  are  burnt 
in  Smithfield^  July  22. 

The  confederate  Netherlanders  offer 
the  protection,  or  possession,  of  Hol- 
land and  Zealand  to  the  queen.  She 
declines  the  offer,  but  promises  her 
help  to  procme  them  a  safe  peace 
with  Spsdn. 

Matthew  Parker,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, dies,  May  1 7.  He  is  succeeded 
byGrindaL 

A.D.  1576. 

The  parliament  meets,  Feb.  8,  and 
sits  till  March  15. 

Coining,  and  clipping  of  good  coin, 
declared  treasonable  offences',  [18 
EUz.  c  i]. 

An  act  passed  to  restrain  the  "  hein- 
ous offences"  commonly  committed  by 
mercenary  informers,  [c.  5].  By  this 
statute,  which  was  enforced  by  another 
in  1584  [27  Eiiz.  c  10],  informers  were 
obliged  to  appear  in  person  to  support 
their  accusations,  and  to  state  the  true 
time  of  the  offence ;  if  they  discon- 
tinued the  action,  they  were  to  pay 
tht  costs;  and  if  th^  compounded 


it  without  leave  of  the  court,  they  were 
to  be  set  in  the  pillory  in  some  ad- 
jacent market-town  for  two  hours,  to 
pay  a  fine  of  ;£io,  and  be  incapacitated 
from  suing  in  future. 

College  rents  appointed  to  be  paid 
at  least  one-third  in  com  at  market 
price,  [c  6], 

Two  justices  appointed  for  each 
Welsh  circuit,  [c  8.] 

The  fineness  of  gold  and  silver  plate 
fixed  by  statute*,  fc.  15]. 

Edmund  Grindal^,  archbishop  of 
York,  is  translated  to  Canterbury. 
He  is  confirmed  Feb.  15. 

The  Commons  petition  the  queen 
for  a  reformation  of  discipline  in  the 
Church'. 

The  Netherlanders  piratically  seize 
many  English  vessels ;  a  fleet  is  sent 
against  them. 

A  charter  granted  to  the 'people  of 
Limerick,  Nov.  16,  allowing  them  to 
trade  with  foreigners,  strangers  and 
the  queen's  enemies  in  time  of  war, 
pirates  only  excepted. 

A.D.  1577. 

Rowland  Gabriel,  Katherine  Deago, 
and  six  others,  are  tried  at  Aylesbury, 
April  18,  charged  with  "feloniously 
keeping  company  with  other  vaga- 
bonds, vulgarly  called  and  calling 
themselves  Egyptians,  and  counter- 
feiting, transferring,  and  altering  them- 
selves in  dress,  kinguage,  and  beha- 


'He  Anabaptists  r^ected  the  Txinity,  npa- 
dated  baptism,  aod  denied  the  Uwfulness  of  oaths, 
of  war,  or  of  nagistzates  :  they  vere  therefore  pe- 
cuJiariy  obnosous,  and  had  been  ordered  to  quit 
^Dgtand  as  early  as  Sept.  23,  1560.  Some  Engbsh 
feaatics,  sterling  themselves  the  Family  of  Love, 
abjured  their  errors  (which  they  professed  to  have 
Kcexved  from  Henry  Nicholas,  a  Dutchman)  at  the 
same  place,  J[une  12.  Their  sect,  however,  sur- 
rivcd ;  and  it  is  in  some  respects  represented  by  the 
Quakers  of  the  present  day. 

'  John  Foze,  the  MartyroI(»ist.  wrote  a  letter  to 
Ae  queen,  entreating  her  to  innict  some  other  death 
tkaa  buminr,  which  he,  forgetiul  of  the  fate  of 
Scrrttas  at  die  hand  of  John  Calvin,  represents  as 
tbe  distinctive  craelty  of  Romanists.  Neither  he 
nor  kis  conten^ioraries  seem  to  have  had  any  doubt 
of  the  jttstioe  and  propriety  of  capital  punishment 
for  ndBjpons  opinions. 

_  *  These  practioes  had  become  voy  common 
since  tbe  reformation  of  the  coinage  in  1560.  Two 
penoQs  were  executed  in  1570,  for  forging  and 
pa-^sii^  pieces  of  "tin  and  tin-glass**  for  shil- 
nn^:  and  others  were  condemned  fur  clipping 
gold,  but  obtained  a  pardon.  Some  doubt,  how- 
ever, being  raised  as  to  the  legal  quality  of  these 
offences,  they  were  now  authoritatively  declared 
treason. 

*  Gold  was  fixed  at  as  carats,  and  xad.  per  oz. 
for  work  ;  silver  at  10  oc.  a  dwL,  and  zsd.  per  lb. 
^  work.  The  Goldsmiths'  company  had  the  mark- 


ing of  the  same :  and  affixing  false  marks  was  ren- 
dmd  punishable  by  a  fine  of  double  the  value  of 
theKoods. 

^  He  was  bom  in  Cumberland  in  1519,  and  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  found  a  patron 
in  Bishop  Ridley.  He  went  into  ezUe  in  the  time 
of  Mary,  and  rendered  himself  conspicuous  by  his 
firm  support  of  the  English  Liturgy  against  the 
objections  of  Knox  and  his  partisawt  He  took 
part  in  the  disputation  at  Westminster  on  Eliza- 
beth's accession,  was  in  1559  made  bishop  of  London, 
removed  to  York  in  1570,  and  in  1576  to  Canter- 
bury. Grindal  inclined  to  the  views  of  the  Puritans, 
and,  though  commanded  by  the  queen  to  siqmress 
the  exercises  termed  "  prophesyings,"  he  declined 
to  comply,  and  addressed  to  £liaabeth  a  letter  of 
earnest  remonstrance,  such  as  very  few  men  but 
himself  would  have  ventured  to  have  written.  It 
was,  however,  disr^arded ;  he  was  sequestered 
from  his  see,  and  confuied  to  his  house  ;  he  became 
blind,  but  his  spirit  was  unsubdued,  and  steps  were 
being  taken  to  dqirive  him,  when  the  queen  and 
her  ministers  were  spared  so  odious  a  stn>  against 
a  truly  learned,  pious,  conscientious,  and  amiable 
man,  by  his  death,  which  occurred  at  Croyd<xi, 
July  6.  1583. 

•  The  queen  answered  that  the  bishops  had  been 
directed  to  examine  the  matter,  and  il  they  tailed 
in  their  duty  she  would  supply  the  want  by  her 
supremacy. 


352 


THE  TUDORS. 


[a.d.  1577—1580- 


viour.''  They  are  found  guilty,  and 
hanged*. 

The  queen  makes  a  league  with  the 
Netherlandersy  and  assists  them  with 
money,  ships,  and  men. 

The  puritanical  meetings,  called 
Prophesyings,  forbidden  by  the  queen. 
May  7,  and  almost  immediately  dis- 
continued '. 

Cuthbert  Mayne,  a  seminary  priest, 
is  executed  at  Launceston,  Nov.  29 '. 

Francis  Drake  sails  from  Plymouth, 
on  a  voyage  against  the  Spanish  set- 
tlements, Dec.  13*. 

A.D.  1578. 

John  Nelson,  a  priest,  and  Thomas 
Sherwood,  a  young  layman,  are  ex- 
ecuted at  Tyburn,  Feb.  3  and  7,  for 
denying  the  queen's  supremacy  \ 

The  pope  (Gregory  XIII.)  supplies 
forces  UA  the  invasion  of  Ireland,  but 
the  project  is  not  carried  into  effect*. 

The  State  Paper  Office  founded,  Dr. 
Wilson,  a  civilian,  being  appointed  the 
first  keeper. 


A.D.  1579. 

Matthew  Hamond,  of  Hethersct, 
near  Norwich,  is  burnt  at  Norwich  as 
a  heretic.  May  20  \ 

A  small  party  of  Spaniards  land  at 
Smerwick,  m  Kerry,  and  fortify  them- 
selves there  \  July. 

Negotiations  are  commenced  for  a 
marriage  between  the  queen  and 
Francis,  duke  of  Anjou,  brother  of 
the  French  king". 

A.D.  1580. 

James  of  Scotland  chooses  two  young 
men"  as  favourites,  who  intrigue  to 
overthrow  the  regent  Morton. 

Allen  induces  the  pope  (Gregoj)' 
XIII.)  to  dispatch  a  mission  of  Jesuits 
to  England,  to  attempt  its  re-conver- 
sion. Its  leaders  are  Robert  Parsons 
and  Edmund  Campion  ".  They  reach 
England  in  July,  and  reconcile  many 
to  the  Church  of  Rome.  A  proclama- 
tion is  issued  against  them,  to  which 
Campion  prepares  a  reply,  in  which  he 


'  They  had  been  apprehended  by  an  order  from 
the  council,  signed  by  the  lord  keeper(Sir  Nicholas 
Bacon)  and  oUiers. 

*  These  meetings  of  the  clergy  for  prayer  and 
exposition  of  Scripture,  but  without  the  use  of  the 
Service-book,  appear  to  have  arisen  at  North- 
ampton about  1570,  or  even  earlier,  when  that 
town  was  so  completely  under  puritanical  influ- 
ence that  the  service  m  the  churches  was  new 
modelled,  and  Calvin's  Catechism  substituted  for 
that  set  forth  by  authority.  La3nnen  soon  mixed 
b  them,  and  disaffection  to  the  civil  government 
«ras  feared  from  their  continuance. 

''  He  had  been  some  time  in  England  as  chap- 
lain to  a  Cornish  gentleman,  named  Tregian,  a 
known  recusant.  Mayne  had  in  his  possession, 
when  seized,  a  papal  Imll,  not  relating  to  politics ; 
but  he  was  held  by  the  court  to  lutve  offended 
against  the  law  of  Z57X ;  his  own  party  regarded 
him  as  "  the  protomartyr  of  Douay. 

t  He  gained  a  large  amount  of  plunder  in  his 
voyage,  which  extended  round  the  worid,  returned 
in  Z580,  was  visited  on  board  his  ship  by  die  queen, 
and  knighted. 

^  According  to  Dr.  Milner,  15  persons  altogether 
suffered  on  Uiis  charge;  xa6  for  exercising  the 
functions  of  the  priesthood  ;  and  63  either  for  being 
reconciled,  or  for  assisting  priests ;  a  total  of  204. 

'  The  command  of  800  men  had  been  given  by 
the  pope  to  an  English  fugitive  named  Thomas 
Stukeley,  whom  he  created  marquis  of  Leinster ; 
and  he  was  to  have  been  joined  by  a  much  larger 
body  of  Spaniards  and  Portuguese,  under  Sebas- 
tian, king  of  Portugal.  The  Icing,  however,  pre- 
vailed on  Stukeley  first  to  accompany  him  on  an 
expedition  to  Africa,  where  they  both  perished. 
After  the  short  reign  of  Dom  Hairy,  Philip  off 
Spain  (uncle  of  SeUisfian)  seized  on  Portugal  in 
1580,  and  Antonio,  the  heir  to  the  crown,  found 
refuge  in  England. 

^  He  was  an  ignorant  mechanic,  who  denied  the 
Trinity,  and  pronounced  the  Gospel  a  fable.  He 
was  condemned  to  the  stake,  but  venturing  to  utter 
in  court  "  words  of  blasphemy  against  the  queen's 
majesty,  and  others  of  ner  council,"  he  was  sen- 


tenced also  to  lose  his  ears,  and  was  bunt  a  mouth 
after. 

I  They  had  been  raised  by  James  Fitznutirice, 
brother  of  the  earl  of  Desmond.  In  tfadr  companT 
were  Saunders,  an  English  refugee,  invested  «ith 
the  commission  of  papallegate,  and  Allen,  an  Imb 
Jesuit. 

"  The  project  caused  much  alarm,  espedalir  t)> 
the  Puritans,  and  also  much  mischief  to  the  Ko- 
manists,  many  priests  beine  executed  apparentlr 
to  remove  the  fears  of  the  former,  who  uaagined 
that  the  queen  intended  to  forsake  Protestaittiaa. 
The  duke  came  to  England,  and  resided  here  for 
some  months,  in  1581  and  1583  ;  but  the  scbooc 
was  abandoned,  and  he  was  invited  to  beoome  the 
protector  of  the  Nethcriands.  He  acted  treacher- 
ously in  this  capacity,  attempted  to  seize  Antrcrp, 
but  was  defeated,  and  died  shortly  after,  July  i<h 
1583. 

•  These  were  Esme  Stuart,  nephew  to  the  kioss 
grandfather,  the  eari  of  Lenox,  and  James  Stoait, 
son  of  Lord  Ochiltree.  Esme  was  soon  nude  duke 
of  Lenox,  and  James  received  the  title  of  earf 
of  Arran. 

•  They  had  both  formerly  professed  Protesanf- 
ism.  and  had  belonged  to  Balliol  and  Stjofar/t 
Colleges,  Oxford.  Panons  (bom  1546,  in  Somcrset- 
shireiThad  left  that  university  under  the  imputatics 
of  a  disorderly  life,  wandered  abroad  for  sosx 
years,  and  at  length  became  a  Jesuit,  after  he  hxi 
endeavoured  to  uve  as  a  physician,  or  a  drifiao. 
Campion,  who  was  a  Londoner  (bom  X540X  ^^ 
when  a  youth  appeared  a  zealous  Protestant,  an<i 
was  in  consequence  favoured  by  Bishq;>  Che^TicT, 
of  Gloucester.  He  became  a  Romanist  about  1 563, 
went  to  Ireland,  and  thence  to  Douay,  where  he 
became  professor  of  divinity ;  he  was  afterwards 
a  Jesuit  missionary  in  Bohemia,  and  at  length  vas 
dispatched,  somewhat  against  his  will,  as  he  as- 
serted, to  England.  He  wa^  unlike  his  conna- 
nion,  a  man  of  mOd  and  amiable  cfaanurto-,  bat 
both  were  fumished  with  instructions  relative  tj 
the  bull  of  Kus  V.  (see  a.d.  1570)  which  gave  a  po- 
htical  rather  than  a  religious  character  to  thor 
enterprise. 


A.D.  1580—1582.] 


ELIZABETH. 


353 


expresses  a  desire  for  a  public  dispu- 
tation'. 

The  erection  of  new  buildings  in 
London  forbidden  by  proclamation  % 
July;. 

A  fresh  body  of  Italians  and  Spani- 
ards joins  those  already  in  Ireland. 
Thev  are  soon  after  compelled  to  sur- 
render', Nov.  9. 

A.D.  I581. 

The  parliament  meets,  Jan.  16,  and 
sits  till  March  18. 

A  severe  act  passed  against  the  Ro- 
manists, entitled  ^  An  act  to  retain  the 
queen's  m^esty's  subjects  in  their  due 
obedience,*  [23  Eliz.  c.  i].  It  provided 
that  any  person  reconciling  another 
to  the  see  of  Rome  should  be  punished 
as  a  traitor,  and  the  person  reconciled 
incur  misprision  of  treason ;  saying 
mass  was  to  be  punished  by  a  fine 
of  200  marks  ;  hearing  it,  by  a  fine  of 
100  marks,  with,  in  each  case,  a  year's 
imprisonment;  absence  from  church 
was  to  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  ;£2o 
a  month ;  and  if  continued  a  year  two 
sureties  of  ;£2oo  each  were  to  be  given 
for  future  good  behaviour.  All  school- 
masters were  to  be  licensed  by  the  or- 
dinary, or  suffer  a  year's  imprisonment, 
and  persons  employing  them  to  be 
fined  ijio  a  monUi. 

Seditious  words  and  slanderous  tales 
forbidden  [c.  2}  under  penalty  of  pil- 
lory and  imprisonment  for  the  first 
offence,  and  death  for  the  second. 
Death  was  also  the  punishment  for 
casting  nativities,  or  wishing  the 
queen's  death,  [c  3]. 

A  more  reasonable  act  [c  4]  appoints 
commissioners  to  fortify  the  border  to- 
wards Scotland  It  states  that  the  in- 
habitants of  the  northern  parts,  though 


exempted  from  subsidies,  have  neg- 
lected to  keep  their  houses  fortified ; 
they  are  to  be  compelled  to  do  so, 
having  "  favourable  sets  and  forms  of 
tenure"  for  the  purpose. 

Morton,  the  former  regent  of  Scot- 
land, is  tried  and  convicted  of  partici- 
pation in  the  murder  of  Damley.  He 
is  executed,  June  i. 

Campion  is  seized  at  Lyfford,  in 
Berkshire,  July  17.  He  is  brought  to 
London,  with  two  other  priests,  and 
lodged  in  the  Tower,  July  22. 

Edward  (or  Everard)  Hance,  a 
priest,  is  executed  for  denying  the 
queen's  supremacy,  July  31. 

Campion  is  racked  in  the  Tower,  and 
reveals  the  names  of  the  persons  who 
had  sheltered  him ;  many  of  them  are 
in  consequence  fined  and  imprisoned. 

Six  Protestant  divines  ■  are  sent  on 
different  days  to  dispute  with  him ;  he 
is  afterwards  questioned  as  to  the 
pope's  deposing  power.  His  answers 
being  deemed  unsatisfactory,  he  is 
again  racked,  with  greater  severity; 
and  at  length  is  tried  for  high  treason, 
and  condemned,  Nov.  26.  He  is  exe- 
cuted, with  two  other  ecclesiastics, 
Dec.  I  K 

A.D.  1582. 

The  States  of  the  Netherlands 
choose  the  duke  of  Anjou  for  their 
governor,  February.  He  takes  the  field 
against  the  Spaniards,  but  excites  jea- 
lousy by  placing  French  garrisons  in 
the  towns. 

The  earl  of  Gowrie  (Alexander  Ruth- 
ven)  and  several  other  nobles,  seize 
James  of  Scotland,  and  oblige  him  to 
dismiss  his  favourites,  Arran  and 
Lenox  ^  This  affair  is  known  as  the 
Raid  of  Ruthven. 


'  He  was  visited  when  in  prison,  and  reminded 
^  this  challenge.  He  accoraingly  disputed  with 
ois  (nponentSy  bat  the  meetings,  as  might  have 
been  toreseeD,  had  no  satisfactory  result. 

4  Various  reasons  are  assigned  why  the  growth 
of  the  dty  was  esteemed  an  evil.  Lack  of  room  to 
^"aik  and  q>ort,  increase  of  beggars,  increased 
oaogerof  plague  and  fire,  but  especially  the  diffi- 
culty of  govenung  so  great  a  multitude,  are  among 
them. 

'  Tht  Irish  who  had  joined  them,  both  men  and 
women,  were  hanged ;  the  foreigners,  about  400  in 
Buffiber,  were  put  to  the  sword,  their  leader,  San 
Giuseppe,  and  a  few  others  only  being  spared. 
Allen,  the  Jesuit,  had  been  killed  shortly  before  in 
askinnish,  and  tne  &tc  of  Saimders is  uncertain  ; 
Camden  says  he  survived  until  Z583,  when  he  was 
found  starved  to  death ;  Dod  asserts  that  he  died 
<tf  disease  in  xsSa 

*  Nowell  and  Day,  deans  of  St  Paul's  and  Wind- 
sor* Dn.  FoUce,  Goad,  and  Walker,  and  Mr.  Chaxke. 


*■  Six  other  priests  and  a  layman  were  convicted 
with  him,  and  five  more  (ux  the  following  day.  The 
charge  against  them  was,  that  they  nad  vowed 
allegiance  to  the  pope,  who  had  in  various  ways 
compassed  and  imagined  the  death  of  the  ^ueen. 
The  lives  of  three  (Bosgiave  a  Jesuit,  Rishton 
a  secular  priest,  and  Orton  the  layman),  who  for- 
mally renounced  the  pope's  deposmg  power,  were 
spared ;  the  rest  were  executed  at  difierent  periods : 
(junpion,  Sherwin.  and  Briant,  Dec.  x,  1581  : 
Ford.  Johnson,  and  Short,  May  a8 :  and  Cottam, 
Filby,  Kirby,  and  Richardson,  May  30,  1589. 
Parsons  escaped  finom  England,  revisited  it  at  the 
time  of  Babmgton's  conspiracy,  and,  after  living 
several  years  as  a  political  writer  and  plotter  in  the 
service  of  Spain,  retired  to  Rome,  where  he  died 
in  x6ia 

"  Lenox  retired  to  France,  and  shortly  after  died 
there:  Arran  regained  his  iimue&oe  for  awhile,  but 
ultimately  died  u  pbveity. 


Aa 


334 


THE  TUDORS. 


[A.D.  1583,  1S«4. 


A.D.  1583. 

The  duke  of  Anjou  attempts  to  seize 
Antwerp  by  treachery,  Jan.  7.  He  is 
foiled  by  the  citizens*,  and  is  soon  ob- 
liged to  retire  to  France,  being  strongly 
\vithstood  by  the  English  and  Scottish 
troops  in  the  pay  of  the  States. 

James  of  Scodand  regains  his  autho- 
rity, and  exiles  the  parties  to  the  Raid 
of  Ruthven.  Gowne,  however,  is  par- 
doned, on  his  submission,  and  the 
others  soon  return. 

Elias  Thacker  and  John  Coping  are 
lianged,  June  4  and  6,  for  dispersing 
books  (termed  "seditious  libels'*)  writ- 
ten by  Robert  Browne  ^  against  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

Archbishop  Grindal  dies,  July 6.  He 
is  succeeded  by  John  Whitgut  *,  bishop 
of  Worcester. 

John  Lewis,  who  denied  the  Divinity 


of  our  Lord,  is  burnt  at  Norwkli, 
Sept  17. 

The  earl  of  Desmond  is  surprised 
and  killed  %  Nov.  1 1. 

Edward  Arden,  a  Warwickshire  gai- 
ttemaHjis  executed,  Dec.  20,  on  a  chaige 
of  having  conspired  with  John  Somer- 
ville  and  others  to  assassinate  the 
queen  K 

A.D.  1584. 

Sir  John  Perrott  is  appointed  lord 
deputy  of  Ireland ',  Jan.  7. 

WiUiam  Carter,  a  printer,  is  ex^ 
cuted  for  reprinting  a  *'  Treatise  on 
Schism,"  in  which  the  ncnirder  of  tiie 
queen  was  thought  to  be  recom- 
mended'*, Jan.  I  a 

John  Fen  and  four  other  seminary 
priests  executed  at  Tybum]",  Feb.  12. 

The  earl  of  Cowrie  is  executed,  and 


*  Upwards  of  x,^  of  the  French  were  killed, 
nnd  2,000  taken  prisoners.  The  people  defended 
themselves  with  eqnal  skill  and  oouiase ;  they  drew 
chains  across  the  streets,  and  fired  from  th«  win- 
dows and  housetoi^.  "When  thev  wanted  bul- 
lets," says  Stow,  "they  "veiy  advisedly  and  readily 
melted  their  pewter  dishes  and  platters  to  make 
shot :  and  some,  for  more  speed,  took  money  out  of 
«heir  prarses,  and  bent  it  with  their  teeth,  and  sent 
it  singing  out  of  their  muskets  and  caliveis." 

f  Browne  was  a  kinsman  of  the  minister  Cedl, 
and  had  been  chaplain  to  the  duke  of  Norfolk.  He 
•quarrelled  alike  with  the  discipline  of  the  Esta- 
blished Church  and  with  diat  or  the  Puritans,  was 
censured  by  the  Court  of  High  Commission,  and 
withdrew  to  Holland,  where  he  wrote  a  book  advo- 
cating the  fmndples  of  self-government  in  eadi  con- 
gregation, since  known  as  Indq>endencv.  At  length 
iie  returned,  and  though  he  gave  only  a  ieip;ned 
conformity,  (he  never  preachedj  received  the  hving 
of  Achurch,  in  Northamjptonsnire.  He  was  of  a 
quarrelsome,  imperious  disposition,  suffered  nume- 
rous imprisonments  in  conseauence,  and  he  died  at 
last  in  Northampton  gaol,  about  the  year  2631,  at 
a  very  advanced  age,  oeing  confined  there,  not  fin- 
any  alleged  rdigious  or  p 
.an  assault  on  a  constable. 

■  He  was  bom  at  Grimsby,  about  icm,  was  edu- 
cated at  Cambridjg^e  under  John  Bradsord,  resided 
in  the  university  for  many  years,  and  shewed  him- 
-self  a  strenuous  opponent  of  the  Puritans  ;  he  an- 
swered their  "  Admonition  to  the  Parliament,"  and 
in  his  capacity  of  vice<hattcellor  expelled  Gut- 
^irright,  who  was  esteemed  their  most  able  preacher, 
lirom  his  fellowship.  In  1577  he  became  nshc^  of 
Worcester ;  and,  being  awociated  with  Sir  Henry 
Sidney  in  the  government  of  the  Marches  of 
Wales,  he  shewed  much  aptitude  for  secular  busi- 
ness. In  his  administration  of  the  primacy  Ardi- 
liishop  Whit|^  acted  with  visour  and  determina- 
tion ;  he  Buuntained  the  auUiority  of  the  eccle- 
siastical ooorts,  procured  the  imposition  of  severe 
restrictions  on  the  press,  which  had  fidlen  exten- 
sively under  Puritan  influence,  and  in  aH  his  pro- 
ceeding with  that  party  dealt  with  a  high  hand. 
His  eflbrts  were,  however,  but  mdifferendy  se- 
«oanded  b^  the  goveimnent,  and  he  was  ohcn 
*thwarted  m  his  designs.  He  attended,  with  other 
prelates,  at  the  conferences  held  at  Hampton 
Court,  in  the  nraeBce  of  James  I.,  when  the  great 
bulk  of  the  Puritan  obj^ctioos  were  dismissed  as 
oinfounded.  but  died  very  soon  after,  Feb.  29,' 1604. 


i  principle,  but  for 


•  He  had  already  been  attainted*  sad  las  mt 
estates,  estimated  at  near  600,000  aaes,  were  par- 
titioned amons  the  English  soldiers  ai«l  adra- 

,  Sir  Walter  Rale^  and  the  poet  Speatff 

in  the  number, 
lenrille,  who  was  the  son-in-bw  of  Arden. 
was  a  madman.  Some  of  his  incoherent  expRs- 
sioos  were  detailed  by  HaU^  a  Romish  priest,  vfe 
declared  that  Arden,  his  wife  and  daii^trr,  ap- 
proved of  them ;  this  was  sufficient  to  proauc  Ar- 
den's  condemnation,  though  it  was  generally  \t- 
lieved  that  his  real  offence  was,  that  he  was  per- 
sonally obnoxious  to  Leicester,  whose  retainer  be 
had  refused  to  become,  and  who  obtained  the  gn^ 
of  his  estate  for  ooe  of  his  feUowerk  SoraerrtBe 
was  condemned,  but  committed  suicide ;  the  priest 
and  the  fenudes  were  pardoned. 

•  He  is  said  to  have  been  a  natmal  son  of  HoiT 
VIIL,  and  to  have  borne  great  resemblance  to  w 
both  in  person  and  in  his  imperious  nature,  we 
see,  by  the  Council  book  of  Queen  Mary,  dait 
he  was  committed  to  the  Fleet,  Jan.  x8,  i«4,  *>™ 
Lord  Ormond  and  Lord  Ganctt»  for  vioiaiil7*^ 
satdting  the  servants  of  the  eari  of  Worcester,  bst 
he  was  released  two  days  afksr.  His  govemaat 
of  Irelandlwas  displrasing  to  the  queen»  sad  be 
was  removed  in  1587. 

•  The  book  was  wiitten  hv  Gregory  Maitis, 
ajesuit,  and  was  first  printed  at  Donay  ia  isfi- 
The  passage  objected  to,  which  exhorted  "Mr 
Catholic  gentlewomen  to  destroy  Hobfemes.  ttie 
master  heretic,"  Carter  endeavoured  to  expbis  » 
an  allegory,  but  the  judges  ovcnuled  this,  aad  he 
was  executed  as  a  traitor. 

'  The  government  diooght  it  nectiwiiy  *^p»- 
lish  a  justification  of  these  proceedings,  ran, 
together  with  the  usage  of  prisoners  in  ae  Towrgi. 
were  severely  commented  upon  in  fbreiga  «^ 
tries.  There  accordingly  appeared  "A  DecbiaMs 
of  the  Favourable  Dealings  of  Her  Majesty's  0«- 
missioners,"  in  which  the  use  of  the  rack  was  «- 
fisnded;  and  a  "Declaration  of  tlie  Ttaieon» 
Affecdon  bonie  against  her  Majesty  by  Bdaosd 
Campion,  Jesuit,  and  odier  ondeinned  Prices- 
Allen  replied  by  a  book  "On  the  English  Pfr; 
secution ;"  die  government  then  tarooeht  fanran 
another,  entitled,  "The  Exeeution  of  Jnrtw* 
England  not  for  Refi^n,  but  for  Ticasoo,"  wtacs 
was  also  published  m  Italian;  AUen  agais  f»> 
plied,  in  his  "  British  Justice,"  and  there  the  ooa- 


A.b.  1584, 1585.] 


ELIZABETH. 


355 


the  other  parties  to  the  Raid  of  Rnth- 
ven  again  hanisheri. 

Francis  Throckmorton  is  executed 
on  charges  of  treasonable  correspond- 
ence with  the  Spanish  ambassador  and 
others ',  July  10. 

Creighton,  a  Scottish  Jesuit,  is  cap- 
tured at  sea,  in  September.  He  en- 
deavours to  destroy  a  paper  which 
proves  to  be  the  heads  of  a  plan  for 
a  Spanish  invasion,  and  the  deposition 
or  death  of  the  queen,  to  which  Mary 
of  Scotland  was  said  to  have  c<xisented. 

The  parliament  meets,  Nov.  23,  and 
sits  till  March  29,  1585.  Its  first  act 
wzs  one  "for  provision  to  be  made  for 
the  Surety  of  the  queen's  most  royal 
person,  and  the  continuance  of  the 
reahn  in  peace,"  [27  Elix.  c.  i].  This 
act  legalized  an  Association  which  had 
been  formed  shortly  before  to  protect 
the  queen  from  assassination,  or  to 
revenge  her  deatht  The  subscribers 
{headed  by  Leicester)  promised  to 
punish  with  death  any  attempt  on 
her  life,  and  also  to  exclude  from  the 
throne  all  who  should  authorize  such 
an  attempt  or  be  meant  to  profit 
byit« 

Another  act  was  "Against  Jesuits, 
seminary  priests,  and  other  such-like 
disobedient  persons,"  [c  2].     Jesuits 


and  seminary  priests  were  to  leave  the 
kingdom  within  forty  days,  under  the 
peiudty  of  treason ;  to  aid  or  receive 
them  was  made  felony;  all  students 
in  the  seminaries  were  to  return  withm 
six  months  and  take  the  oath  of  supre- 
macy, or  be  consido^d  as  traitors,  and 
if  they  returned  they  were  not  to  come 
within  twdve  miles  of  the  court  for 
ten  years.  Persons  sending  children 
to  the  seminaries  were  to  forfeit  ;£ioo, 
and  to  incur  the  penalties  of  praemu- 
nire if  they  sent  money  to  any  already 
there ;  the  parties  sent  were  rendered 
incapableofinheriting  from  the  sender  \ 
This  bill  was  vehemently  opposed  by 
Dr.  William  Parry,  member  for  Queen- 
borough  ;  he  was  placed  in  arrest,  by 
the  House  of  Commons,  Dec.  17,  but 
released  by  order  of  the  queen  the 
next  day*. 

Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge, 
founded  by  Sir  Walter  Mildmay  ^. 

A  settlement  founded  in  America, 
and  named,  in  honour  of  the  queen, 
Virginia  ^ 

A.D.  1585. 

Twenty  Romish  priests  and  one  lay- 
man are  banished  by  virtue  of  the  re- 
cent act  [27  Eliz.  c,  2],  Jan.  15  ■. 


^  He  oonfesfied,  on  the  rack,  that  a  plan  was  in 
isitatkm  fin-  the  imraeiion  cf  Englaml  by  the  Spani- 

ris.  The  Spemish  ambassador,  when  taxed  with 
'hi!.,  retoned  with  cfaax-ges  of  piracy,  and  of  inter- 
itrcDce  in  the  Netherlands,  but  soon  after  withdrew 
to  Puis. 

t  This  dause  was  evidently  directed  against 
Mary  of  Scotland,  yet  she  oSend  her  own  signa- 
tare,  hot  it  was  declined. 

'  The  Romanists  presented  a  petition  to  the 
^peen,  protesting  their  loyalty,  and  praying  her 
Qot  to  ooasent  to  this  bill     lu  only  effect  was  to 


cause  the  imprisonment  for  life  of  the  genl 

>rho  offered  it  to  her  (Richard  Shelley,  of  Michael 

Grove,  in  SussexX 

'  Parry,  who  had  been  bred  a  lawyer,  had  but 
^^ently  retamed  to  England,  harinE  been  em- 
V^ytd  for  some  years  on  the  continent  by  the  Ejm;- 
ibh  Kovemment  as  a  spy.  He  was  a  man  of  TUe 
c^utfacter,  and  had  treacherously  discussed  the 
•iucstion  of  assassinating  the  queen  mth  several 
pncsts  and  others  on  purpose  to  betray  them.  He 
was  admitted  to  interviews  with  the  queen,  but  not 
^lans^  rewarded  as  he  expected,  he  restuned  his 
pncQoes.  was  informed  against  by  one  of  his  in- 
tended victims  (Edmund  KeviHe,  the  heir  of  the  hot 
earl  of  Westmoreland),  condemned,  and  executed. 

^  He  was  for  many  years  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
<:'iequer.  and  was  a  firm  supporter  of  the  Puritans. 
His  college  was  speedily  Mled  with  them,  and  it 
*as  comrnooly  known  among  the  party  as  "the 
ooosK  of  pure  Emmanud." 

*  Its  chief  promoter  was  Walter  Ralegh,  one  of 
the  BKMt  distmgnided  men  <  of  his  time.  He  was 
bom  m  Devonwire  in  1552,  came  early  to  court, 
where  he  soon  became  a  favourite,  and  was  a  for- 
midable rival  to  Essex.    His  great  passion,  how- 


ever, was  for  arms  and  nmritime  discovery,  and  he 
eventually  lost  his  life  in  the  pursuit.  Ralegh 
served  with  signal  bravery,  both  by  sea  and  land, 
and  he  received  the  pant  of  large  estates  in  Ire- 
land ;  bat  he  sought  for  still  greater  fortune  from 
die  dtsoovery  of  gold  mines  in  America.  His 
schemes  failed,  and  he  became  a  ruined  man, 
though  still  heading  high  appointments.     As  the 

Sueen's  reign  drew  to  a  dose,  he,  like  so  many  of 
er  courtiers,  attempted  to  pay  hu  court  to  James 
of  Scotland,  but  in  Uiis  he  was  forestalled  by  Cecil, 
who  inspirul  the  king  with  a  deep  distrtist  of  him. 
Soon  after  James'  accession  Ralegh  was  charged, 
perha^  unjustly,  with  treasonable  designs  ;  he 
was  tried,  convicted,  and  sentenced  to  death.  ^  His 
life  was  spared,  and  after  thirteen  years'  imprison- 
ment he  was  released,  and  fitted  out  an  expedition 
for  the  occupation  of  Guiana,  where  he  disserted 
that  mines  richer  than  those  of  Mexico  or  Peru 
were  to  be  found.  He  was  unable  to  effect  hb  ob- 
ject, but  he  had  given  mortal  offence  to  Gondomar, 
the  Spanish  ambassador,  who  possessed  unbounded 
influence  with  the  king,  and  had  also  engaged  in 
piracy.  On  his  return  he  was,  fen-  a  reason  that  has 
only  of  late  years  come  to  light  (see  a.d.  z6x8},  exe- 
cuted on  his  former  sentence,  dying  with  firmness 
and  resignation,  Oct  29,  z6t8. 

*  A  commission  was  issued  on  this  dav  can- 
powering  any  six  of  certain  commissioners  to  banish 
so  many  as  to  them  should  seem  fitting  of  Jesuits, 
seminary  priests,  and  lay  persons,  who  were  se- 
ducers of  the  queen's  lovmg  subjects.  This  party, 
which  was  landed  in  Normandy,  comprised  three 
priests  and  one  layman  who  hiad  been  attainted, 
ten  who  had  been  indicted,  and  seven  who  were 
suspected  of  treason.  In  the  following  September 
thirty-two  more,  collected  firom  the  Tower,  the  Mar- 


Aa2 


3S6 


THE  TUDORS. 


[a.d.  1585, 1586. 


'  Dr.  Parry  is  apprehended,  and  sent 
to  the  Tower,  Feb.  8.  He  is  tried  at 
Westminster,  Feb.  25,  and  pleads 
guilty  to  the  charge  of  conspiring  with 
Edmund  Neville  to  kill  the  queen. 
He  is  executed,  March  2. 

The  earl  of  Arundel  (Philip  Howard) 
is  sent  to  tiie  Tower,  on  a  charge  of 
attempting  to  leave  the  realm  clandes- 
tinely ",  April  14. 

The  banished  lords  return  to  Scot- 
land, and  procure  the  degradation  of 
Arran°. 

The  earl  of  Northumberland  (Henry 
Percy)  is  found  dead  in  the  Tower**, 
June  21. 

The  queen  accepts  the  protection  of 
the  Netherlands,  in  July.  She  agreed 
to  supply  them  with  1000  horse  and 
5000  toot,  for  which  they  were  to  pay 
at  the  end  of  the  war,  and  they  were  to 
put  in  her  hands  Flushing,  Briel,  and 
Rammekins,  in  the  isle  of  Walcheren, 
as  security.  She  was  to  name  a  gover- 
nor-general, who,  with  two  English 
councillors,  was  to  be  admitted  to  a 
share  of  their  government.  Neither 
party  was  to  m^e  peace  without  the 
consent  of  the  other,  and  a  fleet  was 
to  be  furnished  by  both  parties  in 
equal  numbers,  but  to  be  commanded 
by  an  English  admiral. 

A  seminary  priest  and  a  layman 
hanged  for  dispersing  slanderous  books, 
July  6. 

Drake  is  dispatched  against  the 
Spaniards  in  the  West  Indies,  and 
does  them  vast  damage.  He  takes 
the  cities  St.  Domingo  and  Cartha- 
gena,  ravages  the  coast  of  Florida,  and 
returns  with  a  large  amount  of  trea- 
sure and  240  pieces  of  cannon  1. 

The  earl  of  Leicester  is  sent  to  the 


Netherlands,  as  commander  of  the 
English  forces.  He  lands  at  Flush- 
ing, Dec.  10. 

The  western  part  of  Ireland  is  re- 
duced to  subjection  by  Sir  Richard 
Bingham. 

A.D.  1586. 

Two  seminary  priests  (Barber  and 
Devereux)  executed,  Jan.  19  and  21 ; 
and  two  more  (Thomson  and  Lea) 
April  20. 

William  Shelley  is  convicted  of  con- 
spiring to  slay  the  queen,  and  deliver 
the  queen  of  Scots,  Feb.  12;  he  is 
executed. 

The  Netherlanders  grant  "  the  high- 
est and  supreme  conunandment,  and 
absolute  authority,"  to  "His  Excel- 
lency" the  earl  of  Leicester,  Feb.  6 ; 
at  which  the  queen  is  greatly  dis- 
pleased. 

.  Leicester  takes  the  field  in  April. 
He  is  at  first  successful,  through  the 
courage  and  conduct  of  Sir  John  Nor- 
ris,  Sir  Francis  Vere,  and  others  of 
his  lieutenants,  but  fails  in  an  attempt 
on  Zutphen'. 

A  "  league  of  stricter  amity,"  entered 
into  with  James  of  Scotland,  providing 
for  mutual  assistance  in  case  of  inva- 
sion by  any  of  "  the  neighbour  princes, 
who  will  needs  be  called  CatholicSj^" 
July  I. 

Five  English  merchant  vessels  beat 
off  thirteen  galleys  of  Spain  and  Malta, 
at  Pantellana,  July  13. 

John  Savage,  a  soldier  of  Philip*s 
forces,  forms  a  design  to  kill  the 
queen.  His  intention  is  approved  by 
William  Gifford,  a  priest  at  Reims, 
and  also  by  John  Ballard,  a  mission- 
ary priest  in  England.    Anthony  Ba- 


shalsea,  and  other  prisons,  were  banished,  bat  being 
attacked  at  sea  by  a  Dutch  pirate,  they  were,  at 
their  own  request,  set  on  shore  at  Boulogne. 

"  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas,  duke  of  Norfolk, 
executed  in  1572.  In  X584  he  was  imprisoned  on 
suspicion  of  corresponding  with  Mary  of  Scotland, 
but  was  soon  released ;  in  the  same  year,  according 
to  the  indictment  afterwards  found  against  him, 
he^  received  two  seminary  priests  (Weston  and 
Bridges),  was  reconciled  to  Rome,  and  offered  bis 
services  to  Cardinal  Allen  and  the  other  refugees. 
Soon  after  his  committal  to  the  Tower  he  was  fined 
;Cio,ooo  by  the  Star-chamber,  and  sentenced  to  im- 
prisonment during  the  queen's  pleasure.  He  was  at 
length,  after  a  four  years'  imprisonment,  brought  to 
tnal  before  his  peers,  Apru  14,  1589,  and  found 
guilty  of  treason,  one  charge  being  that  he  had 
procured  a  mass  to  be  said  by  one  WUliam  B«3i- 
net,  and  had  himself  written  a  prayer,  for  the  suc- 
-  cess  of  the  Armada.  For  some  unknown  reason 
Arundel  was  Bot  executed,  but  he  lived  in  daily  ex- 


pectadon  of  the  scaffold,  until  his  deaxh,  Oct.  19, 
X595.  Several  interesting  memorials  remain  of  hia 
on  Uie  walls  of  the  Beauchamp  tower ;  one  oonsisu 
of  four  lines  of  Latin  expressive  <^  Cuth  and  kope, 
signed  "arundbll,  junb  sa,  1587. " 

^"  He  was  proclaimed  a  public  enemy,  redooed  tfi> 
his  original  name  of  James  Stuart,  and  saSaod  » 
die  in  obscurity. 

p  He  was  brother  of  the  earl  beheaded  ia  zsrs, 
and  was  imprisoned  on  suspicion  of  betag  ia  con- 
federacy with  Throckmorton  (see  A.n.  x«84>.  Whe- 
ther he  committed  suicide,  or  was  mmdereda  as  is 
sometimes  affirmed,  is  uncertain. 

4  In  passing  the  American  coast  he  camt  to  Ra- 
lesh's  settlement,  Virginia  (see  a.d.  1584).  Th« 
colonists  were  in  such  distress  that  thev  soBcitrd 
Drake  to  bring  them  to  England,  whidh  he  dki. 
These  men  brou^^t  the  use  of  tobacco  to  tkis 
cotmtxy. 

'  In  a  skirmish  before  this  town,  oe  Sept.  aa,  bis 
nephew.  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  was  mortally  voaadcd. 


A.D.  is86.] 


ELIZABETH. 


357 


byngton,  and  several  other  gentlemen 
of  fortune*,  are  induced  to  ioin  the 
scheme.  Tliey  are  betrayed  by  a  spy 
(Pooley),  and  brought  to  trial,  Sept 
13, 14,  when  Babyngton,  Ballard,  Sa- 
vage, and  four  others  plead  guilty ; 
seven  more  are  convicted,  Sept.  15. 
The  whole  fourteen  are  executed, 
Sept  20,  21. 

The  indictment  against  these  par- 
ties chai^ged  them  not  only  with  in- 
tending to  kill  the  queen,  but  also  to 
rise  in  arms  to  favoiur  an  invasion  from 
Spain,  and  to  release  the  queen  of 
Scots;  this  last  was  probably  the 
chief  object  with  most  of  theni,  but 
the  project  terminated  as  fatally  for 
her  as  for  themselves.  Babyngton 
had  been  recently  in  France,  and  had 
brought  letters  for  Mary,  and  in  return 
she  is. stated  in  his  indictment  to  have 
written  letters  to  him,  "  in  which  she 
not  only  signified  that  she  allowed  and 
approved  of  such  intended  treasons, 
but  therein  also  urged  and  solicited 
Babyngton  and  his  confederates,  by 
promises  of  great  reward,  to  fulfil  the 
same."  The  truth  of  this  assertion,  at 
least  as  far  as  regards  any  design  on 
the  life  of  Elizabeth,  is  very  doubtful, 
but  it  answered  the  purpose  of  the 
framers  of  the  Association ',  and  it  was 
forthwith  resolved  to  proceed  to  the 
judicial  murder  of  the  unhappy  pri- 
soner. Her  secretaries  (Nau  and 
Curie)  and  her  papers  were  seized, 
and  both  subjected  to  rigid  examina- 
tion, and  Mary  was  removed  to  Fo- 
theringhay  Castle  preparatory  to  her 
so-called  triaL 

Three  Romish  priests  are  hanged  at 
Tyburn,  Oct  8. 

A  majority  of  a  board  of  forty-seven 
commissioners  assembles  at  Fother- 
inghay,  Sir  Thomas  Bromley,  lord 
chancellor,  and  the  earls  of  Kent 
(Henry  Grey)  and  Shrewsbury  (George 
Talbot)  being  the  leading  members, 
for  the  trial  of  Mary,  Oct.  12.    She  at 


first  refuses  to  plead,  then  acknow- 
ledges negotiating  with  foreign  powers 
to  obtain  her  freedom,  but  earnestly  < 
disclaims  any  intention  against  the  life 
of  Elizabeth.  She  also  charges  Wal- 
singham  with  forging  letters  (which 
he  denies),  and  desires  to  be  confronted 
with  her  secretaries,  one  of  whom 
(Nau)  she  accuses  of  treachery.  Her 
demand  is  refused,  and  the  commis- 
sioners adjourn,  Oct  15. 

The  conmiissioners  re-assemble  in 
the  Starchamber,  Oct  25,  and  pro- 
noimce  a  sentence,  "that  Babyng- 
ton's  conspiracy  was  with  the  pnvity 
(cum  scientia)  of  Mary;"  as  also 
''that  she  had  herself  compassed  and 
imagined  within  this  realm  of  Eng- 
land divers  matters  tending  to  the 
hurt,  death,  and  destruction  of  the 
royal  person  of  our  sovereign  lady 
the  queen." 

The  parliament  meets,  Oct.  28,  and 
sits  till  December  2.  Their  principal 
business  was  the  attainder  of  Babyng- 
ton and  his  associates,  and  applica- 
tions to  the  queen  to  consent  to  the 
execution  of  Mary.  She  desired  them 
to  re -consider  their  request ;  they 
again  urged  it,  and  then  she  dismissed 
them  with  an  ambiguous  speech,  which 
she  herself  termed  "  an  answer  without . 
an  answer." 

The  sentence  agamst  Mary  is  con- 
firmed by  the  queen  and  her  council 
at  Richmond,  Dec.  4.  It  is  published 
in  London  ■,  Dec.  6,  and  shortly  after 
conmiunicated  to  the  prisoner. 

Mary  writes  to  Elizabeth,  Dec.  19. 
She  prays  that  she  may  not  be  pri- 
vately put  to  death ;  that  she  may  be 
buried  in  France,  as  the  Scottish  se- 
pulchres have  been  profaned;  and 
that  her  servants  may  be  allowed  to 
go  free,  and  enjoy  her  legacies. 

The  Netherlanders  complain  loudly 
of  the  exactions  and  mismanagement 
of  Leicester,  and  he  returns  to  Eng- 
land in  December. 


■  Thdr  names  are  thus  given  in  their  indict- 
ment*^—Edward  Abyngton,  of  Henlip,  oo.  Wor- 
cester; Anthony  Ktbynston,  of  DeUiycke,  ca 
Derby ;  Robert  Baroewell,  of  London  ;  Jerome 
Bellainy.  of  London ;  John  Chamock,  of  London ; 
Hemy  Dunne,  of  Loodcm  :  Robert  Gage,  of  Lon- 
don ;  Edward  Jones,  of  Cadogan,  go.  Denbigh ; 
Thomas  Salysburye,  of  Llewenny,  oo.  Denbi^ ; 
John  Traces,  of  PreMot,  co.  Lancaster ;  Chidiock 
Tycbbofne.  of  Porchester,  co.  Hants;  Charles 
Tybey,  of  London.  Sir  Thomas  Gcrrard.  and 
£iixaheth  and  Katherine  Bellamy,  had  also  indict- 
ments ibuad  against  them,  bot  do  not  appear  to 


have  been  brought  to  trial ;  Gerrard,  however,  was 
a  prisoner  in  the  Tower  July  94,  1588,  as  we  learn 
from  the  record  of  the  tnal  of  the  earl  of  Arundel. 
Edward  Wyndsore,  brother  of  the  baron  of  that 
title,  was  also  one  of  the  party,  but  he  made  his 
escape. 

»  See  A.D.  1584. 

H  The  proclamation  was  made  in  seven  different 
places,  ''to  the  great  and  wonderful  rejoicing  of 
the  people  of  all  sorts,"  says  Stow,  "  as  mamfestly 
appoued  by  ringing  of  bells,  making  of  bonfirn, 
and  singing  of  psalms  in  every  one  of  the  streets 
and  lanes  or  the  dty." 


3S8 


THE  TUDORS. 


[A.D.  1587. 


A.D.  1587. 

James  of  Scotland  and  Henry  III. 
of  France  intercede  for  Mary's  life*; 
the  queen  gives  ambiguous  answers. 
At  length  she  signs  the  warrant  for 
execution^  Feb.  i,  and  gives  it  into  the 
care  of  William  Davison,  the  secre- 
tary, who,  by  direction  of  the  council, 
dispatches  it  to  Fotheringhay^ 

The  earls  of  Kent  and  Shrewsbury 
wait  on  Mary,  Feb.  7,  and  warn  her 
for  death. 

On  the  following  day  (Feb.  8)  the 
queen  was  brought  into  the  great  hall 
of  the  castle  of  Fotheringhay,  several 
of  the  commissioners,  the  sheriff  of 
the  county  (Thomas  Andrews),  and  a 
few  spectators,  being  present,  beside 
her  own  servants.  The  sentence  was 
read,  and,  says  Camden,  ''she  heard 
it  attentively,  yet  as  if  her  thoughts 
were  taken  up  with  somewhat  ^e." 
Fletcher,  dean  of  Peterborough,  of- 
fered his  services,  but  she  decUned 
them,  and  prayed  in  Latin  with  her 
servants  (from  the  Office  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin);  she  also  prayed  in  English 
for  the  Church,  for  her  son,  and  for 
Queen  Elizabeth,  and  forgave  the  exe- 
cutioner ;  then,  having  kissed  her  wo- 
men and  signed  the  men  with  the  sign 
of  the  cross,  she  prepared  for  deaSi, 


and  had  sufficient  c<»nmand  of  herself 
to  comfort  her  weeping  attendants. 
"  Having  covered  her  face  with  a  linen 
handkerchief,  and  laying  herself  down 
to  the  block,  she  recited  that  psalm, 
*  In  Thee,  O  Lord,  do  I  trust,  let  me 
never  be  confounded.'  Then  stretch- 
ing forth  her  body,  and  repeating 
many  times,  'Into  Thy  hands,  O 
Lor4  I  commend  my  spirit,'  her  head 
was  stricken  off  at  two  strokes,  the 
dean  [Fletcher]  crying  out,  'So  let 
Queen  Elizabeth's  enemies  perish !' 
the  earl  of  Kent  answering  'Amen/ 
and  the  multitude  sighing  and  sor- 
rowing*." 

Sir  Christopher  Hatton,  captain  of 
the  queen's  guard,  is  made  lord  chan- 
cellor ',  Apru  29. 

Sir  Francis  Drake  is  sent  with  a 
fleet  against  the  Spaniards.  He  bums 
or  captures  many  ships  of  war  in  the 
harbour  of  Cadiz,  April  19,  and  in  the 
summer  takes  above  100  merchant 
ships,  beside  destroying  much  of  the 
naval  stores  collected  for  the  invasion 
of  England. 

Leicester  goes  again  to  the  Nether- 
lands, in  June^  but  soon  returns  \ 

Sir  William  Stanley  gives  up  his 
post  at  Deventef,  and  joins  the  Spa- 
niards, with  1300  of  his  men '. 


THE  SPANISH  ARMADA.   1^^ 


About  the  time  that  Pope  Gregory 
XII L  sent  Campion  and  others  into 
England '^  preparations  were  begun  by 


Philip  II.  of  Spain,  in  concert  with  the 
Guises  (the  actual  rulers  of  France', 
for  the  conquest  of  the  country.    The 


*  The  Scottish  ambassador  is  said  to  have  abused 
his  trust,  and  urged  Mary's  execution ;  and  the 
French  ambassador's  representations  were  not  at- 
tended to.  as  his  master's  sincerity  was  doubted. 

I  EhzaSeth  either  felt  or  affected  extreme  re- 
luctance to  take  the  life  of  Marv,  but  her  courtiers 
6iocording  to  Camden)  ai^ed  "  that  the  life  of  one 
Scottish  and  titular  queen  ought  not  to  weig^  down 
the  safety  of  all  England ;"  and  "some  preachers 
more  tartly  than  was  fit,  and  some  of  the  Tulgar 
salt  more  saucily  than  became  them,  either  out  of 
hope  or  fear,"  held  the  same  lan^page ;  and  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  her  oounal  conceived  they 
-were  carrying  her  wishes  into  effect  by  acting  on 
the  warrant  Yet  they  had  the  meanness  and 
cruelty  to  sacrifice  their  tool,  Davison,  who  was 
tried  m  the  Starchamber,  smtenced  to  a  fine  of 
jQxOiOOOf  and  imprisoned  for  years. 

"Camden.  The  character  drawn  bv  this  able  his- 
torian of  the  unhappy  queen  has  aU  the  appear- 
ance of  truth :— *'  She  was  a  lad^,  fixed  and  con- 
stant in  her  religion,  of  singular  piety  towards  God, 
invincible  ma^^nimity  of  mind,  wisdom  above  her 
sex,  and  adaurable  bniuty ;  a  lady  to  be  reckoned 
in  the  list  of  those  princesses  who  have  dianged 

their  feUctty  for  misery  and  calamity. By 

Mttnay,  her  base  brotha-,  and  other  her  ungrateful 
and  ambitious  sulnects,  die  was  mudt  tos^  and 


4iiaquieted,  dt 


firom  her  throne,  and  driven  into 


England.  By  some  Eng^lishmen  who  were  careful 
for  preserving  their  religion,  and  providing  for  the 
queen's  safety,  she  was,  as  indifferent  oensoren 
have  thought,  circumvented  ;  and  by  othen,  that 
were  desirous  to  restore  the  Romish  religion,  thru^ 
forward  to  dangerous  undertakings  ;  and  overbotse 
by  the  t^timonies  of  her  secretaries,  iHio  seemed 
to  be  bribed  and  corrupted  with  money."  Hct 
body  was  buried  at  Peterborough,  but  removed  by 
her  son  Tames  to  Henry  VI  I. 's  diapd,  in  Wcs( 
minster  Abbey. 

*  He  succeeded  Sir  Thomas  Bromley,  who  Sed 
April  26,  Z587,  and  held  the  seals  until  his  o«ii 
death,  Nov.  ai^  1591,  discharging  the  duties  of  hb 
office  more  satisfactorily  than  could  have  been  ex  - 
pectcd. 

^  He  had  conceived  the  idea  of  acquiring  the 
sovereignty  of  the  provinces,  but  thb  was  dluaste- 
ful  alike  to  Elizabeth  and  to  the  Netherlander^ 
and  he  was  obliged  to  aband<m  it.  He  had.  how- 
ever, by  presents  and  promises,  gained  a  strons: 
party,  which  gave  much  trouble  to  his  successor. 
PriiKe  Maurice. 

B  He  was  a  Romamst,  and  a  oonaexioci  of  Ba~ 
byngton ;  fear  of  being,  in  consequence,  charged 
as  an  accomplice  in  his  plot,  induced  his  defierttcm. 
which  greatly  ahurmed  and  irritated  the  Nether 
landeis. 

*  See  AJ>.  xsSok 


A.D..  I 


587.] 


ELIZABETH. 


35^ 


work,  however,  proceeded  but  slowly, 
owing,  in  part,  to  the  magnitude  of  the 
annament  that  vras  thought  necessary ; 
and,  although  every  step  was  closely 
watched  by  Walsingham  and  others, 
it  was  not  until  i$8o  that  any  serious 
apprehension  was  felt  that  the  threat- 
ened attack  would  be  made.  Energetic 
steps  were  then  taken  to  meet  the  dan- 
ger, and  were  heartily  responded  to  by 
die  great  body  of  the  people ;  even 
the  Romanists  bore  their  part  i&  them', 
but  the  Puritans  are  accused  of  a  sus- 
picious lukewanxmess ;  and  it  is  cer- 
tain that  no  sense  of  common  danger 
could  induce  them  to  desist  from  their 
vinilent  attacks  on  the  Church  '. 

In  1587  it  was  ascertained  that  the 
expedition  would  sail  in  the  following 
year.  Accordingly,  early  in  the  spring 
ol  1588,  a  fleet  of  about  140  ships^ 
was  got  together,  of  which  a  large  pro- 
portion was  stationed  on  the  western 
coast;  and  the  Netherlanders  pre- 
pared a  succour  of  60  vessels.  Three 
armies  were  formed;  one  of  30,000 
was  in  attendance  on  the  <}ueen,  and 
to  move  with  her  as  occasion  might 
require ;  another  of  TOfioo  was  distri- 
buted along  the  southern  coast ;  and 
a  third,  of  about  the  same  strength, 
was  placed  at  Tilbury,  where  a  camp  ^ 
was  formed,  and  a  bridge,  of  boats  es- 
tablished, both  as  a  means  of  conomu- 


nication,   and   also,  if  necessary,  ta 
block  up  the  river. 

Meanwhile  PhiUp's  fleet  had  rendez- 
voused at  Lisbon.  It  was  a  mighty- 
force  of  at  least  130  ships  of  war**, 
many  of  them  of  unusual  bulk,  and  far 
exceeding  in  siie  any  of  the  English 
vessels  ;  it  was  manned  by  1 1,000  sea- 
men and  galley-slaves,  carried  above 
3,000  pieces  of  cannon,  and  had  on 
board  22,000  troops  officered  from  the 
first  fiainilies  in  Spain,  and  accom- 
panied by  many  noble  volunteers,  and 
180  priests  and  monks.  Philip  visited 
the  fleet  at  Lisbon  in  May,  and  thought 
himself  justified  in  styling  it  "  the  In- 
vincible Armada^ ;"  a  consecrated  ban- 
ner and  his  benediction  were  received 
from  the  pope  (Sixtus  V.),  and  the  fleet 
sailed  on  the  ist  of  June,  under  the 
conmumd  of  Alfonso  Perez,  duke  of 
Medina  Sidonia,  a  man  unused  to  the 
sea,  but  assisted  by  Don  Martinez 
de  Ricaldi,  a  Biscayan  mariner  of 
great  experience.  The  duke  was  di- 
rected to  make  his  way  as  soon  as  pos- 
sible to  France  and  Fkmdere,  without 
attacking  the  English  fleet,  the  design 
being  to  commence  the  war  by  landing 
three  difierent  bodies  of  troops  in  Eng- 
land A  force,  which  the  duke  of  Guise 
had  collected  in  Normandy,  was  to  be 
thrown  on  the  western  coast ;  the  great 
body  of  the  duke  of  Parma's  veteran 


*  Vcnels  were  Iniilt,  and  naval  stores  and  seamen 
vocured  for  Philip,  even  from  the  Hanse  towns  and 
benmark,  bat  Ehxabedi's  ministers  more  than  once 
dunged  his  credit  with  the  Venetians  and  Ge- 
noese, the  great  money-lenders  of  the  age.  Wal- 
siozfaam,  tlmnigh  Sirlnomas  Gre&ham,  the  founder 
of  the  Royal  Exchange,  once  fatought  his  armament 
to  a  staiid-still  by  skewing  them  the  danger  his 
treasure-ships  lan  of  capture,  when  they  refused  to 
advance  money,  as  they  had  long  been  acctistomed 
to  do. 

'  When  the  Armada  approached,  however,  it  was 
tboap;ht  prudent  to  imprison  many  of  their  number, 
and  tt  is  certain  that  Uie  SfMuuards  expected  their 
oo-opeiatioa.  This,  perhaps,  occasioned  the  large 
namber  of  executions  of  Romanists  this  ycar(thirty- 
siz):  oae  waa  a  gentlewoman  (Mar^^^^t  Ward), 
who  had  conveyed  a  rope  to  a  priest  m  Bzidewell, 
and  thus  enabled  him  to  escape. 

*  The  "  scandalous  books,"  as  Camden  justly 
tenns  them,  which  commcuily  go  by  the  name  of 
the  Mar-I^late  Tracts,  were  printed  about  this 
voy  period.  Their  abuse  of  the  hierarchy  was  so 
gross  that  Caitwrieht  and  other  Puritans  of  note 
pvbKdy  disclaimed  any  concern  in  their  produc- 
tioD :  it  is  believed  that  many  of  them  were  written 
by  Heniy  Penry,  who  was  executed  in  1593. 

k  Less  than  twenty  of  these  belonged  to  the  royal 
navy ;  the  rest  were  fumiahed  by  the  cities  of  Lon- 
don, Bristol,  and  other  seaports,  by  the  merchant 
adventurers  and  private  individtuus:  the  vessels 
were  verymuch  smaller  than  those  of  the  Spaniards, 
and  the  crews  less  than  15.000  in  number ;  Charles 


Lord  Howard  of  Effingham  was  the  admical,  and 
he  had  Ralegh,  Drake,  Hawkins,  and  Frobisher 
under  him.  A  squadron  of  about  twenty  ships,, 
under  Lord  Henry  Seymour,  in  conjunction  with 
the  Netherlanders,  watched  the  coast  of  Flanders. 

'  To  this  camp,  where  her  favourite  Leicester 
commanded,  the  queen  paid  a  visit,  when  she  made 
a  speech  to  her  troops.  "  I  am  come  among  you," 
she  said,  "  not  as  for  my  recreation  and  sport,  but 
as  being  resolved,  in  the  middle  and  heat  of  the 
battle,  to  live  ordie  among  you  all ;  to  lay  doi^-n,  for 
my  God  and  my  peopk,  my  honour  and  mv  blood„ 
even  in  the  dust.  I  know  that  I  have  but  the  body 
of  a  weak  and  feeble  woman,  but  I  have  the  heart 
of  a  king,  and  a  king  of  England  too." 

k  There  was,  beside,  a  large  fleet  of  transports- 
laden  with  many  thousand  stand  of  arms  for  those 
who  were  expected  to  join  them  ;  hones,  mules,  in 
trenching  tools ;  and,  lastly,  fetters,  whqis,  thumb- 
screws, and  other  instruments  of  torture.  Some  of 
these  vesseb  were  taken  by  the  English  in  their 
first  day's  skirmish,  and  the  sight  of  such  a  cargo 
raised  their  courage  almost  to  madness. 

I  He  had  a  pompous  account  of  his  "  most  happy 
Armada"  printed  in  Latin  and  several  other  lan- 
guages :  and  Cardinal  Allen  wrote,  in  English,  an 
"Admonition  to  the  Nobility  and  People  of  Eng- 
land and  Ireland,"  exhorting  them  to  nse  in  aid  of 
the  Spaniards,  and  denouncing  the  oueen  as  the 
most  mfkmous  of  human  beings.  On  the  failure  of 
the  expedition,  every  effort  was  made  to  suppress. 
this  pamphlcL 


360 


THE  TUDORS. 


[A.D.  1587. 


forces  in  the  Netherlands,  consisting 
of  30,000  foot  and  5,000  horse,  was  to 
be  landed  in  Kent  or  Essex,  in  order 
to  march  on  London  ;  and  a  part 
was  to  be  disembarked  in  Yorkshire  ", 
where  it  was  expected  that  the  Ro- 
manists would  jom  them. 

These  plans  were,  however,  all  con- 
founded by  a  storm  which  arose  shortly 
after  the  Armada  left  Lisbon,  and  com- 
pelled the  fleet  to  take  shelter  at  the 
Groyne  (near  Ferrol),  in  so  disordered 
a  state  that  a  report  was  at  once 
spread  that  the  expedition  was  aban- 
doned for  that  year.  In  consequence, 
the  duke  of  Guise  withdrew  his  troops, 
Parma  relaxed  his  preparations,  and 
the  English  fleet,  which  had  been 
cruising  between  Ushant  and  the  SciUy 
Isles,  retired  to  Plymouth.  The  Eng- 
lish admiral,  however,  prudently  re- 
tained some  ships  that  he  had  been 
ordered  to  dismiss,  and,  putting  to  sea 
with  a  few  vessels,  visited  the  coast  of 
Spain ;  he  found  the  damage  not  so 
great  as  had  been  reported,  and  re- 
turning to  port  (July  12),  re-victualled 
his  fleet,  which  amounted  to  about 
sixtv  sail,  and  received  on  board  many 
noble  volunteers.  On  the  19th  July 
he  was  warned  that  the  Armada  was 
off  the  Cornish  coast  °;  in  spite  of 
contrary  winds  he  got  to  sea,  hung  on 
their  rear  in  their  passage  up  the 
Channel,  and  captured  three  large  and 
many  smaller  vessels ;  and  being  dailv 
joined  by  ships  from  the  various  English 
ports,  had  140  vessels  under  his  com- 
mand, when  the  Spaniards  anchored 
in  the  Calais-roads,  on  the  27th  July. 

Though  the  Spaniards  had  shewn 
themselves  very  deficient  in  seaman- 
ship °,  and  had  seemed  to  retreat  from 
their  adversaries,  when  they  were  an- 
chored in  a  solid  body  they  presented 
too  formidable  an  appearance  for  the 
admiral  to  hope  to  engage  them  with 


success  ;  but  a  stratagem  enabled  him 
to  ruin  them.  On  the  night  of  July  28, 
he  converted  eight  old  vessels  into 
fire-ships,  and,  favoured  by  wind  and 
tide,  sent  them  among  them.  Thcmgh 
none  of  the  Spanish  vessels  appear  to 
have  been  burnt,  a  panic  seized  their 
commanders;  they  cut  their  cables, 
and  endeavoured  to  make  for  the 
Flemish  coast ;  several,  however,  went 
ashore,  some  close  to  Calais,  others 
on  the  sand-banks,  and  many  surren- 
dered almost  without  resistance  to  the 
English.  The  great  body  steered  in 
disorder  for  Gravelines  and  Dunkirk, 
but  they  were  so  perpetually  harassed 
by  the  Netherlanders,as  well  as  the  En- 
glish, that  the  duke  of  Parma  refused 
to  embark  his  troops,  and  the  enter- 
prise was  abandoned,  early  in  August. 

The  duke  of  Medina  Sidonia's  fleet 
was  still  eready  superior  in  strength 
to  that  of  the  English,  but 'his  men 
had  little  inclination  to  fight  their  way 
through  their  enemies;  heavy  westerly 
winds  also  made  the  passage  of  the 
Straits  of  Dover  difficult,  if  not  impos- 
sible ;  and  it  was  resolved  to  return  to 
Spain  bv  passing  round  the  north  of 
Scotland.  The  English  pursued  their 
flight  as  far  as  the  Orkneys,  making 
many  captures  every  day',  but  were 
then  obliged  to  withdraw  for  want  of 
ammunition.  The  Spaniards  held  on 
their  course,  but  suffered  many  further 
losses  .in  the  stormy  and,  by  them, 
little-known  seas  around  Scodand  and 
Ireland  %  and  not  more  than  one-third 
of  the  original  armament  ever  reached 
Spain'. 

Great  rejoicings  very  naturally  fol- 
lowed this  overthrow  ofEngland's  most 
potent  enemy.  Many  of  the  Spanish 
flags  and  other  spoils  were  displayed  at 
Paul's-cross  and  elsewhere  at  sermons, 
and  the  queen  attended  a  solemn 
thanksgiving  at  the  cathedral,  Nov.  24. 


■  These  were  Sir  William  Stanley  and  his  band, 
whose  tAitorous  desertion  has  been  already  noticed. 
See  A.D.  1387. 

■  It  had  left  the  Groyne,  July  11,  so  that  the  ad- 
miral had  a  narrow  escape  from  capture. 

«  Three  of  their  lai^e  vesseb  were  captured 
mainly  in  consequence  of  being  disabled  by  nin- 
ning  foul  of  some  01  their  own  fleet. 

P  Of  the  prisonen  taken,  some  were  ransomed  by 
the  duke  ot  Parma :  the  rest,  after  a  brief  confine- 
ment in  various  gaols,  were  sent  on  board  hulk- 
ships  at  the  Nore,  it  not  being  considered  safe  to 
leave  them  on  shore,  in  conseauence  of  the  popular 
hatred.  Some  who  had  been  landed  in  Cornwall  it 
was  found  had  been  sold  for  skives  to  the  Moors, 
aad  others  were  in  danger  of  being  stanred  to  death. 


«  Upwards  of  thirty  ships  were  driven  on  die  west- 
ern coast  of  Ireland  in  astorm.  September  a,  and  most 
of  the  crews  who  escaped  drowning  were  murdoed 
on  shore.  Those  who  were  driven  among  die  He- 
brides fared  the  same,  but  others  iriio  were  wredoed 
on  the  mainland  of  Scotland  were  hunuoidy  suc- 
coured and  sent  to  Spain,  a  circumstance  which  &- 
cUitated  the  ccmclusion  of  a  peace  when  James  as- 
cended the  throne  of  England. 

'  Eighty  large  vessels,  and  at  least  90,000  men, 
perished  m  the  course  of  the  four  months  (Jimt  to 
September)  occupied  in  this  disastrous  esmedidaa. 
Philip  is  related  to  have  borne  the  loss  with  much 
apparent  equanimity ;  and  he  certainly  at  oooe  nt 
about  preparing  a  new  fleet 


«L.D.  1587— 1591-] 


ELIZABETH. 


361 


A-D.  1588. 

Nine  priests  and  nine  other  Roman- 
ists are  executed  in  and  near  London, 
Aug.  28, 30,  Sept  23,  and  Oct.  5. 

Francis  Kett,  a  heretic^  is  burnt  at 
Norwich,  Nov.  or  Dec 

A.D.  1589. 

The  parliament  meets,  Feb.  4,  and 
sits  till  March  29. 

An  act  passed  aeainst  building  cot- 
^ges,  [31  Eliz.  c.  7J.  By  this  statute, 
framed  in  the  same  spirit  as  the  pro- 
clamation against  buildings  in  Lon- 
don',  no  cottages  were  to  be  erected 
unless  four  acres  of  land  were  per- 
petually annexed  thereto ;  and  but  one 
family  was  to  inhabit  the  same.  The 
act,  however,  was  not  to  apply  to  towns, 
nor  to  places  near  the  sea-s^ore,  nor 
to  hinder  the  erection  of  cottages  for 
workmen  in  mines,  and  for  keepers  in 
parks,  woods,  and  chases. 

Drake  and  N  orris  sail  in  April  to 
destroy  the  new  Armada,  and  to  at- 
tempt to  place  Dom  Antonio  on  the 
throne  of  Portugal'.  Norris  lands  at 
Peniche,  and  marches  to  Lisbon,  but 
not  being  assisted  by  the  fleet  is  ob- 
liged to  retire.  The  generals  return 
in  July,  accusing  each  other ;  the  sol- 
diers and  sailors  being  left  without 


pay,  some  go  into  other  services,  others 
take  to  robbery,  and  several  are  hanged 
in  and  near  London. 

The  earl  of  Cumberland  (George 
Clifford)  and  Sir  William  Monson  ra- 
vage the  Spanish  coasts,  but  their 
crews  suffer  much  from  sickness. 

Henry  III.  of  France  is  mortally 
wounded*  by  Jaques  Clement,  a  monk, 
Aug.  9.  He  dies  the  next  day,  and 
is  succeeded  by  Henry  of  Navarre,  as 
Henry  IV. 

Lord  Willoughby  is  sent  with  6000 
men  to  the  assistance  of  the  new  king. 

A.D.  1590. 

Christopher  Bales,  a  priest,  and  two 
la3rmen  who  had  concealed  him,  exe- 
cuted, March  4. 

Hawkins  and  Frobisher  are  de- 
spatched to  intercept  the  Spanish  trea- 
sure-fleet; it  is  detained  m  America, 
by  order  from  Philip. 

A.D.  1 591. 

Sir  John  Norris  is  sent  with  3,000 
men  to  the  aid  of  Henry  IV.,  April. 
A  larger  body,  under  the  earl  of  Essex  ^ 
is  sent  in  July. 

William  Hacket,  a  madman,  who 
styled  himself  the  Messiah,  is  hanged 
as  a  traitor',  July  28. 


•  See  A.D.  X580W 

J  To  this  e^>edition  the  queen  contribated  six 
ships  and  i^6o,ooo ;  private  individuak  supplied  the 
[est  of  the  ships^  and  much  of  the  money  was  raised 
by  collections  u  churches.  The  troops  marched 
some  distance  inland,  fought  successfully  against 
superior  numbers,  ana  did  a  great  deal  of  damage 
to  the  Spaniards.  They  besieged  the  Grovne  tor 
yjme  time,  destroyed  a  vast  quantity  of  naval  stores, 
and  burnt  Vigo.  They  also  gained  much  plunder, 
but  this  was  so  unHauriy  dealt  with  when  brought  to 
Eoriand,  that  the  common  men  received  but  $*• 
cadi,  and  they  bad  no  wages.  Dom  Antonio  ac- 
companied the  expedition,  but  the  Portuguese 
shewed  no  wish  to  receive  him,  and  he  retired  to 
France,  where  he  died- 

*  He  had,  in  the  December  of  the  preceding 
year,  cassed  the  duke  of  Guise  and  his  brother  the 
<=:^niinal  to  be  assassinated.  Clement,  who  was  cut 
down  by  the  king's  guard,  was  looked  on  by  the 
l^apicrs  as  a  martyr. 

'  Robert  Dcvcreux,  earl  of  Essex,  was  the  son  of 
Walter,  the  first  earl  of  that  fiunily,  and  was  bom 
^15^.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge  under 
whit^  served  in  the  NetherUmds  with  the  earl 
of  Leicester  (his  stepfather),  and,  though  still  very 
young,  was  appointed  genaal  of  the  horse,  on  the 
approach  of  the  Spanish  Armada.  Leicester  died 
soon  after,  and  Essex  succeeded  to  his  place  in  the 
uvour  of  Elisabeth.  He,  however,  did  not  remain 
^  onirt ;  he  went  on  scvcxal  expeditions  to  France, 
to  Portugal,  and  to  Spain,  in  one  of  which  he  cap- 
tured Cadizj  and  rendered  himself  exceedingly  po- 
pular for  hu  gallantry ;  he  was  also  created  eari 
'°^^'^hal.  He  had  many  rivals,  and  more  than 
«BCc  fell  into  disoace  with  the  queen.  At  length 
■e  was  sent  into  Ireland,  against  O'Neal,  but  con- 


ducted himself  in  a  manner  which  caused  doubts  of 
either  his  courage  or  his  fidelity.    He  suddenly  re- 


Arms  of  Deverraz,  earl  oT  Enex. 

turned  to  England,  and,  irritated  at  his  reception 
by  the  queen,  at  length  attempted  to  raise  an  insur- 
rection m  London.  He  was  tried  and  found  guilty 
of  treason,  and  was  beheaded  Feb.  35,  z6oz.  Essex 
married  the  widow  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney  (Frances, 
daughter  of  Sir  Francis  WalsinghamX  and  left,  be- 
side several  other  chiUren,  a  son,  abo  named  Ro- 
bert, who  was  restored  m  bbod  in  16x3,  and 
who  commanded  the  parliamentary  army  against 
Charles  1. 

y  His  treason  consisted  in  defacing  the  royal 
arms  and  a  portrait  of  the  queen.  Two  vehement 
Puritans  (Coppinger  and  Arthington)  had  asso- 
ciated with  htm,  and  styled  themselves  the  pro- 
phets of  Mercy  and  of  Judgment  They  were  both 
imprisoned,  when  Coppmger  starved  himself  to 
death :  but  Arthington  was  released  aiUr  a  tune, 
on  malcing  his  submission. 


362 


TIfE  TUDORS. 


[a.©.  1591-1593. 


.  Commissioners  appointed  to  put  the 
laws  more  strictly  in  force  against 
Romanists,  Oct. 

Sir  Bryan  O'Rurke  executed  at  Ty- 
burn for  treason',  Nov.  3. 

Three  priests,  and  four  laymen 
who  had  relieved  them,  executed, 
Dec.  10. 

Trinity  College,  Dublin,  founded  •. 

A.D.  1592. 

Thomas  Pormorte,  a  priest,  exe- 
cuted ^  Feb.  20. 

A  further  aid  of  2,000  soldiers  sent 
to  the  French  king,  imder  Sir  Edmund 
York,  February. 

Sir  John  Perrott,  late  lord-deputy  of 
Ireland,  is  convicted  of  treasonable 
correspondence  with  Spain*,  April  27. 

A.D.  1593. 

The  parliament  meets  February  19, 
and  sits  till  April  12. 

An  act  passed  "to  restrain  the 
queen's  subjects  in  obedience,"  [35 
Eliz.  c.  i],  directed  against  the  Puri- 
tans. Persons  disputmg  the  queen's 
ecclesiastical  authority,  abstaining  from 
church,  or  attending  '^  any  assemblies, 
conventicles,  or  meetings,  under  colour 
or  pretence  of  any  exercise  of  religion," 
were  to  be  imprisoned  until  they  con- 
formed ;  if  they  did  not  do  so  in  three 
months,  they  were  to  abjure  the  realm ; 


if  they  refused  to  do  so,  or  retumed 
after  abjuration,  they  were  to  be  hangei 

Another  act,  of  similar  seventy,  was 
passed  against  "popish  recusant^^ 
[c.  2].  Such  were  to  repair  to  thor 
own  homes,  and  not  to  travel  five  miks 
therefrom ;  if  they  had  not  goods  to 
satisfy  the  monthly  fine  of  £10  for 
non-attendance  at  churchy  they  weie 
to  abjure  the  realm  ;  and  if  they  it- 
fused  to  do  so,  to  suffer  as  felons. 
Both  Puritans  and  Romanists,  how- 
ever, might  relieve  themselves  from 
the  penalties  of  these  acts,  by  read- 
ing a  formal  submission  in  the  open 
church  ^. 

An  act  passed  for  the  relief  of  side 
and  wounded  soldiers,  [c  4].  A  weddy 
collection  was  to  be  made  in  eyeiy 
parish,  to  furnish  quarterly  pennons 
to  persons  "  hurt,  or  maimed,  or  griev- 
ously sick  ;"  but  such  recipients  were 
forbidden  to  beg,  on  pain  of  forfeiting 
their  pensions. 

Henry  Barrow,  a  lawyer,  and  John 
Greenwood,  a  clergyman,  are  con- 
victed of  writing  "sundry  seditious 
books,  tending  to  the  slander  of  the 
queen  and  state,"  March  23  •.  Thcv 
are  carried  to  Tyburn,  but  reprieyed, 
March  31  ;  they  are  executed,  April  6. . 

Henry  Penry,  another  Brownist,  vs. 
tried  for  "seditious  words  and  re- 
mours  against  the  queen,"  [23  Eliz.  c  2 
P'  353I  May  25.    He  is  executed, 


*  He  had  long  been  in  arms  in  Ireland,  and  had 
recruited  his  forces  from  the  Spaniards  shipwrecked 
on  his  lands  in  1588.  Al  length  he  was  defeated, 
and  fled  to  Scotland,  but  was  given  up  on  the  de- 
mand of  the  English  ministers.  When  brought  to 
the  bar  he  refusal  to  i>lead,  and  was  in  consequence 
condemned  without  trial. 

*  Attempts  had  been  made  in  the  time  of  Ed- 
\rard  II.  and  Edward  IV.  to  establish  universities 
for  Ireland  at  Dublin  and  Drogheda,  but  thev 
fiiled.  A  suppressed  monastery  (Allhallows),  which 
had  been  granted  to  the  citizens  of  Dublin,  w^as  by 
them  appropxiated  to  the  foundation  of  Trinity 
CoUeee. 

I  ^  He  had  reconciled  one  John  Barwys,  a  haber- 
dasher, who  was  also  condemned,  but  his  life  seems 
to  have  been  spared. 

*  His  indictment  states  that  he  had  had  corre- 
spondence with  Romish  refugees  as  early  as  X5S4 
for  an  invasion  of  Ireland  by  the  Spaniards ;  that 
he  was  in  confederacy  with  Sir  Bryan  O'Rurlce ; 
and  that  Sir  William  Stanley  (see  a.d.  1587)  was  his 
agent  with  the  duke  of  Parma.  These  clmges  are 
believed  to  have  been  unfounded  ;  but  his  impe- 
tuosity of  temper  led  him  into  some  offensive  re- 
marks about  the  queen's  interference  with  his  go- 
vernment of  Ireland,  which  were  reported  to  her, 
and  hwhiy  resented,  though  his  life  was  spared. 
He  dia  not  receive  sentence  of  death  until  June  16, 
and  it  was  not  executed ;  he  died  in  the  Tower 
Nov.  3  following. 

*■  The  Nonconformists'  submission  was  to  be 
thus  worded:  "I,  AB.,  do  humbly  confess  and 


acknowledge  that  I  have  grievously  oficnded  God 
in  contemnmg  her  Majesty  s  godly^  and  lawful  p>- 
vemment  and  authority,  by  absenting  myself  fen 
church,  and  from  heanng  divine  service,  omtaFf 
to  the  godly  laws  and  statutes  of  this  realm,  aad  ia 
usin^  and  frequenting  disordered  and  unlavral  oob- 
venticles  and  asscmbUcs^  under  pretence  and  ookw 
of  exercise  of  religion ;  and  I  am  iieartily  sony  ix 
the  same,  and  do  acknowledge  and  tcttiiy  ia  9Sf 
conscience,  that  no  other  pcnon  baih«  or  oai^  v> 
have,  any  power  or  authority  over  bar  Majtfcjr ; 
and  I  dp  promise  and  protest,  without  any  disaBS- 
lation,  or  any  colour  or  means  of  any  dis^ensarios, 
that  from  henceforth  I  will,  feom  tinae  to  tune,  obcf 
and  perform  her  Majesty's  laws  and  statnfrs  '».'^ 
pairing  to  the  church  and  hearing  divine  aenicc, 
and  do  my  uttermost  endeavour  to  maintaia  vd. 
defend  the  same."  The  Romanists'  submissioo  vtf 
the  same,  except  omitting  the  mention  of  "  onlavw 
conventicles  and  assemblies,'*  and  substituung  ^ 
"no  other  person,"  "the  Inshop  or  see  of  Ro*^ 
hath  not,  nor  ou^ht  to  have,  any  power  or  ai>U>> 
rity  over  her  Majesty,  or  within  any  her  Majcsiy  > 
realms  or  dominions.' 

•  lliey  belonged  to  the  dass  of  ukra-Pnritaas 
called  Brownists  (afterwards  BarrowistsX  Tber 
books  contained  attacks  on  the  Liturgy,  and  tkss 
according  to  the  judges  of  that  day  was  u>  deay  die 
royal  supremacy,  and  oonsequoitlv  treason.  T«^ 
of  their  party  had  already  suffered  for  this  o^"^ 
(»ee  A.D.  1583).  Three  of  their  associates,  miio  had 
dispersed  the  books,  were  also  convicted,  of  wham 
one  was  banished,  and  the  other  two  died  in  pren> 


A.D.  1593— IS9S-] 


ELIZABiTH. 


363^ 


under  circumstances  of  great  baste 
and  cruelty ',  May  29. 

Henry  IV.  formally  abjures  Protest- 
antism *,  July  25. 

The  isles  of  Scilly  fortified  K 

A.D.  1594. 

Harrington,  a  seminary  priest,  exe- 
cuted*, Feb.  18. 

Roger  Loppez'y  physician  to  the 
Queen,  is  convicted  of  conspiring  with 
the  Count  de  Fuentes  and  other  mi- 
nisters of  King  Philip  to  poison  her, 
Feb.  28.  Two  of  nis  confederates 
(Stephen  Ferrara  da  Gama  and  Ema- 
nuel Louis  Tynoco,  Portuguese  re- 
fugees) are  convicted,  March  14. 

Loppez  was  a  Portuguese  Jew,  who 
had  been  captured  in  one  of  the  ships 
of  the  Armada;  his  presumed  skill 
in  medicine  had  recommended  him  to 
the  queen.  According  to  his  indict- 
ment, he  entered  into  correspondence 
with  the  ministers  of  Philip  as  a  spy 
in  May,  1 590 ;  and  in  November,  1591, 
lie  received  a  jewel  of  gold  and  gems 
worth  ;£ioo  for  his  services.  In  Sep- 
tember, 1593,  he  made  an  offer  to 
poison  the  queen  for  the  sum  of  50,000 
crowns,  to  which  Fuentes  consented, 
and  tuged  Loppez  to  hasten  the  mat- 
ter, "  that  the  king  may  have  a  merry 


Easter."  Some  of  the  letters  are  pre- 
served  in  the  indictments,  and  are 
most  enigmatically  worded.  The  pay- 
ment for  poisoning  of  the  queen  is 
spoken  of  as  "the  price  of  pearls'' 
which  Loppez  has  to  sell ;  and  the 
sum  for  procuring  the  burning  of  the 
fleet,  which  he  had  undert^en,  is 
called  "your  determination  about  a 
little  musk  and  amber  which  I  am 
determined  to  buy.'' 

Patrick  O'CoUun,  a  fencing-master, 
is  convicted  of  having  received  a  bribe 
of  ;^3o  to  kill  the  queen,  March  i. 
He  IS  executed. 

Loppez  and  his  associates  are  exe- 
cuted ^  June  7. 

The  citizens  of  London  provide  six 
ships  and  two  pinnaces,  and  450  foot- 
soldiers,  for  the  queen's  service '. 

The  earl  of  Tyrone"  assumes  the  title 
of  O'Neal,  and  foils  various  attempts 
made  to  reduce  him  to  submission. 

Brest  is  taken  from  the  Spaniards 
by  the  troops  of  Henry  IV.,  assisted 
by  English  ships,  commanded  by  Sir 
Martin  Frobtsher,  who  is  mortally 
woimded,  in  November. 

AJ>.  1595. 

Robert  Southwell,  a  Jesuit ",  is  exe- 
cuted, Feb.  21. 


'  He  was  snddenly  hurried  from  dimier  to  sn 
««,^«.t^i  place  of  ezecutioo,  (St.  ThooBai  of  Water- 
ings, in  th6  Kent-road,)  ttnd  put  to  death  wiUiout 
hciDZ  allowed  the  ordinary  time  for  declaration  o£ 
his  telth,  or  his  allegianoe  to  the  queen,  although 
he  eamettly  desired  iL  This  unfortunate  young 
man  (he  was  but  34,  and  left  a  widow  and  young 
fiunily)  was  a  native  of  Wales,  and  had  stuoied  at 
both  universities ;  he  was  the  presumed  chief  author 
of  the  Mar-Prelate  tracts,  and  had  evinced  extreme 
faittemcsa  against  both  the  rulers  and  the  endow- 
ments of  the  Church,  describuig  both  as  limbs  of 
AnticfarisL  Penry  led  a  wandering  Ufe  for  years, 
prvaching  in  wmxls  and  fields,  particularly  in 
Wales,  but  was  setaed  at  Stepney,  near  London, 
and  was  convicted,  not  for  his  published  writing, 
but  for  aoaie  loose  memorandums  found  00  him, 
the  heads  of  a  petition  to  the  <}ueen. 

c  Elisabeth  nerself  wrote  bun  a  letter,  severely 
reproring  his  unfaithfulness,  and  thrtatcning  to 
witlKlraw  an  assistance  from  him.  She  afterwards 
diangcd  her  mind,  and  continued  his  ally,  until 
he  niade  peace  with  the  ^nniards  in  1596. 

*  This  was  rendered  necessary  by  a  design  of 
the  Sjpaniaxds  to  seise  on  them  oeing  discovered. 
The  Spaniards  were  at  thu  time  in  possession  of 
part  oc  Britanny,  and  that  galleys  paid  plundering 
visits  to  Coniwau  and  Devon. 

I  Stow  records  that  "  he  was  cut  down  aKve,  and 
struggled  with  the  hangman,  but  was  bowelled  and 
<(|uartcred. 

i  His  name  is  thus  spdt  in  his  indictment,  which 
i«  preserved  in  the  Baga  de  Secretis,  in  the  Public 
Record  Oflue. 

k  Their  execution  had  been  thus  long  delayed,  in 
the  bo^  of  fill!  information  as  to  the  designs  of 
the  Spaniaids.     They  disappointed  the  expecta- 


tion, and  were,  probably  in  conseouenoe,  treated 
even  more  cruelly  than  usuaL  as  the  whole  sum- 
mer's day  was  ocoipied  wtdi  their  execution.  They 
were  brought  from  the  Tower  to  London-bridge, 
apparently  on  foot,  then  taken  by  water  to  West- 
minster, where,  though  called  on  to  say  what  thev- 
could  for  themselves,  they  were  soon  silenced. 
Then  they  were  delivered  to  the  marshal  of  the 
queen's  boidi,  who  took  them  by  water  to  South- 
wark.«tair$,  and  thence  to  the  Afanhalsea:  at 
London-bridge  foot  he  ^ave  them  over  to  the 
sheri&  of  Lonclon,  who  laid  them  on  hurdles,  and 
conveyed  them  over  the  bridge  to  Leadenhall 
Twhere  Loppez  had  resided),  and  thence  to  Ty-- 
bum ;  and  there,"  says  Stow,  "  they  were  hanged, 
cut  down  alive,  holden  down  by  strength  of  men, 
dismembered,  bowelled,  headed,  ana  quartered, 
and  thei^  quarters  set  on  the  gates  of  the  dty." 

^  This  was  done  in  consequence  of  a  precept  from 
the  queen,  and  was  an  open  violation  of  tne  pri- 
vileges of  the  dtixens ;  but  no  objection  seems  to 
have  been  made.  It  afforded  one  of  several  pre- 
cedents for  the  writ  of  ship-money  in  the  time  of 
Charles  L 

•  He  was  the  illegitimate  gr^udsen  of  the  first 
earl  (sec  a.d.  x54aX  *^  received  a  roval  charter  of 
confirmation.  May  xo,  1587.     He  had  gained  this 
by  his  services  against  the  last  ear!  of  Dc&mond. 

■  He  was  of  a  gentleman's  Cunily  in  Norfolk, 
and  was  bom  about  1560 ;  was  educated  at  Dooav, 
and  came  to  England  as  a  missionary  in  1584-  ^® 
was  residing  m  the  house  of  die  countess  ofArundel, 
when  he  was  seized  in  May,  1593,  was  thrown  into 
a  dungeon  in  the  Tower,  amd  several  times  put  to 
the  torture.  After  three  years'  imprisonment,  he 
was,  on  his  own  application,  Inrongrnt  to  trial,  and 
was  executed  the  next  day.  Lord  Burghley,  whom 


3^4 


THE  TUDORS. 


[A.D.  IS9S-IS98- 


Some  apprentices,  and  other  unruly 
youths,  raise  a  tumult  on  Tower-hill, 
Sunday  evening,  June  29.  A  procla- 
mation is  issued  against  such  assem- 
blies, July  4,  and  a  provost-marshal 
(Sir  Thomas  Wilford)  appointed  for 
the  city,  with  powers  to  punish  by 
martial  law  •*. 

Penzance  burnt  by  the  Spaniards, 


'% 


>rake  and  Hawkins  sent  against 
the  Spanish  settlements  in  the  West 
Indies.  The  expedition  fails,  and  both 
conmianders  die  of  disease. 

The  queen  demands  repayment  of 
her  expenses  from  the  Hollanders ; 
they  pay  a  small  part  only. 

The  Lambeth  Articles,  which  teach 
ultra-Calvinism,  attempted  to  be  im- 
posed on  the  Church  by  Archbishop 
Whitgift,  but  withdrawn  on  the  mani- 
festation of  the  queen's  displeasure  K 

A.D.  1596. 

Calais  is  taken  from  the  French  by 
the  Spaniards,  ApriL  While  the  siege 
was  going  on,  offers  of  relief  were  sent 
from  England,  but  declined  1. 

A  large  English  and  Dutch  fleet 
sails  from  Plymouth  early  in  June, 
captures  Cadiz,  ravages  tne  coast  of 
Spain,  and  returns  with  a  vast  booty 
in  August'. 

Sidney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge, 
founded   by    Lady   Frances    Sidney, 


widow   of  Thomas   Ratcliff,  eari  of 
Sussex. 

The  London  merchants  dispatch 
three  ships  to  open  a  trade  with  the 
East  Indies  and  China. 

A.D.  1597. 

A  fleet  sails  in  May,  under  the  eari 
of  Essex  and  Sir  Walter  Ralegh, 
against  the  Azores ;  they  fail  to  cap- 
ture them". 

The  parliament  meets  October  24, 
and  sits  till  Feb.  9,  1598. 

An  act  passed  for  the  punishment 
of  ''rogues,  vagabonds  and  sturdy 
beggars  V'  [40  Eliz.  c.  4]. 

The  queen's  general  pardon  granted 
[c.  28],  from  which  are  excepted  "  all 
offences  committed  or  done  against 
the  ecclesiastical  estate  or  government 
established  in  this  realm,  or  any  heresy 
or  schism  in  religion  whatsoever*." 

A.D.  1598. 

Henry  IV.  grants  toleration  to  the 
Protestants,  by  the  Edict  of  Nantes, 
which  is  declared  "  perpetual  and  ir- 
revocable," April  He  shortly  after 
makes  peace  with  the  Spaniards. 

Jones,  or  Buckley,  a  seminary  priest, 
executed,  July  12. 

The  earl  of  Cumberland  (George 
Clifford)  fits  out  an  expedition  to  the 
West  Indies,  and  plunders  Porto 
Rico. 


he  had  addressed,  bnitally  remarking,  that  "  if  he 
was  in  such  haste  to  be  hangedj  he  should  have  his 
desire."  Southwell  was  a  wnter  of  considerable 
powers,  and  has  left  several  pieces,  both  in  prose 
and  verse,  that  deserve  to  be  better  known  than 
they  are.  Two  stanxas,  from  a  poem  written  duriiur 
his  imprisonment,  "  Upon  the  Picture  of  Death, 
are  subjoined : — 

"  Before  my  £&ce  the  picture  hangs, 
That  dailv  should  put  me  in  mmd 

Of  Uiose  cold  names  and  bitter  pangs 
That  shortly  I  am  like  to  find : 

But  yet,  alas  I  full  little  I 

Bo  think  thereon,  that  I  must  die. 

«  •  •  •  « 

If  none  can  'scape  Death's  dreadful  daxt^ 
If  rich  and  poor  his  beck  obey. 

If  strong,  if  wise,  if  all  do  smart. 
Then  I  to  'scape  shall  have  no  way. 

Oh  I  grant  me  grace,  O  God,  that  I 

My  lue  may  mend  sith  I  must  die." 

•  The  whole  afiair  was  a  mere  street  broil  be- 
tween the  youths  and  the  warders  of  the  Tower; 
but  as  a  discharged  soldier  had  mixed  in  the  fray, 
sounding  a  trumpet,  it  was  treated  as  "levying  war 
against  the  queen's  highness ;"  and  five  apprentices 
were  executed  as  traitors  on  Tower-hill,  July  24. 

f  They  were  brought  forward  at  the  Hampton 
Court  conferences  in  1604,  and  rejected,  but  were 
adopted  by  the  Irish  Church  in  1615. 


«  On  Good-Friday  and  Easter-day  (April  9,  ix) 
men  were  pressed  m  the  churches,  ana  sett  to- 
Mrards  Dover  to  embark,  but  were  shortly  set  it 
liberty. 

r  llie  chief  commanders  were  Lend  Howard  of 
Effingham  (created  earl  of  Nottingham  toon  sfber) 
and  the  earl  of  Essex.  The  misdiidr  done  to  the 
Spaniards  was  very  great,  but  would  probably  bate 
been  mudi  greater  if  the  proposal  of  Essex  to 
remain  in  CSidis  with  the  und  forces  had  ben 
adopted.  He  had  set  at  liberty  some  Moorish 
galley-slaves,  and  through  them  had  opened  a  coop 
mumcation  with  the  revolted  Moors  ot  the  south  oi 
Spain,  who  were  as  grievously  oppressed  by  tltt 
bigoted  Philip  on  account  of  their  reUgion  as  the 
Netherlanders  had  been,  and  were  ready  to  joia 
the  invaders. 

■  They  ravaged  some  of  the  islands,  but  mbsed 
the  Indian  fleet.  Disputes  arose  between  the  coa- 
manders,  and  they  were  enemies  ever  alber. 

*  These  appeUsUions  are  given  in  the  statute  ta 
all  able-bodied  persons  who  refuse  to  work  for  ordi- 
nary wages:  any  such  was  to  be  whipped  and  passed 
on  to  his  native  place,  *'  there  to  put  himsdl  to  b- 
bour  as  a  true  subject  ought  to  da"  In  oonnesioa 
with  the  subject  ot  vagrancy  and  pauperism  it  may 
be  mentionMl  that  overseers  of  the  poor  were  ap- 
pointed by  statute  in  z6ox,  [43  Eliz.  c  z]. 

*•  This  pardon,  as  was  usual,  was  to  be  "cob* 
strued  most  beneficially  for  the  subiects."  but  tte 
list  of  matters  excepted  is  so  long  as  luodiy  to  leave 
any  offender  to  profit  by  it 


A.D.  1598—1600.] 


ELIZABETH. 


36s 


Philip  II.  of  Spain  dies,  Sept.  13. 

Edward  Squyer%  convicted  of  at- 
tempting to  poison  the  queen,  is  exe- 
cuted, Nov.  13. 

The  queen's  declining  health  gives 
rise  to  speculations  as  to  her  succes- 
sor. The  secretary  Cecil  ^  endeavours 
to  come  to  an  understanding  with 
James  of  Scotland  ;  others  bring  for- 
ward the  pretensions  of  Arabella 
Stuart '. 

A.D.  1599. 

Great  preparations  made  against  a 
threatened  invasion  from  Spain ;  the 
earl  of  Nottingham  is  made  lieutenant- 
general  of  the  kingdom,  as  well  by 
sea  as  land. 

O^Neal  having  foiled  various  com- 
manders^ sent  against  him,  the  earl 
of  Essex  is,  at  his  own  request,'  ap- 
pomted  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland, 
March  12.  He  lands  at  Dublin  April 
IS- 

Essex  wastes  his  armv  ^th  fruitless 
marches,  but  without  nghting;  holds 
a  suspicious  secret  conference  with 
O'Neal,  and  then  suddenly  leaves  Ire- 
land, Sept.  24.  He  abruptly  presents 
himself  before  the  queen  at  Nonsuch, 
Sept.  28. 

The  earl  is  committed  to  the  cus- 
tody of  the  lord  keeper  (Sir  Thomas 
Egerton),  October  2 ;  and  Lord  Mount- 
joy  (Charles  Blount)  is  sent  as  his 
successor  into  Ireland. 


A.D.  160Q. 

Sixteen  priests  and  four  Romish 
laymen  removed  from  the  prisons 
about  London  to  Wisbech  castk. 

Negotiations  for  peace  with  Spain 
entered  into  at  Boulogne,  in  May,  but 
without  success. 

The  earl  of  Essex  is  examined  be- 
fore the  council,  and  ordered  to  keep 
himself  to  his  own  house,  Jime  5. 

Five  priests  and  two  laymen  exe- 
cuted in  London,  Durham,  and  Lin- 
coln, Jime  and  July ;  oi\e  layman  for 
being  reconciled,  the  other  for  reliev- 
ing a  priest,  who  was  hanged  with 
him. 

Ambassadors  received  from  the  king 
of  Barbary,  who  profess  to  desire  a 
commercial  treaty,  but  are  looked  on 
as  spies. 

James  of  Scotland  is  seized  by  Lord 
Gowrie  and  his  brother  Alexander 
Ruthven^,  Tuesday,  Aug.  5,  but  res- 
cued by  his  attendants. 

Essex  makes  attempts  to  regain  the 
queen's  favour,  and  being  repulsed, 
enters  into  negotiations  with  James 
of  Scotland.  He  also  leagues  with 
Romanists  as  weU  as  Puritans,  and 
at  length  concerts  a  scheme  for  driv- 
ing Cecil,  Ralegh,  and  other  opponents 
from  the  court. 

A  charter  for  exclusive  trade  to  the 
East  Indies  and  China  is  granted 
to  certain  merchants  of  London  % 
Dec.  31. 


'  He  was  a  soldier  on  board  Essex's  fleet  against 
the  Azores  in  the  preceding  year,  and-.bein^  taken 
prisoner,  was,  according  to  nis  indictment,  induced 
to  nodertake  the  task  of  killing  the  queen,  by  the 
persuasion  of  one  Walpole,  an  English  priest,  in 
the  serrice  of  Philip  of  Spain.  Walpole  is  recoided 
to  have  administered  the  Eucharist  to  him,  and  as- 
sured him  diat  if  he  succeeded  **  he  should  be  a 
glorious  saint  in  heaven."  Then  he  embraced  him, 
"  throwing  his  left  arm  about  his  nedc,  and  making 
the  sign  of  a  cross  on  his  head,  saying,  *  God  bless 
thee,  and  give  .thee  strength,  my  son,  and  be  of 
good  courage ;  I  will  pawn  my  soul  for  thine,  and 
thou  sfaalt  nave  my  prayers  both  dead  and  alive, 
and  full  pardon  of  ul  thy  sins.' " 

'  Robert  Cecil,  a  younger  son  of  the  minister 
Buighley,  was  bom  about  1^65,  and.  though  weakly 
and  deformefd,  yet  served  m  the  fleet  against  the 
Spanish  Armada.  He  kept  about  the  court,  and 
00  the  death  of  Wadringham  (1590)  succeeded  to 
his  aSBce,  On  the  arrival  of  James  in  England, 
Cecil  became  his  chief  adviser,  was  made  earl  df 
Salisbury  in  1605,  and  died  Mar  24,  i6ia.  The 
younger  Cecil  is  usuallv  esteemed  more  subtle  and 
more  implacable  than  nis  father ;  and  the  ruin  of 
both  Essex  and  Ralegh  is  generally  ascribed  to 
him. 

■  She  was  oouna  to  James,  and  was  believed  to 
incline  to  Romanism.  Ralegh,  who  was  governor 
of  Jersey,  supported  her  daim,  as  did  lord  Cob- 


ham,  warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  and  the  n^jority 
of  the  Romanists. 

*  Sir  John  Norris,  fiunous  for  his  services  in 
Flanders,  France,  Portugal,  and  elsewhere,  was 
censured  for  ill  success  a^^ainst  him,  and  died  of 
vexation  soon  after,  and  Sur  Henry  Bagnal  received 
a  total  defeat  at  Blackwater,  Aug.  14.  1598.  Pope 
Clement  VIII.  sent  O'Neal  a  consecrated  ^ume 
(said  to  be  of  phoenix  feathers),  and  declared  his  fol- 
lowers to  be  entitled  to  all  the  indulgences  granted 
to  the  ancient  crusaders. 

*  They  were  the  sons  of  the  earl  of  Gowrie  exe- 
cuted in  X584  (see  p.  354).  According  to  the  king|s 
own  account,  he  was  decoyed  while  hunting  to  their 
castle,  when  an  armed  man  direatened  him  with  a 
dagger,  but  his  guards  forced  their  way  in,  and  the 
Ruthvens  were  killed.  The  transaction,  usually 
called  the  Gowrie  plot,  is  one  of  the  most  obscure 
in  Scottish  history.  James,  in  remembrance  of  his 
deliverance,  went  to  church  every  Tuesday  during 
the  rest  of  his  life ;  and  an  annual  thanksgiving 
was  held  in  Scotland,  as  was  also  done  in  England 
after  his  accession. 

*  This  was  the  origin  of  the  English  East  India 
Company.  They  diroatched  five  ships  in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  under  the  command  of  James  Lan- 
caster; a  very  profitable  trade  was  the  result,  and 
the  vessels,  aiter  visiting  Sumatra  and  Java,  reached 
the  Downs  in  safety,  S^t  zz,  Z603. 


366 


THE  TUDORS. 


[a-d.  i6oi — 1603. 


A.D.  160I. 

The  earl  of  Essex  imprisons  the 
councillors''  sent  to  him  to  warn  him 
to  desist  from  an  alleged  attempt  to 
seize  the  queen's  person,  Sunday,  Feb. 
8.  He  then  ms^ches  into  the  city, 
accompanied  by  the  earls  of  Rutland 
and  S<rathampton  (Roger  Manners  and 
Henry  Wriothesley)  and  William,  lord 
Sandys,  and  *^  a  multitude  of  armed 
men,^  but  not  being  joined  by  the 
citizens,  returns  by  water  to  £ssex 
house,  and  at  ten  at  night  surrenders 
to  the  earl  of  Nottingham.  He  is 
tried  (Lord  Buckhurst  being  lord 
steward)  on  a  charge,  among  other 
things,  of  endeavouring  to  "  raise  him- 
self to  the  royal  dignity,"  Feb.  19, 
and  is  found  guilty.  He  is  executed 
Feb.  25  «. 

John  Pybush,  a  seminarist,  is  exe- 
united,  after  seven  years'  imprisonment, 
Feb.  18.  Two  others,  and  a  widow 
lady  who  had  assisted  a  priest,  axe 
executed  Feb.  27. 

Cecil  enters  into  a  correspondence 
in  cipher  with  James  of  Scotland, 
March  10'. 

A  body  of  Spaniards  land  in  Ire- 
land, and  fortify  Kinsale,  Sept. 


The  psurliament  meets  October  27, 
and  sits  till  Dec  la 

Payment  of  black  mail  (stated  to  be 
common  in  the  northern  parts)  for- 
bidden [43  Eliz.  a  13]. 

A.D.  1602. 

Sir  Richard  Levison  and  Sir  Richaid 
Monson  are  sent  with  a  fleet  against 
the  Spaniands.  They  &il  in  capturing 
the  Indian  ships,  but  bum  a  fleet  & 
galleys  at  Coimbra. 

Sir  Robert  Manuel  destroys  a  squad- 
ron of  Spanish  galleys  in  the  English 
ChanneL 

A  proclamation  issued  for  pulling 
down  newly-built  houses  In  and  within 
three  miles  of  London  and  West- 
minster'. 

The  Spaniards  in  Kinsale  axe  obliged 
to  capitulate,  June.  Tyrone  soon  after 
makes  his  submission,  and  is  par- 
doned. 

A.D.  1603. 

Anderson,  a  seminary  priest,  is  exe- 
cuted, Feb.  17. 

The  queen  dies  at  Richmond,  Thura- 
day,  March  24,  at  two  in  the  morn- 
ing. She  is  buried  in  the  chapel  of 
Henry  VI L  at  Westminster,  April  2& 


Events  in  General  History. 


'The  religious  wars  in  France  com- 

meace 1561 

Siege  of  Malta  by  the  Turks  .  .1565 
The  Netherlandexs  take  up  arms 

against  Spain  ....  1566 
Reunion  of  the  Moors  in  Spain  .  1568 
The  Turks  defeated  at  the  battle  of 

Lepanto 1571 

The  St.  Bartholomew  massacres  in 

France 1572 


The  Catholic  League  formed 

The  Union  of  Utrecht   . 

Portugal  annexed  to  Spain 

The  Spanish  Armada  defeated 

Henry  IV.  of  France  abjures  Pro- 
testantism   

The  Dutch  b^:in  their  tnde  with 
India  ..... 

The  Edict  of  Nantes      . 


A.D. 
1576 

1579 
I5SO 


1595 
I5P 


*■  They  wa«  Sir  Thomas  Eeerton,  Henry  So- 
merset earl  of  Worcester,  Sir  WHluuii  KnoUys,  and 
Sir  John  Popham.  When  he  went  into  the  dty  he 
left  them  in  the  care  of  Sir  John  Davyes,  Francis 
Tresham  and  Owen  Sahrtboiye,  *'many  of  the  re- 
bels then  assembled,  crying  aknid,  Rill  them  I  loll 
them  I"  but  they  were  relosed  after  a  confinement 
of  a  few  houn,  and  before  his  return. 

•  The  earl  of  Southampton  was  tried  with  him 
and  was  found  guilty,  but  his  life  was  spared.  In- 
dictments were  also  found  against  William  lord 
Sandys,  and  Edward  lord  Cromwell,  Sir  Edmund 
Bayneham,  and  30  other  knights  and  gentleinen, 
among  whose  names  appear  those  of  several  viho 
aftenmls  joined  in  the  Gunpowder  plot,  as  Cates- 
by.  Tresham,  and  Christopher  and  John  Wright, 
but  comparatively  few  of  them  were  bron^  to 
trial;  they  were  instead  imprisoned,  and  paid 
heavy  fines.  On  Feb.  98,  a  young  man,  named 
Woodcock,  was  hansed  for  speaking  in  condemna- 
tion of  the  arrest  of  Essex.  On  Feb.  so,  Sir  Ed- 
mund Bayneham  and  two  others  were  found  guilty. 


and  on  March  5,  Sir  Christopher  Bhmt  and  fcor 
others  were  condemned,  of  whom  Sir  GeDy  Mer- 
rick and  Henry  Cuffe  were  escecnted  March  13. 
and  Sir  Christopher  Blunt  and  Sir  Charles  Daa- 
vers,  March  x8. 

[  This  is  the  date  of  the  first  letter  now  known  la 
exist :  the  prior  communications  had  apparently  bcea 
verbal,  through  trusted  meaiengen. 

f  "Little  was  done,**  says  Stow.  *<and  snaD 
effect  followed,  more  than  of  other  the  like  pm- 
clamations  beforetime  made,  and  even  an  act  of 
parliament  to  that  purpose"  [35  Eltt.  c  6,  "against 
new  buildings,"  passed  in  1593].  In  sfnte  onegB* 
hition,  he  complains,  "these  cities  are  still  in- 
creased in  building  of  ootta^  and  pestered  with 
inmates,  to  the  great  infecuoa  and  ether  annoy- 
ances of  them  both."  The  kw,  however,  was  net 
suffered  entirely  to  remain  a  dead  letter,  < 


sions  of  inquiry  beine  frequently  ismied,  pairicularir 
in  the  time  of  Charles  I.,  which  nised  larce  snias 
by  compositioa  with  the  offenders ;  and  tha  pca> 
tioe  was  revived  under  the  Commonwadth. 


THE    STUARTS. 


Badges  of  the  Bbaaita. 


The  House  of  Stuart,  though  it  was 
comparatively  late  in  attaining  the 
royal  dignity,  was,  equally  with  the 
Plantagenets,  descended  from  our 
Anglo-Saxon  kings,  and  in  the  person 
of  James  VI.  it  succeeded  in  1603  to 
the  throne  of  England.  From  Mar- 
garet, the  sister  of  Edgar  Atheling, 
was  descended  Robert  Bruce  ',  whose 
daughter  Margery  married  Robert  the 
Steward,  and  their  son  became  king 
of  Scotland,  as  Robert  II.,  in  137 1. 
Seven  kings  and  one  queen  of  the 
House  reigned  in  Scotland  alone,  and 
five  more  in  Great  Britain,  their  rule 
extending  over  a  period  of  343  years 
(aJ).  137 1— 1 714),  of  which  the  last 
twenty-six  vears  are,  as  embracing  the 
reigns  of  die  limited  monarchs,  Wil- 
liam and  Mary,  and  Anne,  strikingly 
distinmiished  from  the  long  preceding 
period.  This,  in  Scotland,  was  harassed 
during  much  of  the  time  by  contests 
with  England,  often  caused  by  the 
intrigues  of  France,  whose  unequal 
alliance  was  more  disastrous  to  the 
wieaker  state  than  her  hostility  could 
have  been.  In  Great  Britain  it  was, 
throughout,  of  a  stormy  character, 
from  the  conflict  of  regal  rights  and 
popular  claims,  both  of  them  pushed, 
by  designing  men,  to  unwise  ex- 
tremes. 

The  Stuarts,  coming  to  the  English 
throne  in  succession  to  the  Tudors,  un- 
happily received  from  them  a  "  heri- 
tage of  woe,"  and  had  to  bear  the  bitter 


consequences  of  their  predecessors* 
misgovemment.  Though  in  spirit  the 
same  as  ever,  the  Tudor  rule  nad  be- 
come sensibly  weakened  Jbefore  the 
close  of  Elizabeth's  reign,  and  the 
Puritans  in  particular  were  unalterably 
resolved  to  obtain  something  like  the 
freedom  which  every  one  happily  en- 
joys at  the  present  day,  but  they  de- 
sired it  only  for  themselves,  and  had 
no  idea  of  true  liberty  ^  The  first 
Stuart  king  was  of  a  character  parti- 
cularly ill  fitted  to  deal  with  the  diffi- 
cult circumstances  that  surroimded 
him,  and  his  reign  was  passed  in 
quarrels  with  his  parliaments,  which 
grew  every  day  more  serious,  though 
their  ultimate  result  was  hardly  anti- 
cipated. 

The  reign  of  Charles  I.  is  especially 
memorable  for  a  fierce  outbreak  osten- 
sibly in  the  cause  of  civil  and  religious 
liberty,  in  the  course  of  which  the 
whole  fabric  of  government,  in  Church 
and  State,  both  in  England  and  in  Scot- 
land, suffered  a  total,  though  happily 
but  temporary,  subversion.  This  strug- 
gle between  the  Church  and  its  Puritan 
opponents  was,  like  preceding  convul- 
sions, providentially  overruled  for  good, 
but  the  character  of  the  parties  to  it  is 
too  often  entirely  misrepresented.  The 
State  Papers  of  the  period,  which  are 
now  being  rendered,  in  substance  at 
least,  accessible  to  all,  afford  the  means 
for  a  more  satisfactory  judgment.  The 
reverence  for  authority,  which  was  the 


*  See  A.D.  lano.  i  so  loudly  demanded  for  themselves,  was  shewn  by 

*  How  little  mdined  the  Puritans  were  to  grant     innumerable  instances  during  the  period  of  their 
ta  cihen  the  liberty  of  conscience  which  they  had  I  unhappy  ascendancy.    See  Note,  p.  388. 


368^ 


THE  STUARTS. 


great  actuating  motive  of  the  royal 
party,  has  been  unjustly  described  as 
a  love  of  slavery,  and  the  Puritans 
have  been  held  up  as  the  champions 
of  liberty  while  tney  were  in  reality 
bent  on  destroying  all  reasonable  go- 
vernment, without  which  true  freedom 
is  impossible,  and  the  whole  course  of 
their  conduct  shews  that  the  maxim 
of  "  No  bishop,  no  king,**  ascribed  to 
James  L,  is  jjerfectly  just.  As  the 
event  shewed,  it  was  absolutely  neces- 
sary to  curb  them  if  either  Church  or 
State  was  to  be  preserved,  whilst  their 
stubbornness  rendered  mild  measures 
unavailing ;  those  taken  would  pro- 
bably not  have  been  so  severely  con- 
demned as  they  have  been,  had  they 
succeeded.  Though  harsh  in  them- 
selves, they  were  far  less  so  than  the 
government  of  the  Tudors,  and  they 
were  justified  in  the  consciences  of 
those  who  employed  them  by  the  duty 
of  upholding  insmted  authonty ;  hence 
they  cannot  fairly  be  $aid  to  have 
sprung  from  any  purpose  of  perse- 
cution. 

Several  of  the  Stuart  rulers  were  re- 
markable for  their  talents  and  their 
literary  acquirements'^,  but  they  are 
still  better  known  for  the  uninterrupted 
series  of  calamities  which  befel  them. 
Robert  II.  was  a  prince  of  mild  cha- 
racter, whose  authority  was  entirely 
disregarded  by  his  nobles  ;  his  son, 
Robert  III.,  was  a  mere  tool  in  the 
hands  of  his  brother,  the  duke  of 
Albany,  and  through  his  machinations 
he  lost  both  of  his  sons,  dying  himself 
of  grief;  James  I.  passed  many  years 
in  an  English  prison,  and  was  at  last 
murdered  by  nis  nobles  ;  James  II. 
was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Roxburgh ; 


James  III.  was  slain  when  fleeing  from 
a  field  where  he  had  been  defeated  by 
his  own  son ;  that  son  (James  IV.)  fell  at 
Flodden-fidd ;  James  V.  was  foiled  in 
an  invasion  of  England,  and  died  soon 
after ;  his  daughter  Mary  ended  her  un- 
happy life  on  the  scaffold ;  the  death  of 
James  VI.  (or  I.)  was  popularly  sup- 
posed to  be  accelerated  by  grief  at  the 
misfortunes  of  his  daughter  and  son-in- 
law  (the  Elector  Palatine) ;  Charles  I., 
after  a  long  civil  war,  was  publidy  put 
to  death  bv  his  subjects,  and  his  sons 
fared  little  better ;  Charles  II.  regained 
the  throne  after  years  of  exile,  but  by 
his  ill  government  prepared  the  way 
for  the  expulsion  of  his  brother,  James 
II.,  who  died  a  pensioner  of  France. 
Mary  II.  and  Anne  can  hardly  be  re- 
garded as  more  fortunate,  as  they  only 
obtained  the  throne  through  the  exile 
of  their  father.  James's  son  (James 
Edward)  and  grandson  (Charles  Ed- 
ward) attempted  to  recover  their  king- 
doms, but  their  efforts  were  unsuc- 
cessful, and  Henry,  the  last  of  their 
House,  who  was  an  ecclesiastic,  and 
known  as  Cardinal  York,  lived  a  re- 
cipient of  the  bounty  of  the  House 
of^  Brunswick**. 

From  the  time  that  England  and 
Scotland  came  under  the  same  ruler 
by  the  succession  of  James  VI.  to  the 
throne  lately  occupied  by  Elizabeth, 
the  arms  of  the  two  countries  were 
borne  on  the  same  shield,  with  the  ad- 
dition of  the  harp  for  Ireland  •.  The 
roses,  both  red  and  white,  the  fleur- 
de-lis,  the  thistly  and  the  harp  (all 
crowned),  appear  as  badges,  and  the 
royal  supporters  have  usuially  been 
the  lion  and  the  unicorn ',  as  seen  at 
the  present  day. 


•  James  I.,  James  V..  and  Mary  were  poetSj  and 
their  works  are  yet  read  with  pleasure ;  James  VI. 
wrote  on  many  subjects,  both  in  prose  and  verse, 
b«it  with  very  considerable  difference  of  merit.  If 
the  daim  of  the  authonhip  of  "  Eikon  Basilike" 
put  forward  for  Charles  I.  could  be  satisfactorily 
established,  he  also  would  rank  among  dtstingidshed 
wxitei% 


'  He  died  in  1808. 

•  The  accession  of  the  House  of  Brunswick,  the 
Union  with  Ireland,  and  the  succession  of  the  duke 
of  Cumberland  to  the  throne  of  Hanover,  have 
caused  further  dianges. 

*  Charles  I.  occasionaHy  employed  an  aatdope 
and  a  stag,  both  ducally  collared  and  cfaained. 


BmX  Seal  of  James  I. 


JAMES  I. 


JAMES  VL  of  Scotland  and  I.  of 
Great  Britain,  was  the  only  child  of 
Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  by  Henry,  Lord 
Darnley,  and  was  bom  in  the  castle  of 
Edinburgh,  June  19,  1566.  Early  in 
the  following  year  his  father  was  mur- 
dered ;  in  a  few  months  more  his  mo- 
ther was  obliged  to  resign  her  crown, 
and  James  was  proclaimed  king  when 
an  infant  of  little  more  than  a  twelve- 
month old,  July  24,  1567. 

His  infancy  had  a  rapid  succession 
of  governors',  three  of  whom  perished 
by  violence,  and  in  his  14th  year  he 
assumed  the  reins  of  power,  but  it  was 
only  to  give  them  into  the  hands  of 
worthless  favourites,  who  quarrelled 
among  themselves**,  yet  kept  such  a 
correspondence  with  the  English  court 
as  obliged  their  young  and  needy  king 
to  witness  the  judicial  murder  of  his 


mother  without  an  effort  either  to  save 
or  to  avenge  her.  His  own  liberty  was 
abridged,  and  his  life  apparently  en- 
dangered, through  hatred  caused  by 
their  misconduct,  as  at  the  Raid  of 
Ruthven,  in  1582,  and  by  the  Gowrie 
Plot,  in  1 60a 

Though  Elizabeth  deferred  the  indi- 
cation of  her  successor  to  the  latest 
hour  of  her  life,  her  courtiers  felt  as- 
sured that  it  could  be  no  other  than 
James  of  Scotland,  and  they  paid  their 
court  to  him  so  assiduously  m  her  de- 
clining years  as  to  cause  her  abundant 
anxiety ;  at  length  she  died,  and  James, 
in  his  thirty-seventh  year,  became 
king  of  England,  without  the  shadow 
of  opposition. 

He  was  scarcely  established  in  his 
new  kingdom,  however,  when  discon- 
tents began  to  appear.    He  had,  while 


*  The  earl  of  Murray,  his  uncle,  was  the  first ; 
Matthew  earl  of  Lenox  (the  kin^s  grandfather), 
succeeded  him ;  then  came  Erskme  earl  of  Mar, 
-who  was  followed  by  James  Douglas  earl  of  Mor- 

Bb 


ton,  a  mere  tool  of  the  English  ministen ;  Mar 
alone  of  the  four  died  a  natur^  death 
•»  See  A.D.  1580,  158a. 


370 


THE  STCJARTS. 


in  poverty  in  Scotland,  made  promises 
both  to  the  Romanists  and  to  the  Puri- 
tans of  something  like  toleration ;  but 
he  at  once  joined  himself  to  the  Esta- 
blished Church,  which  gave  them  oc- 
casion to  charge  him  with  insincerity, 
and,  apparently,  to  imite  for  the  pur- 
pose of  dethroning  him*.  This  scheme 
failed,  as  did  the  revolting  Gunpowder 
Plot,  and  the  rest  of  his  reign  was 
passed  in  coercing, his  Scottish  sub- 
jects into  a  temporary  re-acceptance  of 
episcopal  government,  and  in  quarrels 
-with  his  English  parliaments  ;  the  lat- 
ter were  often  hastily  dissolved,  and 
their  members  imprisoned,  but  they 
remonstrated  freely  on  matters  both  of 
Church  and  State,  impeached  his  mi- 
nisters, controlled  his  foreign  policy, 
and  exhibited  unmistakable  tokens  of 
that  puritanical  and  republican  spirit 
which  led  his  unhaj^y  successor  to  the 
scaffold.  Commerce,  however,  flourish- 
ed ;  the  newly  opened  trade  with  India 
was  steadily  pursued,  and  many  at- 
tempts were  made  by  Hudson,  Baffin, 
and  others,  to  discover  a  north-western 
passage ;  America,  too,  began  to  be 
systematically  settled  by  the  English. 
James's  conduct  towards  foreign 
states  was  weak  and  discreditable. 
There  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  he 
was  personally  a  sincere  Protestant; 
but  his  exalted  notions  of  the  kingly 


dignity  •*  led  him  to  ^de  with  the  Ro- 
manists rather  than  the  Protestants, 
from  dislike  to  the  republican  fonnof 
government*.  On  the  same  ground 
he  eagerly  sought  alliances  for  his 
sons  with  the  royal  families  of  France 
and  Spain,  regardless  of  the  appreha- 
sions  of  his  people  on  the  score  of 
religion;  and  to  attain  his  ends  he 
did  not  hesitate  to  sign  treaties  pro- 
mising a  toleration  of  Romanism, 
which  was  directly  contrary  to  the 
statutes  of  his  kingdom,  and  coold 
only  have  been  carried  out  by  his  ex- 
ercising the  power  he  was  so  unwise 
as  sometimes  to  claim,  of  being  supe- 
jior  to  all  law.  His  project  lailed  as 
regarded  Spain,  and  he  was  involved 
in  a  war  against  that  power  (reluct- 
antly undertaken,  though  die  domi- 
nions of  his  son-in-law,  the  Elector 
Palatine,  were  at  stake',}  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  which  occurred  at  his 
hunting-seat  of  Theobalds,  near  Ches- 
hunt,  Mardi  27, 1625.  He  was  buried 
in  Henry  VH.'s  chapel,  Westminster. 
James  married,  in  1590,  Anne  of 
Denmark,  daughter  of  Frederic  11. 
She  was  bom  in^  1 574,  was  handsome, 
active,  and  intriguing,  but  seems  to 
have  had  far  less  influence  over  her 
husband  than  his  unworthy  favourites, 
Carr'  and  Villiers**,  exercised.  She 
was  fond  of  pomp  and  pageantry,  ifi- 


"  Some  writers  have  supposed  that  the  alleged 
conspiiacT  was  reaDy  a  base  contrivance  of  Cecil 
to  get  rid  of  Ralcch  and  others,  who  had  courted 
the  friendship  of  James  as  eagerly  as  he  himself 
hsid  done,  and  were  likely  to  prove  successful  rivals 
in  the  distribution  of  honours  and  rewards.  Such 
9.  supposition  ought  not  to  be  lightly  entertained. 
but  sttll  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  what  objects  could 
be  conunon  to  Romish  priests,  Puritans  and  pro- 
Scued  ftee-thinkers,  or  atheists  as  they  were  then 
termed  ;  yet  such  men  were  found  among  the  con- 
spirators, and  James's  lenity  has  been  taken  as  a 
presumption  of  their  innocence ;  only  the  priests 
and  one  gentleman  suffered  death. 

*  He  told  his  parliament,  that  as  it  was  blas- 
phemy to  question  what  the  Almighty  could  do  by 
His  power,  so  it  was  sedition  to  inquire  what  a  king 
could  do  by  virtue  of  his  prerogative. 

•  He  was  easily  perstuded  that  the  HoHandeis. 
as  sucoessftil  rebels,  were  "an  ill  example  for  a 
jnanardk  to  cherish.'* 

^  A  Quarrel  concerning  Church  property  in  Bo- 
benua,  bet  !(een  the  Romanists  and  the  Ptotestants, 
induced  the  latter  to  attempt  to  throw  off  the  rule 
of  the  house  of  Austria :  the  Elector  Palatine  was 
cho»en  king  by  the  insurgents,  but  the  attempt  mis- 
carried, and  m  the  end  he  lost  even  his  paternal 
.states,  dying  broken-hearted  in  the  year  1632. 

t  Robert  Carr,  a  youneer  son  of  a  family  on  the 
Scottish  border  that  had  suffered  in  the  cause  of 
Mary  of  Scotland,  was  early  received  as  the  king's 
page,  and  was  knighted  at  his  coronation  in  Eng- 
land. The  high  offices  of  lord-treasurer  and  lord- 
ichamherlain  were  soon  bestowed  on  him,  he  was 


made  a  knight  of  the  Garter,  and  created  ^^i^^ 
Rochester  and  earl  of  Somerset.  He  at  kagti 
contracted  an  infamous  marriage  with  FanoOr 
daughter  of  the  earl  of  Suffolk,  the  divorced** 
of  the  earl  of  Essex,  and  from  this  cuomstaaoth* 
ruin  may  be  dated.  He  and  his  wife  woe  a»- 
victed  in  z6z6  of  the  murder  of  Sir  Thonis  0»tt- 
bury,  who  had  opposed  their  unioo,  though  it  seeos 
probaMe  that  she  o»ly  was  gmlty.  Somersel  vas 
imprisoned  until  x6ai,  and  beiag  then  rt^atA 
lived  in  comparative  poverW  to  the  time  of  w 
death,  in  1645,  his  wretched  wife,  who  had  coa- 
fessed  herself  a  murderess,  having  died  in  1639. 

^  George  Villiers^  the  son  oT  a  Ldcesteohae 
knight,  was  bom  m  159a.  He  was  early  sat 
abroad,  and  on  his  return  in  1615,  he  attiatf« 
James's  notice,  was  made  a  gentleama  of  the  cfa» 
ber,  and  so  grew  in  fevour,  that  in  less  dun  tfaro 
years  he  was  appointed  master  of  the  bone,  but* 
oi  the  Garter,  chief  justice  in  eyre  north  of  Ti^ 
Lord  Whaddon,  Viscount  Villiers,  and  eaii  of  fti^ 
in^ham.  He  afterwards  attained  the  hi|^d>g«A» 
ofmarqnis  and  duke,  and  was  as  great  a  fev(«* 
with  diaries  I.  as  he  had  been  with  hk  IuIm- 
His  conduct,  however,  had  a  very  unhappT  >°"** 
ence  on  the  relations  between  Charles  ana  m»pe» 
pie;  he  was  impeached,  and,  thougji  ccseened  no* 
parliamentary  vengeance  by  his  master,  fell  a  v^» 
to  assassination,  Aug.  03,  1698.  He  bad  oiwtw 
the  daughter  of  the  earl  of  Rutland,  a  rich  bento. 
and  he  left  two  sons,  one  killed  in  the  dvil  war,  aaa 
the  other  the  proffigatc  minister  of  Cbaries  H.,  0^ 
demned  to  an  odious  immortality  as  the  Sua  » 
Dry  den. 


JAMES  I. 


37r 


vo!ved  James  in  difficulties  through 
her  extravagant  expenses,  and  was 
suspected  of  carrying  on  a  secret  cor- 
respondence with  Rome^  She  died 
March  i,  1619,  and  was  buried  at 
Westminster,  May  13. 

Their  children  were, — 

Henry,  bom  Feb.  19, 1593,  to  whom 
Queen  Elizabeth  was  godmother.  He 
was  created  prince  of  Wales,  and  made 
a  knight  in  1 610,  on  which  occasion  a 
feudal  aid  was  demanded,  and  reluc- 
tantly paid,  though  the  young  prince 
was  himself  popular,  being  looked  on 
as  likely  to  prove  an  enterprising  king. 
He  died,  greatly  regretted,  Nov.  5, 
1612.  *- 

Charles  became  king. 

Elizabeth,  bom  Aug.  19,  1596,  was 
married  Feb.  14,  161 3,  to  the  Elector 
Palatine ;  she  became  for  a  short  time 
queen  of  Bohemia,  and,  after  a  life  of 
great  vicissitudes,  died  in  London,  Feb. 
13,  1662.  The  princes  Rupert  and 
Maurice,  who  bore  a  conspicuous  part 
in  the  civil  wars,  were  her  sons  ;  and 
her  daughter  Sophia  was  the  mother 
of  the  first  king  of  the  House  of  Bmns- 
wck,  George  1. 

Robert,  Mary,  Margaret  and  Sophia 
clied  young. 

A  nuiterial  alteration  in  the  royal 
arms  marked  the  reign  of  this  king. 


Arms  of  Jaznm  L 

France  and  England  appear  in  the 
nrst  and  fourth  quarters,  counter-quar- 
tered; Scotland  in  the  second;  Ire- 
land in  the  third;  all  within  the  garter, 
and  crowned.     The  Scottish  unicorn 


became  the  sinister  supporter,  Eliza- 
beth's motto  was  soon  replaced  by 
"Beati  Pacifici;**  and  the  thistle, 
sometimes  dimidiated  with  the  rose,  ap- 
peared in  addition  to  her  royal  badges. 

In  judging  of  the  character  of  James, 
it  is  necessary  to  make  ample  allow- 
ance for  the  unfavourable  circum- 
stances imder  which  he  grew  up.  He 
never  experienced  a  parent's  care,  and 
he  fell  early  into  the  hands  of  worthless 
favourites.  His  poverty  rendered  him 
a  mere  tool  in  the  hands  of  the  unprin- 
cipled English  ministers,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  submit  to  many  mortifica- 
tions at  the  hands  of  his  native  sub- 
jects, which  gave  him  a  fixed  dislike 
to  Presbyterianism.  When  he  came, 
to  England,  the  clergy  of  the  Church 
offered,  by  their  deferential  manner, 
and  their  expressed  admiration  of  his 
learning,  a  gratifying  contrast  to  the 
stem,  if  not  rude  behaviour  of  the 
Scots  ;  he  resolved  at  once  to  identify 
himself  with  episcopacy,  and  was  easily 
persuaded  that  its  enemies  were  also 
enemies  to  monarchy.  Events  have 
proved  that  this  conclusion  was  per> 
fectly  just,  but  James  did  not  possess 
the  firmness  to  curb  his  parliaments 
as  his  predecessor  had  done,  and  lus 
imprudent  measures  only  prepared  the 
way  for  the  ruin  of  the  state. 

James  had  been  carefully  educated 
by  the  celebrated  George  Buchanan, 
and  he  was  the  author  of  several  works, 
both  in  prose  and  poetry,  which,  though 
now  censured  as  pedantic,  shew  him 
to  have  possessed  a  cultivated  mind, 
and  a  style  quite  equal  to  the  gene- 
rality of  writers  of  his  time  ;  he  also 
aspired  to  theological  learning,  and 
he  founded  a  seminary  for  champions 
in  the  Romish  controversy  ^  His 
amusements,  however,  were  of  the 
coarsest  description  :  cock-fighting, 
bull,  bear,  and  lion-baiting'',  and  the 
more  ordinary  field  sports  occupied 
his  time  to  the  utter  neglect  of  public 
affairs  \  which  his  ministers  managed 


'  Stie  is  nid  to  have  received  large  sums  from 
the  Romuh  nobility  and  gentry,  to  procure  them 
relief  from  the  various  penal  laws ;  in  consequence, 
thdr  enactments  were,  in  general,  <»ily  enforced 
asainst  the  poor  recusants,  with  whom  the  prisons 
were  crowded. 

J  It  was  founded  May  8,  z6xo,  for  a  provost  and 
?o  fellows.  Dr.  Sutdiff,  dean  of  Exeter,  being  the 
orijgioator  of  the  design :  the  plan  £uled,  and  the 
buildings  were  never  completed.  After  long  serv- 
ing as  a  prison  they  were  pulled  down  in  the  time 

B 


of  Charles  II.  and  the  well-known  Chelsea  Hospital 
for  invalided  soldiers  erected  on  the  site. 

^  Stow,  in  his  Chronicle,  records  the  care  taken 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  wild  beasts  in  the 
Tower,  and  the  frequent  combats  between  them, 
and  fierce  dogs  in  the  presence  of  the  court,  in  as 
grave  a  style  as  if  he  were  dealing  with  the  most 
important  public  aflfairs. 

>  In  answer  to  remonstrances  on  the  subject,  he 
declared  "he  would  rather  go  back  to  Sootland. 
than  sit  at  a  desk  for  a  day." 


372 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1603 


almost  at  their  own  pleasure.  Though 
his  jealous  fears  brought  his  unhappy 
cousin,  Arabella  Stuart",  to  destruc- 
tion, and  his  wish  for  the  Spanish 
alliance  led  him  to  sacrifice  Ralegh, 
he  was,  on  principle,  averse  to  blood- 
shed, and  habitually  merciful  in  his 
dealing3  with  offenders.  He  was  a 
patron  of  learning",  and  promoted  the 
present  translation  of  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures ;  and,  though  weak  and  vain,  he 
must  be  considered  a  kindly-disposed, 
well-meaning  man,  although  unfortu- 
nately a  very  indifferent  king. 


A.D.  1603. 

James  of  Scotland  is  proclaimed 
king  by  the  council  in  Lonaon,  March 
24.  Messengers  are  dispatched  to 
him  °,  and  he  commences  his  journey 


for  England,  reaching  Berwick  ^iril 
6,  and  London  May  7.  He  is  crowned, 
with  his  queen,  at  Westminster,  July 
25. 

Attempts  are  made  to  re-establish 
the  Romish  worship  in  Ireland,  bat 
they  are  checked  by  the  deputy  (Lord 
Mountjoy). 

A  conspiracy  to  place  Arabella 
Stuart  on  the  throne  is  discovered. 
Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  the  lords  Cob- 
ham  and  Grey,  are  seized,  in  July,  to- 
gether with  several  partisans. 

Many  new  peers  created,  as  also 
knights  of  the  Bath,  and  knights  ba- 
chelor '. 

Sir  Walter  Ralegh  and  the  other 
prisoners  are  removed  early  in  No- 
vember to  Winchester  %  and  there 
tried  and  convicted;  but  three  only 
are  executed'. 


>■  She  was  the  daughter  of  Charles,  earl  of  Lenox, 
his  father's  brother,  and  was  by  some  lawyers  con- 
sidered to  have  a  better  title  to  the  crown  than  the 
king  himself.  One  of  the  objects  attributed  to  Ra- 
legh and  others  was  to  raise  her  to  the  throne,  and 
she  was  in  consequence  held  in  a  kind  of  honour- 
able custody  to  i>reveQt  her  mairiage.  Slw  was, 
however,  clandestinely  imited  to  William  Seymour, 
Lord  Beauchamp  (afterwards  duke  of  Somerset, 
like  herself  a  descendant  of  Henry  VI L)  in  x6xx, 
attempted  to  escape  with  him  to  the  continent,  but 
was  retaken,  and  died  a  lunatic  in  the  Tower  in 
16x5.  She  was  buried  beside  Mary,  aueen  of  Scou, 
and  Prince  Henry,  but  without  funeral  pomp, ' '  lest," 
says  Camden,  ''it  should  seem  to  reflect  on  the 
king's  justice. 

■  Two  eminent  men  of  his  era  may  be  mentioned. 
Sir  Edward  Coke  and  Sir  Francis  Bacon.  The  first 
was  bom  in  Norfolk  in  X554,  and  was  a  member  of 
Trinity  CoUege,  Cambridge.  He  became  eminent 
as  a  lawyer,  was  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons in  1593,  and  long  held  the  office  of  attorney- 
general,  in  which  post  he  shewed  much  zeal  in  pro- 
secuting to  conviction  the  eari  of  Essex  and  Sir 
Walter  Ralegh,  as  well  as  the  Gunpowder  Plot  oon- 
apirators,  overwhelming  all  alike  with  the  coarsest 
lang[uage.  In  x6o6  Coke  was  made  a  judge,  but  he 
fell  mto  disgrace  after  the  trial  of  the  murderers  of 
Sir  Thomas  Overbury,  and  was  removed  from  the 
bench.  He  endeavoured  to  gam  the  |>rotection  of 
the  favourite,  Buckingham,  but  failing  in  this,  finom 
a  vehement  defender  of  prerogative  he  became  con- 
spicuous for  his  opposition  to  the  measures  of  the 
court.  He  was  in  consequence  imprisoned  at  one 
time,  and  at  another  made  sheriff,  m  order  to  dis- 
aualify  him  from  a  seat  in  parliament ;  and  on  his 
death,  which  happened  in  the  year  X634,  his  papers 
were  seized,  though  without  finding  anything  to 
justify  the  levy  of  a  fine  on  his  heu:.  He  was  the 
author  of  works  which  are  of  authori^in  the  courts 
of  law  to  the  present  day,  but  his  conduct  as  a  judge 
'  has  been  censured,  and  as  a  member  of  parliament 
was  clearly  the  result  of  &ction. 

Francis  Bacon  was  bom  in  1561,  and  was  the  son 
of  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon,  and  nephew  of  Lord  Burgh- 
ley.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cun- 
bndge,  and  when  only  sixteen  was  sent  abroad  in 
the  suite  of  Sir  Axnias  Paulet,  ambassador  to 
France.  On  his  retum  he  studied  the  law,  at- 
tained in  succesuon  the  offices  of  attorney-general, 
lord  keeper,  and  lord  chancellor,  and  was  made  a 
peer,  as  viscount  StAlban's.     But  this  seeming 


prosperity  proved  his  ruin.  Though  a  prafiwad 
philosophen  and  worthy  of  the  hi||;hest  honour  for 
his  scientific  researches  and  writings,  he  was  a 
weak,  vain,  ostentatious  man,  and  involved  hiinse^ 
in  debts,  to  relieve  which  he  was  said  to  reoeive 
bribes  from  suitors  in  his  court :  the  chaxge  to 
believed,  and,  after  a  brief  tenure  of  ofl&oe,  be  vas 
imp«u:hed,  condemned^  and  sentenced  to  fine  and 
imprisonment,  though  it  does  not  appear  that  any 
of  his  judgments  were  reversed  as  unjost.  Bacw 
descended  to  the  most  abject  sumlicatioas  to  dtt 
kin^,  and  was  soon  set  at  fiberty,  his  fine  alaobdas 
remitted.  He  lived  in  retirement  for  a  few  yean, 
and  then  died  rather  suddenW,  ^ril  9,  z6s6. 

»  Thomas  Nevil,  dean  of  OinterburT,  dispatched 
by  Archbishop  Whiteift,  was  one  of  tbe  earliest  of 
these,  and  was  ^ratmed  by  the  Ung^  decbratiaa 
of  his  firai  intention  to  mamtain  the  Church  in  tbe 
state  his  predecessor  had  lefk  it.  The  Poritans  niet 
him  on  the  road  with  what  they  termed  tbe  Mille- 
nary Petition,  from  the  thousand  ministers,  "aS 
groaninff  as  under  a  common  burden  of  human 
ntes  and  ceremonies,"  who  were  expected  to,  hot 
did  not  sign  it :  the  actual  number  was  bat  about 
79>.  The  Universities  issued  formal  rqdies  to  its 
alle^tions,  whidi  were  also  divrosscd  at  the  Hamp- 
ton Court  conferences. 

P  The  knights  bachelor  alone,  accordb^  to  Stow, 
amounted  to  "  three  or  four  hundred."  "ftb  profo* 
sion  in  the  bestowal  of  honours  contrasted  strangely 
vrith  the  conduct  of  the  deceased  queen,  and  was 
made  the  occasion  of  pmnilar  satire,  a  new  "  Ait  of 
Memory"beingsaid  to  be  necessary  if  a  manwooid 
keep  in  mind  the  names  and  titles  now  first  heard  cL 

4  The  courts  were  then  held  there,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  plague  prevailing  in  London. 

'  Qeorge  Brooke,  Bartholomew  Brocdnsby,  Ab- 
thony  Copley,  Sir  Griffin  Maxkham,  and  two  pnests, 
William  Clarice  and  William  Watson,  were  coo- 
victed,  and  Sir  Edward  Paxham  acquitted,  Kev. 
xs ;  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  was  condemned  Nov.  17 : 
Lord  Cobham,  Nov.  as;  Lord  Grey,  Nov.  36. 
Brooke  (brother  to  Lord  Cobham)  was  beheaded 
Dec.  5  :  Clarke  and  Watson  were  hanged  Nov.  »^ : 
Cobham,  Grey,  and  Ma^diam  were  reprieved  oa 
the  scaffold,  Dec.  9.  Lord  Grey  died  in  the  Tovcr 
in  x6x6,  and  Ralegh  was  temporarily  set  at  Ubeity 
about  the  same  tune ;  Cobham  was,  aftor  a  kn? 
imprisonment,  released,  and  died  m  poveity  m 
X619 ;  Sir  Griffin  Markham,  Copley,  and  Bnofcesby 


XD.  1604]. 


JAMES  I. 


373 


A.D.  1604. 

Conferences  held  before  the  kmg  at 
Hamptoii  Court,  between  the  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  (Whitgift),  eight 
bishops,  five  deans,  and  two  doctors, 
and  Dr.  Reynolds  and  three  more  of 
the  Puritan  party,  Jan.  14,  15,  16. 
Some  slight  alterations  in  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer  are  agreed  on,  and  a 
new  version  of  the  Holy  Scriptures 
ordered. 

Jesuits  and  seminary  priests  ordered, 
by  proclamation  dated  Feb.  22,  to  quit 
the  realm  before  March  19. 

Archbishop  Whitgift  <ues,  Feb.  29. 
He  is  succeeded  (Dec.  10)  by  Richard 
Bancroft  %  bishop  of  London. 

The  parliament  meets  March  19, 
and  sits  until  July  7.  The  king  ad- 
dresses a  speech  to  them,  in  which  he 
recommends  the  union  of  England  and 
Scotland;  professes  himself  a  member 
of  the  Church  of  England ;  and  cen- 
sures the  doubtful  loyalty  of  the  Ro- 
manists, and  "the  sect  rather  than  re- 
ligion of  the  Puritans  and  Novellists." 

The  first  act  of  the  parliament  was 
^  a  most  joyfiil  and  just  recognition  of 
the  inmiediate,  lawful,  and  undoubted 
succession,  descent,  and  right  of  the 
crown,"  [i  Jac.  I.  c  i].  Commissioners 
were  appointed  to  treat  vnth  the  Scots 
for  the   union  of  the  two  countries 


Sc.  2]  ;  the  statutes  of  Elizabeth  against 
esuits,  seminaiv  priests,  and  recu- 
sants in  general,  were  confirmed  [c. 
4] ;  and,  to  correct  an  abuse  that  had 
prevailed  in  her  days,  bishops  were 
disabled  to  alienate  any  of  the  pos- 
sessions of  their  sees  [c.  3] ;  tunnage 
and  poundage*  were  granted  to  the 
king  [c.  33] ;  and  as  the  plague  raged 
at  the  time,  provision  was  made  for  a 
rate  for  the  support  of  the  infected 
fc  31],  who  were  not  to  leave  their 
houses,  ''having  any  infectious  sores 
uncured,"  under  the  penalty  of  death. 
Another  act  [c.  12]  declared  witchcraft 
felony  without  benefit  of  clergy. 

The  convocation  meets,  under  the 
presidency  of  Bancroft,  bishop  of  Lon- 
don. A  book  of  Canons,  prepared  by 
him,  is  accepted  by  the  convocation, 
and  assented  to  by  the  king*. 

A  treaty  of  peace  and  commerce 
concluded  with  the  king  of  Spain  and 
the  archdukes'  of  Austria,  Aug.  18. 
The  king  bound  himself  Uiereby  to 
give  no  further  aid  to  the  "  Hollanders, 
or  other  enemies  of  the  king  of  Spain 
and  the  archdukes,"  and  to  endeavour 
to  procure  a  peace  between  them  and 
the  restoration  of  the  cautionary  towns  ^ 
In  return,  commercial  privileges  were 
granted ',  and  "  moderation  to  be  had 
in  the  proceedings  of  the  Inquisition" 


•  He  was  ft  Lancashire  man,  bom  in  15^  He 
liad  been  chaplain  to  Whit^;ift,  having  gained  his 
notice  hy  bis  active  opposition  to  the  Puritans  at 
Cambridge,  whUe  he  was  college  tutor.  He  preached 
ft  celebrated  sermon  at  Paul's-cross,  m  1^89,  which 
gave  great  offence  to  many  of  the  courueis,  as  he 
truly  remarked  that  the  main  cause  of  the  com- 
plaints daily  made  against  the  governors  of  the 
Church  was  the  desire  to  possess  their  revenues ; 
he  was,  however,  fayourahhr  noticed  by  the  queen, 
was  in  1597  made  bishop  of  London,  and  attended 
her  at  her  death.  Bishop  Bancroft  bore  a  leading 
part  in  the  Hampton  Court  conferences,  and,  shortly 
aiter  becoming  primate,  he  held  the  Puritanical 
party  an  chedc ;  the  well-known  canons  of  1604 
were  prepared  under  his  direction,  and  he  labourea 
to  re-establi^  «>iscopacy  in  Scotland.  He  died 
Nov.  a,  1610,  and  was  buried  at  Lambeth. 

*  These,  ue  original  of  our  present  customs 
duties,  consisted,  beside  some  less  important  mat- 
ters, of  a  duty  of  3s.  on  each  tun  of  wine  imported, 
and  of  IS.  in  the  pound  on  the  value  of  other  goods ; 
aliens  generallY  paid  double.  The  preamble  states 
that  these  duties  had  been  enjoyed,  time  out  of 
mind,  by  the  kine^s  predecessors,  "  by  authority  of 
parliament,  for  defence  of  the  realm  and  keeping 
and  safeguard  of  the  seas."  Tunnage  had  been 
gnknted  to  Edward  IIL  in  1373,  and  poundage  to 
Henry  V.  in  14x5.  Both  had  been  gnmted,  in 
simibu'  terms  to  those  now  used,  ever  since  the 
time  of  Edward  IV.,  but  only  for  the  life  of  each 
monarch.  Charles  I. .  when  they  were  refused  by  the 
Parliaxnent.  levied  tnem  as  on  his  own  authority, 
a  step  which  had  the  most  fittal  consequences. 


*  These  canons,  141  in  number,  are  mainly  a  re- 
publication of  older  ones^  but  some  new  ones  were 
mtroduced,  which  authoritatively  condemn  the  dog- 
mas of  the  Puritans ;  hence  they  have  been  rrore-  . 
sented,  though  unjustly,  as  merely  designed  to 
augment  the  power  of^the  Church.  They  have 
never  received  parliamentary  sanction,  and  there- 
fore are  considered  by  the  courts  of  common  law  to 
be  obligatorv  on  the  deigy  only. 

*  Albert,  brother  of  the  emi>eror  Rudolph,  and 
his  wife  Isabella,  sister  of  the  king  of  Spain.  As  in 
the  instance  of  Philip  and  Mary,  they  were  both 
styled  archdukes. 

7  See  A.D.  1585.  The  king  was  bound  by  treaty 
not  to  give  up  these  towns  to  the  Spaniards  ;  but 
he  declared  tnat  if  the  States  refiised  to  enter  into 
a  pacification,  he  should  consider  himself  at  liberty 
to  act  as  he  should  jud«»  iust  and  honourable  re- 
earding  them ;  meanwhue  nis  garrisons  were  for- 
bidden to  take  any  further  part  in  the  war. 

■  Among  these  was  the  liberty  of  carrying  goods 
from  Germany  to  Speun ;  but  as  it  was  to  be  appre-  . 
bended  that  tne  English  merchants  would  allow  the 
use  of  their  names  and  ships  to  the  Hollanders,  this 
was  strictly  forbidden,  as  was  any  connivance  of 
English  nugistiates,  "upon  peril  of  the  king's 
majesty's  indignation,  loss  01  their  offices,  and 
odier  more  grievous  punishments  to  be  inflicted  at 
the  king's  pleasure.''  The  Hollanders  regarded 
themselves  as  alnndoned :  and  a  dislike  grew  up 
between  the  two  nations,  which  resulted  in  the 
massacre  of  Amboyna,  and  the  naval  wars  of  the 
time  of  Uic  Commonwodth. 


374 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1604, 1605. 


against  the  kixig's  subjects  repairing 
for  trade  to  Spain. 

The  king  is  proclaimed  ^King  of 
Great  Britain,  France,  and  Ireland  V 
Oct  20. 

A.D.  1605. 

Richard  HaydoCk,  a  physician  (of 
New  CoUege>  Oxford),  who  professed 


to  preach  in  his  sleep  s^inst  certain 
points  of  Chiirdi  discipline  ^y  is  con- 
victed of  imposture,  and  makes  a  pab> 
lie  recantation. 

Several  Scottish  ministers  hold  a 
synod,  without  licence,  at  Aberdeen, 
July  2,  and  when  questioned  by  the 
privy  coitncil  of  Scotland,  deny  the 
kin^s  supremacy  ^ 


THE  GUNPOWDER  PLOT. 


A  PLOT  to  blow  up  the  king  and  the 
parliament  with  gunpowder  is  disclosed 
about  the  end  of  October. 

This  atrocious  scheme  of  a  few  fana- 
tical Romanists'^  seems  to  have  ori- 
ginated with  Robert  Catesby,  a  gen- 
tleman of  Northamptonshire  %  who  had 
suffered  severely^  in  the  last  reign  for 
recusancy,  and  in  revenge  had  been 
long  engaged  in  endeavouring  to  bring 
about  an  mvasion  of  England  by  the 
Spaniards.  He  appeared  likely  to  suc- 
ceed in  this,  an  army,  to  land  at  Mil- 
ford  haven,  and  a  laige  sum  of  money, 
being  promised  him,  when  the  death 
of  the  <^ueen  caused  an  alteration  in 
the  pohcy  of  the  Spaniards ;  they 
wished  to  detach  King  James  from 
the  cause  of  the  Hollanders,  and 
having  succeeded  in  this,  the^  refused 
to  listen  any  longer  to  the  solicitations 
of  Catesby  and  his.  associates.  There 
being  now  no  prospect  of  succour 
from  foreign  prmces,  Catesby  ven- 
tured to  suggest  to  a  few  chosen  as- 
sociates, and  under  an  oath  of  secrecy, 
that  they  should  strike  a  blow  them- 


selves. This  was  agreed  to,  though 
they  had  much  difference  of  opinion 
as  to  what  it  should  be;  some  pro- 
posed to  seize  the  king  when  hunting, 
and  force  a  toleration  from  him ;  others 
urged  his  assassination;  but  Catesby 
was  not  satisfied  with  either,  and  be 
at  length  induced  them  to  attempt  the 
destruction  of  both  king  and  pariia- 
ment  by  gunpowder',  madly  expect- 
ing to  receive  such  aid  from  the  Low- 
Countries  as  would  enable  them  to 
seize  the  government  and  re-estabtish 
Romanism'. 

Catesb/s  confidants  at  first  were 
only  Thomas  Percy,  a  relative  6[  the 
earl  of  Northiunberland,  and  one  of 
the  band  of  pensioners ;  Thomas  Win- 
ter, a  Worcestershire  gentleman,  who 
had  managed  the  negotiations  with 
Spain ;  John  Wright  and  Robert  Keys, 
gentlemen,  of  London ;  and  Tliomas 
Bates,  a  trusted  servant  of  Catesby; 
to  these  was  afterwards  added  Guy 
Fawkes,  a  soldier  from  the  Nether- 
lands. They  proposed  to  effect  their 
horrible  purpose  when  the  parliament 


"  Up  to  this  period  the  title  of"  King  of  England, 
Scotland,  France,  and  Ireland**  had  been  used. 

^  like  other  Puritans  he  inveighed  against  the 
I>ope,  but  lus  discourses  were  chiefly  in  condemna- 
tion of  the  use  of  the  cross  in  baptism,  and  of  the 
newly-enacted  canons.  Hie  king  had  him  brought 
to  court,  listeaed  to  his  dedamatioD,  and  detected 
the  cheat. 

•  Six  of  them  were  tried  and  coodttnned  as  trai- 
ton,  but  they  w<$n»  only  banished. 

*  Sevexal  of  them  were  recent  converts.  Such 
was  Catesby ;  he  had  been  engaged  in  Essex's  in- 
surrection, as  had  Tresham  and  some  of  the  others, 
.who  were  all  gentlemen  of  property.  Fawkes. 
though  quite  asTanatical  as  the  rest,  was  their  paid 
servant,  and  had  been  fetched  from  the  Nether- 
lands fey  Wbter  for  the  purpose,  about  Easter, 
1604.  He  was  a  Yorkshireman,  bom  about  1^69, 
and  had  once  been  a  menial  in  the  household  of 
Lord  Montague,  but  latterly  he  had  served  in  the 
Spanish  anny.  He  is  described  by  one  of  the  wit- 
nesses sgainst  him  as  being  a  tall  man,  with  blade 
hair  and  an  auburn  beard,  and  was  usually  taken 
for  a  priest. 

.  •  Of  the  same  family  as  the  Catesby  of  the 
tmeofRichaWIIL 


'This  plot  is  usually  s|io1cen  of  as  anprecedeDted 
in  its  nature,  but  such  is  not  the  case  :  Swedish 
history  furnishes  two  instances  of  gunpowder  plots. 
real  or  pretended.  Christiem  1 1,  nuuie  such  a  pk: 
the  pretext  for  his  barbarous  executions  at  Stock- 
holm, in  1590  ;  and  in  1533  the  reraicy  of  Lobe^ 
*  some  Germans  to  blow  up  Gustavus  Vasa. 


holding  the  diet,  but  the  phm  i 
on  the  very  eve  of  its  execution. 

(  He  recondled  to  this  horrible  pn^ect  thewe 
whose  fanatidsm  was  less  fierce  than  his  own  by 
saying  that  it  would  appear  like  a  heavenly  jnAs: 
ment  when  even  the  very  building  was  destroyed 
where  laws  had  been  passed  against  didr  &ith.  I: 
seems  probable  that  it  was  intended  to  warn,  ia  aac- 
biguous  terms,  members  of  their  own  creed  not  vr> 
attend  the  house  at  its  opening,  as  was  done  to  Issrd 
Monteagle,  fand  perhaps  to  o^ers.  Whether  ths 
was  done  is  unknown,  but  the  earl  of  NortinnaScf 
land  absented  himsdr  fiom  the  pariiament.  as  ci 
the  lords  Montague,  Mordannt,  and  Stourteci,  a 
circumstance  considered  so  suspidous.  dut  thnr 
were  prosecuted  in  the  Starchambcr.  They  nrrc 
all  heavily  fined,  and  Northumberiaad  was  in 
prisoned  m  the  Tower  till  July  18,  x6«x.  Scr: 
A.D.  x6zi. 


JLD.  1605.] 


JAMES  I. 


37$ 


met  in  Febniatyy  1605 ;  and,  accord- 
inglyy  Percy  hired  a  house  dose  ad- 
joining, where,  in  December,  1604, 
they  shut  themselves  in,  with  twenty 
days'  store  of  provisions,  and  laboured 
until  Christmas  in  digging  through  the 
wall,  Fawkes,  on  whose  vigilance,  as 
the  only  military  man  among  them^ 
they  greatly  relied,  keeping  watch. 
They  resumed  their  labours  after 
Christmas,  but,  finding  themselves  un- 
mual  to  the  task,  they  soon  associated 
Christopher  Wright  and  Robert  Win- 
ter vnth  them,  the  whole  taking  an 
oath  of  secrecy,  and  an  engagement 
not  to  desist  from  thdr  purpose,  at  the 
hands  of  Henry  Gamett,  John  Ger- 
lard,  and  Oswald  Tesmond,  Jesuits, 
who,  indeed,  have  been  charged  with 
being  the  originators  of  the  design ; 
but  this  has  not  been  satisfectorily 
proved  K 

The  conspirators  found  the  founda- 
tion wall  three  yards  thick  ;  but  when 
they  had  worked  half  through  it  they 
were  enabled  to  hire  the  adjoining 
ceUar,  which  ran  under  the  Parlia- 
ment-house, and  in  this  they  speedily 
placed  twenty  barrels  of  powder,  which 
had  been  stored  in  Percy's  house,  and 
afterwards  ten  more,  which  thcv  co- 
vered with  billets  and  fagots,  aading, 
fr-om  time  to  time,  more  powder,  toge- 
ther with  iron  bars  and  stones.  Mean- 
while the  meeting  of  the  parliament 
was  postponed,  and  Catesby,  who  had 
hitherto  borne  the  chief  part  of  the  ex- 
pense*, found  his  funds  exhausted. 
He  therefore  obtained  permission  from 
the  rest  to  dividge  their  scheme  to  such 
as  he  thought  willing  to  help  them, 
and,  in  consequence,  they  were  soon 
joined  by  John  Grant,  of  Warwick- 
shire, Ambrose  Rookwood,  of  Suffolk, 
and  Francis  Tresham,  of  Northamp- 
tonshire, who  gave  money  and  their 
personal  help  in  conveying  the  ^n- 
powder  into  the  vault,  and  promised 
to  provide  arms  and  horses  for  a  rising 
as  soon  as  the  plot  had  taken  effect ; 


some  months  later  the  scheme  wa» 
divulged  to  Sir  Everard  Digby,  of  Got- 
hirst,  in  Bucking^iamshire.  He  also 
joined  in  it,  and  engaged  to  make  an 
assembly  near  D  unchurch,  in  War- 
wickshire^ under  pretence  of  a  hunting 
match,  but,  in  reality,  to  carry  off  the 
princess  Elizabeth,  who  resided  at 
Combe,  the  house  of  lord  Harrington, 
in  that  neighbourhood,  and  whom  the 
conspirators  intended  to  proclaim 
queen,  if  Percy  should  not  succeed  in 
seizing  the  didce  of  York  J  (afterwards 
Charies  I.)  on  the  day  of  the  e«>losion. 

As  the  time  finally  appointed  for  the 
meeting  of  the  parliament  drew  near^ 
Catesby  and  the  rest  prepared  to  leave 
London,  entrusting  the  task  of  firing 
the  train  to  Guy  Fawkes,  who  had  as- 
sumed the  name  of  John  Johnson,  and 
professed  to  be  Perc/s  servant  left  in 
chazge  of  his  master's  house.  Their 
plot  had  been  carried  on,  as  they 
unagined,  with  profound  secrecy ;  but 
there  can  now  be  no  reasonable  doubt 
that  the  government  had  long  had  a 
sufficiently  accurate  idea  of  their  de> 
sign.  Both  the  French  and  the  Spanish 
governments  had  apprized  Cecil,  the 
secretary,  Aat  some  desperate  enter- 
prise was  in  meditation  among  the 
Romish  refugees  in  Flanders,  and  a 
visit  which  Fawkes  had  made  to  them 
in  the  preceding  summer  had  not  es- 
caped his  notice  ^ ;  still  they  were  al- 
lowed to  remain  in  fancied  security. 

On  October  26,  1605,  an  anony- 
mous letter  was  delivered  to  Lord 
Monteagle,  (William  Parker,  brother- 
in-law  of  Tresham,)  urging  him  to  ab- 
sent himself  from  the  meeting  of  par- 
liament, and  was  by  him  submitted  to 
the  council  The  matter  was  suffered 
to  stand  over,  until  the  king  returned 
from  a  himting  excursion,  when  the 
letter  was  laid  before  him,  (Nov.  i,) 
and  he  professed  at  once  to  discover 
the  full  meaning  of  its  enigmatical 
warning ' ;  still  no  open  step  was 
taken.    At  length,  early  in  the  mom- 


k  It  cannot  be  doubted,  however,  that  they  were 
cordial  partidpators  in  it.  Gamett  long  main- 
tained mat  he  knew  nothing  of  the  conspiracy :  then 
he  said  he  had  knowlnlge  of  it  only  under  Uie  seal 
of  confession ;  but  he  allowed  that  he  held  it  law^l 
to  equivocate  rather  than  confess  anything  to  his 
own  inhiry.  As  a  natural  consequence  his  denials 
were  (usbelieved.  and  he  was  tried,  condenuicd, 
and  executed:  Tesmond  and  Genard  escaped  to 
the  continent. 

•  lie  told,  among  other  property,  a  fine  estate 


at  Chastleton,  in  Oxfordshire,  to  Walter  Jones, 
a  lawyer,  who  built  the  present  manor-house. 

J  His  elder  brother,  Henry,  it  was  expected 
would  accompany  the  lung  and  be  destroyed  with 
him. 

^  Fawkes  confessed  that  when  on  this  visit  he 
made  two  pilgrimages  to  pray  for  the  success  of 
the  plot. 

'  The  passage  said  to  have  suggested  the  idea  of 
gunpowderwas,  "  Though  there  be  no  aqypearance 
of  any  stir,  yet  I  say  they  shall  receive  a  temble. 


376 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1605. 


ing  of  Tuesday,  November  ^,  Fawkes 
nvas  seized  in  the  vault,  earned  before 
the  council,  eicamined,  and  committed 
to  the  Tower.  His  associates  at  once 
.^ed  to  Dunchurch,  taking  some  few 
^ends  and  their  servants  with  them, 
to  the  number  of  about  forty  horse. 
They  found  there  a  well-armed  party 
assembled,  but  all  but  three  of  them 
declined  to  cast  in  their  fortunes 
widi  those  of  die  baffled  conspirators. 
The  sheriffs  of  Warwick  and  Wor- 
cester (Sir  Richard  Vemey  and  Sir 
Richard  Walsh)  arrayed  the  power  of 
their  counties,  and  Catesby  and  his 
party  retired  in  haste  to  Holbeach 
house,  near  Stourbridge,  in  Worces- 
tershire, the  residence  of  Stephen  Lyt- 


telton,  (one  who  had  joined  themj 
where  they  had  resolved  to  maintam 
themselves,  in  the  hope  of  an  insur- 
rection of  the  neighbouring  Romanists 
in  their  favour.  No  one  stirred,  how- 
ever; their  powder  blew  up,  despe- 
rately wounding  Grant,  Keys,  and 
Rookwood ;  ana  when  the  sheriff  (Sir 
Richard  Walsh)  approached,  (Nov.  8J 
Catesby,  Percy,  and  the  two  Wrights, 
purposely  exposed  themselves  to  their 
assailants,andwere  shot  dead.  Thomas 
Winter,  Bates,  and  the  wounded  men, 
were  made  prisoners;  Sir  Everard 
Digby  cut  his  way  through,  but  was 
soon  after  captured,  as  were  Robot 
Winter  and  Stephen  Lyttelton,  a  few 
days  after. 


NOTE. 
The  Gunpowder  Plot. 


Three  letters  preserved  in  the  Public 
Record  Office  seem  to  shew  that  not  only 
Cedl,  but  King  James,  Chief  Justice  Pop- 
ham  and  Sir  Thomas  Chaloner,  if  not 
others,  knew  of  the  existence  of  the  plot 
at  least  as  early  as  the  end  of  the  year 
1 603.  It  appears  to  have  been  made  known 
to  them  by  one  Joseph  Davies,  through  the 
means  of  a  person  named  Henry  Wright, 
who  on  Marcn26, 1606,  wrote  from  Clerkien- 
well,  to  Cecil  (then  earl  of  Salisbury)  ask- 
■  ing  for  some  place  on  account  of  his  ser- 
vices in  "  discovering  villanous  practices." 
'That  the  allusion  is  to  the  Gunpowder 
Plot  is  rendered  certain  by  another  letter, 
from  Wright  to  Sir  Thomas  Chaloner, 
which  runs  thus  : — 

"Good  Sir  Thomas,  I  am  as  eager  for  setting 
of  the  bdnngs  as  you  can  be,  and  in  truth  whereas 
:  desired  butt 


^ 


we  desucd  but  twenty,  the  discoverer  had  set  ■  and 
'if  we  accept  of  it.)  can  set  above  three  score,  but 
[  told  him  that  the  Sute  would  take  it  for  good 
senrice  if  he  set  twenty  of  the  most  principal  Jesuits 
and  seminary  priests,  and  therewithal  I  gave  nim  13 
or  14  names  picked  out  of  his  own  notes,  among  the 
which  five  of  them  were  sworn  to  the  secresy.  He 
saith  absolutely  that  by  God's  grace  he  will  do  it 
ere  long,  but  he  stayem  some  few  days  purposely 
for  the  coming  to  town  of  Tesmond  ana  Kempe, 
two  principals;  their  lodgings  are  prepared,  and 
they  will  be  here,  as  he  saith,  for  certain  within 
these  two  davs.  For  the  treason,  Davies  neither 
hath  nor  will  unfold  himself  for  the  discovery  of 
it  till  he  hath  his  pardon  for  it  vnder  seal,  as  I 
old  you,  which  is  now  in  great  forwardness,  and 


ready  to  be  sealed,  so  that  ere  long  70a  shall 

havealL 

"  Your  woiship's  most  devoted, 

"  H«H.  WUGBT." 

The  letter  has  no  date,  but  this  is  ap- 
proximately supplied  by  the  iact  that  a 
pardon  for  all  treasons,  &c.,  to  Joseph 
Davies,  granted  April  25, 1604,  appears  on 
the  Pardon  Roll,  2  Jac.  I. 

The  third  letter,  also  without  date,  is 
apparently  a  memorial  addressed  to  the 
king.  It  is  entitled  "Touching  Wr^ 
and  his  services  performed  in  the  damnable 
plot  of  the  Powder  treason,"  and  reads 
thus:— 

"  If  it  may  please  your  Bfajesty,  can  yoa  lemem- 
ber  that  the  Lord  Chief  Justice  Pppham  and  Sir 
Thomas  Chaloner,  Rt,  had  a  hand  in  the  disoovcfr 
of  the  practises  of  the  Jesuits  in  the  Pdwder  pkat, 
and  did  from  time  to  time  ImmU  tkt  tmmu{^i  to 
your  Majesty,  Cor  two  years'  space  almost  bdbie 
the  said  treason  burst  forth  by  an  obsoire  letter 
sent  to  the  Lord  Monteagle,  which  your  Majesty, 
like  an  angel  of  God,  interpreted,  toudiing  the 
blow,  then  mtended  to  be  given  bv  powder.  The 
man  that  informed  Sir  Thomas  Chaloner  and  the 
Lord  Popham  of  the  said  Jesuitical  poetises,  their 
meeting^  and  traitorous  designs  in  that  aoUer, 
whereof  from  time  to  time  they  infixmed  your 
Majesty,  was  one  Wright,  who  haUi  your  Majesty's 
hand  for  his  so  doing,  and  never  received  any  it- 
ward  for  his  psuns  and  charges  laid  out  eonceraiag 
the  same.  "Thb  Wright,  if  occasion  serve,  can  dd 
more  service." 

The  document  is  addressed  to  *'  Mr.  Se- 
cretary Conway,''  and  its  date  is  thus  fixed 
as  not  earlier  than  1616. 


blow  this  parliament,  and  yet  they  shall  not  see 
who  hurts  them."  It  seems  probable  that  the  let- 
ter, which  is  preserved  in  the  Pubtic.Record  Office, 
was  written,  m  a  feigned  hand,  by  Tresham,  who 
repeated  of  his  participation  in  the  plot.    He  was 


apprehended  soon  after  its  fiulure,  and  died  in  die 
"Tower  before  he  could  be  brought  to  triaL 

"  What  would  now  be  termed  detectives  or 
spies,  were  called  "  setters'*  or  "  trepaaaen*'  in  the 
seventeenth  century. 


JLD.  x6o6.] 


JAMES  L 


377 


A.D.  i6o6» 

The  parliament  meets  Jan.  21,  and 
sits  till  May  27. 

The  king,  in  his  opening  speech, 
declared  that  he  did  not  impute  the 
guilt  of  the  gunpowder  plot  to  any 
but  the  actual  perpetrators.  His  par- 
liament, however,  passed  acts  in  con- 
sequence, which  greatly  added  to  the 
burden  ox  the  penal  laws  affecting  the 
whole  body  of  Romish  recusants.  Be- 
side the  statutes  3  Jac.  I.  c.  i,  which 
appointed  an  annual  thanksgiving  on 
the  5th  of  November,  and  c.  2,  which 
attainted ''  divers  offenders  in  the  late 
most  barbarous,  monstrous,  detestable, 
and  damnable  treasons',''  it  passed 
^  an  act  for  the  better  discovering  and 
repressmg  of  popish  recusants,"  [c.  4,] 
by  which  such  of  them  as  conformed 
were  required  to  take  the  sacrament 
once  a-year  at  least;  their  absence 
from  church  was  punishable  by  heavy 
fines,  and  two-tlurds  of  their  lands 
might  be  taken  instead ;  an  oath  of 
allegiance,  renouncing  the  pope's  au- 
thority in  the  most  offensive  terms", 
was  imposed ;  to  refuse  it  incurred  a 
praemunire ;  to  go  into  the  service  of 
anyforeign  prince  without  having  taken 
it  was  fdony,  and  the  same  penalty 
attached  to  persons,  professedly  Pro- 
testant^ going  abroad  and  declining 
or  avoidrng  a  bond,  in  ;£20  at  least, 
not  to  be  reconciled  to  the  Romish 
Church;  persons  harbouring  recu- 
sants, (except  parents  or  wards,)  or 
keepmg  servants  who  did  not  attend 
church,  were  to  forfeit  ;£io  per  month, 
and  hoiises  might  be  broken  open  in 
search  of  offenders.  Another  statute 
[c  5]  bani^ed  all  recusants  from 
court,  London  tradesmen  and  bond 
fide  residents  excepted ;  persons  con- 
victed of  recusancy  were  disabled  to 
hold  any  public  office^  be  executors 
or  guardians,  or  practise  any  of  the 
liberal  professions ;  their  widows  for- 
feited two-thirds  of  their  dower ;  mar- 


riage, christening,  or  burial,  otherwise 
than  according  to  the  order  of  the 
Church  of  England,  was  forbidden 
under  heavy  penalties,  as  was  sending 
children  abroad  for  education  without 
licence ;  their  service-books,  and  mis- 
sals, and  relics,  were  to  be  destroyed ; 
their  arms  were  to  be  taken  out  of  their 
hands,  but  kept  in  repair  at  their  ex- 
pense; and  lastly,  thev  were  left  to 
the  process  of  the  High  Commission 
Court,  as  persons  excommunicate,  not- 
withstanding any  penalties  ^t  they, 
might  suffer  from  this  act 

The  gunpowder  conspirators  are 
tried  before  a  special  commission,  at 
the  head  of  which  is  the  earl  of  Not- 
tingham (Charles  Howard,)  Jan.  27. 
Sir  Everard  Digby  pleads  guilty ; 
Bates,  Fawkes,  Grant,  Keys,  Rook- 
wood,  and  the  two  Winters,  plead 
not  guilty,  ''  to  the  admiration  of  all 
the  hearers,"  says  Stow.  Sir  Everard 
Digby,  Robert  Winter,  Gran^  and 
Bates,  are  executed  Jan.  30,  m  St 
Paid's  Church-yard  ;  Thomas  Winter, 
Rookwood,  K!eys,  and  Fawkes,  at 
Westminster,  Jan.  31. 

Henry  Gamett',  the  Tesuit,  is  tried 
as  an  accomplice  in  the  gunpowder 
plot,  and  found  guilty,  March  28.  He 
IS  executed.  May  3. 

A  national  flag  for  Great  Britain 


» 


National  71a«  of  Onat  Britain. 


"  It  attaints  by  nsune  not  onlv  the  eight  who  had 
bc«n  executed,  and  the  four  killed  at  Holbeach 
House,  but  also  Tresham,  who  died  before  trial, 
and  Hugh  Owen,  who  had  not  been  taken ;  he  was 
an  officer  in  the  archduke's  service  in  Flanders,  and 
h^  been  manifestly  in  league  with  the  rest,  but 
the  ardiduke  refused  to  give  him  up. 

**  "  And  I  do  further  swear  that  I  do  from  my 
Heart  abhor,  detest,  and  abjure,  as  impious  and 
heretical,  this  damnable  doctrine  and  position,  that 
princes  which  be  excommunicate  or  deprived  by 
tbe  pope,  may  be  deposed  or  murdered  by  their 


subjects  or  any  other  whosoever."  This  oath  gave 
rise  to  a  schism  amone  the  Romanists,  some  taking 
the  oath,  others  refusing  it ;  the  matter  was  also  a 
subject  of  controversy  between  King  James  and 
Cardinal  Bellarmine. 

P  In  the  indictment  against  him  he  is  described 
as  "  Henry  Gamett,  late  of  London,  derk,  a  Jesuit, 
otherwise  Henry  Whalley,  otherwise  Henry  I>areye, 
otherwise  Henry  Roberts,  otherwise  Henry  Fer- 
mour,  otherwise  Henry  Philips."  The  other  Jesuits 
are  described  as  Oswald  Tesmond,  otherwise  Os- 
wald Greneway,  otherwise  Oswald  Feimour ;  and 


378 


THE.  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1606 — 161QL 


annoanoed  h^  royal  proclamation  % 
April  12. 

Episcopacy  restored  in  Scodand,  by 
ao(  of  parliament  there.  The  General 
i\s8eMbly  acknowledge  the  bishops  as 
moderatoiB  in  their  synods,  and  die 
king  confers  on  them  hke  powers  with 
the  Ecclesiastical  Commissionen  in 
England.  Severe  laws  are  passed 
in  the  Scottish  parliamfgit  against  the 
Romanists. 

The  earls  of  Tyrone  (Hiq^  O'Neal), 
Tyiconnel.  (Roderic  (^Donnell),  and 
several  of  their  followers,  escape  from 
Ireland,  and  join  the  Spaniards  in  the 
LowCooBtries'. 

The  parliament  meets  Nov.  18,  and 
sits  until  July  4, 1607. 

A.D.  1607. 
The  king  recommends  the  union  of 
Eni^d  and  Scotland  to  the  English 
parliament  %  but  the  proposition  is  re- 
ceived with  coldness,  and  the  matter  is 
dropped.    One  act,  however,  is  passed, 

i4  Jac.  I.  c  1,1  by  which  various  acts 
Lostile  to  Scotland  are  repealed  ^ 

Drunkenness  made  punishable  by  a 
fine  of  5s.,  or  six  hours  in  the  stocks, 

[c.  5} 

Great  numbers  of  people  assemble 
in  Northamptonshire  and  other  mid- 
land counties*,  in  May,  and  throw 
down  inclosures.  They  are  headed  by 
one  John  Reynolds,  who  takes  the 
name  of  Captain  Pouch,  and  are  not 
suppressed  without  difficulty. 


The  first  permanent  settlement  of 
the  English  in  Nordi  America  ;  James 
Town,  in  Virginia,  founded  ^ 

AJ>.  1608. 

O'Dogherty,  an  Irish  chieftain  in 
Ulster,  rises  in  anns,  lolls  Paulet,  the 
governor  of  Deny,  and  defeats  several 
parties  sent  gainst  hhn.  Heishiaisdf 
killed  in  battle  in  August ;  when  nearly 
the  whole  of  Ulster  becomes  an  es- 
cheat of  the  crown^,  and  measures  are 
resolved  on  for  its  cok>nizatioa  by 
British  settlers. 

AJ>.  1609. 

A  twelve  years'  truce  concluded  be- 
tween  the  Spaniards  and  the  HManA- 
ers,  by  die  mediation  of  the  kii^% 
Mnrdi  29. 

The  charter  of  the  East  India  coea- 
pany  renewed  for  an  unlimited  period*. 

A.D.  1610. 

The  parliament  meets  Feb.  9,  and 
sits  till  July  23. 

Naturalized  persons  directed  to  take 
the  sacrament  as  well  as  the  oaths 
of  allegiance  and  supremacy,  [7  Jac  I. 
c.  2]. 

A  charter  granted  for  the  colcMiisa- 
tion  of  Newfoundland,  May  2. 

The  king's  eldest  son  is  created 
prince  of  Wales,  June  4.  To  meet  the 
expense  a  feudal  aid  is  levied  on 
the  people  *. 


John  Genaxd,  otherwise  John  Brooke.  This  mul- 
tiplicity of  surnames,  whilst  retaining  the  same 
baptismal  name,  is  an  incidental  evidence  of  the 
stnct  seardi  that  was  usually  made  for  Romish 
priests,  and  of  one  means  by  which  they  attempted 
to  evade  the  pursuivants  and  other  offioers.^ 

4  This,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  engravine,  is  a 
combination  of  the  cross  of  St.  George  and  the  sal- 
tire  of  St.  Andrew  ;  the  saltire  of  St.  Patrick  was 
added  on  the  union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
Jan.  I,  180Z. 

'  They  apprehended  that  the  king  had  a  design 
to  extinguish  Romanism  in  Ireland,  and  had  pro- 
jected a  rising  against  the  government,  but  it  was 
discovered  before  their  plans  were  ripe,  llie  vast 
forfeitures  of  their  hmds  gave  occasion  to  the  new 
plantations  in  Ulster,  a  few  years  later. 

•  In  1605  an  attempt  was  made  to  establish  peace 
in  the  "debateable  land"  between  the  two  icing- 
doms.  A  mixed  commission  of  English  and  Scottisn 
gentlemen  was  appointed,  and  upwards  of  loo  of 
the  most  "  noted  muxderen,  outlaws,  and  thieves," 
— e^ecially  of  the  name  of  Graham — were  seized, 
and  sent  to  serve  as  soldiers  in  the  cautionary 
towns  of  Brid  tmd  Flushing  ;  but  they  soon  re- 
turned. The  minute-book  of  the  commissioners 
conuins  a  list  of  no  less  than  26  clans  then  stand- 
ing in  feud  with  others. 

*■  They  extended  from  the  7th  of  Richard  II. 
O383)  to  the  time  of  Elixabeth. 


•*  Large  estates  belonging  to  TKsham  and  ocba» 
of  the  gunpowder-plot  traiton,  in  these  parts,  had 
been  granted  to  the  royal  fitvountes,  who  aooght  10 
increase  them  by  seizing  adjoinjag  common  UMda. 
This  robbery  provoked  the  neighbouring  gentxy* 
and  they  dedined  to  act  against  the  insurscnts. 
who  were  only  put  down  by  a  rqpilar  muituy 
force. 

«  This  was  by  virtue  of  a  royal  charter  to  a  body 
of  merchants  called  the  London  Company :  Uw  co- 
lony attempbod  by  Rale^  had  fiiiled  oumy  yeai» 
before.     SeeA.D.  158^. 

r  A  very  large  part  nad  already  been  forfeited  by 
O'Neal  and  O^onndL 

"  This  event  had  some  unexpected  consequoccs. 
Manv  of  the  seamen,  both  English  and  Dutch,  who 
had  heretofore  preyed  on  the  Spaniards,  retired  to 
the  West  Indies,  where  they  were  afterwaids  tidl 
known  as  the  Buccaneers :  while  some  joined  tht 
Algerines  and  the  other  Barbary  stales,  becaiae 
ren^ades,  and  induced  their  new  compamoos  to 
extend  their  ravages,  hitherto  confined  to  the  Medi- 
terranean, to  the  British  Channel,  and  even  tbc 
Thames.  An  attempt  made  to  chasli^  them  ia 
the  year  i6ao-2S  was  unsuccessful,  and  their  coo- 
tinued  dcprodalions  gave  occasion  to  the  first  kry 
of  ship-money  in  1635. 

•  It  would  otherwise  have  expired  Dec  3t»  i^'S- 

i>  See  p.  83.  Its  amount  was  ;Cax,8oo,  «micfa  va> 
very  unwiUingly  paid,  as  being  an  obftolde  •nc- 


▲J).  I6IO,  161 1.] 


jAinss  I. 


379 


Dr.  Cowell's  book,  called  •*  The  In- 
teipreter',"  is  censured  by  the  com- 
mons, and  st^s  taken  to  bring  him  to 
punishment,  which  is  frustrated  by  the 
jdng  proroguing  and  afterwards  dis- 
solving the  parliament 

Three  prelates  are  consecrated  for 
Scottish  sees,  at  Lambeth,  Oct.  21. 
They  were  John  Spottiswood,  Gawin 
Hamilton,  and  Andrew  Lambe,  ap- 
pointed to  Glasgow,  Galloway,  and 
Brechin. 

The  parliament  re-assembles  Octo- 
ber 16,  and  sits  till  Dec.  6. 

Archbishop  Bancroft  dies,  Nov.  2. 
He  is  succeeded  by  George  Abbot  ^ 

Wadham  College,  Oxford,  founded. 


IXBftf 


OGiUlg& 


A.D.  161 1. 

The  parliament  is  dissolved,  Feb.  9. 
A  new   translation   of  the    Bible 


(the  present  authorized  version)  com- 
pleted. 

The  British  plantation  or  coloniza- 
tion of  Ulster  is  commenced.  The 
plan  laid  down*  is  but  imperfectly 
carried  out. 

The  order  of  Baronets  of  Great 
Britain  established'.   The  first  patent. 


Th»  BusDeM*  Bidge. 

to  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon,  of  Redgrave, 
Suffolk,  is  dated  May  22. 

Sir  Thomas  Sherley,  an  English  ad- 
venturer, arrives  in  £i^;land,  as  am- 
bassador from  the  shah  of  Persia.  He 
is  very  honourably  received,  and  con- 
cludes a  commeroal  treaty. 

The  king's  cousin,  Arabella  Stuart, 
is  committed  to  the  Tower  for  con- 
tracting marriage  without  the  royal 
licence',  June  5. 

A  fresh  examination  instituted  as  to 


tion.  T%«  aunister  Safisbory  took  the 
to  Bttotate  with  Che  Commoiis  for  the  redemption 
of  alTsiBilar  feudal  burdens,  but  could  not  effea 
his  oWcct 

*  The  anUior,  who  was  a  ttvilian*  ascribed  to  the 
kings  of  England  the  absolute  power  of  the  Roman 
cmperon,  a  doctrine  voy  agreeable  to  James. 

*^  He  was  bora  at  Guildlbrd  in  1569,  was  educated 
at  the  five-school  there,  and  then  went  to  BalUol 
CoU^e,  Oxford.  He  becune  eminent  as  a  preacher, 
wa«  made  master  of  Univenitv  College,  and  thrice 
held  the  office  of  Tice-chancellor.  He  was  one  of 
the  translaton  of  the  Bible,  and,  though  a  do<^- 
nal  Calvinist,  laboured,  under  the  direction  of  King 
James,  to  re-establish  episcopacy  in  Scotland.  His 
services  were  rewarded  with  the  sees  of  Lichfield, 
London,  and  Canterbury,  bestowed  in  quick  suc- 
cession, bat  his  priflMcy  especially  had  an  tmfortu- 
nate  effect,  as  he  gave  free  scope  to  the  puritanical 
^irit  whidk  his  immediate  predecessors  (Whitgift 
and  Bancroft)  had  kept  within  bounds,  at  the  same 
time  that  he  rendered  the  CSwrch  ui^iopular  with 
many,  b^  poshing  the  proceedings  of  the  High 
Coounission  Court  to  a  degree  of  severity  that  they 
l»d  oot  before  reached,  and  which  was  usually  as- 
cnbed  to  his  morose  temper.  In  1621  he  had  the 
misfortune  to  kill  accidentally  a  park  ke«»er,  named 
Peter  Hawkins :  and  though  he  survired  this  event 
^i^aay  years,  his  influence  was  extinct.  Several 
bishops  elect  declined  to  receive  ordination  at  his 
nasds,  (Laud  was  one,)  he  was  formaUv  sun)ended 
from  office,  under  the  plea  of  ill-health,  out.  in 
reality,  for  his  opposition  to  the  doctrine  of  abso- 
lt*i5  power,  which  some  of  the  clergy  began  to 


fireach,  and  at  bst  he  died,  worn  out  with 
ties,  Auff.  4,  1633,  and  was  buried  at  his  native 
place.  His  brother,  Robert,  became  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury, and  died  in  1617. 

•  The  lands  were  to  be  divided  into  k>ts  of  x,ooo^ 
1,500^  and  a,ooo  acres ;  buildings  in  nroportion 
were  to  be  erected  on  each,  and  none  out  British 
settlers  admitted.  Much  of  the  land,  however,  was 
not  taken  possession  of  by  the  "undertakers,"  as 
they  were  styled,  but  was  allowed  to  remain  in  the 
hands  of  the  natives  ;  on  the  other  hand,  some  par- 
ties fraudulently  obtained  ten  times  as  mach  land 
as  they  naid  lor,  and  the  towns  that  they  were 
bound  to  tmild  were  never  erected.  The  dtiaens  of 
London  received  a  vast  allotment,  but  did  not  ful 
fil  all  the  legal  conditions,  for  which  they  were 
prosecuted  in  the  Starchamber  in  the  next  reign. 
See  A,D.  X633. 

'  Its  avowed  intention  was  to  provide  a  fund  for 
the  defence  of  the  English  settlement  in  Ulster, 
each  knight  or  esquire  who  received  it  engaging  to 
pay  a  sum  sufficient  to  support  thirty  foot-soldiers 
tor  two  years ;  but  this,  as  well  as  the  original 
limitatkm  of  number  to  two  hundred*  was  soon 
abandoned.  Baronets  of  Ireland  were  established 
in  16x9^  and  baronets  of  Scotland  and  Nova  Sootia 
in  1635.    The  badge  is  the  red  hand  of  Ulster. 

f  She  married  William  Seymour,  the  grandson  of 
Edward,  earl  of  Hertford,  whose  unhappy  marriage 
with  lady  Katherine  Grey  has  been  already  no- 
ticed, (sec  .p.  341X  Seymour  escaped  to  the  con- 
tinent, and  returning  after  many  years  of  exrie, 
took  part  in  the  dvfl  war,  and  eventually  became 
duke  of  Somerset. 


38o 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  i6ii — i6i7. 


parties  concerned  in,  or  privy  to  the 
gunpowder  plot  ^. 

Tne  Enelish  merchants  are  allowed 
to  establish  a  factory  at  Siirat ;  they 
are  attacked  by  the  Portuguese,  but 
beat  them  off.  In  the  following  year 
they  extend  their  trade  to  Java  and 
Sumatra. 

A.D.  1612. 

Bartholomew  Legate,  an  Arian,  is 
burnt  in  Smithfield,  March  18 ;  as  is 
another  heretic,  Edmund  (or  Edward) 
Wightman,  at  Lichfield,  April  11. 

•Hie  minister  Cecil  dies,  May  24. 
He  is  succeeded  in  power  by  Robert 
Carr,  viscount  Rochester. 

Prince  Henry  dies,  Nov.  5.    He  is 
buried  at  Westminster,  Dec.  7. 
A.D.  1613. 

The  Princess  Elizabeth  is  married 
to  the  Elector  Palatine',  Feb.  14. 
A.D.  1614. 

The  parliament  meets  April  5,  and 
is  dissolved  June  i,  without  passing  a 
single  act  J. 

Both  houses  of  parliament  take  the 
sacrament  for  the  discovery  of  con- 
cealed Romanists,  but  none  refuse, 
April  7, 


A  large  sum  of  money  is  raised  by 
a  benevolence^. 

AJ>.  1615. 

Sir  Thomas  Roe  sent  on  an  em- 
bassy to  the  Great  Mogul,  Jan. 

The  lady  Arabella  Stuart  dies  in  the 
Tower*,  Sept. 27. 

A.D.  1616. 

Sir  Walter  Ralegh  is  released  from 
the  Tower,  March  19". 

The  earl  and  countess  of  Somerset 
are  tried  before  their  peers,  and  con- 
victed of  procuring  the  murder  of  Sir 
Thomas  Overbury,  May  24,  25  ■. 

Briel  and  the  other  cautionary  towns 
are  delivered  up  to  the  Hollanders*, 
May  27. 

Coke,  the  chief  justice,  is  deprived 
of  his  office,  Nov. » 

A.D.  1617. 

Sir  Francis  Bacon  is  made  lord 
keeper',  March  7. 

The  king  visits  Scotland,  and  re- 
estabhshes  the  bishops  there  in  their 
former  rightfid  supremacy. 

The  archbishop  of  Spalatro,  (Maik 
Antony  de  Dominis,  a  Jesuit,)  con- 
forms to  the  English  Church'. 


b  One  Timothy  Elks,  who  had  hcea  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  earl  of  Northumberland,  charged  him 
with  a  knowledge  of  the  designs  of  the  conspira- 
tors :  his  statements  also  implicated  Sir  Dudley 
Caxleton,  a  well-known  diplomatist  They  seem, 
however,  not  to  have  been  substantiated,  and  Elks 
went  abroad  in  16x3,  declaring  that  his  life  was  in 
danger  from  the  enmity  of  the  earl,  who,  however, 
was  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower,  and  remained  there 
until  zdsz. 

'  A  feudal  aid  was  levied  on  this  occasion  also, 
whkh  was  conformable  to  the  practice  of  earlier 
kings,  but  this  could  not  reconcile  the  people  to  it 
It  produced  but  ;C9o,5oo,  while  the  expenses  were 
above  j£5o,ooo,  exclusive  of  the  marriage  portion, 
which  was  ^40,000  more. 

J  It  was  in  consequence  nidcnamed  the  "  addled 
parliament"  The  Speaker  was  Randal  Crewe, 
afterwards  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench.  They 
complained  of  inteiference  by  the  court  in  elections, 
decUned  to  grant  any  supplies  until  various  griev- 
ances were  redressed,  questioned  the  king's  ri|fht 
to  levv  arbitrary  impositions  and  grant  monopolies, 
and  clamoured  loudly  against  Neile,  bishop  of  Lin- 
coln, who  was  said  to  have  justiified  the  exactions, 
and  to  have  charged  the  commons  with  disloyalty. 
They  were  dismissed  in  anger  by  the  king,  and 
several  of  their  members  imprisoned. 

k  The  deigy  freely  contributed,  but  no  other 
dass.  A  Wiltshire  gentleman  (Oliver  St  John) 
was  fined  ;Cs>ooo  in  the  Starchamber  for  condemn- 
ing sudi  a  mode  of  raising  money  as  contrary  to 
law,  reason,  and  religion.  Coke,  the  chief  justice, 
expressed  the  same  opinion,  xmd  this  was  one  cause 
of  lus  subsequent  di^race. 

>  She  had  lost  her  reason  through  the  severity  of 
her  confinement,  and  her  unhappy  fate  is  a  deep 
blemish  on  the  memory  of  James. 

*  He  sailed  in  March,  16x7,  on  an  expedition  to 


Guiana,  which  miscarried,  and  soon  after  his  re- 
turn he  was,  on  the  complaint  of  Gondomar,  die 
Spanish  ambassador,  whose  brother  had  been  kiDed 
in  resisting  the  adventuren,  onwimitfcirt  to  die 
Tower. 

■  Overbury  was  a  courtier  of  bad  character,  who 
attached  hinuelf  to  the  rising  f<»times  of  the  favour- 
ite, but  offended  him  by  endeavouring  to  diisiiarff 
him  from  marrying  the  divorced  countess  of  Ecscxi 
who  lav  under  siupidoa  of  haWng  atteanted  to 
poison  ber  husband.  To  get  rid  of  him,  he  was 
ordered  to  proceed  on  a  foreign  embassy,  was  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower  for  refusing,  and  died  there 
after  a  six  months'  rigorous  confinement,  SeoL  15, 
x6z3.  Weston,  a  warder  of  the  Tower^  and  other 
agents,  were  executed  for  poisoning  him,  bat  the 
earl  and  countess  escaped  omdign  punishment  la 
z63a  they  were  set  at  liberty,  and  the  eari  surnved 
till  2645. 

«  The  States  gave  pensions  to  Lord  lisle.  Sir 
Horace  Vere,  Sir  Edward  Conway,  and  Uie  other 
English  officers,  and  also  paid  £v>ojooo  in  ready 
money  to  the  king,  but  the  whole  amounted  to  lea 
than  one-third  ot  what  had  been  lent  them  by 
Eliaabeth. 

p  He  had  been  remarkable  for  his  servifity  to  the 
court.  Now,  on  his  disgrace,  which  he  mainly 
owed  to  his  overbearing  and  corrupt  conduct  on 
the  bench  (he  was,  amon^^  other  matters,  charged 
with  illenlly  allowing  bail  to  pirates),  he  joined 
the  popular  party,  and  became  a  vdhement  de- 
nouncer of  the  prerogative. 

4  He  was  made  lord  chancellor  the  next  jear. 

'  He  received  the  living  of  West  Ilsley,  m  Bak- 
shire,  and  was  made  dean  of  Windsor,  May  23, 
x6i8,  but  was  disappointed  in  hb  hope  of  further 
promotion.  He  returned  to  the  Roman  commu- 
nion in  x6a2,  and  died  in  Italy  in  the  following 
year,  when  his  body  was  burnt  by  the  Inquisitioo. 


A.D.  l6l8— l62I. 


JAMES  I. 


38X 


A.D.  1618. 

The  king  publishes  a  proclamation, 
allowing  of  various  sports  on  Sundays 
after  the  hours  of  divine  service', 
May  24. 

The  Articles  of  Perth  are  agreed  to 
by  the  General  Assembly  \  Aug.  25. 

The  Protestants  in  Bohemia  offer 
the  crown  to  the  Elector  Palatine,  (the 
son-in-law  of  the  king).  His  cause  is 
warmly  espoused  by  the  English,  but 
the  king  declines  to  assist  him. 

Sir  Walter  Ralegh  is  beheaded, 
Oct.  29'. 

The  synod  of  Dort  held,  in  which 
English  divines  are  present*. 

A.D.  1619. 
The  trade  of  the  English  and  the 
Dutch  in  the  East  India  Islands  regu- 
lated  by  treaty^,  July  7. 

A.D.  1620. 

The  parliament  meets  Jan.  30. 

Many  preachers  in  Scotland  inveigh 
against  episcopal  government.  They 
are  deprived  of  their  cures^  but  soon 
restored. 

The  king  orders  Romish  recusants 
to  be  released  from  prison  *. 

A  fleet  is  sent  against  the  Barbary 


pirates',  in  October,  but  effects  no- 
thing of  consequence. 

Great  niunbers  of  volunteers  quit 
England  to  support  the  Elector  Pala- 
tine. He  is,  however,  defeated  by  the 
Imperialists  at  Prague,  Nov.  7,  and 
loses  his  hereditary  dominions. 

The  Puritans  make  a  settlement  in 
North  America,  styling  the  district 
New  England. 

The  king  issues  a  proclamation 
(Dec.  24)  prohibiting  "  lavish  discourse 
and  bold  censure  in  matters  of  state.** 

A.D.  162 1. 

The  parliament  meets  Jan.  30,  and 
sits  till  June  4. 

The  conmions  proceed  with  severity 
against  numerous  offenders.  One  mem- 
ber (Shepherd)  is  expelled  for  reflect- 
ing on  the  Puritans ;  Floyd,  a  Romish 
barrister,  and  a  prisoner  in  the  Fleet, 
is  condemned  to  heavy  punishment 
for  indecorous  language  regarding  the 
Elector  Palatine  and  his  wife  * ;  Lord 
Chancellor  Bacon  is  impeached  %  and 
several  monopolists  and  patentees  are 
prosecuted*. 

The  great  seal  is  bestowed  on  John 
Williams,  dean  of  Salisbury  and  West- 
minster*, July  10. 


"  This  WM  commonly  known  as  the  "Book  of 
Sports."  It  was  very  offensive  to  the  Puritans, 
and  ArchHshop  Abbot  would  not  allow  it  to  be 
read  m  diurches,  as  directed ;  James  suffered  the 
matter  to  drop,  but  his  successor  revived  it. 

t  Ther  had  been  proposed  when  the  king  was  in 
Scotland,  and  rejected,  and  were  now,  as  the  Pres- 
byterians aDeged,  carried  by  corrupt  influences. 
Ine  articles  were  five  in  number ;  they  ordered  the 
Lord's  supper  to  be  received  kneding ;  allowed  of 
private  baptism,  the  communion  of  the  sick,  and 
confirmatioii ;  and  directed  Christmas  and  the  other 
holy  acasoos  to  be  observed  as  in  England. 

■  Papers  recently  brought  to  light  shew  that  he 
had.  in  his  return  from  America,  engaged  in  a  pira- 
tical enterprise  against  the  republic  m  Genoa,  but 
as  it  was  not  thought  convenient  to  have  a  public 
investigation  of  the  mattCT,  he  was  executed  on  the 
sentence  passed  in  1603.  IJiis,  after  so  many  years' 
nspite,  was  very  displeasing  to  the  people  m  gene- 
ral, aL  from  iterance  of  the  iacts,  he  was  con- 
•idcrcd  as  sacrificed  to  forward  the  alliance  with 
Spain;  they  preferred  war  witb  that  power,  as 
ultimately  came  to  pass. 

*  The  extreme  Calvinistic  doctrines  prevailed 
here,  and  the  Amdnians  were  oondemnea  without 
a  haring.  The  English  divines  were  Carleton, 
bishop  oTUandaff;  Davenant  and  Hall,  afterwards 
bishops  of  Salisbury  and  Exeter ;  Ward,  master  of 
Sdnqr-Sussex  CoUq;e,  Cambridge ;  and  Balcan- 
<iaal,  a  Scottish  einsoopaliaiL 

'  The  conditions  of  this  treaty  were  badly  ob- 
ierved  00  both  sides.  In  February,  1623,  the  Dutch 
tortured  to  death  several  of  the  jEnglish  factors  in 
Ambovna,  under  pretence  of  their  having  intrigued 
with  tne  natives ;  and  reparation  for  this  barbarous 
act  was  not  obtamed  until  the  time  of  the  Com- 
Bxwwealth.    See  a.d.  1654. 


■  The  reason  assigned  was,  that  Protestants 
might  thereby  receive  better  treatment  in  foreign 
(Xmntries ;  but  in  England  the  measure  was  looked 
on  as  only  intended  to  conciliate  the  Spaniards,  with 
whom  tlie  king  was  anxious  to  form  an  iJliance. 

*  An  attack  was  made  on  Algiers  in  May,  x6az, 
and  two  or  three  vessels  burnt,  but  the  rovers 
(among  whom  were  many  renegades — see  a.d.  1609) 
captured  above  thirty  English  ships  in  the  same 
year,  and  they  first  received  effectual  chastisement 
uom  Blake,  more  than  thirty  years  after. 

^  He  had  rejoiced  over  the  ill-success  of  "ffood- 
man  Palgrave  and  goody  Palgrave."  The  Icing, 
however,  refused  to  allow  the  house  to  punish  bun, 
angrily  enouirin^,  "  Are  they  a  court  of  judica- 
ture r  and  nad  him  prosecuted  in  the  Starchamber. 

•  The  great  seal  was  taken  from  him,  May  z. 

*  Sir  Giles  Mompesson  and  Sir  Francis  Mitchell, 
two  flagrant  offenders,  who  had  obtained,  and 
abused,  exduuve  powers  for  licensing  alehouses 
and  inspecting  inns,  and  manufiurturing  ^Id  and 
silver  thread,  were  degraded  from  knighthood, 
fined,  imprisoned,  and  eventually  banished. 

•  He  was  soon  after  raised  to  the  see  of  Lincoln. 
He  was  bom  in  158a  at  Aberconway,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  Whilst 
proctor  of  the  University  he  attracted  the  attention 
of  George,  duke  of  Wurtemberg,  and  was  by  him 
recommended  to  the  king.  He  shewed  a  great  ap- 
titude for  secular  business,  became  a  favourite  of 
King  James,  and  in  conseouence  received  fipom 
him  the  great  seal  From  this  office  he  was  driven 
in  1635  by  the  enmity  of  Buckingham,  to  whom  he 
was  not  sufficiendy  subservient.  He  afterwsurds 
opposed  himself  to  the  proceedings  of  Archbish^ 
I^ud,  was,  on  light  g;rounds,  very  harshly  treated, 
and  suffered  a  long  imprisonment  in  the  Tower. 
He  was  released  by  the  Long  Parliament,  and,  ia 


382 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  i6«i — 1624. 


The  earl  of  Northumberland  is  re- 
leased from  the  Tower,  July  18. 

The  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
(Geoige  Abbot)  accidentally  kills  a 
gamekeeper,  (Peter  Hawkins),  in  Lord 
Zouch's  Paik,  at  Bramzill,  July  24  ^ 

A  second  proclamation  issued,  for- 
bidding "licentious  and  bold  speaking 
or  writing"  on  state  affairs,  July  26. 

The  parliament  re-assembles  Nov, 
20,  and  sits  till  Dec  19. 

They  grant  no  supphes,  but  instead, 
draw  up  a  petition  to  the  king,  praying 
that  the  laws  against  the  Romanists 
may  be  enforced,  that  he  will  make 
war  upon  Spain  in  support  of  the  Elec- 
tor Palatine,  and  marry  his  son  Charles 
to  a  Protestant  princess  '. 

The  king  censures  their  petition  as 
the  work  of  "fiery,  popular,  and  tur- 
bulent spirits ;"  they  reply  by  a  pro- 
testation, in  which  they  claim  the  right 
of  discussing  all  subjects  "in  such 
order  as  they  think  proper,"  and  main- 
tain that  their  members  are  respon- 
sible to  the  House  only  for  their  con- 
duct The  king  sends  for  the  jour- 
nal, tears  out  the  protest  with  his 
own  hand,  and  adjourns  the  Houses, 
Dec.  19. 

A.D.  1622. 

The  parliament  is  dissolved,  Jan.  6. 

Sir  Edward  Coke  and  Mr.  Pym  are 
imprisoned,  and  Sir  Dudley  Digges, 
and  other  obnoxious  members  of  the 
late  parliament,  are  forced  to  repair  to 
Ireland  against  their  will,  under  pre- 
tence of  the  king's  service  *. 


An  attempt  made  to  found  a  Romish 
university  in  Dublin  ^ 

A.D.  1623. 

The  treaty  for  the  Spanish  marriage 
is  all  but  concluded  by  the  earl  of 
Bristol  (John  Digby),  when  Prince 
Charles  and  Buckingham  arrive  in 
Madrid  ^  March  7.  The  negotiations 
are  opened  afresh,  and  at  length  a 
public  and  private  treaty^  are  agreed 
to,  which  King  James  swears  to  ob- 
serve, Jidy  20. 

The  prince  and  Buckingham  return 
to  England,  arriving  Oct  5". 

The  marriage  treaty  is  broken  o£[ 
and  the  earl  of  Bristol  recalled  to  Eng- 
land ■,  December. 

A.D.  1624. 

The  parliament  meets  Feb.  19,  and 
sits  till  May  29.  The  king  endeavours 
to  prevent  the  earl  of  Bristol  appearing 
in  his  place,  but  on  the  remonstrance 
of  the  Peers  he  gives  way.  The  earl 
then  charges  Buckingham  with  caus- 
ing the  rupture  with  Spain.  Bucking- 
ham explains  his  conduct  to  the  ex- 
pressed satisfaction  of  the  parliament 

Monopolies  declared  contrary  to  lav, 
and  all  such  grants  void%  [21  Jac  L 

War  is  declared  against  Spain, 
March  10. 

The  earl  of  Middlesex  (Lionel  Cran- 
feild),  lord  treasurer,  is  impeached  by 
the  Commons,  at  the  instigation  of 
Buckingham,  ApriL    He  is  convicted 


Dec.  X64Z,  was  truulated  to  York ;  but  in  the  same 
ixiooth  he  was  again  imprisoned  on  account  of  the 
bishops'  protestation,  which  he  had  drawn  up. 
"When  the  civil  war  commenced  he  withdrew  to 
Aberconwa^  Castle,  which  he  fortified,  and  held 
for  a  time  for  the  king,  but  he  ultimately  made  his 
peace  with  the  parliament,  became  active  in  their 
cause,  and,  dying  ai  dothaeth,  in  Caernarvonshire, 
March  95,  1650,  ne  was  buried  at  Llandegay,  near 


'  He  obtained  the  king's  pardon,  Nov.  as,  James 
observing  that  "  an  angel  might  have  miscarried  in 
sudi  soTt."  But  people  in  general  were  not  so 
lenient  in  their  judgment.  Many  candidates  for 
the  ministry  retused  to  receive  ordination  from 
"  hands  poUuted  by  blood,"  and  he  was  virtually 
suspended  from  his  (unction. 

t  A  treaty  had  been  already  concluded  (April 
97,  i6ao)  for  his  marriaj^  with  the  Infanta  Maria 
of  Spain ;  and  a  toieratioa  of  Romanism  was  one 
of  itsmovisions. 

k  llie^  were  commissioned  to  inquire,  amoog 
other  thmgs,  into  abuses  said  to  have  been  com- 
■mitted  in  the  recent  plantation  of  Ulster. 

>  The  establishment,  which  was  on  a  very  limited 
scale,  was  allowed  to  exist  for  about  ten  years,  but 
was  then  closed  by  the  k>rd-deputy,  and  the  build- 
ing granted  to  Txuiity  College,  Dublin. 


^  Thev  left  Engbuid  in  disguise,  Feb.  xS.  mi 
taking  the  names  of  James  and  Thomas  Sauth. 
travelled  with  but  three  attendants,  hut  woe  sooo 
joined  by  a  large  train.  The  journey  is  thoa^ht 
to  have  been  suggested  by  Gondomar,  the  ^uush 
ambassador. 

1  There  was  a  material  difference  betweea  the 
two.  The  public  treaty  only  conoRled  freedon  cf 
worship  to  the  Infanta  and  her  hrwMfhnM:  the 
private  treaty  engaged  the  king  to  procnic,  if  pos- 
sible, the  repeal  otthe  penal  statutes,  ai^  if  not, 
to  siupoid  their  execution. 

■>  This  was  made  the  occanon  of  gnat  naokSag. 
a  memorial  of  which  still  remains  in  the  chapel  of 
Groombridge,  in  Kent,  tHiich^  as  an  iascnptioa 
over  the  door  states,  was  built  m  gratitude  to  God 
for  the  safe  return  of  the  prince.  The  expense  of 
the  journey  was  jf  50,007,  as  appean  fiooi  a  stale 
paper  of  the  year  7631. 

■  The  rupture  of  the  treaty  was  gcoenBy  a^ 
cribed  to  Buckingham,  and  he  in  oooaoquenoe  be> 
came  pmmlar  for  a  while ;  but  the  aari  of  Bristpl 
eventiially  exposed  the  course  of  his  nrooeedBg*  is 
Spain,  and  made  it  evident  that  he  bad  conwihwi 
his  own  pride  and  anger,  rather  than  the  honour  of 
his  master. 

•  Patents  of  invention,  giving  a  auaopoly  far  tot 
more  than  14  years,  were  excepted. 


A.D.  1624,  1625.] 


JAMES  r. 


383 


of  bribery  and  neglect  of  duty  by  the 
Peers,  May  13,  is  fined  ;^50,ooo,  and 
declared  incapable  of  sitting  in  par- 
liament K 

The  lord  keeper  (John  Williams, 
bishop  of  Lincofai)  is  also  complained 
of  by  Buckingham,  but  the  Commons 
decline  to  impeach  him. 

A  complaint  of  false  doctrine  is 
made  to  ^e  Commons  against  Dr. 
Richard  Montague^  one  of  the  king's 
chaplains  \ 

A  proclamation  issued,  forbidding 
the  sale  of  books  on  religion,  or  on 
government  in  Church  or  State,  unless 
hcensed  by  the  archbishops  and  other 
conunissioners,  Aug.  15. 

Count  Mansfeldt  is  allowed  to  raise 
12,000  men  in  England  for  the  support 
of  the  Elector  Palatine.  They  are 
hastily  embarked  in  crowded  ships, 
lose  nearly  half  their  number  fix>m 


sickness ',  and  fail  to  be  of  any  ser- 
vice. 

A  marriage  treaty  for  the  prince 
of  Wales  is  concluded  with  France, 
Nov.  12. 

Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  founded. 


Izmi  of  Fmibroke  OoHoiB. 

AJ>.  1625. 

The  king  dies  of  an  ague  at  Theo- 
balds, March  27,  and  is  buried  at 
Westminster. 


Events  in  General  History. 


Ostend  taken  after  a  three  years' 
si^  by  the  Spaniards        .        .     1604 

The  independence  of  the  Dutch  re- 
cognised by  Philip  III.        .         .     1609 

The  Moors  expelled  from  Spain      .     1609 

Quarrels  b^;in  between  the  Dutch 
and  English  in  India  .         .         .1610 

The  Thirty  Years*  War  commences     1618 


The  Huguenots  take  up  arms  in 

France 1618 

The    Remonstrants    expelled  from 

Holland 1619 

War  renewed  between  Holland  and 

Spain 1621 

New  Amsterdam  (now  New  York) 

founded      .....     1624 


r  He  was  sent  to  the  Tower  the  next  day,  and 
fionaUv  deprived  of  office  May  16.  Cranfcild  was 
onsiaaUy  a  merchant  of  London,  and  had  been 
hrmttfat  forward  by  Buckingham,  but  had  offended 
him  Djr  hesitating  to  sanction  his  lavish  expenditure 
in  the  Spanish  journey.  He  defended  himself  with 
spirit  OQ  his  trial,  and  is^  believed  to  have  been 
vnjostly  oondemiied.  His  fine  was  reduced  to 
j(ao,oQo,  and  he  was  soon  released  from  prison  by 
Chauies  L,  who  granted  him  a  special  pardon,  Aug. 
ao,  1696.  He  lived  in  retirement  until  his  death, 
which  oocnrred  in  die  year  264$. 

^  In  a  tract  agal»»«-  the  Romanists,  entided, 
**  A  Gag  for  the  New  Gospel,"  he  had  denied  that 
the  Galvinistic  tenets  were  agreeable  to  the  faith  of 
the  Cburdi  of  England.  Inis  gave  great  offence 
to  the  Puritan  party ;  he  was  summoned  before  the 
House,  and  condemned  to  silence  by  the  archbishop 


of  Cantethurr  (Abbot),  to  whom  they  remitted  die 
cause.  He,  however,  appealed  to  the  king,  and  he 
was  saved  from  any  present  consequences  by  the 
dissolution  of  the  parliament,  which  soon  occurred^ 
but  his  prosecution  was  revived  in  the  next  reign. 
See  A.D.  1625. 

Montague  was  bom  in  1578,  and  was  educated  at 
Cambridge.  In  spite  of  the  anger  of  the  parlia- 
ment, he  was  in  1628  made  bishop  of  Chichester 
(one  William  Tones,  a  London  tradesman,  publicly 
objecting  to  the  election,  hut  without  effect),  and  in 
1638  was  translated  to  Norwich.  He  ^ed  April 
13,  1641. 

^ '  This  calamitous  event  made  a  great  impres- 
sion on  the  king,  who  bitterly  lamented  having 
yielded  to  the  persuasion  of  evil  oouateilors,  and 
plunged  into  a  war  in  his  old  age. 


Great  Seal  of  GharleB  I. 


CHARLES  I. 


Charles,  the  second  son  of  James 
VI.  of  Scotland  and  Anne  of  Den- 
mark, was  bom  at  Dumfermline,  Nov. 
19,  1600,  was  brought  to  England 
shortly  after  his  father's  accession  to 
the  throne,  and  was,  while  yet  very 
young,  created  duke  of  York  and 
knight  of  the  Garter ;  on  the  death  of 
his  Drotlier  Henry,  in  1612,  he  became 
prince  of  Wales.  In  1623  he  engaged 
m  a  journey  to  Spain,  in  company 
with  the  marquis  of  Buckingham,  in 
order  to  conclude  a  marriage  that  had 
long  been  pending  with  the  Infanta 
Maria,  the  daughter  of  Philip  IV.,  but 
the  project  failed,  and  shortly  after  his 
return  he  succeeded  to  the  throne  by 
the  death  of  his  father,  March  27, 
1625  ;  he  was  crowned  Feb.  2,  1626. 

The  first  great  unhappiness  of 
Charles's  reign  was  the  evil  influence 
of  his  favourite  Buckingham.     The 


young  king  had  imbibed  principles  of 
arbitrary  power,  which  made  hun  re- 
gard psirhaments  only  as  instruments 
of  taxation  ;  hence  his  indignation  was 
extreme  when  his  first  parliament 
brought  charges  of  the  gravest  nature 
against  the  favourite,  and  declined  to 
vote  taxes,  although  the  nation  was, 
by  its  own  urgent  desire,  at  war  with 
Spain,  until  these  and  other  matters  of 
grievance  were  redressed.  By  Buck- 
ingham's advice  they  were  speedily 
dismissed,  as  was  a  second  parlia- 
ment, which  pursued  a  like  course,  and 
the  fatal  step  was  then  t^en  of  at- 
tempting to  govern  without  one.  Cler- 
gymen were  found  to  enlarge  on  the 
doctrine  of  passive  obedience,  and  to 
declare  in  express  terms  that  the  king 
had  an  absolute  right  to  such  part  of 
his  subjects'  property  as  he  chose  to 
take' ;  judges  perverted  the  law  in  the 


<^  Dr.  Sibchorp  preached  a  sermon  of  this  nature, 
("Apostolical  Obedience/Oat  Northampton.  Feb. 
aa,  16(27,  from  Rom.  xiii.  7,  **  Render  therefore  to 
all  their  dues ;"  and  Dr.  Roger  Manwaring,  preach- 


ing before  the  king  at  Whitehall,  maintained  that 
"  those  who  refuseo  to  pay  the  loan  offended  a^nst 
the  law  of  God,  and  the  king's  supreme  authority, 
and  became  guilty  of  impiety,  disloyalty,  and  re- 


CHARLES  I. 


385 


same  spirit,  and  tunnage  and  pound- 
age were  levied,  although  they  had 
only  been  granted  for  the  late  king's 
life.  Forc^  loans  were  raised,  those 
who  refused  to  pay  being  imprisoned, 
or  made  to  serve  as  soldiers  or  sailors, 
whilst  the  troops  became  mutinous  for 
want  of  pay,  and  thus  compelled  a  re- 
sort to  martial  law,  which  was  mis- 
represented as  if  meant  as  a  threat  to 
the  nation  in  generaL  In  the  midst 
of  these  difficulties  a  war  was  entered 
on  with  France,  which  was  generally 
ascribed  to  some  personal  resentments 
of  Buckingham,  and  in  which,  though 
he  shewed  headlong  courage  as  a  mere 
soldier,  he  discharged  the  office  of 
general  in  a  way  calculated  to  expose 
tibe  nation  to  contempt 


The  expenses  of  the  war  obliged  the 
king  to  call  a  third  parliament  in 
16^8.  Their  temper  was  in  no  manner 
changed,  and,  after  a  sharp  struggle, 
they  extorted  the  famous  Petition  of 
Right,  in  which  the  exactions  and  vio- 
lences of  former  years  were  distinctly 
condenmed  ;  but  the  royal  assent  was 
given  with  such  evident  marks  of  re- 
luctance, that  a  doubt  of  the  king's 
sincerity  was  reasonably  entertained. 
Shortly  after,  Buckingham  was  assas- 
sinated by  a  man  who  gave  as  his 
chief  reason,  the  complaints  of  the  par- 
liament against  him.  Charles  was  thus 
more  prejudiced  than  ever  against  par- 
liaments, and  he  found  two  fitting  in- 
struments to  his  design  of  absolute 
monarchy  in  Bishop  Laud*  and  Sir 


l>eIlioii  ;*  he  also  affinned  that  the  authority  of  par- 
Kament  was  not  necessary  for  the  raising  of  aids 
and  subsidies,  and  that  the  slow  proceedings  of 
such  assemblies  were  prejudicial  to  tne  just  designs 
of  princes.  His  sennons  were  publish«l  under  the 
title,  "Religion  and  AU^iance;"  but  they  occa- 
sittied  so  much  discontent  uat  the  king  was  obliged 
to  suppress  them  by  proclamation,  Jtuie  24,  1638. 

b  William  Laud,  the  son  of  a  Berkshire  clothier, 
w  bom  at  Reading,  Oct  7, 1573,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  free-scnool  of  that  town.  He  after- 
wards went  to  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  and 
even  when  a  student  ventured  to  question  the 
vievs  of  the  Puritans,  whidi  drew  upon  him  the 
censure  of  the  Yice-chancellorp  Abbot,  afterwards 
archbishop  of  Gutterbury.  He  at  length  became 
chaplain  to  Bishop  Ndk,  of  Rochester,  and  was  by 


Anns  of  ArDhUflhop  LanA. 

Urn  introduced  to  the  court  of  James  I.  Laud  ac  - 
cpn^ed  the  kin^  into  Scotland  in  x6z7,  was  ac- 
tive in  piomoting  his  views  as  to  the  restoration  of 
^tscooaqr  there,  and  was  himself  raised  to  the  see 
«  St  David's  in  x6ax.  In  1696  he  was  translated  to 
Bath  and  Welb,  and  two  years  later  to  London, 
vhen  he  became  virtnallv  primate,  his  ancient  op- 
pooent  Abbot  having  fallen  into  disgrace,  though 
{^  did  not  receive  the  title  till  1633.  Land  had  ever 
j^tbe  cause  of  the  Church  at  heart,  and  when  he 
"come  a  bishop,  he  set  himself  to  work,  with  more 
*al  tad  nod  mtentions  than  success,  to  remedy 
^uiou  cTus  which  had  sprung  up,  particulariy  the 

C 


systematic  disregard  of  holy  places  and  seasons  in 
which  the  Puritans  indulged,  which  had  reduced 
many  churches  to  a  condition  of  ruin,  and  had  in 
too  many  places  banished  all  decent  order  from  the 
public  service.  Soon  after,  on  the  death  of  the 
duke  of  Buckingham.  Laud  was  called  to  the  king's 
council,  and  he  had  thenceforth  a  much  larger  share 
in  the  direction  of  public  affairs  than  was  suitable 
to  his  function ;  but,  according  to  his  own  statement, 
this  was  against  his  wilL  It  is  certain,  however,  that 
he  entered  cealously  on  his  new  duties,  and  he 
bore  the  odium  of  devising  many  unwarrantable 
schemes  for  the  improvement  of  the  revenue,  which 
he  assisted  to  execute.  He  no  doubt  sincerely  be- 
lieved in  the  divine  right  of  kings,  and  all  its 
consequences  of  absolute  lordship  over  the  per- 
son and  property  of  the  subject ;  and  finding  these 
auestioned,  an  unhappy  infirmity  of  temper  in- 
uced  him  to  concur  m  any  means,  however  arbi- 
trary, which  seemed  likely  to  crush  opposidon,  and 
render  his  master  independent  of  parliaments. 
These  expedients  were  successful  for  a  while,  but 
at  length  they  utterly  failed,  when  the  king  was 
compciUed  to  call  his  last  oarliament,  which  met 
Nov.  3,  x64a  Early  in  tne  following  year  the 
archbishop  was  impeached  of  treason  by  Uie  Com- 
mons, and  sent  to  the  Tower,  where  he  remained, 
exposed  to  many  hardships,  until  his  death.  In 
March,  164^,  chawes  were  exhibited  against  him, 
accusing  htm  of  designs  of  overthrowing  parlia- 
ments, and  bringing  about  union  with  Rome. 
Prynne,  a  banister,  who  had  suffered  from  the 
Starchamber,  and  was  his  personal  enemjr,  had 
with  malicnant  industry  collected  all  the  evidence 
of  these  designs  that  was  procurable,  seizing  his 
private  papers,  and  even  nis  Prayer-book,  and 
tampering  with  them  to  suit  the  views  of  his  party : 
but  after  all,  the  proofs  were  so  weak,  thouj^  re- 
peatedly brought  forward,  that  the  House  ofPecrs 
were  disinclined  to  convict  him.  The  Commons, 
however,  were  resolved  on  his  destruction,  and  at 
last,  in  November,  1644,  with  a  deeree  of  illegality 
and  cruelty  very  far  exceedinj^  anything  with  which 
they  charged  htm,  he  was  attamted  by  an  ordinance, 
and,  in  contempt  of  a  pardon  which  the  kin^  had 
granted  him,  was  behouled  Jan.  xo,  1645.  his  last 
words  being  a  solemn  denial  of  the  charge  of  affec- 
tion for  Rome.  His  body  was  buried  in  the  church 
of  AllhaUows  Barking,  near  the  Tower,  but  in 
X663  was  removed  to  his  college  at  Oxford.  He 
had  been  for  several  years  chancellor  of  that  Uni- 
versity, to  which  he  gave  many  valuable  MSS., 
where  ne  also  founded  the  Greek  press,  and  where 
many  other  proofs  of  his  munificent  patronage  of 
leanung  yet  remain. 


3^^ 


THE  STUARTS. 


Thomas  Wentworth',  who  had  suc- 
ceeded to  much  of  Buckingham's  in- 
^uence,  and  who  soon  earned  even 
greater  unpopularity. 

The  parliament  was  dissolved  early 
in  1629,  and  the  king  announced  his  in- 
tention of  governing  without  one,  a  re- 
solution which  he  kept,  unhappily  for 
himself  and  for  his  subjects,  for  more 
:than  eleven  years.  He,  however,  was 
not  most  to  blame.  The  Commons,  by 
their  persevering  refusal  to  grant  sup- 
plies, had  in  reality  commenced  the 
contest,  and  reduced  the  king  and  his 
ministers  to  the  necessity  of  attempt- 
ing to  raise  a  revenue  in  an  uncon- 
stitutional manner.  Some  of  the  mea- 
sures resorted  to  were  odious  and  op- 
pressive**; the  courts  of  Starchamber 
iind  High  Commission  were  seen  to 
leVy  fines  that  were  excessive,  as  if  to 
replenish  the  Exchequer,  and  the  com- 
mon law  courts  affirmed  the  legality 
of  notoriously  unlawful  demands.  At 
length,  having,  as  they  too  hastily  con- 
ceived, crushed  all  opposition  in  Eng- 
land, Charles  and  his  councillors  at- 
tempted to  complete  the  restoration  of 
•episcopacy  in  Scotland  commenced  by 
James  I. ;  this  was  resisted  by  force 


of  arms,  and  the  illegal  means  diat 
had  been  so  long  practised  being  in- 
adequate to  maintain  an  army,  the 
king  was  obliged,  in  1639,  to  meet  the 
representatives  of  his  justly  ofTended 
people.  Unwarned  by  experience,  how- 
ever, the  ill-advised  king*  speedily  dis- 
solved his  fourth  parliament,  as  he 
had  its  predecessors,  before  any  funds 
had  been  granted.  Urgent  want  of 
means,  however,  compelled  him  veiy 
soon  to  assemble  another,  the  me- 
morable Long  Parliament,  which  met 
Nov.  3,  1640.  Mindfiil  of  the  feite  of 
former  assemblies,  they  procured  aa 
act  [16  Car.  1.  c.  7],  which  deprived 
the  king  of  power  to  prorogue  or  dis- 
solve them  without  their  own  consent, 
and  they  soon  became  the  paramoant 
power  in  the  state.  They  had  before 
this  seized  on  Archbishop  Laud  and 
the  earl  of  Strafford ;  they  displaced 
and  otherwise  punished  the  judges  and 
others  who  were  charged  with  having 
acted  illegally ;  obtained  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  three  obnoxious  couits  of 
Starchamber,  High  Commission,  and 
the  Earl  Marsh^  and  expdled  the 
bishops  from  parliament,  neither  king 
nor  lords  venturing  openly  to  resist 


^; 


•  He  bdon^ed  to  a  wealthy  Yorkshire  family, 
t>ut  was  bom  in  London  in  1593.  After  an  education 
at  Cambridge,  and  forci^  travel,  he  was  knighted 
by  lames  I.,  and  sat  m  several  parliaments  for 
Yorkshire.  He  made  himself  conspicuous  by  his 
-opposition  to  the  measures  of  the  court,  was  on  one 
•oecasion  chosen  sheriff  to  prevent  his  having  a  seat 
in  the  House  of  Commons,  and  at  another  was  im- 
prisoned for  refusing  to  contribute  to  a  forced  loan. 
Ambition,  however,  was  his  ruling  passion,  and  he 
was  induced  to  fbisake  his  party  by  the  offer  of  a 
terage.  On  July  23, 1638,  ne  was  created  baron 
'estworth,  afterwards  viscount  Wentworth  Q^ec. 
10,  1638).  and  was  made  lord  president  of  the 
0>uncil  of  the  North.  This  had  been  an  arbitrary 
court  from  the  first,  but  his  instructions  went 
lx:yond  those  of  all  former  presidents,  and,  accord- 
ing to  Clarendon,  were  opposed  to  every  principle 
of  law,  yet  they  did  not  appear  to  give  hun  power 
<*ne«)gh.  In  1633  he  was  removed,  bv  his  own 
wish,  to  Ireland,  where  he  established  a  peifect 
<de!qx>tism,  and  also  raised  an  army  whicn  was 
^'enerally  supposed  to  be  intended  to  crush  that 
3-esistance  thsLt  it  was  cjq>ccted  would  sooner  or 
later  be  made  to  the  king's  illegal  measures  in  Eng- 
land. When  the  Scottish  troubles  commenced, 
Wentworth  dealt  with  a  high  hand  with  such  of 
chat  nation  as  had  settled  in  Ulster,  and  was  after- 
-wards  summoned  to  England  to  take  the  fieM 
.  against  them.  He  was  now  created  eari  of  Straf- 
ford (Jan.  13,  1640),  but  he  was  unpopular  with  his 
own  army,  and  unable  to  effect  an]fthing.  The 
Scots  manifiested  extreme  hatred  against  him,  and 
\  they  were  eageriy  seconded  by  I^  and  others, 
\  whomiie  had  forsaken  so  many  years  before.  He 
'  wished  to  renuun  at  a  distance  mnn  the  partiament ; 
but  the  king  insisted  on  hb  attendance,  and  gave  a 
promise  of  protection  which  he  was  unable  to  keep. 
Strafford  had  hardly  taken  his  scat  in  the  House  of 
X.ords,  when  he  was  impeached  as  *'  that  great  fire- 


brand," (Nov.  x8,  1640,)  and  sent  to  the  Tow. 
In  the  April  of  the  next  year  he  was  ooovicted  dT 
treason,  not  according  to  the  course  of  law,  but  by 
an  attainder  to  which  the  peers  were  forced  to  agree 
by  Dopular  violence.  The  kin^  was  with  great  dif- 
ficulty brought  to  consent  to  his  executioD,  chiefiy, 
it  is  alleeed,  through  the  sophistry  of  WZQiasB. 
bishop  ot  Lincoln,  who  drew  aa  odious  distiDCtioa 
between  his  private  conscience  as  a  man  and  hs- 
public  conscience  as  a  king.  Strafford  had  hisBdf 
offered  his  life  as  a  means  of  peace  bet  mm  the 
king  and  his  subjects,  but  apparently  did  not  expott 
to  be  taken  at  his  word,  as  when  told  that  the  war- 
rant was  signed  he  exclaimed,  "  Put  not  yonr  traat 
in  princes,  nor  in  the  sons  of  men,  for  in  them  there 
is  no  salvation  I"  but  soon  calmed  himseUL  He  «as 
beheaded  on  Tower-hill,  May  za,  1641,  and  he  dkd. 
as  a  contemporary,  who  haui  conducted  the  pro- 
cess against  him  (Whitelock),  says,  "with  dianty, 
courage,  and  general  lamentatBan.**  He  left  a  sno, 
William,  who  was  restored  to  his  title  by  Qttrles  I  L» 
and  lived  till  1695.  but  took  no  part  in  public  a£uzs. 

<*  In  defiance  of  the  act  of  the  last  reign  (see  A^m 
X634),  there  were  created,  "  monopolies  of  soap* 
salt,  wine,  leather,  sea-coal,  and,  in  a  mazmer,  of 
all  things  of  most  common  and  necessary  use.* 
"  Supplemental  acts  of  state  were  made  to  sup|iiy 

defect  of  laws obsolete  laws  were  revived  and 

rigorously  executed,  wherein  the  subject  might  be 
Uiight  how  unthrifty  a  thin^  it  was,  by  too  stzia 
a  detaining  of  what  was  his,  to  put  the  kii^  is 
strictly  to  inquire  what  was  his  own."  Sodi  is  tl« 
only  palliation  which  even  Clarendon  can  offer  far 
the  system  pursued :  how  that  system  was  viewed 
by  the  nation  in  general  is  but  too  «w;fii»»  in  the 
unhappy  result. 

•  Clarendon  remarics  that  the  great  mislbrtiiBeer 
Archbishop  Laud  was  the  want  of  a  true  friend; 
the  same  remark  applies  with  still  greater  faces  •» 
hb  royal  I 


CHARLES   I. 


387 


them,  though  the  former  listened  to 
proposals  for  employing  force  against 
them;  but  his  measures  were  foiled 
by  the  activity  and  address  of  the  po- 
pular leaders.  He  next  attempted  to 
seize  on  Lord  Kimbolton,  Mr.  Hamp- 
den, and  others,  but  failed,  and  then 
thought  it  advisable  to  quit  London. 
At  length  the  parliament  demanded 
that  the  power  of  raising  the  militia 
should  be  placed  in  their  hands,  but 
as  this  would  have  rendered  them  ab- 
solute, the  king  refused  his  consent ; 
and  then,  most  fatally  for  himself  and 
his  people,  he  appealed  to  the  sword, 
setting  up  his  royal  standard  at  Not- 
tingham, Aug.  25,  1642. 

In  the  lamentable  civil  war  that  fol- 
lowed, the  parliament  had  great  ad- 
vantages, both  in  men  and  monev. 
The  king  was  supported  by  the  Church, 
by  the  Universities,  and  by  the  great 
body  of  the  nobility  and  gentry,  and 
their  tenants  in  the  rural  districts ; 
while  the  adherents  of  the  parliament 
vere  the  Puritans  of  every  grade,  in- 
cluding several  gentlemen  of  moderate 
estates,  and  many  small  freeholders, 
and  the  chief  part  of  the  population  of 
larger  towns ;  money  was  readily  ob- 
tained "  on  the  public  faith,"  and  their 
levies,  in  which  the  London  appren- 
tices formed  a  conspicuous  part,  were, 
by  the  able  management  of  Skippon ' 
and  other  soldiers  of  fortune  trained 
in  the  German  wars,  soon  rendered 
more  than  a  match  for  the  undisci- 
plined valour  of  the  cavaliers. 

Through  the  whole  course  of  the 
contest,  the  parliamentary'  leaders 
acted  with  promptitude  and  decision, 
whilst  vacillation  and  weakness  too 
conunonly  marked  the  course  of  the 
Iv'ing  and  his  advisers.  He  had  no 
sooner  withdrawn  from  London  than 
they  openly  assumed  all  the  powers  of 
Ijovemment,  the  details  of  which  were 
carried  out  by  numerous  Committees, 


which  usually  met  in  the  city  ».  Each 
House  by  its  votes  regulated  a  variety 
of  matters  independently  of  the  other^ 
but  the  more  important  affairs  were 
settled  by  Ordinances,  which  began, 
"  The  Lords  and  Commons  in  Parlia- 
ment assembled,  taking  into  their  con- 
sideration ....  do  herebv  ordain." 

By  such  instruments  tne  new  rulers 
seized  on  the  power  of  the  sword  (Feb. 
and  Mar.  1642'*),  levied  heavy  weekly 
assessments  for  the  support  of  their 
army  and  the  relief  of  the  wounded^ 
the  widows  and  orphans  (March  4,  6, 
1643),  and  a  rate  for  fortifying  the  city 
of  London  *  (March  7,  1643) ;  imposed 
an  excise  (July,  Sept  1643),  and  esta- 
blished courts-martial  (Aug.  17,  1644), 
They  confiscated  the  estates  of  "jill 
persons  ecclesiastical  or  temporal '^ 
who  appeared  in  arms  against  them, 
or  voluntarily  contributed  to  the  king's 
service  (Mar.  31,  1643),  treated  those 
who  attempted  to  stand  neuter  as  ene- 
mies (May  7,  1643),  forbade  quarter 
being  given  to  Irishmen  taken  in  Eng- 
land (Oct.  24, 1644),  and  when  the  war 
was  closed,  ordered  all  "  papists,  offi- 
cers, and  soldiers  of  fortime,  and  other 
delinquents,"  to  remove  from  London, 
under  the  pains  of  treason  (May  6, 
1646  ;  July  9,  1647  ;  June  16,  1648). 

Their  government,  which  spread 
every  year  more  widely  over  the  country, 
not  merely  retained,  but  aggravated,  sdl 
the  worst  features  of  that  which  they 
had  cast  off.  In  direct  violation  of 
the  Bill  of  Right*,  they  made  num- 
berless forced  levies  of  horses  and 
arms  (May  23, 1643,  &c.) ;  gave  powers 
to  their  generals  to  press  men  into 
their  service  (June  10,  1645)  i  passed 
a  most  tyrannical  ordinance  to  "re- 
press disorders  in  printing*;"  and 
after  imprisoning  by  mere  arbitrary 
votes  any  who  ventured  to  present 
addresses  that  were  distasteful,  they 
passed  a  rigid  law  (May  20,   1648) 


'  Philip  Skippon  had  raised  himself  from  the 
nnVs  in  the  wars  of  the  Low  Countries.  He  com- 
manded the  armed  force  which  reinstated  the  five 
members  (justly  described  by  Lord  Clarendon  as 
the  first  scene  of  the  civil  war),  enjoyed  the  confi- 
dence of  the  Londoners,  and  served  throughout  the 
struggle  with  courage  and  success.  He  was  made 
3ne  of  Cromwell's  peers,  and  died  shortly  before 
the  Restoration. 

«  See  Note,  p.  388. 

^  These  are  the  earliest  dates  relating  to  each 
trp  of  their  usurpation;  but  many  other  oniinances, 
*  bich  it  is  unnecessary  to  particularize,  were  subse- 
quently passed  to  give  effect  to  their  designs. 


'  The  rate  was  ad.  in  the  pound  on  large  rents, 
and  6d.  each  on  small  houses.  Similar  ordinances 
were  afterwards  made  for  Exeter,  Yarmouth,  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  and  other  places. 

k  See  A.D.  1628. 

>  Parties  were  empowered  to  break  open  doois 
and  locks,  by  day  or  by  night,  in  order  to  discover 
unlicensed  printmg  presses,  and  to  apprehend  au- 
thors, printers,  binders, and  others.  Inu  ordinance 
was  not  more  effectual  than  the  Starchamber  de- 
cree of  1637,  ^^^  books,  pamphlets,  and  news- 
papers were  published  daily,  which  condemned 
their  illegal  rule  in  language  as  little  measured  as. 
their  own. 


CC2 


388 


THE  STUARTS. 


against  "  tumultuous  petitioning,"  the 
very  means  by  which  their  own  power 
had  been  first  established. 

To  keep  alive  the  interest  in  their 
cause  they  imposed  a  contribution  of 
a  meal  a-week  towards  the  support  of 
their  troops,  and  ordained  a  monthly 
fast"  (March  26,  1644),  beside  numer- 
ous occasional  ones  ;  they  also  pro- 
hibited public  amusements  (Oct.  22, 
1647),  but  were  obliged,  by  the  clamour 
of  the  London  apprentices,  to  allow  the 
second  Tuesday  in  each  month  as  a 
day  of  recreation,  instead  of  the  cus- 
tomary festivals  and  holydays,  which 
had  been  suppressed  as  superstitious 
and  vain  (June  8,  1647). 

The  parliament  had,  long  before  the 
king's  departure,  shewn  their  irrecon- 
cilable hostility  to  the  Church  and  its 
ministers  ",  and  had  done  everything  in 
their  power  to  banish  all  decency  and 
order  from  the  public  service  of  God. 
They  now  appomted  an  Assembly  of 
Divines  (June  12, 1643),  ordered  a  sys- 
tematic defacement  of  churches  under 


the  pretext  of  "removing  monuments 
of  superstition  or  idolatry"  (Aug.  28, 
1643),  "regulated"  the  University-  of 
Cambridge",  and  removed  "scandalous 
ministers"  Qan.  22,  1644).  In  forget- 
fulness  of  their  professed  regard  for 
"tender  consciences,"  they  imposed 
the  Covenant'  on  all  classes,  begin- 
ning with  the  judges  and  lawyers,  and 
disabling  all  refusers  to  practise  any  li- 
beral profession,  or  hold  any  public  em- 
ployment (Jan.  30,  Feb.  2,  1644  •») ;  sub- 
stituted the  Directory  for  the  Prayer- 
book  (Jan.  3,  Aug.  23,  1645) ;  forbade 
any  preaching,  except  by  persons  al- 
lowed by  both  Houses  (April  26, 1645) ; 
set  up  the  presbyterian  form  of  Church 
government  (June  5,  1646) ;  formally 
abolished  episcopacy  (Oct.  9,  1646'. 
and  sold  the  bishops'  lands  (Nov.  16, 
30,  1646),  paying  their  most  active  in- 
struments with  the  proceeds',  thus 
making  the  plunder  of  the  Church 
directly  contributory  to  the  ruin  of  the 
State, — a  lesson  that  should  not  be 
i  forgotten. 


NOTE. 
Puritan  Ascendancy. 


It  is  proposed  to  give  here  some  ac- 
count of  the  manner  in  which  the  Puri- 
tans, whilst  in  the  temporary  possession  of 
power,  defaced  the  noolest  edifices  of  the 
land,  in  effect  closed  the  Universities  and 
annihilated  learning,  and  inflicted  the  most 
atrocious  hardships  on  many  thousands  of 
families,  among  whom  were  to  be  found 
some  of  the  wisest  and  best  men  that  our 
country  can  boast  of,  both  in  Church  and 
State. 

I.    COMICITTEES. 

The  Committees  spoken  of  in  the  text 
were  very  numerous,  and  they  were  in- 
deed, though  acting  in  subordination  to  the 
Houses  of  Parliament,  the  recognised  de- 
partments of  the  government.  The  halls 
of  the  Haberdashers,  Goldsmiths,  Grocers, 


Saddlers,  and  others,  were  occupied  by- 
them,  the  committee  of  sequestrations  sit- 
ting in  the  first,  the  conunittee  of  compo- 
sitions in  the  second,  a  committee  of  ac- 
counts in  the  third,  and  a  military  committee 
in  Derby  House,  on  the  site  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Arms*.  But  the  most  importaai 
was  the  Grand  Conunittee  of  Religion, 
which  was  divided  into  numerous  sub> 
committees,  (as  the  Committee  of  Scan- 
dalous Ministers,  for  the  coercion  of  tbe  ' 
loyal  deigy,  and  the  Committee  of  Plnn- 
dered  Ministers,  for  the  benefit  of  such  oi 
their  own  party  as  had  been  formerly  d^ 
prived  or  silenced, )  and  these  had  branches 
spread  all  over  the  country,  so  that  it  was 
soon  remarked  that  the  Puritans  bad  de- 
stro]^  one  Starchamber  and  oot  High 
Commission,   only  to   establish  infinitely  j 


>*  This  was  apparently  distasteful  to  some  of 
their  own  party,  as  Whitelock  remarks,  under  date 
March  31,  1617,  "  Very  long  prayen  and  sermons 
this  monthly  tast-day,  as  usual." 

•«  See  Note,  pp.  389,  301. 

«  Oxford  was  then  m  the  kind's  hands  ;  when  it 
came  into  theirs  it  was  treatedwith  the  extremity 
of  rigour  bv  a  committee  of  Visitors,  appointed  by 
ordinance  May  x,  1647.    See  Note,  p.  431. 

'  See  A.D.  1638. 

*t  They  had  imposed  the  Covenant  in  London  be- 
fore this  (Aug.  17,  1643),  as  a  kind  of  invitation  to 
the  Scots,  and  on  Dec.  ao  of  the  same  year  they 


disabled  all  dissentients. 

'  Sir  Arthxir  Hasilrig^  thus  received  so  much 
of  the  Church  property  m  the  ncoth,  that  he  was  1 
familiarly  known  as  the  Bishop  of  Durham.  j 

■  This  was  the  property  of  one  of  their  most  ac- 1 
tive  opponents,  the  earl  of  Derby ;  the  houses  of 
other  eaually  obnoxious  parties  were  converted 
into  gaols.  The  members  of  this  committee  were, 
the  earls  of  Essex,  Ncnthumberland,  HoUand.  and 
Pembroke^  and  Lord  Saye,  with  xo  members  oi  tbe  j 
House  of^  Commons,  namely,  Fiennes,  Glynue,' 
Hampden,  Holies,  Marten,  Meyxick,  Pierrepgc^ 
Pym,  Supleton  and  Waller. 


PURITAN   ASCENDANCY. 


389 


"worse  tribtmak*  in  fifty  different  places. 
These  local  committees",  the  members  of 
which  are  charged  in  numerous  publica- 
tions of  the  time  with  enriching  themselves 
both  with  plunder  and  with  bribes,  were 
the  great  engines  of  oppression,  particularly 
to  the  clergy,  and  they  were  guilty  of  pro 
fanations  and  barbarities  which  might  well 
seem  incredible,  were  they  not,  unhappily, 
■attested  by  indisputable  evidence,  botli 
from  the  perpetrators  and  the  sufferers. 

11.  Desecration  of  Churches. 
One  of  the  earliest  steps  of  the  Long 
Parliament  was,  in  effect,  to  denounce  afi 
the  dei^gy  as  "scandalous,"  and  to  issue 
injunctions  having  no  other  end  than  the 
profanation  of  holy  places'.  The  inqui- 
sitorial Committee  of  Scandalous  Minis- 
ters was  erected  to  deal  with  the  clergy, 
and  to  deface  the  churches.  Commis- 
sioners were  appointed,  concerning  whose 
proceedings  we  have  the  unexceptionable 
testimony  of  one  of  their  own  number, 


William  Dowsing*,  of  Stratford,  whose 
very  curious  Journal  has  been  preserved, 
and  gives  us  the  heads  of  his  dealing  with 
the  churches  of  about  150  parishes  m  the 
associated  counties.  He  commenced  his 
proceedings  Jan.  9,  1644^  in  the  town  of 
Sudbury,  breaking  the  windows  and  the 
organs,  taking  down  crosses,  levelling 
chancels,  and  tearing  up  "brazen  super- 
stitious inscriptions;  which  latter  it  is 
fair  to  conclude  that  he  sold,  as  he  tells  us 
that  19  such  at  Wetherden  weighed  6$  lb  ; 
he  also  "rent  hoods  and  surplices,"  and 
dug  down  the  steps  of  the  chancels,  or  left 
hb  orders  for  it  to  be  done  in  a  limited 
time.  In  general  his  proceedings  were 
aided  by  the  "godly  men  of  the  parish," 
and  he  received  a  fee  of  6s.  8d.,  which  in 
some  cases  was  reduced  to  4s.  6d.  or  3s.  4d. 
He  had  been  anticipated  in  some  places, 
where  he  records  "nothing  to  be  done." 
But  he  sometimes  met  with  opposition; 
five  times  he  enters  "no  noble;"  some- 
times it  was  promised,  but  not  paid,  in 


*  The  constitution  of  these  committees  appears 
from  the  instructions  issued,  Feb.  and  March,  164^, 
by  the  eari  of  Manchester  to  certain  persons  in  each 
of  ihe  associated  counties  {i.e.  the  eastern  counties, 
from  Essex  to  Lincoln).  The  committees  were  to 
consist  of  not  more  than  ten  nor  less  than  five  per- 
sons, who  were  to  have  5s.  a-day  for  their  attend- 
ance. They  were  to  be  ''speedy  and  effectual"  in 
the  discharge  of  their  office ;  were  to^  call  to  their 
as&istance  some  "  well-affected  men"  in  each  hun- 
dred, and  inquire  into  the  lives,  doctrine,  and  con- 
versation of  all  ministers  and  schoolmasters,  "the 
parishioners  in  general  being  not  fomrard  to  com- 
plain of  their  ministers,  though  scandalous. "  They 
were  to  proceed  against  all  ministers  who  were  said 
to  be  scandalous  m  their  lives  or  doctrines,  non- 
resident, ignorant,  idle,  lazy,  or  ill  affected  to  the 
Parliament.  In  conducting  their  inquiry,  they 
were  directed  to  take  the  depositions  of  witnesses 
without  the  accused  being  present,  but  if  he  de> 
sired  it,  they  were  to  let  mm  have  a  copy  of  the 
accusations,  at  his  own  charge,  while  the  accusers 
were  to  be  "  encouraged''  to  come  forward  by  beins 
free  from  all  charges  and  fees.  The  person  accused 
night  put  in  an  answer,  but  without  being  con- 
fronted with  the  witnesses ;  and  when  condemned, 
a»  was  reasonably  expected  to  be  the  case,  his  name 
%  as  to  be  returned  to  the  earl  with  that  of  his  pro- 
p(»ed  successor,  "an  able  person,  having  a  testi- 
monial firom  the  well-affected  gentry  and  ministry." 

•  The  following  letter  from  the  committee  at 
Ashford,  Kent,  to  Richard  Fogge,  esq.,  of  Til- 
manstone,  shews  one  of  the  means  resorted  to,  to 
raise  funds  for  the  cause:  (the  spelling  is  mo- 
dernized). 

"  Sir,  You  cannot  be  ignorant  of  the  great  charges 
this  coimtry  hath  been  at  in  the  suppressing  sevnal 
rebellions,  and  in  maintaining  so  many  regiments 
of  auxiliaries  for  their  necessary  defence  upon  all 
occasions,  besides  the  taxes  to  the  Parliament 
(amounting  to  £9,700  and  upwards  a  month),  which 
has  contracted  a  great  debt  upon  the  country,  and 
of  the  hazard  of  Bfe  and  fortunes  the  well-affected 
have  ran  all  this  while  for  the  common  good,  of 
which  yoo  must  needs  partake  as  well  as  they. 
Of  the  advantage  you  have  had  of  them  in  sitting 
still,  and  the  countenance  to  rebellion  within  the 
country,  and  to  all  the  malignant  party  abroad, 
which  you  and  your  party  nave  ^iven  by  your 
aidnai  in  tae  Parliament  service ;  and  there- 


fore cannot  but  think  it  reasonable  that  you  should 
extend  yourselves  as  well  towauds  the  recompense 
of  those  public  damages,  also  to  some  proportion- 
able counterpoise  of  these  disadvanuges  of  the  well- 
affected,  yet  we,  being  desirous  rather  to  receive 
a  pledge  of  your  future  better  inclination  than  a 


fault  whereof  we  shall  be  enforced  to  make  use  of 
the  authority  given  us  by  Ordinance  of  Parliament, 
for  levy  of  a  greater  sum.  Your  friend,  Anthony 
Wbloon  (signed  in  the  name  and  by  the  command 
of  the  general  Committee)." 

*  The  curious  MS.  m  the  British  Museum, 
called  "The  Journal  of  Nehemiah  Wallingtco," 
a  London  citizen,  may  be  taken  as  not  unfairly 
representing  the  feelinz  of  the  Puritans  in  general 
in  these  matters.  Spesudng  of  his  own  immediate 
neighbourhood,  he  says, — 

'^On  the  be^ning  of  October,  1641,  at  Leonard's 
Eastcheap,  bemg  our  church,  the  idol  in  the  wall 
was  cut  down,  and  the  superstitious  pictures  in  the 
^ass  were  broke  in  pieces,  and  the  superstitious 
things  and  prayers  tor  the   dead  in  brass  were 

Sicked  up  and  broke,  and  the  picture  of  the  Yirgin 
lary  on  the  branch  of  candlesticks  was  broke. 
And  some  of  those  pieces  of  broken  glass  I  have  to 
keep  for  a  remembrance,  to  shew  to  the  generation 
to  come  what  God  hath  done  for  us,  to  give  us  such 
a  reformation  that  our  foreCathers  never  saw  the 
like :  His  name  ever  have  the  praise  I" 
^  ■  Under  the  name  of  Jfohn  Dowsing,  he  is  men- 
tioned as  breaking  the  painted  windows  in  the  pub- 
lic schools,  libraries,  colleges,  and  halls  at  Cam- 
bridge, ("mistaking,  perhaps,  the  liberal  arts  for 
saints,"  says  the  author  of  Qiurtla  CantahrigieK- 
sis^  and  digging  down  and  defacing  the  floors  of 
the  chapels,  and  then,  by^  armed  force,  extorting 
a  fee  of  40s.  from  each  society  where  he  had  com- 
mitted these  ravages. 

J  This  date  shews  that  the  people  in  eeneral  were 
not  inclined  to  destroy  the  ornaments  of  ue  churches, 
as  all  such  had  be<m  condemned  as  "reliques  of 
idolatry"  as  early  as  Jan.  93,  i6^x,  by  an  order  of 
the  Commons.  Yet  we  see  that  the  majority  of  the 
churches  remained  uninjured  three  years  later,  and 
were  only  ruined  by  the  exertions  of  such  men  as 
Dowsing  and  his  associates. 


390 


THE  STUARTS. 


Other  cases  positively  refused ;  and  in  one 
place  (Cochie)  he  was  obliged  to  leave 
<livers  pictures  in  the  windows,  as  the  oeo- 
ple  would  not  assist  him  to  raise  the  lad- 
ders to  reach  them ;  in  another  (UfTord), 
he  was  kept  out  of  the  church  for  above 
two  hours  Dv  churchwardens*  sexton,  and 
constable,  whose  names  are  duly  recorded, 
manifestly  for  punishment,  as  he  had  al- 
ready sent  another  person  (John  Pain, 
churchwarden  of  Comearth)  to  the  earl 
of  Manchester,  "for  not  paying,  and  doing 
his  duty  enjoined  by  the  ordinance.*' 

Dowsing^s  account  of  what  he  did  at 
XJfford  may  give  an  idea  of  the  general 
appearance  of  English  churches  up  to  this 
time: — 

"  We  brake  down  thirty  tupentitious  {MCtuxes*, 
and  gave  direction  to  take  down  37  more,  and  40 
cherubima  to  be  taken  down  of  wood,  and  the 
chancel  levelled.  There  was  a  picture  of  Christ  on 
the  cross,  and  God  the  Father  above  it :  and  left 
37  superstitious  pictures  to  be  taken  down ;  and 
Uiok  up  six  superstitious  inscriptions  in  brass." 

This  was  at  his  first  visit,  Jan.  27 ;  he 
returned  Aug.  31,  and  found  that  the  "su- 
perstitious pictures"  had  not  been  broken 
down ;  he  continues : — 

"  Some  of  them  we  brake  down  now.  In  the 
chancel  we  brake  down  an  aneel^  three  '  Orate  ^tv 
anima*  in  the  glass,  and  the  Tnnity  in  a  triangle, 
and  twelve  cherubims  on  the  roof  of  the  chancel, 
and  nigh  a  hundred  Jbsus— Maria  in  capital  let- 
ters, and  the  stq>s  to  be  levelled.  And  we  brake 
down  the  organ-cases,  and  gave  them  to  the  poor. 
In  the  diurch  there  was  on  the  roof  above  a  bun- 
dled J[bsus  and  Mary  in  great  capital  letten,  and 
a  crosier-4taff  to  be  broke  down  in  glass,  and  above 
twenty  stars  on  the  roof.  There  is  a  glorious 
cover  over  the  font,  like  a  pope's  triple  crovm,  with 
a  pelican  on  the  top  picking  its  breast,  all  gilt  over 
with  gold." 

Dowsing  records  with  satisfaction  the 
vast  number  of  "superstitious  pictures" 
that  he  destroyed — 1,000  in  Clare,  S41  in 
Bramham,  150,  100,  or  less,  in  other 
places.  He  allows  that  at  Ufford  he  was 
chaiged  with  "going  about  to  pull  down 
the  church ;"  but  we  must  turn  to  the  nar- 
ratives of  some  of  the  sufferers,  if  we  would 
form  a  just  idea  of  the  barbarism  and  pro- 
fanity which  were  exhibited  by  the  "  godly 
men^'  in  each  sacred  edifice  in  succession, 
as  it  fell  into  their  power. 

Bishop  Hall,  in  his  "Hard  Measure," 
thus  describes  the  devastation  of  his  cathe- 
dral at  Norwich : 

"The  sheriff  Toftes  and  Alderman  Lindsay,  at- 
tended with  many  zealous  followers,  came  into  my 
chapel  to  look  for  superstitious  pictures  and  relics 
of  idolatry,  and  sent  for  me  to  let  me  know  they 
found  those  windows  full  of  images,  which  were 
very  offensive,  and  must  be  demolished.    I  told 


them  they  were  the  pictures  of  some  Cuaoos  &ei 
worthy  bishops,  as  St  Ambrose,  Austin,  &c  1> 
was  answered  me,  that  they  were  popes ;  and  oce 
younger  man  among  the  rest  (Townsend,  as  1  per 
ceived  afterwards)  would  take  upon  him  to  dcfad 
that  every  diocfsan  bishop  was  pope.  I  aiKwend 
him  with  some  scorn,  and  obtained  leave  that  I 
might,  widi  the  least  loss  and  defactne  of  the  vis- 
dows,  give  order  for  taking  off  duut  offence,  «kici> 
I  did  mr  cauans  the  heads  of  those  pctares  to  be 
taken  off,  since  I  knew  the  bodies  oouJd  noc  c^md 
There  was  not  care  and  moderation  used  in  reibts 
in^  the  cathedral  diurch  bordeiing  upon  my  palace 
It  ts  no  other  than  tragical  to  relate  the  carnage  9 
that  furious  sacrilege,  whereof  our  eyes  and  e&is 
were  the  sad  witnesses,  under  the  authority  as>i 
presence  of  Lindsay,  Toftes  the  sheriff,  and  Uree-. 
wood.  Lord,  what  urork  was  here,  what  clatxerai( 
of  glasses,  what  beating  down  of  walls,  wiiat  tear- 
ing up  of  monuments,  what  pulling  down  of  seats 
what  wresting  out  of  irons  and  brus  from  the  wis 
dows  and  graves,  what  defiidng  of  arm,  what  de 
molishing  of  curious  stone-wrone,  that  had  not  am 
representation  in  the  world,  but  only  the  cost  of  t^ 
founder  and  the  skill  of  the  mason ;  wiiat  lootiai; 
and  piping  upon  the  destroyed  oigan-pipes :  sai 
what  a  hideous  triump^  on  the  market-day  befart 
all  the  country,  when,  in  a  kind  of  sacrilegious  sad 

EroCeme  procession,  all  the  organ-pipes,  vestments, 
oth  copes  and  surplices,  together  with  the  leadca 
cross,  which  had  been  newly  sawn  down  firm  over 
the  Greenyard  pulpit,  and  the  service-books  aad 
singing-books  that  could  be  had,  were  carried  td 
the  fire  in  the  public  market-pUce  ;  a  lewd  vretc*! 
walking;  before  the  train,  in  his  oope  trailing  in  the 
dirt,  with  a  service-book  in  his  hand^  imitating,  w 
an  impious  soom,  the  tune,  and  usurping  the  words 
of  die  litany  used  fonneriy  in  the  church.  }%vx: 
the  public  cross  all  these  instruments  of  idd^atry 
must  be  sacrificed  to  the  lire,  not  wtthoot  iiio<^  os- 
tentation of  a  sealoos  joy  in  discharging  ordfaace. 
to  the  cost  of  some  who  professed  how  nocfa  thev 
had  longed  to  see  that  day.  Neidier  was  it  asv 
news,  upon  this  ^ild-day,  to  have  the  cathednl. 
now  open  on  all  sides,  to  be  filled  with  mu^etcerv. 
waiting  for  the  mayor's  return,  drinking  and  to- 
bacoobg  as  freely  as  if  it  had  turned  alehouse." 

To  much  the  same  effect  is  the  letter  of 
Dr.  Paske,  sut>dean  of  Canterbury,  to  the 
earl  of  Holland,  dated  Aug.  30^  1642. 
written  not  merely  to  describe  the  -nx^^: 
that  had  been  already  made,  but  also  t  > 
implore  protection  for  the  future  : — 

'*Col.  Sandys,  aniving  here  with  his  troops  on 
Friday  night  (Aug.  a6>,  presently  earned  a  strict 
watch  and  sentineU  to  be  set  both  upon  the  dnuch. 
and  upon  our  (the  clergy's)  several  houses. . . . 
The  next  morning  we  were  excluded  the  charcb. 
and  might  not  be  permitted  to  enter,  IbrtheDer- 
formance  of  our  divme  exercises,  but  about  8  (/ i!k 
clock  Sir  Michael  Livescy,  attended  with  mAcy 
soldicrs,  came  unto  our  orocers,  and  oonasndcd 
them  to  deliver  up  the  keys  of  the  church  to  one  of 
their  company,  whidi  they  did,  and  Aemipan  fce 
departed,  when  the  soldiers  entering  the  chox^ 
and  choir,  giant4ike  b^an  a  fight  with  God  Hin 
self,  overthrew  the  oommunion-table,  tore  the  velvet 
dotn  from  before  it,  de&oed  the  goodly  screen  or 
tabemade-work,  violated  the  monuments  of  the 
dead,  spoiled  the  organs,  brake  down  the  anaen: 
rails  and  seats,  with  the  braaen  eagle  which  did 
support  the  Bible,  forced  open  the  oipboanb  of 
the  nnging  men,  rent  some  of  their  surpbces, 
gowns,  and  Bibles,  and  carried  away  others,  mso- 


*  We  learn  from  his  entry  at  Trembly,  Aug.  ax, 
how  vei^  comprehensive  was  dus  term : — "  There 
was  a  fnar  witn  a  shaven  crown  praying  to  God  in 


these  words,  Miuttrg  meiy  Detu,  wfiidi  we  bnk" 
down  :**  in  other  cases,  the  '*  supostitious  pictuie& 
were  Uiose  of  the  apostles. 


PURITAN  ASCENDANCY. 


39» 


dtd  an  oor  service-books  and  books  of  Common 
racftr,  bestrewing  the  whole  pavement  with  the 
leaves  thereof,  a  miserable  spectacle  to  ail  good 
eves ;  but  as  if  aU  this  had  been  too  little  to  satisfy 
the  fury  of  some  indiscreet  sealots  among  them  (for 
■aaay  aid  abhor  what  was  done  already),  they  fur- 
ther exercised  their  malice  upon  the  arras-hanring 
in  the  choir,  representing  the  whole  story  of  our 
Saviom'.  wherein  observing  divers  figures  of  Christ 

S  tremble  to  express  their  blasphemies),  one  said* 
ere  is  Christ,  and  swore  that  he  would  stab  Him ; 
another  said.  Here  is  Christ,  and  swore  that  he 
woukl  rip  up  His  bowels ;  wluch  they  did  accord- 
ingly, so  far  as  the  figures  were  capable  thereof, 
boide  many  other  villanies :  and  not  content  there- 
with, finding  another  statue  of  Christ  in  the  frontis- 
piece of  the  south  gate^  they  discharged  against  it 
ibrty  shots  at  least,  tmumhing  mnch  wkun  they 
did  hit  it  ia  the  head  or  taoCf  as  if  they  were  re- 
solved to  crudly  Jlim  again  m  His  figure  whom 
they  could  not  hurt  in  truth :  nor  had  their  fiiry 
been  thus  stopped,  threatening  the  rain  of  the 
whole  fabric,  had  not  the  Colonel,  with  some  others, 
cone  to  the  relief  and  rescue :  the  tumult  appeased, 
they  presently  departed  lor  Dover,  from  whence  we 
expect  them  this  day." 

These  citations  may  give  a  faint  idea  of 
the  wanton  damage  done  to  the  noblest 
edifices  of  the  country,  and  we  may  be 
thankful  tbat  it  was  not  even  worse;  for 
ve  leain  from  liVhitelock  that  the  pro- 
priety of  pulling  down  the  whole  of  the 
cathedrals  was  discussed,  while  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Council  of  State,  and  it 
is  not  dear  what  secondary  cause  pre- 
Tented  such  an  irreparable  loss  to  the 
country. 

Thon^  bdoo^fing  to  a  later  period,  it 
may  be  here  noticed  that  the  Touinals  of 
the  House  of  Lords  in  IreUmd  bear  wit- 
ness that  similar  or  even  greater  pro&na- 
tions  of  churches  were  oractised  in  that 
coontiy.  On  June  3,  i6(S2,  one  Constan- 
tine  Neale,  a  merchant  of  Wexford,  was 
by  the  House  ordered  to  restore  the  beU  of 
Arklow  church,  then  in  his  possession ; 
and  under  the  date  of  Sept.  26,  1662,  we 
read, — 

"The  cfanrdiwardetts  of  Tall^t,  in  the  copnty 
of  Dublin,  exhibited  their  petition  unto  the  Right 
Hon.  the  House  of  Peen,  setting  forth  that  the 
cfaunh  of  TaUaght,  in  the  year  1651,  was  in  good 
Rpair  and  decently  ordained,  with  convenient  pews, 
with  a  pulpit,  font,  and  other  necessaries,  and  also 
pved  with  hewed  stone,  all  which  cost  the  parish- 
MMis  ;C}oo  Sterling :  and  that  about  the  same  time 
Capt  Henry  Alland.  coming  to  quarter  there  with 
Us  troops,  pulled  down  or  caused  to  be  pulled 
down  the  roof  of  the  said  church,  and  converted 
the  timber  thereof  for  the  building  a  house  to  dwell 
in,  ia  the  county  of  Kildare,  and  converted  the 
slates  of  the  said  church  to  his  own  use,  and  caused 
the  pariag-atones  thereof  to  be  carried  to  Dublin, 
to  pave  ha  kitchen  entry,  and  other  rooms  in  his 
booM;  fed  his  horses  in  the  font,  and  converted 
the  same,  with  the  seats  and  pews  of  said  church, 
to  his  own  use,  to  the  great  dishonour  of  God,  the 
shame  of  religtoa,  and  the  petitioners'  damage  of 
Ajoo  sterling.^ 


The  House  pronounced  the  oflfender 
guilty  of  sacrilege,  and  ordered  him  to 
pay  £^00  toward  the  reparation  of  the 
church. 

III.    Sufferings  of  the  Royalists^ 

MORE  PARTICULARLY  OF  THE  CLERGY. 

The  nobility  and  gentry  who  supportecE 
the  king  were,  when  conquered,  treated 
with  the  extremity  of  rigour.  By  an  ordi- 
nance passed  early  in  the  war,  (March  31,, 
1645,)  the  estates  of  all  such  were  de- 
clared confiscated,  and  though  this  was 
not,  for  various  reasons,  fully  carried  out, 
the  compositions  that  they  were  allowed 
to  make  for  their  "delinquency'*  were  ruin- 
ously heavy»  and  beside,  did  not  protect 
them  from  farther  arbitrary  impositions 
whenever  the  finances  of  their  opponents 
required  replenishing.  The  woods  of  the 
Cavaliers  were  felled  whenever  a  supply  of 
ship-timber  was  required;  their  houses 
were  wantonly  ruined;  their  titles  were 
prohibited ;  but  perhaps  the  most  signal 
proof  of  the  barbarity  of  their  opponents 
is  to  be  found  in  a  vote  of  the  Commons, 
after  the  surrender  of  the  royal  garrisons, 
and  when  the  king  was  in  the  haiSls  of  the 
Scots:  it  bears  date  Dec.  8,  1646,  and  de* 
dares,  "That  all  who  shall  raise  forces 
against  the  Parliament  or  either  House 
hereafter  shall  die  without  mercy,  and 
have  their  estates  confiscated."  Yet  this 
avowed  government  by  the  sword  did  not 
daunt  the  spirits  of  some  brave  men.  They 
took  up  arms  again  and  again,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  a  peaceable  profession  is  recorded 
by  Whitelock  to  have  told  them  unpa- 
latable truths  to  their  faces.  He  says,, 
under  date  Feb.  21,  1647-8,— 

"Judge  Jenkins,  faroagbc  to  the  hor  of  the^ 
House,  reftoed  to  kneel,  denied  their  audiority, 
told  them  that  they  wronged  the  king,  willing  that 
the  laws  might  be  protected,  that  there  coold  be  no 
law  without  a  king,  and  used  high  expreaaic 


against  the  parliament  and  their  authority.    The 
House  fined  him  ;Ci,ooo  for  his  oontempL 

"  At  another  time,  when  his  chai|;e  was  read 
against  him  at  the  bar,  for  giring  judgment  of 
death  against  men  for  assisting  the  parliament,  and 
for  being  himself  in  arms  against  the  parliament, 
and  persuading  othen  to  do  the  like,  and  for  deny- 
ing the  power  of  the  parliament,  ftc.  and  asked 
hat  he  had  to  say  thereunto,  he  toM  them,  that 
ley  had  no  power  to  try  him,  and  he  would  give 


they 

no  other  answer.' 

It  is,  however,  of  the  sufferings  of  the 
clergy  that  we  are  best  enabled  to  speak, 
as  they  have  been  collected,  mainly  firom 
their  immediate  descendants,  by  the  in- 
dustry of  the  Rev.  John  Walker  ■,  and  they^ 


*  la  his  woric  entitled  "  An  Attempt  towards 
Recovering  an  Account  of  the  Numbers  and  Suffer- 
ttg»  of  the  Qergy  of  tl  e  Church  of  England,  Heads 
«f  Colleges,  FeUows,  Scholars,  &c.,  who  were  Se- 


questered, Harassed,  &c,  in  the  late  Tunea  of  the 
Grand  RebelUon,"  folio,  published  in  tjtf,  m  np>r 
to  Calamy's  "  Account  of  the  Ministers,  Lecturers^ 
&c,  ejected  or  silenced  after  the  Restoration  in 


392 


THE  STUARTS* 


will  be  fotmd  to  present  examples  of  every 
imaginable  hardship  and  cruelty. 

As  a  preliminary  to  their  systematic  per- 
secution, the  most  atrocious  odumnies  were 
circulated  against  the  whole  body,  both 
h^h  and  low**,  and  they  were  thus  ex- 
posed to  the  violence  of  mobs,  which  not 
unfrequently  terminated  in  death.  Many, 
justly  alarmed,  fled  from  their  homes,  when 
they  were  charged  with  deserting  their 
cures,  and,  if  tsScen,  were  treated  as  the 
worst  of  criminals.  Hundreds  thus  perished 
in  gaols,  others  were  imprisoned  in  ships, 
and  alarmed  with  threats  of  selling  them 
as  slaves  either  to  the  Barbary  pirates  or 
the  American  planters ;  yet  the  only  mat- 
ters ^t  could  be  truly  charged  against 
the  majority  of  them  were,  that  they  re- 
tained their  loyalty  to  the  king,  and  ven- 
tured to  use  the  services  of  the  Church, 
contrary  to  the  commandment  of  their  new 
rulers. 

From  the  very  beginning  of  the  troubles 
the  parliament  had  shewn  an  implacable 
hostuity  to  the  episcopal  order,  and  the 
sufferings  of  Ae  whole  body  were  most 
severe.  Of  the  two  archbishops,  one  was 
put  to  death,  and  the  other,  as  well  as 
sixteen  bishops,  died  in  poverty,  and  nine 
otdy  lived  to  see  the  Churdi  and  the 
monarchy  restored*.  As  proof  of  the 
hardships  to  which  they  were  subjected, 
it  will  be  sufficient  to  cite  the  testimony 
of  Bishop  Hall  (from  his  "Hard  Mea- 
sure"), for,  agreeing  as  he  did  in  theology 
with  the  Puritans,  it  is  hardly  to  be  sup- 
posed that  he  fared  worse  than  his  bre- 
thren ;  indeed,  we  know  that  he  was,  after 
being  plundered,  allowed  to  live  in  com- 


parative peace,  while  Bishop  Wren  was 
long  imprisoned,  and  Bishops  Piezoe  and 
Prideaux  *  were  so  rigorously  used  by  the 
sequestrators  as  to  be  reduced  to  absolate 
want 

"  In  the  April  foUowing  tx643l»''  he  my%,  "  there 
caune  the  sequestrators  to  the  pedace,  auul  loid  mc 
that  by  virtue  of  an  ordinance  of  pailiameat,  they 
must  seize  upon  the  palace,  and  all  the  estate  I  ha^ 
both  real  and  personal,  and  accordingly  sent  ocftain 
men  appointed  fay  them  (whereof  one  had  been 
burned  m  the  hand  for  the  mark  of  his  thixh*,)  to 
appraise  all  the  goods  that  were  in  the  house : 
uriiich  they  executed  with  all  diligent  sererity,  not 
leaving  so  much  as  a  doren  of  treocbers^  or  my 
children's  pictures,  out  of  their  curious  inventovy  : 
yea,  they  would  have  appraised  our  wearing  clothes, 
had  not  Alderman  Tooley  and  Sheriff  Rawley  (to 
whom  I  sent  to  reouire  their  iudgment  oonoeniing 
the  ordinance  in  this  point)  declared  their  opinjcn 
to  the  contrary,  The-sc  eoods,  both  library  and 
household  stuff  of  all  Icinds,  were  appointed  to  be 
exposed  to  public  sale." 

Of  the  sufferings  of  another  dignified 
clergyman.  Dr.  Richard  Sterne,  master  of 
Jesus  Collie,  Cambridge,  and  afterwards 
archbishop  of  York,  we  nave  the  following 
account  in  a  letter  of  his  from  his  prison  in 
Ely  House,  Oct.  9,  1643  :— 

"  This  is  now  the  fourteenth  month  of  my  im- 
prisonment :  nineteen  weeks  in  the  Tower,  thirty 
weeks  in  the  Lord  Petre's  house,  ten  days  in  th« 
ships,  and  seven  weeks  here  in  Ely  House.  The 
very  fees  and  rents  of  these  several  prisons  have 
amounted  to  above  ;Czoo,  beside  diet  and  all  other 
charges,  which  have  been  various  and  excessive, 
as  in  prisons  is  usual  For  the  better  enabling  me 
to  maintain  myself  in  prison  and  my  £unily  ax 
home,  they  have  seired  upon  all  my  means  wtoA 
they  can  lay  their  hands  on. ... .  And  mXL  this 
while  I  have  never  been  so  much  as  qioken  withal, 
or  called  either  to  give  or  receive  an  account  why 
I  am  here.  Nor  is  anything  laid  to  my  diaige 
(not  so  much  as  the  geneial  crime  of  my  being  a 


z66a  ^  An  epitome  of  Walker's  book,  styled  "  The 
Sufferings  of  the  Clergy  during  the  Great  Rebel- 
Uon**  was  published  in  May,  1863,  in  anticipation 
of  the  proposed  Bicentenary  Commemoration  of  ihe 
^*  Bartholomew  confessors  in  that  year. 
^  Many  of  these  calumnies  are  collected  in  a 


John  White,  a  lawyer,  who  was  chairman  or  the 
Grand  Committee.  Some  of  the  chaiges  are  too 
odious  to  be  credited,  particularly  as  no  steps  were 
taken  to  punish  the  alleged  criminals,  except  expul- 
sion, which  was  also  the  lot  of  others  agsdnst  whom 
nothing  worse  was  alleged  than  "following  Bishop 
Wren's  fancies ;"  yet  all  are  indiscriminately  styled 


The  language  which  the  presbyterian  preachers 
held  regarding  the  clergy  may  be  judged  from  the 
following  passage  from  a  discourse  delivered  by 
Thomas  Case,  in  Milk-street,  in  1643:—"  Idol,  idle 
shepherds,  dumb  dogs  that  cannot  oark,  unless  it 
were  at  the  flock  of  Christ ;  and  so  they  learned  of 
their  masters  both  to  bark  and  bite  too;  greedy 
dogs,  that  could  never  have  enough,  that  did  tear 
out  the  loins  and  bowels  of  their  own  people  for 
gain ;  swearin|u  dranken,  unclean  priests,  that 
caught  nothing  out  rebellion  in  Israel,  and  caused 
people  to  abhor  the  sacrifice  of  the  Lord ;  Armi- 
nian,  popish,  idolatrous,  vile  wretches,  such  as,  had 
Job  been  alive,  he  would  not  have  set  with  the  dogs 


of  his  flock ;  a  generation  of  men  they  were,  thai 
hadnevera  vote  for  Jesus  Christ."  Olthebisb^tt 
he  says,—"  Look  into  their  &unilies,  and  they  were 
for  the  most  part  the  rilest  of  the  diocese,  a  very 
nest  of  unclean  birds.  In  their  courts  and  consis- 
tories, you  would  have  thought  you  had  been  ta 
Cephas's  hall^  where  no  trade  was  driven  but  ^e 
crucifying  Chnst  in  His  members."  This  Case  is 
also  known  by  a  profane  parody  of  the  offertory 
sentences,  which  ne  employed  to  solicit  sop^ies 
for  the  Parliament.  He  was  connected  with  Love, 
in  his  intrieues,  but  escaped  punishment  by  making 
a  most  abject  submission,  was  one  of  tlK  "  Bar- 
tholomew confessors"  ejected  in  166a,  and  Eved 
twenty  years  after. 

•  For  some  details  on  this  subject,  see  Appeadix, 
No.V. 

•  An  anecdote  of  Bishop  Prideaux,  ptticired  by 
Walker,  shews  that  he  bore  his  poverty  with  Chris- 
tian cheerfulness.  "Towards  the  latter  end  of  his 
life,  a  friend  coming  to  see  him,  and  saluting  him 
in  the  common  form  of '  How  doth  your  lordshio 
dof  'Never  better  in  my  life/  said  he,  'only  1 
have  too  great  a  stomach ;  for  I  have  eaten  that 
little  plate  which  the  sequestrators  lef^  me,  I  have 
eaten  a  great  library  of  excellent  books,  I  have 
eaten  a  great  deal  of  linen,  much  of  my  bnss. 
some  of  mv  pewter,  and  now  I  am  come  to  cat 
iron^and  what  will  come  next  I  know  not." 

•  That  is,  had  been  branded  in  couit  as  a  feka. 
See  A.D.  1599. 


PURITAN  ASCENDANCY. 


^93 


nul^nantX  no,  not  in  the  warrant  of  my  commit- 
ment. What  hath  been  wanting  in  human  justice, 
hath  been,  I  praise  God,  supplied  bv  Divine  mercy. 
Health  of  body,  and  patience,  and  cheerfulness  of 
Biiod,  I  have  not  wanted,  no,  not  on  shipboard, 
where  we  lay,  the  first  night,  without  anything 
under  or  over  us  but  the  bare  decks  and  the  dothes 
on  our  backs ;  and  after  we  had  some  of  us  got 
beds,  were  not  able^  when  it  rained,  to  lie  dry  in 
thcra,  and  when  it  was  fair  weather,  were  swelteied 
with  heat,  and  stifled  with  our  own  breaths,  there 
being  of  us  in  that  one  small  Ipswich  coal-^ip ' 
(so  low-built,  too,  that  we  could  not  walk  or  stand 
upright  in  it,)  within  one  or  two  of  three  score ; 
whereof  six  knights,  and  eight  doctors  in  divinity, 
and  divers  gentlemen  of  very  good  worth,  that 
would  have  been  sorry  to  have  seen  their  servants, 
nay,  their  dogs,  no  better  accommodated.  Yet 
among  all  that  company,  I  do  not  remember  that  I 
saw  one  sad  or  dejected  countenance  all  the  while ; 
so  strong  b  God,  when  we  are  weakest." 

Of  Dr.  Layfield,  the  nephew  of  Arch- 
bishop Laud,  and  archdeacon  of  Essex, 
a  friend  relates,  apparently  from  his  own 
statement,  that — 

"he  had  at  one  time  or  other  been  confined  in  most 
of  the  gaols  about  London ;  the  longest  time  a  pri- 
soner m  Ely  House,  and  at  last,  in  me  company  of 
others,  dapt  on  shipboard  tmder  hatches,  and  not 
suffered  to  have  the  benefit  of  the  air  upon  the 
decks  without  paying  a  certain  price  for  it.  They 
were  threatened  to  be  sold  slaves  to  the  Algerines, 
or  to  some  of  our  own  plantations:  but  whether 
this  was  pretence  or  real  design,  their  liberty  was 
offered  them  for  £x,soo  a  man  ;  but  such  a  sum 
bcjjjg  above  their  poor  fortunes,  it  was  brought 
down  at  last  to  £s  each ;  which  the  doctor,  with 
some  othersL  whether  not  willing  or  not  able  to 
03raply  with,  refused ;  and  so,  as  no  purchase 
could  be  got  of  them,  after  a  year's  confinement, 
and  the  worst  indignities  offered  them,  they  were 
turned  ashore  for  nothing." 

Such  was  the  condition  of  those  who  re- 
fused to  sacrifice  their  consciences  to  pre- 
serve their  benefices.  Others  did  make 
this  sacrifice,  but,  as  might  have  been 
foreseen,  it  availed  them  little.  The  pay- 
ment of  their  tithes  was  very  generally  re- 
fused, as  an  **  old  Jewish  institution"  un- 
fitted for  the  children  of  "the  new  light," 
and  thus  they  were  deprived  of  the  prin- 
cipal part  of  their  maintenance.  They 
were  also  perpetually  harassed  and  ex- 
posed to  danger  from  the  wild  fanaticism 
of  the  soldiers  in  particular,  who  often 
thrust  them  £rom  their  pulpits,  and  oc- 
cupied them  themselves ;  the  Covenant 
was  next  imposed,  which  hundreds  who 
had  hitherto  complied  refused,  and  so  were 
expelled.  After  the  lapse  of  some  years, 
the  Engagement  (acknowledging  the  Com- 
monwealth) followed,  which  drove  out  al- 
most to  a  man  what  yet  remained  of  the 
€T)iscopally  ordained  ministers,  and  being 
also  refiised  by  the  great  body  of  Presby- 
terians, nearly  every  pulpit  in  the  land  was 
at  length  delivered  over  to  sectaries  whose 
wild  blasphemies  threw  into  the  ^lade  even 


the  atrocious  discourses  of  such  men  as 
Henderson  and  Love,  and  Marshall  and 
Peters,  which  had  been  so  greatly  instru- 
mental in  bringing  about  the  unhappy 
civil  war. 

The  names  and  conditions  of  some  of 
the  men  intruded  into  the  benefices  va- 
cated are  recorded  in  Walker.  We  find 
among  them,  soldiers,  tinkers,  cobblers, 
weavers,  (one  of  whom  appeared  in  the 
pulpit  with  a  sword  at  lus  side,)  stay- 
makers,  glovers,  nailors,  saddlers;  a  b^- 
lad-singer,  a  lawyer's  clerk,  an  apothecary's 
apprentice,  a  butler,  two  coachmen,  and  a 
ship-carpenter,  who,  when  ejected,  left  be- 
hind him  at  the  rectory  of  Sampford  Pe- 
verell,  a  table  of  his  own  making.  Most 
of  them  were  as  illiterate  as  might  be  ex- 
pected, and  "the  mark  of  Arthur  Okely, 
rector  of  West  Mersea,"  testifies  that  one 
at  least  of  them  could  not  write  his  name. 

With  an  affectation  of  humanity,  the 
parliament  by  an  ordinance  of  Aug.  19, 
1643,  gave  power  to  its  sequestrating  com- 
mittees to  allow  one-fifth  of  the  profits  of 
the  livings  to  the  families  of  the  ejected 
cleigy,  but  this  it  appears  remained  a  dead 
letter,  though  re-enacted  Jan.  22,  1644, 
and  Nov.  1 1,  1647;  for  it  was  clogged 
with  so  many  conditions,  that  few  ever  re- 
ceived benefit  from  it  In  the  first  place, 
the  incumbent  must  peaceably  deliver  up 
possession,  and  an  angry  word  even  from 
his  wife  or  children  was  held  contrary  to 
this,  and  fatal  to  their  claim ;  next,  he 
must  remove  out  of  the  parish,  and,  if  re- 
quired, take  an  oath  to  obey  all  the  ordeis 
of  the  committee  as  to  his  residence  and 
conduct ;  then,  the  claim  must  be  made  by 
the  wife  in  person,  so  that  widowers,  and 
men  with  sick  wives,  however  laxge  their 
families,  were  excluded.  With  so  many 
means  of  evasion  in  the  ordinances  them- 
selves, it  is  easy  to  see  how  hopeless  the 
case  of  the  clergy  was.  Add  to  this,  that 
the  committees,  composed  as  they  were  of 
furious  "anti-prelatists,"  seldom  chose  to 
exert  their  power,  and  when  they  did,  the 
intruders  usually  refused  to  pay  the  pit- 
tance, often  treating  the  applicants  with 
scorn  as  well  as  crudty.  One  of  them  re- 
fused the  fifths  on  the  plea  that  the  in- 
cumbent was  dead,  and  maintained  the 
same  to  his  fiice,  telling  him  he  was  "dead 
in  trespasses  and  sins."  Another  answered 
a  child  sent  to  supplicate  him,  and  who 
told  him  that  her  parents  would  starve 
without  he  paid  the  pittance,  that  "  starv- 
ing was  as  near  a  way  to  heaven  as  any ;" 
and  Vavasour  Powell,  the  chief  seques- 
trating commissioner  in  Wales,  replied  to 


'It  was  called  the  Pn>q)erous  Sailor ;  the  prisonen  were  nearly  murdered  by  the  rabble  whca  sent 
on  board  it,  at  Wappiog. 


394 


THE  STUARTS. 


an  application  for  relief  for  clei^gymen's 
children,  that  "they  were  Babylonish 
brats,  whose  heads  should  be  dashed 
against  the  stones,  and  so  should  they 
have  their  fifths." 

An  anecdote  which  Walker  has  pre- 
served may  serve  to  shew  what  an  utter 
mockery  these  fifths  were  allowed  to  be, 
even  by  \he  Puritans  themselves.  By  a 
lone  course  of  violent  usage,  the  Rev. 
William  Hales,  of  Glaston,  Rutlandshire, 
was  at  last  forced  to  leave  his  curct  and 
retire  with  his  wife  and  six  children,  and 

"his  books  and  household  goods  being  seised  on 
by  several  parties  of  horse,  were  ^»m  three  times 
bought  by  his  wife  and  friends.  The  last  part^  of 
horse  entered  in  their  inventory  the  pot  hanging 
over  the  fire,  upon  which  the  good  gentlewoman 
asked  them  whether  they  intended  to  enter  the 
beef  and  pudding  boiling  in  it  for  the  children's 
dinner?  they  said.  No  ;  for  they  intended  to  eat 
that  themselves  when  their  business  was  over. 
Then  she  said,  '  Pray,  gentlemen,  be  pleased  to 
enter  my  children  among  the  rest  of  the  goods :' 
'  No,'  said  they.  '  w*  intend  to  leave  them  to  you 
in  lieu  c/ycurj^tks  ;*  and  they  were  as  good  as 
their  words." 

Of  men  thus  driven  from  their  chtirches 
and  their  homes,  plundered  of  their  pro- 
perty, exposed  to  every  other  imaginable 
nardship  and  cruelty,  and  their  lives  per- 


petually endangered,  it  is  not  woodeiliil  l» 
find  that  very  many  forsook  their  sacred 
office,  and  either  joined  the  king's  foroes 
even  as  soldiers,  or  endeavonxrd  to  gain 
a  living  by  the  most  servile  occnpatkns. 
Several  are  mentioned  as  small  sarmers 
one  as  a  llme-bumer,  another  as  a  hedger 
and  ditcher,  and  another  as  a  hawker  of 
tobacco.  Others  felt  themselves  bappT 
in  obtaining  less  unsuitable  employmcu. 
Many  became  physicians,  and  more  scbool- 
masters ;  but  even  this  last  resonroe  was 
iKirbarously  denied  to  them  under  the  Pro- 
tectorate, and  it  seems  certain  that  sevenl 
then  perished  from  absolute  starvatioii. 
A  case  very  nearly  approaching  It  is  re* 
lated  by  the  son  of  Dr.  Higgins,  archdescoa 
of  Derby,  who  writes,  that  after  bis  fiuberV 
school  was  prohibited, 

"had  it  not  been  for  the  benevolence  of  good  peo- 
ple, who  filled  our  hungry  bellies  when  we  knew 
not  where  to  have  a  morael  of  bread,  I  think  we 
had  been  famished  and  starred :  I  myadC  ^at 
havine  tasted  a  bit  of  bread  two  or  tme  di^s. 
have  been  glad  to  satisfy  my  hunger  by  cntss 
crabs  and  feeding  <m  the  fruits  oi  the  hedges^ 
which  I  did  as  savourily  as  if  they  had  beaa  dii»- 
ties,  so  extreme  was  my  hunger ;  we  distributbiK 
that  little  we  had  betwixt  my  father  and  the 
smaller  children,  they  being  not  so  wdl  able  tx> 
endure  the  sharp  bitings  of  uuniae  as  we  wese." 


To  the  firm  and  orderly,  though 
illegal  government  of  the  Parliament, 
the  king  could  only  oppose  divided, 
and  in  some  cases  certainly  dishonest 
counsels.  His  courtiers,  his  generals, 
even  his  sons  and  nephews,  made  par- 
ties for  themselves,  and  thwarted  the 
most  prudent  measures  by  their  mu- 
tual jealousies  ;  and  the  various  classes 
of  his  supporters  were  actuated  by  very 
different  motives'.  Though  many  of 
the  House  of  Peers  and  some  of  the 
House  of  Commons  repaired  to  him, 
he  was  unable  to  keep  long  on  foot 
the  semblance  of  a  parliament  ^ ;  his 
own  solemn  declarations  prevented  his 
attempting  to  levy  taxes  without  this, 
and  thus  he  was  obliged  to  depend  on 
the  voluntary  gifts  of  his  adherents ; 
they,  however,  answered  to  his  call, 
and  fought  at  their  own  cost,  while  the 


Universities  contributed  .their  plate  V 
and  the  crown  jewels  were  sold 

The  first  battle  in  the  civil  war  (at 
EdgehiU,  Oct.  23,  1642)  was  inded- 
sive,  but  the  king  soon  after  gained 
signal  advantages,  and  it  seemed  likdy 
that  he  would  surmount  his  difficul- 
ties, as  he  repeatedly  promised  a  I^al 
course  of  government  for  the  future, 
and  many  of  those  who  fought  against 
him  had  no  intention  of  carrying  mat- 
ters to  extremity.  But  they  had  raised 
a  storm  that  they  could  not  direct. 
The  extreme  party  ('Hhe  root  and 
branch  men'')  called  in  the  Scots,  and 
after  a  time  Cromwell  and  a  few  of 
his  associates  thrust  themselves  to  the 
head  of  affairs,  remodelled  the  aiiny> 
totally  defeated  the  royal  forces,  broke 
the  power  of  the  Parliament,  and  got 
the  king  into  their  own  hands. 


t  Some  (as  Sir  Edward  Vcrney,  his  standard- 
bearer,  killed  at  Edgehill)  supported  him  from  a 
feeling  of  loyal  duty,  though  not  approving  of  his 
measures.  Others  (as  manv  Romanists) Joined  him 
for  protection  from  the  violence  of  the  Parliament 
A  third  party  adhered  to  him  but  feebljr,  fearing 
that  a  decided  overthrow  of  their  adversaries  would 
bring  back  all  the  oppressions  of  former  years. 

^  His  parliament  at  Oxford  held  two  sessions. 


and  imposed  taxes  which  in  ^peneral  could  ooly  be 
gathered  as  military  contributions. 

'  The  plate  of  the  colleges  at  Oxford  (anuiuHing 
to  at  least  £6,000),  was  granted  by  vote  of  oo«««k 
cation.  Jan.  ^x,  x6^3f  and  £9^000  worth  more  «as 
contriouted  by  individual  memben  of  the  uniTcr- 
sity.  Much  of  the  plate  of  Cambridge  was  ints- 
cepted  by  the  parliamentarians. 


CHARLES  I. 


39S 


Various  attempts  had  before  been 
made  at  treaties  between  the  king  and 
the  parliaments  The  latter  now  re- 
newed them,  and,  to  gain  the  king's 
support  against  their  own  revolted  in- 
struments, were  ready  to  accept  terms 
which  they  had  before  declined ;  the 
Scots,  and  the  chiefs  of  the  army,  also 
professed  to  negotiate  with  him,  and 
he  was  led  to  believe  that  he  could 
act  as  umpire ;  it  may,  however,  rea- 
sonably be  doubted  whether  either 
party  was  sincere,  and  it  is  certain 
that  the  king  became  the  victim.  After 
a  time  the  negotiations  were  broken 
off,  and  the  king  fled  to  the  Isle  of 
Wight  Here  they  were  resumed,  and 
promised  peace,  when  the  military, 
confident  m  their  strength,  and  un- 
happily not  repugnant  to  any  act  of 
violence  or  cruelty,  reduced  the  par- 
liament to  a  mere  assembly  of  their 
own  creatures,  terrified  the  peers  from 
interfering,  and  then  brought  their 
king  before  a  new-created  tribunal, 
called  a  High  Court  of  Justice,  con- 
demned, and  executed  him  ;  he  being 
beheaded  in  front  of  his  own  palace  at 
Whitehall,  oh  Tuesday,  Jan.  30*,  1649. 
His  body  was  carried  to  Windsor,  and 
there  buried  in  St.  George's  chapel, 
Feb.  8". 

Very  shortly  after  his  accession, 
Qiarles  married  the  princess  Hen- 
rietta Maria  of  France,  a  woman  of 
beauty  and  spirit,  but  unfortunately 
the  cause  of  many  of  the  troubles  of 
his  rdgn.  The  marriage  treaty  had 
stipulated  for  such  lenity  towards  the 
En^sh  Romanists  as  greatly  offended 
the  Puritans ;  the  queen's  gay  disposi- 
tion also  was  distasteful  to  Uiem ;  some 
of  her  husband's  most  unwise  steps 
were  supposed  to  be  taken  in  defer- 
ence to  her ;  and  she  became  so  un- 
popular that  an  impeachment  was  pre- 
paied  against  her  by  the  Commons, 
and  she  judged  it  prudent  to  leave  the 


country.  She  gi^tly  exerted  herself 
to  raise  supplies  abroad  for  her  hus- 
band, and  revisited  England  whilst 
the  war  raged,  but  in  i^  withdrew 
to  France,  where  she  remained  in 
neglect  and  poverty  until  the  restora- 
tion of  Charles  II.  This  event  she 
survived  several  years,  dying  at  Co- 
lombe,  near  Paris,  Sept.  10,  1669. 

Their  issue  were — 

Charles  and  James,  who  became 
kings. 

Henry,  bom  July  8,  1640.  With  his 
sister  Elizabeth  he  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  Parliament,  but  was  allowed  to 
leave  England  in  1652,  when  he  re- 
paired to  his  brother  Charles,  by  whom 
ne  was  created  duke  of  Gloucester. 
He  returned  at  the  Restoration,  but 
died  soon  after.  Sept  13,  1660. 

Mary,  bom  Nov.  4,  163 1,  was,  when 
but  ten  years  old,  married  to  Prince 
William  of  Nassau ;  their  only  child 
was  William,  prince  of  Orange  (after- 
wards William  III.)  The  princess 
visited  England  at  the  Restoration, 
and,  like  her  brother  Henry,  died  in 
the  same  year  (Dec.  24, 1660). 

Elizabeth,  bom  Dec.  28,  1635,  died 
in  confinement  at  Carisbrooke  Castle^ 
Sept  8, 1650.  She  was  buried  at  New- 
port, in  the  new  church  of  which  a  mo- 
nument has  been  erected  to  her  me- 
mory by  her  present  Majesty. 

Henrietta  Maria,  bom  June  16, 1644, 
at  Exeter,  was  very  shortly  after  car- 
ried abroad  by  her  mother,  and  was 
educated  as  a  Romanist  She  married 
Philip,  duke  of  Anjou  fbrother  of  Louis 
XIV.),  managed  political  intrigues 
between  the  courts  of  England  and 
France,  and  died  very  suddenlv,  not 
without  suspicion  of  poison,  shortly 
after  her  retum  from  a  journey  on 
such  business,  June  30,  1670. 

Charles,  bom  1629,  and  Anne,  bom 
1637,  died  young. 

Charles  I.  used  the  same  arms  and 


^  As  at  Oxford  in  1643,  and  at  Uxbridge  in  1645. 

■  On  the  Restoration  an  act  was  passed  [ta  Car. 
II.  c  to^]  for  the  solemn  observance  of  this,  as  the 
day  of  his  "martyxdom."    A  service  was  accord- 


ingly drawn  np,  and  continued  in  use  till  the  year 
i8S9i  in  which  it  is  to  be  regretted  there  were  many 
expressions  that  gave  just  offence  to  religious  per- 
sons, who  yet  heartily  abhorred  the  deed  of  blood. 
*  The  duke  of  Ridunond.  the  marquis  of  Hert- 
ford, and  the  earls  of  Southampton  and  Lindsay, 
obtained  leave  from  "those  who  governed**  to 
attend  the  fuaeml  of  their  master.  They  brought 
with  them  Bishop  Juxon,  who  had  attended  the 


long  OB  the  scaffold,  but  he  was  not  permitted  to 
read  the  burial  service,  as  he  had  intended.  The 
king's  body  was  bid  in  the  grave,  says  Clarendon, 
"  without  any  words  or  other  ceremonies  dian  the 
tears  and  sighs  of  the  ftw  beholders."  Upoa  ^e 
coffin  was  a  plate  of  silver  fixed,  with  these  word* 
only,  " King  Chaklss,  1648"  When  the  coffin 
was  placed  in  the  grave,  the  black  velvet  nail  that 
had  covered  it  was  thrown  over  it,  and  the  earth 
filled  in,  which  the  governor  suyed  to  see  pa- 
fectly  done,  and  then  took  the  keys  of  the  churcll* 
which  had  long  ceased  to  be  used  for  divme 


39^ 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1625. 


supporters '  as  his  father,  but  he  re- 
vived the  ancient  motto,  dieu  et  mon 
DROIT. 


Aims  of  Gharles  I. 

The  character  of  King  Charles  has 
been  drawn  by  his  zealous  adherent, 
Lord  Clarendon,  as  little  short  of  per- 
fection as  a  man,  though  with  some 
blemishes  as  a  king ;  blemishes,  how- 
ever, betokening  tenderness  rather  than 
severity,  and  therefore  not  likely  to 
give  occasion  to  the  calamities  that 
befell  him.  According  to  him,  the 
king's  greatest  fault  was  distrust  of  his 
own  judgment,  and  hence  he  often 
changed  his  own  opinion  for  a  worse, 
and  followed  the  advice  of  those  who 
did  not  judge  so  well  as  himself; 
Whitelocl^  the  Parliamentarian,  says 
the  same.  This  facility  had  doubtless 
much  to  do  with  his  misfortunes,  and 
he  was  also  unhappy  in  the  choice  of 
his  councillors  ** ;  but  these  causes  are 
not  in  themselves  sufficient  to  account 
for  the  strange  and  deplorable  events 
that  have  made  his  reign  so  memora- 
ble. The  concessions  which  circum- 
stances at  various  times  extorted  from 
him  he  evidently  considered  deroga- 
tory to  his  royal  dignity ;  and  his 
conduct  with  regard  to  the  Petition  of 
Right  proved  that  he  did  not  consider 
himself  bound  to  adhere  to  the  most 
solemn  engagement  when  he  had  tlie 
power  to  break  it.  His  first  parliament, 
however,  shewed  a  distrust  of  him,  be- 
fore he  had  done  anything  to  deserve 


such  treatment,  which  had  the  natural 
effect  of  causing  him  to  distrust  them. 
The  breach  grew  wider  with  each  suc- 
cessive meeting,  and  at  length  ill- 
judging  friends  persuaded  him  to  at- 
tempt absolute  rule ;  but  the  remedy 
proved  worse  than  the  disease,  as  it 
eventually  laid  him  open  to  the  vio- 
lence of  the  army  without  any  defence 
in  the  affections  of  the  great  body  of 
his  people. 


A.D.  1625. 

Charles  succeeds  to  the  throne, 
March  27.  He  marries  the  princess 
Henrietta  of  France,  June  13. 

The  parliament  meets  May  17,  but 
is  soon  after  removed  to  Oxford,  on 
account  of  the  plague  then  raging  in 
London.  The  king  desires  supplies 
for  the  war  with  Spain ;  instead  of 
granting  them,  the  Commons  require 
an  accoimt  of  the  last  subsidies,  and 
the  redress  of  various  g^evances  con- 
cerning religion. 

An  act  passed  "for  punishing  of 
divers  abuses  committed  on  the  Lord's 
Day,  called  Sunday  p,"  [i  Car.  I.  c  i\ 

Dr.  Montague's  book,  "  Appello  Ci- 
sarem,"  is  censured  by  the  Commons, 
as  containing  matters  contrary  to  the 
Thirty-nine  Articles,  and  the  author 
held  to  bail  to  answer  any  charges 
against  him  \ 

Some  English  ships  are  lent  to  the 
French  king,  (July  28,)  to  be  employed 
against  the  Protestants  at  La  Ro- 
chelle'. 

The  king  again  urges  the  Commons 
for  supplies.  They  instead  complain 
of  mismanagement  of  public  affairs, 
and  impute  the  war  with  Spain  to  the 
ill  conduct  of  the  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham. The  king  soon  after  dissolves 
them,  Aug.  12. 

The  king  raises  money  by  a  general 
loan^  and  dispatches  a  fleet,  and  troops, 


■  Except  in  the  instance  of  the  Exchequer  seal 
already  mentioned.    See  p.  368. 

•  Some  were  hateful  to  the  people  as  Romanists, 
or  fiivourers  of  Rome,  as  Weston,  earl  of  Portland, 
the  treasurer.  Lord  Cottington,  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  and  Sir  Francis  Windebank,  the  secre- 
tary ;  and  some  must  have  been  scandalously  dis- 
honest, if  Clarendon's  statement  b  to  be  believed, 
that  of  j^2oo,ooo,  raised  in  a  year  by  the  illegal 
mediods  practised,  scarce  ;6x,5oo  came  to  the  king's 
use  or  account. 

p  This  statute  was  particularly  directed  against 
the  Sunday  sports  allowed  by  King  James  fsee 
A.O.  z6i8).    Persons  frequentmg  such  assemblies 


were  to  pay  a  penalty  each  time  of  3s.  4d.,  or  to  be 
set  in  the  stocks. 

4  The  kin|[  expressed  grntt  resentment  at  this 
interference  m  a  matter  which  he  considerejd  be- 
longed only  to  himself  and  the  clergy,  and  it  «v 
one  cause  of  the  dissolution  of  the  parUauoeot  nrhid. 
speedily  followed. 

'  The  sailors,  among  whom 


'  1  ne  sailors,  among  wnom  puritanical  ooioiods 
greatly  {prevailed,  very  generally  deserted  the  ves- 
sels,  which  were  thereby  rendered  almost  U9ck«. 
The  Commons  were  much  irritated  against  the  doke 
of  Buckingham,  who  was  believed  to  be  dw  author 
of  the  scheme,  and  resolved  to  prosecute  him. 


A.D.  l62S,  1626.] 


CHARLES  I. 


397 


under  Lord  Wimbledon  •,  to  intercept 
the  Spanish  treasure-ships. 

The  armament,  which  consisted  of 
80  ships,  with  10,000  soldiers  on  board, 
was  conunenced  in  April,  1625,  and 
was  intended  to  be  dispatched  in  May, 
but  the  conduct  of  the  Commons  in 
refusing  supplies,  prevented  its  being 
ready  before  October,  when  it  suffered 
severely  from  bad  weather.  Cadiz 
was  reached  on  October  22,  and  a 
fort  stormed  the  next  day,  which  so 
alarmed  the  S]ganiards,  that  they  sank 
ships  to  block  up  the  harbour.  The 
troops  on  shore  becoming  disorderly, 
were  re-embarked,  and  the  fleet  cruized 
for  three  weeks  in  search  of  the  trea- 
sure-ships, without  falling  in  with  them. 
Want  of  provisions  then  compelled 
them  to  return  to  England,  which  they 
reached  in  miserable  plight,  bringing 
the  plague  with  them.  The  general 
and  his  officers  mutually  accused  each 
other  of  incapacity  or  cowardice.  The 
soldiers  were  kept  embodied  for  want 
of  money  to  pay  and  discharge  them, 
and  were  biUeted  in  private  houses, 
which  occasioned  great  discontent. 

The  great  seal  is  taken  from  Wil- 
liams, bishop  of  Lincoln*,  and  given 
to  Sir  Thomas  Coventry,  Oct.  25. 

A.D.  1626. 

All  persons  possessed  of  £40  a-year 
ordered  to  present  themselves  to  re- 
ceive knightiiood",  before  Jan.  31. 

A  new  parliament  assembles,  Feb.  6. 

Care  had  been  taken  to  prevent 
several  of  the  eminent  men  of  the  last 
parliament  from  sitting  in  this,  by  ap- 
pointing them  as  sheriffs  ^ ;  but  this 
stratagem  failed  in  its  effect.  The 
Commons  steadily  refused  to  grant 
supplies  *,  until  their  grievances  ^  had 
been    redressed ;   they   renewed    the 


complaint  against  Montague,  and  also 
preferred  articles  of  impeachment 
against  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  Feb. 
23,  which  they  presented  to  the  Peers, 
May  8.  These  charged  him  with  buy- 
ing and  selling  offices  and  titles  ;  pro- 
curing extravagant  grants  from  the 
king,  and  also  embezzling  his  trea- 
sure ;  extorting  money  from  the  East 
India  merchants,  plundering  seized 
ships,  and  neglecting  the  guard  of 
the  coast ;  lencSng  ships  to  the  French 
king ;  and  closed-  with  an  insinuation, 
rather  than  a  charge,  of  his  having 
procured  the  death  of  King  James, 
the  plaster  and  potions  which  he 
was  said  to  have  administered,  being 
"  deemed  to  be  an  act  of  transcendant 
presumption  and  of  a  dangerous  con- 
sequence." 

The  king  sends  Sir  Dudley  Digges 
and  Sir  John  Eliot,  who  had  appeared 
as  the  managers  of  the  impeachment, 
to  the  Tower,  May  10. 

The  Commons  refuse  to  proceed 
with  business,  and  after  some  delay 
their  members  are  released. 

The  earl  of  Arundel  (Thomas 
Howard)*  is  imprisoned  by  order  of 
the  king,  but  is  released  after  several 
petitions  from  the  House  of  Lords, 
June  8. 

The  earl  of  Bristol  (John  Digby)  is 
accused  of  treason,  by  the  king's  order. 
May  I.  He  makes  answer,  and  brings 
cdunter-charges  against  the  duke  of 
Buckingham,  accusing  him  as  the 
cause  of  the  war  with  Spain.  The 
king  interferes,  and  wishes  to  proceed 
against  Bristol  in  the  courts  of  law, 
but  is  hindered  by  the  remonstrance 
of  the  House  of  Lords. 

The  duke  of  Buckingham  makes 
answer  to  the  articles  against  him ; 
the  Commons  are  dissatisfied,  and  pe- 


•  Edward  Cecil,  a  new-made  peer,  and  a  grand- 
son of  Lord  Burghley.  He  had  served  with  credit 
in  the  Netherlands,  but  he  now  did  so  little  that 
he  was  on  his  return,  by  a  play  on  his  name,  styled 
General  Sit-still.  The  earl  of  Essex,  afterwards 
the  Parliamentary  general,  was  the  second  in  com- 
mand. 

*■  He  was  believed  to  incline  to  the  Puriunical 
party,  and  had  had  a  quarrel  with  Buckingham, 
nis  iormer  patron. 

•  See  Note,  p.  401. 

•  Among  them  was  Sir  Edward  Coke,  lately  a 
judge.  He  was  obliged  to  serve,  but  he  had  lus 
revenge  by  taking  exception  to  several  parts  of  the 
sheri^s  oath,  and  he  prociured  the  omission  of 
a  clause  which  bound  him  to  destroy  Lollards.  The 
Inshop  of  Lincoln  and  the  earl  of  Bristol,  known 

ments  of  Buckingham,  had  their  writs  with- 
,  and  were  thus  prevented  at  first  from  attend- 


ing the  parliament ;  but  they  complained  to  the 
House  of  Lords,  and  were  then  allowed  to  take 
their  seats. 

■  The  king  urged  them  by  message  to  grant 
money ;  and,  with  reference  to  their  charges  against 
Buckingham,  said,  '*  I  will  not  allow  any  of  my 
servants  to  be  questioned  among  you,  much  less 
such  as  are  of  eminent  place,  and  near  imto  me." 

y  These  grievances  consisted,  among  others,  of 


an  alleged  countenancing  of  the  Romanists ;  the 
sale  of  honours  and  offices:  the  employment  of 
a  part  of  the  navy  against  the  Rochelfers,  and  the 


neglect  of  the  rest,  so  that  the  seas  had  become 
unsife  to  the  merchants ;  misemployment  of  the 
revenue ;  and  the  many  high  and  unportant  offices 
held  by  the  duke  of  Buckingham. 

*  He  was  the  son  of  the  earl  who  died  in  the 
Tower  in  1595.  His  son  had  married  the  daughter 
of  Ike  duke  of  Lenox  without  the  royal  permission. 


39^ 


THE  STUARTS. 


[A.D.  1626— 1628b 


tition  the  king  to  remove  bim  from  his 
councils.  Instead,  the  parliament  is 
dissolved,  June  15,  and  the  presenta- 
tion of  a  Remonstrance  which  had 
been  drawn  up,  reiterating  the  charges 
against  the  duke,  prevented*. 

Some  subsidies  had  been  promised, 
but  this  hasty  dissolution  prevented 
their  formal  grant.  The  king  was 
without  funds  to  carry  on  the  war 
with  Spain,  and,  by  the  advice  of  his 
council,  he  took  steps  to  raise  funds 
in  open  violation  of  the  well-known 
privileges  of  parliament  He  issued 
a  conmiission  (July  26)  for  levying 
*^  customs,  subsidies,  and  imposts"  as 
in  the  last  reign,  required  loans  and 
benevolences,  and  appointed  commis- 
sioners to  compound  with  recusants. 
The  city  of  London  and  the  seaports 
were  directed  to  furnish  ships,  men 
were  pressed  for  seamen  or  soldiers, 
and,  to  check  their  disorders,  martial 
law  was  enforced  on  them.  Some 
persons  who  refused  to  lend  money 
were  imprisoned,  and  others  sent  to 
serve  in  the  fleet.  Upwards  of  100 
ships  were  raised  by  this  means  and 
sent  to  sea,  under  the  earl  of  Denbigh 
(William  Feilding) ;  but  he  acted  so 
weakly  or  corruptly,  as  greatly  to  in- 
flame the  popular  discontent,  suflering 
many  English  merchantmen  to  be 
captured  before  his  eyes'*,  and  re- 
leasing Spanish  and  Flemish  vessels 
which  had  been  taken  by  his  own  men. 

The  queen's  foreign  attendants '  are 
dismissed  by  the  king  in  July,  which 
is  one  ground  of  the  subsequent  war 
with  France. 

Persons  having  habitations  near  the 
sea-coasts  ordered  to  reside  there  for 
their  defence,  July  10. 


A.D.  1627. 

Cardinal  Richelieu  **  undertakes  the 
siege  of  La  Rochelle,  the  strongest 
town  of  the  French  Protestants.  They 
apply  to  England  for  aid,  and  war  is 
accordingly  declared  against  France. 

The  duke  of  Buckingham  sails  with 
a  fleet  and  army  to  La  Rochelle.  The 
townsmen  distrust  his  intentions,  and 
decline  to  admit  him. 

The  duke  lands  his  forces  in  the 
Isle  of  Rh^,  July  12.  He  ineflectually 
besieges  the  citadel,  and  is  at  last 
obliged  to  retire  with  great  bss, 
Oct  12. 

Five  of  the  gendemen  imprisoned 
for  refusing  the  loan*  apply,  without 
success,  to  the  judges  for  release, 
Nov.  28. 

Noblemen  and  gentlemen  ordered 
to  leave  London,  and  reside  on  their 
estates  in  the  country ',  Nov.  28. 

A.D.  1628. 

Dr.  Lamb,  a  supposed  spy  of  the 
duke  of  Buckingham,  killed  in  the 
Old  Jewry,  March  I2». 

A  third  parliament  meets,  March  17, 
and  sits  till  June  26.  Among  its  mem- 
bers were  several  gentlemen  who  had 
been  imprisoned,  or  otherwise  ill- 
treated,  for  refusing  die  forced  loan', 
and  votes  were  speedily  passed,  af- 
firming the  illegality  of  imprisonroent 
without  cause  fully  shewn,  and  of 
taxes  imposed  without  the  authority 
of  parliament. 

The  Commons  hold  conferences 
with  the  Lords,  and  petition  for  the 
execution  of  the  laws  against  Romish 
recusants*,  which  the  king  promises. 
They  also  pass  votes  against  impH- 


•  On  June  17  a  proclamation  was  issued,  com- 
manding all  persons  who  had  copies  of  the  Re- 
monstrance to  bum  them.  On  the  day  before,  an 
equally  futile  prohibition  of  the  spread  of  "  new 
opinions  in  religion**  had  been  issued. 

^  A  list  drawn  up  in  1628  states  the  loss  at  960 
ships,  valued  with  their  canoes  at  ;Ct97>ooo. 

•  There  were  several  priesu  among  them,  whose 
proceedings  gave  much  offence  to  the  Puritans. 
Their  dismisial  was  intended  to  condltate  these 
people,  but  it  failed  to  produce  that  effect. 

d  Armand  du  Plessu,  Cardinal  Richelieu,  be- 
lon^in^  to  a  noble  Poictevin  Cunily,  was  bom  in 
Pans  in  1585.  He  became  almoner  to  Mary  de 
Medids.  and  afterwards  secretary  of  state.  By 
adroit  management  he  ruled  Louis  XIII.  and  his 
oueen*  but  he  exalted  the  royal  power,  and  crushed 
the  Huguenots.  He  made  war  with  success  on  both 
Spain  and  Austria,  and  intrigued  with  the  Scottish 
covenanters,  in  revenge  for  the  assistance  given  to 
La  Rochelle.  He  was,  like  Wolsey,  a  great  builder, 
and  he  bequeathed  his  noUe  strocture,  the  Palais 


Royal,  in  Puis,  to  the  king.  He  died  Dec  i, 
1642. 

•  They  were  Sirs  John  Corbet,  Thomas  Darnd. 
Walter  Eari,  Edward  Hampden,  and  Thomss  He- 
veningham.  The  judges  declared  that  "  s  spcai 
mandate  from  the  king"  was  a  sufficient  csusefeir 
their  detention,  which  was  justly  regarded  as  equi- 
valent to  affirming  that  both  the  Dbeitv  sjid  the 
property  of  the  subject  were  absolutely  aepend«>t 
on  the  royal  will,  and  was  resented  as  an  opea  vio- 
lation of  Magna  Charta.    See  ▲.  o.  z«5. 

'  Many  disobeyed  this  order,  and  weie  m  ooeK- 
quence  heavily  fined  in  the  Staidiamber. 

«  See  A.D.  1632. 

>>  Sir  Thomas  Wentworth  (afterwaxds  carl  of 
Strafford)  was  one  of  the  number. 

'  In  consequence,  an  act  was  pasted  [3  Cv •  'j 
be  popiui/  ' 


beyond  ^e 


any  to 
directs  the 


bcvd 
of 


the  statutes  [3  jac.  I.  cc.  4,  <]  made  after  the  dif- 
covcr^  of  the  Gunpowder  Plot  (see  a.d.  iW)  » 
be  stnctly  enforced.  Thu,  boweveri  was  not  doae» 


A.D.  1628,  1629.] 


CHARLES   I. 


399 


sonment,  except  by  due  course  of  law, 
and  employment  against  the  subjects' 
will  in  the  king's  service;  and  after 
further  conferences  with  the  Lords,  at 
length  draw  ud  the  Petition  of  Right, 
condemning  the  recent  ille^  prac- 
tices, which  the  king  is  with  much 
difficulty  brought  to  agree  to  \ 

The  Conmions  draw  up  a  Remon- 
strance, accusing  Bishops  Laud  and 
Neile  of  favouring  popery.  They  at- 
tribute their  other  grievances  to  the 
evil  counsels  of  the  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham, and  pray  for  his  removal  from 
the  king's  service. 

Dr.  Manwaring's  sermons  *  are  sup- 
pressed by  proclamation,  June  24. 

The  king  grants  special  marks  of 
favour  to  Drs.  Montague  and  Man- 
waring  ;  orders  the  Starchamber  pro- 
ceedings against  the  duke  to  cease, 
**  being  satisfied  with  his  innocency;" 
declares  that  "he  cannot  want  tun- 
nage  and  poundage,"  though  not 
granted  to  him ;  and  soon  after  ad- 
journs the  parliament,  June  26. 

Bishop  Laud  is  translated  from  Bath 
and  Wells  to  London,  July  1 1  ;  when 
he  becomes  in  fact  primate,  as  Arch- 
bishop Abbot  is  under  suspension  ". 

The  duke  of  Buckinghaun  is  assas- 
sinated at  Portsmouth  »,  Aug.  23. 


The  king  orders  tunnage  and  pound- 
age to  be  levied.  Several  merchants 
refuse  to  pay,  when  their  goods  are 
seized  and  themselves  imprisoned  **. 

La  Rochelle  taken,  Oct  28  '. 

A.D.  1629. 

Dr.  Montague's  "Appello  Caesarem* 
suppressed  by  proclamation,  Jan.  17. 

The  parliament  meets  Jan.  2a 
Though  greatly  urged  by  the  court 
party,  they  refused  to  grant  supplies 
until  they  had  discussed  grievances  in 
religion'.  They  were  at  length  dis- 
solved, March  10',  after  having  voted 
(March  2), "  that  whoever  should  bring 
in  innovation  of  religion,  popery  or 
Arminianism,  and  any  that  should 
advise  the  taking  of  tunnage  and 
poundage  not  granted  by  parliament, 
or  that  should  pay  the  same,  should 
be  accounted  enemies  to  the  king- 
dom ".'* 

The  king  publishes  a  Declaration, 
justifying  his  proceedings,  and  also 
a  Proclamation,  which  is  understood 
as  proving  his  intention  to  govern  in 
future  without  parliaments,  March  27. 

Before  the  parliament  was  dissolved. 
Sir  John  Eliot,  Mr.  Selden,  and  several 
other  members,  were  summoned  before 
the  privy  council,  and  committed  to 


and  the  sums  raised  by  compounding  with  re- 
ouants  formed  an  important  part  of  the  royal 
revenue  during  the  many  years  that  parliaments 
were  in  abeyance. 

^  He  sent  messages  to  the  Houses,  desiring  them 
to  trust  to  his  royal  word,  piomisine  to  observe  the 
laws,  and  conle^ing  that  Magna  Charta  and  the 
statutes  confirming  it  were  in  force.  The  Lords 
"were  inclined  to  give  wav,  or  at  least  to  add  a 
proviso,  saving  the  king's  sovereign  power :''  but 
the  Commons  objected  to  the  term,  and  the  bill  was 
ptresented.  The  king  gave  answer  (June  a),  that 
right  should  be  done  according  to  the  laws  and 
customs  of  the  realm.  This  was  by  both  Houses 
pronounced  unsatisCactory,  and  Charles  at  last 
ijune  7)  gave  the  formal  assent,  by  which  the  peti- 
tion was  converted  into  a  statute  [3  Car.  I.  c.  i]. 

»  See  p.  384. 

"  His  sttqMoaon  was  on  the  plea  of  ill  health, 
but  it  was  popularij  attributed  to  his  refusal  to 
license  the  sermon  of  Dr.  Sibthoip  (see  p.  384). 

*  He  was  i»r»aring  to  embark  on  an  expeaition 
for  the  relief  of  La  Kochelle.  The  assassin  was 
Joha  Felton,  a  gentleman  of  Suffolk,  who  had 
served  in  the  army  at  the  Isle  of  Rhtf,  but  had  been 
diasppointed  as  to  promotion.  He  stated,  how- 
ever, that  he  had  been  chiefly  actuated  by  the 
Comrooos'  remonstrance,  which  pointed  out  the 
duke  as  the  great  enemy  of  the  king  and  the  king- 
dom.^ Though  threatened  with  the  rack,  he  made 
no  disclosure  as  to  having  any  confederate.  He 
was  executed  at  Tyburn,  Nov.  a8,  i6a8. 

•  They  appealed  to  the  judges,  lliose  of  the 
Kmg's  fiencn^  discharged  one  person  (Alderman 
Chambers),  said  to  be  committed  for  insolent  words 
9oken  at  the  council  table,  but  the  barons  of  the 
exchequer  ordered  his  goods  to  be  seized,  as  they 


did  with  many  others,  and  he  was  again  imprisoned, 
and  remained  in  confinement  above  six  years.  See 
A.D.  x6^ 

p  This  event  caused  great  discontent  in  England, 
it  being  considered  that  the  king's  oflicers  had  not 
eiven  the  place  the  support  they  ought  to  have 
done,  and  it  was  Utterly  alluded  to  by  the  Puritans 
on  very  unsuitable  occasions  (see  a.d.  1630).  La 
Rochelle  had  almost  a  republican  eovemment  under 
a  charter  granted  by  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine,  wife  of 
Henry  II.,  and  its  fall  was  believed  not  to  be  dis- 
pleasmg  to  the  court  party.  The  French  Pro- 
testants now  lost  all  political  influence,  but  an 
Edict  of  Grace  was  issued  in  July,  2629,  which 
restored  some  of  their  privileges,  in  the  expressed 
hope  of  their  return  to  the  Romish  Church. 

«  They  particularly  alluded  to  the  favour  shewn 
by  the  Icing  to  Montague  and  Manwaring  :  and 
one  member,  Oliver  Cromwell,  then  obscure,  though 
afterwards  but  too  well  known,  complained  of  tine 
bishop  of  Winchester  (Richard  Neue)  as  an  en- 
counger  of*  popery. 

'  The  king  was  so  unwise  as  to  use  coarse  and 
irritating  language  on  this  occasion.  "  He  spake 
to  the  lords/'  says  Whitelock.  "courting  them, 
and  said  it  was  merely  the  seditious  carriage  of 
some  vipers,  members  of  the  lower  house,  that 
caused  tne  dissolving  of  this  parliament,  but  he 
commended  others  ofthe  cotnmons." 

•  The  speaker  (Sir  John  Finch,  afterwards  chief 
justice,  and  lord  Finch  of  Fordwich)  had  a  few 
days  before  declined  to  put  the  Question  that  the 
seizing  of  goods  for  tunnage  and  poundage  was 
a  breach  of  privilege.  He  now  declared  that  he 
was  ordered  to  adjourn  the  House,  but  he  was  held 
in  the  chair,  and  the  door  locked  whilst  this  vota 
was  passed. 


400 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1629, 1630. 


the  Tower  (March  5),  and  informations 
were  afterwards  exhibited  against  them 
in  the  Starchamber.  They  applied  to 
the  court  of  King's  Benqji  for  libera- 
tion, but  were  instead  removed  to 
other  prisons,  and  their  cause  thus 
postponed  until  the  autumn,  when  the 
judges  declared  they  were  entitled  to 
be  bailed,  but  must  give  sureties  for 
their  good  behaviour,  which  they  re- 
fused to  do,  and  so  were  sent  again  to 
the  Tower.  It  was  intimated  to  them 
that  if  thev  would  petition  for  their 
discharge  they  would  be  set  at  liberty ; 
but  they  declined  the  offer,  and  an  in- 
formation was  then  laid  against  them  in 
the  King's  Bench  for  a  conspiracy  to 
sow  discord  between  the  king  and  his 
people '.  Other  members  of  the  House, 
however,  were  brought  over  to  the 
king's  interest  by  the  gift  of  office ; 
Noy  and  Littleton  were  made  attor- 
ney and  solicitor-general.  Sir  Dudley 
Digges  master  of  the  rolls,  and  Sir 
Thomas  Wentworth  and  Sir  John  Sa- 
vile  privy  councillors. 

A.D.  1630 

The  case  of  Sir  John  Eliot  and  the 
rest  is  brought  forward  in  the  Court  of 
King's  Bench.  The  prisoners  deny 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  court,  and  when 
this  is  affirmed,  refuse  to  plead  fur- 
ther. They  are  then  condemned  to 
heavy  fines,  to  make  submission  and 
acknowledgment  of  their  offences,  and 
to  remain  in  prison  until  they  give 
security  for  their  good  behaviour. 

Commissioners  appointed  to  com- 


pound for  defects  in  titles  to  estates', 
May  27. 

A  new  proclamation  issued,  com- 
manding the  nobles  and  gentry  to  re- 
side on  their  estates  in  the  country', 
June  20. 

A  peace  is  concluded  with  France, 
April  14,  and  with  Spain,  Nov.  1$^. 

Dr.  Alexander  Leighton  is  set  in  the 
pillory,  by  sentence  of  the  Starcham- 
ber, and  imprisoned,  for  writing  a 
book  called  "Zion's  Plea  against  the 
Prelates  V' Nov.  26. 

The  king  and  his  advisers  had  now 
fairly  entered  on  their  fatal  course  of 
absolute  government  In  lieu  of  acts 
of  parliament,  proclamations  were  is- 
sued, which  were  declared  to  have  the 
force  of  laws ;  the  monopolies  which 
had  been  abolished  in  the  last  reign 
were  re-estabUshed,  and  new  ones  de- 
vised ;  and  compositions  for  not  ap- 
pearing to  receive  knighthood  were 
levied  to  a  very  large  amoimt  '^Ob- 
solete laws  were  revived,"  says  Claren- 
don, "and  rigorously  executed,"  and 
''unjust  projects  of  all  kinds,  many- 
ridiculous,  many  scandalous,  sdl  very 
grievous,  were  set  on  foot;"  nearly 
the  same  parties  sat  in  diflferent  rooms 
as  the  Council,  the  Starchamber,  and 
the  High  Commission  Court,  and  by 
playing  into  each  others'  hands,  they 
reared  a  fabric  of  unbearable  oppres- 
sion. The  judges,  too,  with  some 
honourable  exceptions  ',  had  the  base- 
ness to  pervert  the  laws  to  the  views 
of  the  court,  and  thus  shut  out  the 
people  from  any  hope  of  a  peaceable 
redress  of  their  grievances. 


t  The  king  ordered  certain  questions  to  be  pro- 
pounded to  the  judges  as  to  the  responsibility  of 
parliament-men  to  answer  out  of  parliament  for 
their  conduct  there.  The  judges  replied  that  they 
were  responsible,  but  Judge  Whitelock,  his  son 
says,  "  did  often  and  highly  complain  against  this 
w^  of  sending  to  the  judges  tor  their  opinion 
beforehand,"  and  appears  to  have  attributed  the 
step  to  Bishop  Laud. 

**  This  was  one  of  the  questionable  expedients  re- 
torted to,  to  raise  money.  It  in  effect  was  an  in- 
quiry regardbg  every  estate  in  the  kingdom,  and 
occasioned  great  discontent. 

>  The  same  effects  followed  as  from  the  pro- 
clamadon  in  1697,  and  large  sums  were  raised  as 
penalties  from  the  contumacious. 

J  In  neither  of  these  treaties  was  any  care  taken 
for  the  interests  of  the  Protestants  abroad,  in  whose 


cause  the  wars  were  avowedly  begun. 

■  This  work,  which  was  on  the  title-page  stated 
to  be  "  printed  in  the  year  and  month  wherda 
Rochelle  was  lost,"  not  only  assailed  the  bishops, 
but  stigmatised  the  queen  as  "  a  Canaanite  and  as 
idolatress."  llie  author,  who  was  a  Scotdsh  di- 
vine, was  twice  whipped  and  branded,  had  his  e^ 
cut  off,  his  nose  sut,  and  suffered  nearly  dei« 
years'  imprisonment.  He  was  released  bf  the 
Long  Parliament,  and  made  keeper  of  Lambetii 
palace  Tthen  used  as  a  prison) ;  he  was  alive  b  the 
year  1646,  but  how  lonff  after  is  uncertain.  His 
son  Robert  became  ardibisht^  of  Gbsgow  m  the 
time  of  Charles  II. 

•  The  judges  Croke  and  Whitelock  were  excepted 
from  the  censures  pronounced  on  their  brethitn  «t 
the  commeacement  of  the  Long  FuVjubcdL 


A.D.  1631.] 


CHARLES  I. 


40  r 


NOTE. 
Fines  for  declining  Knighthood. 


Under  the  feudal  system  every  holder 
of  land  was  bound  to  a  certain  amount  of 
military  service,  and  if  the  holding  was  of 
considerable  extent  he  was  usually  ho- 
noured with  the  title  of  knight.  Men  were 
found,  however,  even  in  early  times,  who 
looked  on  the  honour  as  a  burden,  and 
they  had  to  be  presented  by  the  sheriffs, 
some  of  whom,  in  1256,  were  fined  for 
neglecting  this  duty.  At  that  time  all 
holders  of  land  of  the  yearly  value  of  ;f  15 
were  summoned  to  receive  knighthood. 
In  1279  (March  12)  commissioners  were 
appointed  by  Edward  I.  to  inquire  who 
ought  to  be  knighted.  The  qualification 
had  been  raised  to  ;f  20  in  1277,  and  in 
1292  it  was  raised  to  ;f  40,  at  which  sum  it 
remained  until  the  abolition  of  the  obliga- 
tion. Under  each  intervening  reign  sum- 
monses to  attend  and  receive  knighthood 
(mainly  at  coronations)  are  to  be  found, 
but  the  practice  was  evidently  not  very 
rigidly  enforced.  On  the  contrary,  fines 
for  its  "respite,"  as  it  was  called,  were 
often  resorted  to,  as  when  funds  were  re- 

?uired  for  some  extraordinaiy  occasion, 
lenry  VIIL  by  a  statute  of  1512,  im- 
posing a  kind  of  income-tax,  rated  knights 
at  3Qr.  for  every  2ar.  paid  by  the  untitled 
gentry,  and  thus  made  it  the  interest  of  the 
latter  to  avoid  the  rank  that  would  so  mate- 
rially increase  their  burdens ;  hence  a  mode- 
rate composition  was  readily  paid  by  many, 
as  on  the  occasion  of  the  coronation  of  Anne 
Boleyn.  But  the  legal  obligation  still  sub- 
sisted, and  when  Charles'  fourth  parliament 
had  been  dismissed  without  votmg  the  ne- 


the  ministers  determined  to 
avail  theniselves  of  it  Accordingly,  on  May 
29, 1629,  commissioners  were  appointed  to< 
ascertain  the  persons  bound  to  attend  and 
receive  knighthood,  and  to  "tax  and  assess 
them  for  having  respite.''  From  a  certifi- 
cate of  the  commissioners  in  Derbyshire - 
the  matter  seems  to  have  proceeded  but 
slowly,  as  up  to  November,  1630,  but 
£2,421  6s.  id,  had  been  paid  into  the 
Exchequer  from  that  county,  and  ;f8oo  oi- 
compositions  agreed  to,  remained  unpaid. 
Of  tne  persons  summoned  before  the  com- 
missioners some  denied  the  fact  of  their 
being  possessed  of  the  requisite  estate,  some 
claimecl  exemption  as  Barons  of  the  Cinque 
Ports,  and  others  contested  the  kii^s  right 
to  make  the  demand.  The  judges,  how- 
ever, afiBrmed  the  legality  of  the  same,  and 
the  threat  of  a  summons  before  the  Council: 
seems  usually  to  have  been  sufficient  to  pro- 
duce compliance.  Oliver  Cromwell  paid 
;£'io,  and  tiis  perhaps  was  a  case  of  yielding 
to  pressure,  as  his  name  appears  to  have 
been  inserted  after  the  Huntingdonshire  list 
was  made  up.  The  composition  in  general 
seems  to  have  been  ;f  10,  which  entailed 
a  large  sacrifice  of  future  revenue  for  the 
sake  of  present  money,  and  so  was  very 
advantageous  to  the  payers ;  but  to  this 
was  sometimes  added  a  fine  of  equal  or 
even  larger  amount,  in  case  of  non-attend- 
ance on  the  commissioners,  &c.  The  total 
sum  raised  is  stated  at  ^I73»537  9^.  6d. 
The  Long  Parliament,  in  1641,  passed  an 
act  [16  Car.  L  c.  20],  prohibiting  the  issue 
of  such  writs. 


A.D.  1631. 

StCatheriile  Cree  church,  in  the 
city  of  London,  is  consecrated,  with 
much  ceremony,  by  Bishop  Laud^ 
Jan.  16. 

A  conunission  granted  to  the  arch- 
bishops, the  bishop  of  London  (Wil- 
liam Laud)  and  others,  for  the  re- 
storation of  St  Paul's  cathedral*, 
April  la 


Riots  in  the  forest  of  Dean,  when 
many  new-made  inclosures  are  thrown 
down,  and  other  mischief  done,  June. 
The  leaders  were  disguised  as  women, 
and  their  followers  styled  themselves 
"  Lady  Skimmington's  men." 

George  Huntley,  rector  of  Stour- 
mouth,  in  Kent,  who  had  been  im- 
prisoned by  the  Court  of  High  Com- 
mission, is  set  at  liberty  by  the  judges, 


^^  This  fonned  a  very  prominent  charge  against 
Uin  on  his  trial  twelve  years  after. 

*  This  noble  edifice  had  been  greatly  neglected 
and  desecrated  in  the  two  preceding  reigns :  some 
of  the  chiq>els  had  been  pulled  down,  others  let  out 
as  workshops,  and  the  body  of  the  church  was 
a  common  lounge  for  idlers  and  bad  characters. 
Bishop  Laud  was  particularly  active  in  procuring 


funds  for  the  eood  work :  he  contributed  brgelv 
himself,  gained  help  from  the  Universities,  as  well 
as  from  Sir  Paul  Pmdsur  and  other  wealthy  laymen,, 
and,  by  the  kin^s  iMrmission,  anpropriated  to  the 
restoration  the  nnes  imposed  in  the  High  Commis- 
sion Court,  but  these  amounted  to  no  large  sum, 
and  the  chief  effect  was,  to  add  to  the  unpopularity 
of  that  tribunal. 


Dd 


402 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  163 1 — 1633. 


and  brings  an  action  against  the  com- 
missioners for  false  imprisonment  "*. 

A.D.  1632. 

The  city  of  London  fined  1,500 
marks  for  alleged  neglect  of  duty  *. 

Courts  of  justice-seat  are  held  to 
inquire  of  infractions  of  obsolete  forest 
laws  and  encroachments,  by  which 
^reat  fines  are  imposed  and  heavy 
rents  exacted'. 

A.D.  1633. 

The  "feoffees  for  impropriations k'' 
<xnsured  in  the  Starchamber,  and  their 
livings  forfeited  to  the  crown. 

William  Prynne^  is  committed  to 
the  Fleet*  for  his  book  " Histriomas- 
tix,"  a  condemnation  of  plays,  sup- 
posed to  reflect  On  the  queen,  who 
sometimes  took  part  in  the  masques 
and  similar  diversions  of  the  court. 


The  city  of  London  fined  ;f  50,000 
in  the  Starchamber,  and  their  planta- 
tion in  Ulster  seized  into  the  king's 
hands,  for  some  alleged  neglects  in 
its  management,  March  8. 

The  collection  of  money  for  aS^ed 
charitable  purposes  without  licence 
forbidden  by  proclamation,  March  21. 

The  king  visits  Scotland  *',  and  is 
crowned  there,  June  i8.  He  retiuiis 
to  England  early  in  August. 

One  reason  for  this  journey  was  to 
defeat  a  scheme  of  detaching  Scotland 
from  his  obedience,  which  there  was 
reason  to  think  was  entertained  by  the 
marquis  of  Hamilton  (James  Hamil- 
ton*); another,  to  complete  the  re- 
storation of  episcopacy  commenced  by 
James  L,  and  to  introduce  the  English 
Liturgy.  The  king  founded  the  bi^op- 
ric  of  Edinbiirgh,  and  bestowed  high 
offices  on  several  prelates,  but  left 
the  introduction  of  the  Liturgy  una!- 


'  He  had^  two  yean  before,  refnsed  to  pfcmch  at 
avisitadon,  thoiign  ordered  by  the  arcfadeaoon.  For 
^is  breach  of  canonical  obedience  he  was  Qune  as, 
1639)  deprived  of  his  benefice  (which  he  had  held 
for  aeaxiy  ao  yean),  fined  and  impriscmed,  bat 
the  judges  declared  that  his  offence  subjected  him 
only  to  ecclesiastical  censures,  and  thus  emboldened 
h\m  to  sue  the  commissioners.  The  king  sent  for 
the  judges,  and  ordered  them  not  to  entertain  the 
action  agamst  the  commissioners,  but  they  pleaded 
the  obligation  of  their  oath ;  and,  after  some  fur- 
ther argument  before  the  counc^,  it  was  agreed 
that  the  commissionen  should  plead.  Acconungly 
an  order  was  made  for  the  attendance  of  botn 
parties  ia  the  Court  of  King's  Bench,  in  Easter 
term,  1639,  but  the  result  apparently  was  not  fa- 
'vouiable  to  Huntley,  as,  on  Oct.  zo,  x6r^,  he  wrote 
to  Noy,  the  attorney-general,  urging  mm  to  take 
up  his  cause,  and  assuring  him  that  ne  might  get 
X  xoo,ooo  for  the  king  from  the  commissioners,  so 
illegally  had  they  acted.  Noy,  however,  declined 
to  interfere.  Htmtley,  early  m  the  next  year  pro- 
cured a  writ  of  capias  against  Sir  Henry  Marten, 
one  of  the  commissionen,  but  the  only  result  was. 
that  his  attorney,  Geoige  Merefield,  was  committed 
to  prison,  as  having  obtained  the  writ  "  by  undue 


On  his  petition,  pleading  his  "  youth  and 
ignorance,** he  was  released,  Jan.  13, 163^  Hundey 
was  alive,^  and  probably  unbenedced,  m  1641,  as 
the  parisUonen  of  Stourmouth  then  petitioned  the 
Long  Parliament  that  be  might  be  restored.  If 
he  was.  he  had  but  a  brief  tenure,  as  Edward 
'Warde  became  rector,  Feb.  9,  1645. 

•  The  neglect  alleged  was  in  wgard  to  the  death 
of  Dr.  Lamb,  who  in  x6a8  was  so  ill-used  ia  the 
streets  of  the  dty,  that  he  died  in  consequence, 
<see  p.  398),  but  no  magistrate  appeared  to  quell 
the  tumult,  nor  was  any  one  then  punished  for 
it.  The  reviving  of  the  matter,  however,  at  such 
a  distance  of  time  was  looked  on  as  a  mere  ex- 
pedient to  raise  money. 

'  These  courts  were  heki  before  Henry  Rich. 
«ari  of  Holland,  as  chief-jnstiGe  in  eyre  south  of 
Treat.  They  inquired  into  and  punished  alleged 
encroachments  of  three  to  four  hundred  yean' 
atanding ;  and,  according  to  the  preamble  of  the 
act  passed  in  1641,  *'  for  the  certainty  of  Forests," 
fi6  Car.  I.  c  x6,]  "endeavoured  to  set  on  foot 


forests  where  m  trudi  none  have  been,  or  oqgltt 
to  b^  or  at  least  have  not  been  naed  ol  loag 
time.** 

V  This  was  a  self-constituted  corporatioD  oTtwefw 
memben,  which  raised  sufasciipttons  avowedly  ts 
purchase  impropriate  rectones^  and    thercoy  re- 
lieve the  poverty  of  the  Church.    Tb^,  howe»ei 
devoted  tneir  funds  to  the  supnort  of  Lecturers  x 
towns,  styled  by  them  a  "Caithful  ] 


nistry."  who  were  unifonnty  Poritans :  htence 
shop  Laud  laboured  to  procure  1' 


The  scheme  had  been  devised  by  Dr.  John  J 

a  noted  preacher  (bom  at  Northamptoo  in  1587,  he 

became  Master  of  Enunanvcl  College  in  1693.  and 

died  July  ao,  1608,)  at  Cand>ridge,  ^idiere  he  had 

gained  toe  lavour  of  James  by  Ina  skill  ia  dis- 

putation. 

^  He  was  a  Somenctshire  nma,  bom  in  itfoov 
and  educated  at  Oxford,  where  he  studied  the  law. 
He  was  a  friend  of  Preston,  the  Puritan,  and  heiag 
conspicuous  for  moving  for  prohibitions  to  stop  pro- 
ceedings in  the  ecclesiastical  courts,  the  iieavr 
punishment  inflicted  on  him  was  populariy,  thoufb 
probably  unjustly,  attributed  to  the  mfluence  of  the 
archbishop.  Pnnme  was  expelled  from  the  univer- 
sity and  the  bar.  placed  in  the  pillory,  where  h.s 
can  were  cut  off,  and  sentenced  to  in  ' 
until  he  made  a  more  complete  soboi 
suited  his  temper.  He,  in  Febriiary,  163^  pre- 
sented a  petition,  in  which  he  acknowledged  that  be 
had  given  "  great  and  just  offence  to  d»e  King, 
Queen  and  whole  State,^  but  this  was  not  deeaaed 
sufficient.  His  confinement,  however,  ar^  by  on 
means  rigid.  He  was  allowed  the  attendance  of 
his  servant  (Nathaniel  MHckens),  and  waspemitted 
to  go  abroao,  attended  by  a  keeper.  By  the  con- 
nivance of  this  man,  he  procured  the  printing  of 
several  offensive  works,  which  were  widely  circu- 
lated ;  and  this  led  to  his  second  trial  and  p«utt>h- 
ment  in  1637. 

^  He  was  removed  to  the  Tower,  Fehi  94,  t^vt- 

^  On  the  way  he  visited  the  r«naikaUc  e»tahn<ih- 
ment  at  Lktic  Gidding.    See  Noto,  p,  40^ 

>  He  was  of  the  blood  roval,  bang  deacendod 
firom  a  daughter  of  James  II.  Chartes  refused  to 
credit  the  accusations  a^punst  him,  and  afberwards 
employed  him  to  negotiate  with  the  Cownanters. 
bat  his  conduct  therein  was  ao  ambignoa^  thtf 


THE  ESTABLISHMENT  OF  THE  FERRARS  AT  LITTLE  GIDDING.        403 


tempted  ",  from  scruples  as  to  appear-   cceded  as  bishop  of  London  by  Bishop 

ing  to  interfere  with  the  independence   Juxon  •. 

of  Scotland.  The  Book  of  Sports  of  King  James' 

Lord  Wentworth  is  appointed  de-    is  again  published  by  royal  authority^ 
puty  of  Ireland,  July  3".  j  Oct.  i8,  which  is  displeasing  to  many 

Bishop  Laud  is  translated  to  the  see  1  beside  the  Puritans  \ 
of  Canterbury,  August.      He  is  sue-  1 


NOTE. 
The  Establishment  of  the  Ferrars  at  Little  Gidding. 


Little  Giudimg  is  a  rural  parish  in 
i  luntingdonshure^  near  Stilton,  which  at 
the  present  day  has  but  twelve  houses  and 
only  53  inhabitants  ^  The  church,  dedi- 
cated to  St.  John  the  Evangelist,  which 
U  very  small,  brick-built,  and  nowise  re- 
markable externally,  is  fitted  with  oak 
stalls  and  panelling  like  a  college  chapel ; 
it  has  painted  windows,  in  which  the  royal 
arsis,  those  of  the  see  of  Lincoln,  those  of 
the  Ferrars,  and  others,  appear;  monu- 
mental brasses,  and  an  altar-tomb ;  a  font, 
a  lectern,  and  a  credence-table,  all  of  brass ; 
a  communion-table  of  cedar,  silken  carpets 
and  tapestry,  and  sacred  vessels  of  silver. 
Of  these,  some  were  bestowed  by  the  late 
lord  of  the  manor,  (Mr.  Hoplunson,  of 
Stamford,)  but  the  majority  are  memorials 
of  >f  ichoJas  Ferrar  and  his  family. 


This  remarkable  man,  the  second  son  of 
a  wealthy  merchant,  was  bom  in  London 
Feb.  22,  1593,  and  was  early  so  distin- 
guished for  piety  and  amiability  of  dispo- 
sition, that  he  was  £euniliarly  known  as 
Saint  Nicholas.  He  was  educated  at  Clare 
Hall,  Cambridge,  and  afterwards  passed 
several  years  in  foreign  travel  for  the  bene- 
fit of  lus  health,  which  was  weak  from 
childhood.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
affairs  of  a  company  for  colonizing  Virginia 
and  converting  the  natives,  and  also  sat  for 
a  short  time  in  parliament ;  but  the  plague 
in  1625  occasioned  the  withdrawal  of  his 
whole  family  from  London  to  Little  Gid- 
ding,  which  his  mother  (then  a  widow)  had 
recently  purchased.  On  Trinity  Sunday, 
1626,  he  received  the  order  of  deacon  from 
the  hands  of  Bishop  Laud ;  and  thencefoxth 


vkben  lie  repaired  to  the  king  at  Oxford,  after  the 
war  had  broken  out,  he  was  sent  a  prisoner  into 
ComniaU,  vhere  he  remained  until  released  by  the 
parliamrntary  forces.  In  1648.  however,  he  headed 


Qrart  of  EuniltoL 

tfae  ScDttiik  army  which  inTaded  England  in  the 
cause  of  the  kina*  but  was  defeated  and  captured, 
and  was  beheaded  early  in  1640.  His  brother 
Williaoi,  the  second  duke,  was  kuled  in  the  royal 
€anic  at  Woroester. 

■  After  his  letum,  oden  were  sent  for  the  use 
of  the  English  Litiurgy  in  the  kind's  chapel  in 
£diabargfa,  but  the  council  did  not  think  it  prudent 
to  comply  with  the  direction. 

■  He  held  this  office  until  1639^  when  he  was 
created  lord  licutenanL  His  adnunistratioa  was 
altogether  despotic,  and  marked  by  many  acts  of 
violence  and  croelty.    He  endeavoured  to  expel 


all  Scots  who  had  taken  the  Covenant  from  Ire- 
land, and  thus  earned  the  hatred  of  their  nation, 
which  pursued  him  to  the  scaffold. 

0  WQUam  Juxon,  a  native  of  Chichester,  bora  in 
1582,  was  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford, 
and  became  President  there.  He  was  a  friend  of 
Bishop  Laud,  and  by  his  influence  was  removed  in 
163^  ftrom  the  see  of  Hereford,  beibre  consecration, 
to  that  of  London,  was  also  made  lord  treasurer, 
and  received  many  marks  of  the  favour  of  Charles  I., 
whom  he  attended  on  the  scaffold.  At  the  Restora- 
tion he  was  translated  to  Canterbury,  but  held  the 
primacy  a  very  short  time,  dyin^  in  ots  eigh^-first 
year^  June  4,  1663.  Though  his  secular  omce  in 
the  tune  preceding  the  civu  war  was  distasteful  to 
many,  a  contemporary  (Whitelock)  bean  this  honour- 
able testimony  to  Bishop  Juxon's  character :  "  He 
was  a  person  of  great  parts  and  temper,  and  had  as 
much  command  of  himself  as  of  his  hounds  ;'*  Qie 
much  delighted  in  huntmg ;]  '*he  was  full  of  m- 
genuity  and  meekness,  not  apt  to  give  offence  to 
any,  and  willing  to  do  good  to  all." 

f  See  A.D.  x6x8. 

4  Some  ministers  refused  to  read  it.  One  of 
them  (Laurence  Snellingr,  rector  of  Paul's  Cray, 
Kent)  was  deprived  of  his  living  and  excommuni- 
cated for  disobedience  in  this  particular  by  the 
High  Commission  Court  in  1637. 

'  The  parish  has  an  area  of  71^  acres,  endrely  in 
pasture ;  the  population  was  sixty-four  in  z8at, 
forty-five  in  Z84T,  the  same  in  z86i ;  and  fifty-three 
in  1871.  The  value  of  the  property  has  been  very 
Uttle  affected  by  the  lapse  of  more  than  two  cen- 
turies.   The   Femurs  let  out   the  whole,  except 


their  manor-house  and  grounds,  on  ten-year  li 
at  £y3o  per  annum :  and  in  1845  a  paniamentary 
paper  shews  that  it  was  valued  to  the  property-tax 
at  ;^556  for  the  lands,  and  ;£x3  los.  for  the  houaca. 


Dd2 


,404 


THE  STUARTS. 


he  deyoted  himself  to  maintaining  in  the 
household  a  course  of  prajrer,  orderly  living, 
and  charity,  which  had  much  the  appear- 
ance of  the  monastic  rule,  and  which  gained 
for  the  establishment,  partly  from  igno- 
lance,  but  more  from  wilful  misrepresen- 
tation, the  name  of  "the  Arminian  Nun- 
nery'." Under  this  appellation  it  was  de- 
nounced to  the  Long  Parliament  in  1641 ; 
some  marks  of  the  king's  favour  which  it 
had  received  added  to  the  number  of  its 
enemies,  and  it  was  forcibly  broken  up 
soon  after  the  civil  war  commenced.  "Re- 
ligion and  loyalty  were  such  eyesores," 
says  Dr.  Hackett,  the  biographer  of  Bishop 
Williams,  "that  all  the  Ferrars  fled  away, 
and  dispersed,  '  and  took  joyfully  the  de- 
spoiling of  their  goods.'  All  that  they  had 
restored  to  the  Church',  all  that  they  had 
bestowed  upon  sacred  comeliness,  all  that 
they  had  gathered  for  their  own  livelihood, 
and  for  sums,  was  seized  upon  as  a  lawful 
prey,  taken  from  superstitious  persons." 

When  the  Ferrars  took  possession  of 
their  purchase,  in  1625,  they  found  the 
tithes  alienated,  and  the  churdi  desecrated 
and  used  as  a  bam.  Their  first  care,  even 
before  they  made  their  manor-house  habit- 
able, was  to  cleanse  the  church,  and  fit  it 
again  for  divine  service ;  and,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  pestilence,  they  obtained 
permission  from  their  diocesan  Qohn  Wil- 
liams, bishop  of  Lincoln,)  to  use  the  Litany 
daily,  the  service  being  at  first  conducted 
by  the  rector  of  the  adjoining  parish  of 
Steeple  Gidding,  but  after  his  ordination 
hy  Nicholas  Ferrar.  These  week-day  ser- 
vices were  rarely  attended  by  any  other 
than  their  own  household,  but  on  Sundays 
and  festivals,  the  rector  (having  concluded 
the  prayers  at  his  own  church)  repaired  to 
Little  Gidding,  and  preached  a  sermon, 
being  usually  accompanied  by  manv  of  his 
parisnioners,  particularly  the  children  ^ ; 
the  Ferrars  went  to  Steeple  Gidding  in  the 
afternoon. 

The  inmates  of  the  house  consisted  of 
Mrs.  Ferrar,  and  her  son  Nicholas ;  a  son 
(John)  and  a  daughter  (Mary),  both  mar- 
ried, and  a  son-in-law  (John  CoUett) ; 


many  grandchildren,  and  some  serrasts; 
three  sdioolmasters,  and  some  alms-widon, 
making   altogether  about  forty  penooL 
The3r  2l  (except  Nicholas  Ferrar)  rose  xt 
four  in  the  morning  in  summer,  aad  at  fin 
in  the  winter,  and,  except  the  watcbei% 
retired  to  rest  at  eight  in  the  ereniog. 
Beside  private  prayer  night  and  mocniog 
they  haid  £unily  worship  four  times  a-day 
in  the  house,  and  the  Common  Piayer 
twice  a-day  in  the  church.    They  assem- 
bled hourly,  when  a  portion  of  the  Psalter 
and  another  of  a  Harmony  of  the  Gospeb 
was  repeated  from  memory*,  and  a  sboct 
hymn   sung ;    beside  which,  one  of  the 
elders  of  each  sex,  usually  attended  of  their 
own  free  will   by  some  of  the  juniors, 
"  kept  watch"  from  nine  'till  one,  and  in 
that  time  repeated,   on  their  knees,  the 
whole  Psalter  by  alternate  verses;  ai>i 
when  they  had  concluded  this,  they  sam- 
moned  Nicholas  Ferrar,  who  habitvallj 
rose  at  that  hour  7,  and  passed  the  tioe 
in  meditation  and  prayer,  until  the  R^ 
of  the  family  joined  him.     He  then  heard 
the  younger  members  repeat  the  portions 
of  Scripture  that  they  had  leaned,  pr^ 
sided  at  the  devotions  of  each  hour,  anid  per- 
formed the  Church  service  twice  a-day,  "nei- 
ther adding  nor  diminishing  a  woitL"  He 
was  ever  accessible  to  visitors,  (hopiog,  ^ 
he  said,  "  either  to  receive  or  to  do  good.^ 
sought  out  the  sick  and  the  poor,  took 
the  most  suitable  measures  for  their  relieC 
and  personally  distributed  liberal  alms,  ac- 
companied by  friendly  counsel,  to  all  who  n- 
paired  to  the  house  *.     He  kept  a  WBtdiH 
eye  on  the  studies  of  the  juniors,  and  al- 
lowed the  children  of  the  neighbonrisg 
parishes  to  share  in  their  instmctioD ;  and 
ne  devised  many  valuable  literary  lahoon, 
as  Harmonies,  Concordances,  and  transia- 
lations  of  the   Gospels  into  several  lan- 
guages,  which  he   carried  out  with  the 
active  co-operation  of  a  few  of  the  memhen 
of  his  family  best  qualified  for  the  tasL 

He  well  understood  physic,  but  he  did 
not  practise  it,  considering  it  more  osefcl 
to  instruct  his  nieces  in  the  simpler  arts  of 
healing.     His  desire  was  to  see  them,  not 


*  "  The  habit  of  the  young  women,  nine  or  ten, 
or  more  of  them,"  says  Dr.  Jebb,  **  was  black  stuff, 
all  of  one  grave  fashion,  always  the  same,  with 
comelv  veils  on  their  heads." 

*  The  s^Iebe,  of  nearly  twenty-four  acres,  which 
had  been  illegally  seised  bv  a  former  lord  of  the 
manor,  they  restored,  and  secured  it  to  the  in- 
cumbent by  a  decree  in  Chancery. 

*  The  children  received  their  dinner,  and  a 
penny  for  each  Psalm  that  they  could  repeat  from 
a  Psalter  which  was  given  to  all  who  desired  iL 
Many  parents  who  could  not  read  themselves 
also  got  the  Psalms  by  heart  from  hearing  the 
children  repeat  them,  and  the  object  which  Ni- 
cholas Ferrar  proposed,  of  banishing  idle  songs 
from  their  dwellings,  had  a  great  measure  of 
auccesa. 


<  The  Psalter  was  thus  repeated  daflyaBd  the 
Gospels  monthly.  .    . 

y  He,  however,  watched  twice,  or  even  thrice  r. 
the  week,  in  summer  passing  the  whole  nig^t  ^ 
the  churdi ;  and  after  his  mother's  death  be  oc«cr 
used  a  bed,  but  slept  on  a  bear-skin  spread  ss 
the  floor  ;  yet  he  found  his  health  improved  ns^ 
than  weakened. 

•  Mr.  Lenton,  a  lawyer,  who  visited  littkOa- 
ding  in  1634,  speaks  of  the  income  of  the  fjuwlr  '^ 
beiag  ;Csoo  a-year,  a  sum  apparenthr  inadeq^*^ 
to  so  extensive  a  course  of  clunty.  But  ihey  •<• 
ther  paid  nor  received  expensive  visits:  «*5 
tenants  supplied  their  table  at  fixed  nte»:  v^ 
though  their  house  and  grounds  wcze  faaDdsoae^ 
kept,  their  apparel  was  of  the  plainest  dcsoiplMi* 
and  mostly  of  home  manufacture. 


JLJ>.  1634.] 


CHARLES  I. 


405 


nuns,  but  "parsons'  wives,"  after  the  pat- 
tern sketched  by  his  friend  and  "brother,*' 
Geoi^  Herbert.  That  they  mi^ht  g^ 
the  necessaiy  knowledge  of  domestic  duties, 
they  took  in  turn,  month  by  month,  the 
office  of  housekeeper,  and  kept  a  minute 
account  of  the  daily  expenses  of  the  family ; 
but  their  great  care  was  devoted  to  suc- 
couring the  poor ;  for  them  they  prepared 
salves,  balsams,  and  cordials,  and  dressed 
thdr  wounds;  they  made  clothing  for 
them,  visited,  read  to,  and  nursed  Uiem ; 
and,  says  their  biographer  (Dr.  Jebb),  "if 
ever  women  merited  the  title  of  the  devout 
sex,  these  gentlewomen  won  it  by  their 
carriage,  and  deserved  to  wear  it" 

The  £une  of  this  establishment,  mixed 
with  many  misrepresentations  %  reached 
King  Charles  I.,  and  he  visited  it  in  1633, 


on  his  way  to  Scotland,  was  well  pleased 
with  all  he  saw  there,  and  expressed  a  wish 
"that  numy  more  such  fanulies  could  be 
found  in  the  land ;"  and  he  repeated  his 
visit  in  1642.  The  recluses,  at  his  wish, 
prepared  for  him  and  for  his  two  sons  Har- 
monies of  the  Gospels,  which  they  bound 
with  their  own  hands,  and  which  are  now 
preserved  in  the  British  Museum. 

Mrs.  Ferrar  died  in  i6^(,  aged  83,  and 
was  succeeded  as  "  chief  '  by  her  grand- 
daughter Mary  Collett,  who  survived  until 
1680.  Nicholas  Ferrar  died  ^  Dec.  4,  1637, 
and  his  brother  Tohn  Sept.  28,  1657.  The 
establishment,  however,  had  been  long 
before  broken  up ;  and  as  the  so-called 
"  Nuns  of  Giddii^"  had  not  (as  was  com- 
monly asserted)  made  vows  of  celibacy  S 
four  only  of  them  died  unmarried. 


A.D.  1634. 
The  coasts  both  of  England  and 
Ireland  are  infested  by  pirates  ;  whilst 
the  Dutch  endeavour  to  exclude  the 
English  from  the  northern  fisheries, 
and  fish  on  the  English  coasts  with- 
out licence*.  To  raise  a  fleet,  a 
writ  of  ship-money  is  issued,  requir- 
ing the  maritime  counties  and  towns 
to  pay  certain  fixed  sums ;  but  this 


being  found  insufficient  for  the  pur- 
pose^ the  writs  are,  in  the  following 
year,  directed  to  all  counties  and  towns 
alike. 

Cardinal  Rididieu  sends  agents  to 
Scotland,  who  intrigue  with  the  dis- 
contented. 

The  lord  deputy  (Wentworth)  claims 
the  whole  province  of  Connaught  as 
belonging  to  the  crown*. 


NOTE. 
Piracy  and  the  Ship-uoney  Wrfts. 


The  State  Papers  of  the  time  of  Eliza- 
beth, to  go  no  fiirther  back,  shew  that  the 
English  seas  were  in  her  time  infested  by 


pirates.  To  cite  a  few  instances  :  in  1566, 
Thomas  Meidlar,  of  Wexford,  complains 
of  his  ship  having  been  boarded  and  plun- 


■  Their  diarity  could  not  be  denied,  but  they 
were  censured  by  some  as  betaking  themselves  to 
a  "  new  form  <»  £utine  and  prayer,  and  a  con- 
templative, idle  life,  a  up4abour  devotion^  and  a 
will-worahip,"— a  charge  manifestly  untrue  in  every 
particular.  Others  duuged  them  with  being  con- 
cealed Romanists,  and  asserted  that  they  paid 
adoration  to  numerous  crosses  set  up  in  their  church 
windows ;  the  taxt  was,  that  there  were  no  crosses 
there  except  as  port  of  the  border  of  the  crown  in 
the  royal  arms  (some  indeed  discovered  them  in  the 
tzansvexse  bars  of  the  window-frames),  and  that 
what  was  styled  adoration  was  merely  the  reverent 
bowing  at  entering  a  church  practised  by  fiXL  devout 
persons  from  the  very  earliest  ages. 

*  Whilst  he  ky  on  his  deaUi-bed  he  directed 
a  spot  to  be  marked  for  his  grave,  and  on  it  he 
caused  many  hundred  volumes  of  works  in  which 
he  had  once  delishted,  but  which  he  now  con- 
sidered unprofitaUe,  to  be  destroved.  In  con- 
sequence, a  rraoft  was  spread  that  he  was  a  magi- 
cian, and  could  not  die  until  his  conjuring-booKs 
had  been  committed  to  the  flames. 

*  Two  of  them  desired  to  take  such  vows,  but 
were  dissuaded  by  the  bishop  of  Lincoln,  "  who," 
says  Hackett,  "admonished  diem  verv  fatherly, 
chat  they  knew  not  what  they  went  aoout ;  that 


they  had  no  promise  to  confirm  that  grace  unta 
them,  that  this  readiness,  which  they  had  in  the 
present,  should  be  in  their  will,  without  repentance, 
to  their  life's  end.  Let  the  younger  women  marry, 
was  the  best  advice,  that  they  might  not  be  led  into 

temptation Tlie  direction  of  God  was  in  this 

counsel ;  for  one  of  the  gentlewomen  afterwards 
took  a  liking  to  a  good  husband,  and  was  well 
bestowed." 

These  particulars  are  in  great  measure  derived 
from  "  Cambridge  in  the  Seventeenth  Century," 
Part  I.,  by  the  Rev.  J.  E.  B.  Mayori  a  most  inte- 
resting  volume. 

'  Ineir  eminent  statesman,  Hugo  Grotius,  wrote 
lus  "  Mare  Liberum,"  in  justification  of  these  pro- 
ceedines ;  while  the  equally  eminent  Selden,  in 
his  "  Mare  Clausum,"  shewed  that  the  sovereignty 
of  the  narrow  seas  had  belonged  to  England  from 
the  earliest  times.  This  had  in  former  times  been 
acknowledged  on  all  hands  (see  a.d.  x^ao) :  but  the 
weakness  of  the  government,  which  had  suffered 
the  English  navy  to  fall  to  decav,  encouraged  the 
enterprising  republicans  now  to  deny  it. 

•  The  claim  was  compounded  for,  but  it  justly 
alarmed  every  landed  proprietor  in  Ireland,  and 
it  was  one  great  cause  of  the  insunection  ef  Z64X. 


^o6 


THE  STUARTS. 


da«d  off  the  LandVend,  by  a  vessel  of 
NoKHiandy,  in  wliidi  were  an  English  cap- 
tain and  seven!  Irish  kemes.  In  1507 
Bishop  Giindal  writes  to  Cecal,  asking  him 
to  obtain  a  licence  to  make  a  collection 
for  ^be  imnsom  of  Ei^^ish  captives  in  Al- 
giers ;  in  1573  the  eaii  of  Worcester,  going 
as  ambassador  to  France^  was  plimdered 
by  pirates  in  mid  channel,  and,  in  the 
same  year,  William  Holstock,  Bie  comp- 
troller of  the  navy,  was  sent  against  them 
with  a  Strang  force.  He  captoxed  ao  shios 
and  900  men,  bat  it  was  necessary,  oiuv 
two  years  after,  to  send  him  again,  with 
the  "Dreadnought"  and  "ForMig^t,"  to 
"repress  the  fredxxyters  infesting  the  nar^ 
row  seas."  In  1576,  three  ships  were  sent 
oa  the  same  buaness,  under  Henry  Pal- 
mer. It  woold  seem,  however,  that  the 
pirates,  when  taken,  were  far  too  leniently 
dealt  with,  as  we  have,  in  1575,  Dr.  Lewes, 
the  judge  of  the  Admiralty  Court,  writing 
to  WalSngham,  to  urge  that  some  at  least 
of  die  Frenchmen  haely  condemned  for 
piracy  must  be  executed.  Thus  matters 
seem  to  have  continued  during  the  whole 
of  £iia»beth's  reign,  the  mention  of  "pi- 
rates," "abettors  of  pirates,"  "receivers 
of  pirates'  goods,"  &c  being  of  very  fre- 
quent occurrence  in  state  papers. 

The  truce  concluded  between  the  Spani- 
ards and  the  Dutch  by  James  I.  in  1609 
had  the  effect  of  greatly  mcreasing  the  ra- 
vages of  the  pirates.  Manv  of  the  Dutch 
arid  English  seamen,  unwilling  to  give  up 
their  lucrative  habit  of  plundering  me  Spa- 
niards, repaired  to  the  West  Indies,  where 
they  soon  were  known  under  the  name 
of  Buccaneers ;  and  others  went  to  the  Bar- 
bary  States,  where  they  became  renegades, 
and  induced  the  "Turks,"  as  they  were 
called,  to  repair  to  the  ^iglish  and  Irish 
seas,  and  even  to  venture  into  the  Thames. 

Lithgow,  a  Scotchman,  who  visited  Bar- 
bary  in  161 5,  thus  mentions  the  English 
renegades  :— 

"  Here  in  Tunis  I  met  with  our  English  captain, 
Cenenl  Waird,  once  a  great  pirate  and  commander 
at  sea,  who,  in  deq^ite  of  Ms  denied  accq>tanoe  in 
g«£U««i  had  turned  Turk,  and  built  there  a  &tr 
palace,  beautified  with  rich  marble  and  alahaster 
atones ;  with  whom  I  found  domestic  some  fifteen 
dxcun^ised  KngTi^K  runagates,  whose  lives  and 
oounteoances  were  both  alike,  even  as  desperate  as 
disdainful.  Yet  old  Waird,  the  master,  was  plac- 
able, and  j(»ned  me  safely  with  a  passing^  land- 
oonduct  to  Algiers ;  yea,  and  divers  times  in  my 
ten  days'  staymg  there,  l  dined  and  supped  with 
him,  but  lay  aboard  in  the  Frendi  ship." 

James*  government  was  too  weak  to 
put  down  the  pirates  by  force,  and  took, 
instead,  the  unwise  coarse  of  offering 
bribes  and  pardons,  which  thgr  very  gene- 
rally refused  to  accept  In  1612  we  meet 
with  a  list  of  "  pirate  captains,  over  whom 
Peter  Eston  is  general."  Pardon  was  of- 
fered to  them,  on  condition  of  their  restor- 


ing some  prizes  taken,  but  they  seem  not 
to  have  accepted  the  terms ;  and  the  par- 
don was  even  offered  a  second  time,  vitk 
the  like  result  In  consequenoe  steps  were 
taken  to  encourage  the  sea-ports  to  fit  out 
expeditions  against  the  pirates,  by  allow- 
ing them  to  retain  for  themselves  any  cap 
tares  that  they  might  make.  A  comnusr 
sion  to  this  efibct  was  granted  to  the  dtjof 
Exeter,  dated  IiCarch  26,  1615,  and  no 
doubt  to  other  ports ;  indeed,  the  same 
grant  was  made  to  private  individuals)  as 
to  Nicholas  Leate  and  John  Dike,  Loodoa 
merchants  (liarch  24,  i6t6),  and  lOraat 
this  very  time  a  pirate  ^bip  was  captared 
between  Margate  and  Broadslairs.  At  last, 
in  1620,  the  dty  of  London  contributed 
;£^40,ooo  and  odter  places  smaller  sams, 
with  which  a  fleet  was  fitted  oot,  asd 
attacks  made  on  several  of  the  pirate^' 
strongholds,  but  nothing  of  consequence 
was  effected,  and  they  grew  more  daring 
than  ever  in  their  ravages.  So  urgent  did 
the  case  become,  that  some  vessels  were 
detached  from  the  fleet  sent  against  Ca- 
diz in  1625,  to  look  after  a  "Turkish 
fleet**  that  was  said  to  have  eaptuicd 
Lundy  Island,  m  the  Bristol  ChasneL 
This  proved  not  to  be  the  case,  but  in  the 
following  year  a  petition  was  presented  to 
the  king  from  2000  women,  who  describe 
themselves  as  the  wives  of  English  slaves 
in  Barbaiy.  The  unhappy  quarrel  betwcn 
Charles  and  his  parliament  denied  him  tbe 
power  of  helping  them,  but  it  may  well  be 
believed  that  a  wish  to  do  so,  had  quite  as 
much  weight  as  indignation  at  the  ags^e*- 
sions  of  the  Dutch,  in  inducing  the  issoin^ 
of  the  ship-money  writs. 

The  Dutdi  considered  themselves  aban- 
doned, when  James  made  peace  with  Spain. 
and  they  had  long  been  tne  bitter  enellli^ 
of  their  former  allies.  They  strove  to  dnw 
the  English  alike  from  the  northein  fi>b- 
eries  and  the  India  tradc^  not  hesitating  at 
the  most  atrocious  cruelties,  as  at  Amboj- 
na,  to  effect  their  purpose.  They  also  set 
at  nought  the  old  doctrine  of  the  sapie- 
macy  of  the  King  of  England  in  the  nairo^r 
seas  (see  A.D.  1320),  fished  without  Hceaa 
on  the  English  coast,  and  even  ventiuw 
to  land,  and  march  miles  into  the  intcrir^r 
in  pursuit  of  the  crews  of  Spanish  yessd^ 
Such  ooi^nct  was  justly  deemed  intoler- 
able by<he  Kmg,  but  the  Puritans,  v^'^ 
had  ever  had  republican  leanings,  were  no. 
moved  by  it,  and  as  it  did  not  seem  ad^isaKf 
to  sununon  a  Parliament,  in  whidi  it  t«^ 
known  that  they  would  be  in  the  ascen  • 
ant,  the  example  of  Queen  Eliiabclh  wi^ 
followed,  and  the  first  writ  of  ship^DOue? 
was  drawn  up  by  Noy,  the  attomcy-geno**' 
who  had  once  been  a  Puritan  himsdl 

The  ancient  precedents  were  most  care- 
fiiUy  followed,  and  the  writ  was  addrc<«u 


A.D.  i63S-] 


CHARLES  I. 


^Fn 


only  to  Buuidme  towns  and  ooanties.  It 
was  estimated  to  produce  ;f  loo^ooo^  and 
about  that  sum  was  ^thered  in,  without 
any  noticeable  complaint.  But  it  was  soon 
seen  that  this  sum  wonld  not  suffice,  and 
a  new  writ  was  then  issued  (Aug.  1635), 
wbicji  extended  the  tax  to  the  inland  shires 
and  towns,  on  the  plea  that  it  was  for 
a  national  purpose ;  and  accordingly  the 
building  of  several  laige  ships  was  com> 
menced,  one  of  which  was  styled  "The 
Sovereign  of  the  Seas,'*  and  was  long  after 
known  as  the  finest  man-of-war  of  the  age. 
But  its  name  was  taken  as  an  oiTence  by  Uie 
Dutch  and  their  Puritan  sympathisers,  who 
at  once  commenced  a  fierce  clamoar  against 
the  tax,  which  had  not  been  objected  to 
whilst  the  i^ressksa  of  piracy  seemed  the 
only  object  The  extended  tax  was  ex- 
pected to  produce  about  ;f  220,000,  and  45 
shms,  of  vazioas  sizes,  manned,  equipped, 
and  stored  for  six  months*  were  to  be  ready 
at  Portsmoath  by  the  ist  of  May,  1636. 
The  levying  of  the  tax,  however,  was  n^- 
lected  by  ue  sherilOs  and  thdr  officers  m 
some  cases,  and  in  others,  where  they  at- 
tempted to  do  their  sworn  duty,  they  wete 
violently  resisted.  Goods  and  cattle  seised 
in  defiuilt  of  payment  found  no  pordiasers, 
and  a  Derbyshire  knight,  Sir  John  Stan- 
hope^ of  Elvaston,  set  the  example^  which 
was  speedily  followed,  of  retaking  them  by 
force.  On  the  other  hand.  Sir  John  Ho- 
tham,  in  Yorkshire,  earnestly  promoted 
the  payment  of  the  tax,  and  many  of  the 
genlxy  and  deicgy  contributed  more  than 
they  were  assessed  at,  as  a  kind  of  protest 
against  the  opposition  of  John  Hampden, 
Lord  Sajre  and  Sele,  and  others. 

In  spite  of  all  the  difficulties  that  tiie 
Puritans  could  raise,  a  fleet  was  got  toge- 
ther, which  in  1635  and  again  in  1636  ef- 
fectually curbed  the  Dutch ;  and  in  Mardt, 
1636,  a  squadron  of  se^n  vessels  was  dis- 
patched to  Sallee.  It  was  commanded  by 
Admiral  Rainsborough,  and  consisted  of 
the  Leopard,  Antelope,  Hercules,  Mary 
Providence,  Expedition,  Mary  Rose,  and 
Roebudc,  and  carried  194  guns,  and  990 
The  real  leader  of  ie  expedition 


was  one  John  Dunton,  a  reformed  rene- 
gade, who  had  been  taJcen  off  the  Isle  of 
Wight  (Sept  1634)  in  command  of  a  Salletr 
ship  manned  by  21  Moors  and  5  Datch> 
renegades.  He  was  tried  and  condemned 
at  Winchester,  but  saved  his  life  by  volun- 
teering to  point  out  the  weak  points  of  the 
Barbfl^  ports,  and  he  sailed  as  master  ii^ 
the  Adimiral's  ship.  The  squadron  reacheJ. 
Sallee  March  24,  when  they  found  a  war 
raging,  the  Sallee  men  being  engaged  in^ 
an  endeavour  to  throw  off  the  authority  %£ 
the  king  of  Morocco.  The  admiral  sup- 
ported  the  king's  party,  eventually  obtained 
the  liberty  of  a  large  number  of  Englbh 
slaves,  and,  after  visiting  other  piratical 
towns,  reached  England  on  the  7th  Octo- 
ber, bringing  with  lum  an  ambassador  fronv 
the  Moorish  king,  who  promised  to  sup- 
press Christian  slavery.  This  marked  suc- 
cess, however,  was  lost  on  the  Puritans^ 
and  their  clamoar  so  increased  that  at  last 
the  king  was  advised  to  ask  the  opinion  oi 
the  ytSgeA  9^  to  the  legality  of  the  tax. 
Their  unanimous  opinion  was  (i)  that  whei» 
the  kingdom  was  in  danger,  the  king  may 
legally  call  on  his  subjects  for  ships,  or 
money  to  supply  them ;  and  (a)  that  the 
king  is  the  sole  judge  of  the  necessity. 
Hampden  still  refuang  to  pay',  the  cause 
was  argued  in  the  courts  before  the  whole 
twelve  judges,  when  all  but  two  adhered  to- 
their  former  opinion  ■,  and  judgment  was 
pronounced  against  him.  Lord  Saye  and 
Sde  at  first  threatened  also  to  stand  a  trial, 
but  after  this  decision  he  gave  way,  and 
the  tax  was  levied,  as  occasion  required, 
without  further  opposition  ^ ;  but  the  Long 
Pariiament  voted  it  illegal,  and,  on  tlie 
strength  of  this  ex  post  facto  condemnation,, 
pronounced  the  judges  who  had  sanctioned 
it  guilty  of  "treason" — thus  adopting  one 
of  the  very  worst  actions  of  their  predeces- 
sors, the  servile  parliaments  of  the  Tndors. 
The  fleet  that  had  been  raised  in  spite 
of  their  opposition  they  seized  for  their 
own  purposes,  and  the  victories  of  Monk, 
Deane  and  Blake  were  gained  by  vessels 
built  with  the  proceeds  of  the  "treason- 
able" ship-money  writs. 


AD.  1635. 

A  fleet  of  forty  vessels  is  sent  to  sea, 
under  the  earl  of  Lindsey^and  another 
of  twenty  vessels  under  the  eail  of  Es- 


sex, for  the  protection  of  merchants  ;; 
many  of  the  Dutch  fishing  vessels  are 
sunk  or  taken. 
A  proclamation  issued  against  de- 


'  He  was  aff«*^«^  in  two  sums,  of  aos.  for  lands 
ia  Great  BtiaMaden,  and  31s.  iiA.  for  lands  in  Great 
Kimble.  Ia  the  fbmer  place  a  anonument  ¥ras 
cMcted  in  1863  in  ooaamenwration  of  his  refusal 
ofpayaenU 

»  They  were  Hutton  and  Croke.  What  reason 
1  the  foimer  is  not  known ;  but  White- 


lock  says  that  Croke  changed  his  judgment  m 
deference  to  h»  wife.  «  Lf    «        j 

•»  From  accotmts  preserved  in  the  Pubhc  Record 
Office  it  appears  that  the  sum  of  ;Ci83f  46a  bad  been 
coUected  up  to  Nor.  9%,  x637»  and  that  only  ;£ia,9i8 
renuuDcd  to  be  gathered  in. 


4o8 


THE  STUARTS. 


[A.D.  1635. 


parting  out  of  the  realm  without  li- 
'Cence  *,  July  21. 

Archbishop  Laud  holds  a  visitation, 
in  which,  among  other  things,  he  insists 
on  the  communion-table  m  churches 
being  placed  altarwise ;  the  bishop  of 
Lincoln  (John  Williams)  denounces 
-this  as  an  innovation. 


The  lord  deputy  (Wentworth)  pro- 
cures the  formal  adoption  of  the  £ng- 
hsh  Articles  by  the  Irish  Church'. 

The  archbishop  endeavours  to  re- 
duce the  descendants  of  the  French 
and  Walloon  settlers  to  conformity 
with  the  Church. 


NOTE. 
The  Foreign  Congregations. 


These  congregations,  originfllly  formed 
by  refugees  from  France  and  Holland  in 
the  time  of  Elizabeth  \  were  found  in  Lon- 
don,  Norwich,  Southampton,  Canterbury, 
Maidstone,  Sandwich  \  and  elsewhere ; 
and,  accordix^  to  the  archbishop's  state- 
ment, which  is  well  supported,  there  were 
ample  reasons  for  his  interference  *".  They 
evinced  no  thankfulness  for  the  protection 
they  had  so  long  enjoyed ;  their  members, 
though  bom  in  England,  seldom  learnt  the 
language,  they  refused  to  impart  a  know- 
ledge of  their  manufactures  to  Englishmen, 
and,  by  "  living  in  England  as  if  they  were 
a  kind  of  God's  Israel  in  Egypt,"  they  re- 
flected dishonour  on  the  Church,  and  en- 
couraged nonconformity,  and  "became  a 
kind  of  SUte  within  a  State;''  so  that 
Laud  justly  thought  **  no  State  could  with 
safety,  or  would  in  wisdom,  endure  it. " 

Tlmt  there  was  reason  to  apprehend  politi- 
cal dangers  from  these  people  is  abundantly 
evident  from  a  passage  in  the  Naval  Tracts 
of  Sir  William  Monson.  In  May,  1605, 
a  Dunkirk  vessel  had  taken  refuge  at  Sand- 
wich, and  two  Dutch  ships  lay  at  the 
mouth  of  the  haven  ready  to  capture  her 
"when  she  should  put  to  sea.  Sir  William 
<wassent  to  prevent  this,  and  he  obliged  the 


Dutch  to  retire.    In  reporting  his  proceed- 
ings to  the  Council,  he  says  : — 

"Had your  lordships  seen  the  dlsposUiaBs  aod 
carriage  of  the  pec^Ie  of  Sandwidi,  yoo  vodU 
have  thought  it  strange  that  subjects  duxst  oppose 
themselves  so  opoily  against  die  state :  thoDoaiMis 
of  people  beholding  me  mun  the  shore,  looked  iriua 
the  sword  should  make  an  end  of  the  di^sence, 
and  puUidv  wished  the  success  to  the  Hollanders, 
cursmg  boUi  me  and  his  majesty's  sh^  Bat  it 
was  no  marvel,  for  most  of  the  inhalataBts  are 
either  bom,  bred  or  descended  from  Holland ;  thdr 
religion  truly  Dutch,  as  two  of  the  grave  minsters 
of  Sandwich  have  complained  to  me^  protestu^ 
they  think  that  that  town  and  the  oountty  there- 
abouts swarms  as  much  with  sects  as  Amstcidam. 

"  Your  lordships  must  give  me  leave  a  little  to 
digress,  and  express  the  state  of  Sandwich*  and  the 
use  Holland  may  make  of  it  if  ever  they  beoone 
enemies  to  England ;  and  thouf^  Sandwidi  be  bat 
a  barrel-haven,  and  that  ships  cannot  enter  bat 
upon  a  flood,  and  at  no  time  any  great  vessds  of 
burden,  yet  is  our  Downs  within  two  miles  froa 
thence,  where  thousands  of  ships  may  tide  as 
safely  as  in  any  harbour  of  Europe ;  and  if  ever  the 
Hollanders  be  disposed  to  give  an  attempt,  now 
that  Flushing  is  in  their  possession,  it  is  twt  one 
night's  sailing  from  thence  to  Sandwich.  Tbetova 
is  more  naturally  seated  for  strength  than  any 
I  know  in  this  kmgdom,  and  a  plao:  of  fittle  de- 
fence as  it  is  used  *.  An  enemy  having  the  coot- 
mand  of  a  harbour  approaching  a  town  of  no  de- 
fence which  may  be  made  impreg;xiaUe,  beix^  sore 
of  the  hearts  of  the  men  within  it,  and  to  be  re- 
lieved within  twelve  hours  by  sea,  I  refer  the  con- 
sideration thereof  to  your  lordships.** 


1  **  Ministers  unconformable  to  the  discipline 
and  ceremonies  of  the  Church,"  it  appears,  were 
in  the  habit  of  retiring  to  the  Bermudas.  None 
were  in  future  to  go,  except  by  licence  of  the  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury:  and  those  already  there 
were  to  be  brought  bade  by  a  ship  which  the  lord 
admiral  (Alsemon  Percy,  earl  of  Northumberland) 
was  ordered  to  fit  out. 

J  The  Articles  of  the  Church  in  Ireland  were 
more  decidedly  Calvinistic  than  those  in  England, 
as  the  Lambeth  Artides  (see  a.d.  1595}  had  been 
incorporated  with  them.  It  was  owing  to  the 
advice  of  Archbishop  Laud  that  this  step  was  taken, 
which  was  reluctantly  acceded  to  by  Archbishop 
Usher  and  the  Irish  prelates,  who  looked  upon 
it  as  a  surrender  of  the  independence  of  their  na- 
tional  Church. 

^  See  A.D.X569. 

1  The  State  Papers  of  both  Tames'  and  Charies' 
reigns  contain  numerous  complaints  of  the  turbu- 
lent and  seditious  character  of  these  settlers,  par* 
ticularly  in  the  sea-poits. 


■  This  was  made  an  accusation  against  him  at 
his  trial,  when  he  was  charged  with  endeavouring 
to  sow  dissension  between  the  English  and  the 
other  Reformed  Churches  ;  but  it  appears  fnm 
the  original  act  (Sept.  26,  1635)  that  the  matter 
was  misrepresented,  when  it  was  said  that  he 
had  suppressed  these  congregations.  They  were 
still  to  continue,  but  to  be  composed  of  uitcign- 
bom  members  only ;  their  descendants  were  "  to 
conform  themsdves  to  the  Englidi  Liturgy,  everr 
one  in  his  parish,"  their  occasional  resort  to 
the  foreign  churches,  however,  not  being  pro- 
hibited. The  bishop  of  Norwidi  (Matthew  Wren) 
zealously  seconded  the  archbishop's  views,  and 
in  consequence  many  of  the  foreigners  left  that 
dty. 

"  The  fortifications,  for  the  support  of  wiudi 
Richard  III.  granted  the  customs  ctf  the  port,  h^ 
been  suffered  to  fall  into  decay,  after  the  buildinc 
of  the  neighbouring  castles  of  Saadown,  Deal  tDd 
Walmer. 


A.D.  1636,  1637.] 


CHARLES  I. 


409 


It  is  veiy  probable  that  Monson's  warn- 
ing was  borne  in  mind,  and  that  the  inter- 
ference with  the  foreign  Protestants  at  this 
particolar  time  was  the  act  of  the  whole 
Council,  and  chiefly  occasioned  by  political 
considerations,  as  a  fierce  dispute  regard- 
ing the  fishery  and  other  matters  raged 


with  the  Dutch,  and  seemed  likely  to  result 
in  war ;  the  virulence  of  party,  however, 
held  the  archbishop  responsible  for  all,  and 
denounced  him  as  a  persecutor  for  his  share 
in  what  was  but  a  reasonable  measure  of 
precaution  in  the  event  of  hostilities. 


A.D.  1636. 

The  king  encloses  a  very  large  space 
of  ground  for  a  park  at  Richmond, 
taking,  in  some  cases,  men's  land 
by  payment,  but  without  their  con- 
sent •. 

The  bishop  of  London  (William 
Juxon)  appointed  lord  treasurer, 
March  9. 

Foreigners  forbidden  to  fish  on 
the  British  coasts  without  licence, 
March  10. 

A  fleet  sent  to  Sallee,  and  many 
hundreds  of  Christian  slaves  released. 

A.D.  1637. 

The  tax  of  ship-money  being  much 
murmured  against  and  resisted,  the 
king  requires  the  opinion  of  the  judges, 
who  unanimously  declare,  that  in  case 
of  danger  to  the  whole  kingdom,  the 
kin|  can  by  law  levy  it  from  all  his 
subjects,  and  that  he  is  the  sole  judge 
of  the  danger',  Feb. 

John  Hampden  *!, a  Buckinghamshire 
gentleman,  and  several  others,  refuse  to 


pay  the  tax,  and  are  in  consequence 
sued  in  the  court  of  Exchequer. 

A  proclamation  issued,  April  30, 
imposing  restrictions  on  emigration 
to  Amenca.  This  proclamation  states 
that  *^  men  of  idle  and  refractory  hu* 
mours,  whose  only  or  principal  end 
is  to  live  without  the  reach  of  autho- 
rity,**  daily  withdraw  themselves  with 
their  families  to  the  plantations,  where 
many  disorders  have  been  caused  by 
thenL  It  therefore  ordains  that  no 
persons  of  property  ("  subsidy-men '^ 
shall  quit  the  country  without  the  li- 
cence of  the  privy  council,  nor  poorer 
men  without  licence  of  the  justices, 
and  to  be  entitled  to  these  ficences, 
all  are  to  produce  certificates  of  having 
taken  the  oaths  of  all^iance  and  su- 
premacy, and  the  testimony  of  their 
parish  minister  as  to  conformity  in 
ecclesiastical  matters.  . 

The  cause  of  ship-money  is  ai^gued  ^'V  <r/- 
at  great  length  before  the  twelve  judges,  /  ^  T] 
when  they  all,  except  Croke  and  Hut-  ' 

ton,  give  their  judgment  for  the  crown', 
June  12.^,^^^^ 


THE  STARCHAMBER  and  THE  LIBELLERS. 


Prynne,  Burton,  and  Bastwick ',  are 
condemned  in  the  Starchamber  for 
seditious  writings,  June  14.    They  are 


placed  in  the  pillory  together,  and 
mutilated,  June  30. 
The  punishments  inflicted  on  these 


*  Archlushop  Laud  strongly  opposed  tlus  pro- 
ject ;  so  did  Lord  Cottington,  but  to  annoy  the 
srchbishop  (with  whom  he  was  at  variance)  he 
pretended  the  contrary,  and  argued  in  a  way  that 
well  illustrates  the  moide  of  converting  lieht  matters 
into  serious  oflfences  which  then  prevaued  in  the 
courts.  He  said  the  park  would  be  convenient  for 
the  king's  pleasure  in  the  winter  season,  without 
his  being  obliged  to  make  any  long  journeys ;  that 
to  oppose  his  resolutions  therein  could  only  pro- 
ceed from  want  of  affection  to  his  person,  and  he 
was  not  sure  that  it  might  not  be  high  treason. 

The  other,"  says  Garendon,  "  upon  the  wildness 
of  his  discourse,  in  fpre»t  anger  asked  him,  *  Why  ? 
whence  had  he  received  that  doctrine  V  Cottington 
cooUv  replied, '  They  who  did  not  wish  the  lung's 

v^      coujd  not  love  him;  and  they  who  went 
about  to  hinder  his  taking  recreation,  which  pre- 
serves his  health,  might  be  thought,  for  aught  he 
knew,  guilty  of  the  highest  crimes.' " 
p  The  names  of  these  judges  were,  Findi,  chief- 


justice^  A.D.  x6aQ) ;  Berkley,  Bramston,  Crawley, 
Croke,  Davenport,  Denham,  Hutton,  Jones,  Trevor, 
Vernon,  and  Weston. 

1  He  was  cousin  to  Oliver  Cromwell  and  had 
before  this  been  embroiled  with  the  courts  for 
neglecting  to  attend  his  parish  church,  and  for 
mustering  the  train-bands  u  Beaconsfield  church- 
yard on  a  Sunday ;  for  which  he  had  to  make 
a  formal  submission.  He  sat  in  the  Lons  Parlia- 
ment for  Buckinghamshire,  and  on  the  oreaking 
out  of  die  wsu-  becune  a  colonel.  He  was  mortallr 
wounded  in  a  ddrmish  at  Chalgrove,  near  Oxford, 
June  18,  1643,  and  died  six  days  after. 

'  Though  the  cause  was  thus  decided.  Lord 
Saye,  a  Puritan,  still  disputed  it,  but  he  gave  way 
eventually,  rather  than  go  to  a  trial. 

•  William  Prycne,  as  already  mentioned,  was 
a  barrister.  Henry  Burton,  a  divine,  was  bom  in 
Yorkshire  in  1579 ;  he  had  been  tutor  to  several 
noblemen,  and  at  one  time  was  derk  of  the  closet 
to  Prince  Charles,  in  which  office  he  WM  super- 


4fO 


THE  6TUARTS. 


[A.IX  x6^. 


have  biougiit  great  odkim  on 
tiie  court  wfakh  ordered  them,  tkougfa 
it  cannot  be  denied  tkat  their  oondnct 
seemed  intended  as  a  direct  challenge 
to  autibority,  to  hiy  its  hand  heavily 
upon  them ;  and  under  even  the  last  of 
the  Tudors  they  would  have  lost  their 
lives,  if  we  may  judge  by  the  fate  of 
the  Brownists  (see  A.D.  1583,  1593). 
Zt  must  also  be  borne  in  mind  tiutt 
even  the  ordinary  courts  habitaally 
pissed  sentences  of  extreme  severity 
m  cases  of  ordinary  character,  where 
no  political  offence  was  allied. 

Prynne  had  already  suffered  four 
years'  imprisonment  for  his  ^His- 
triomastix  S**  but,  undeterred  by  this, 
he  contrived  to  have  printed*,  beside 
some  smaller  matters,  "  A  Divine 
Tragedy,  containing  a  catalogue  of 
God's  judgments  against  Sabbath- 
breakers,"  in  which  the  dergy  who 
read  the  Book  of  Sports  were  classed 
with  the  most  heinous  offenders.  Bur- 
ton also,  while  in  the  hands  of  the 
court  for  his  sennon,  printed  ''  News 
from  Ipswich,**  containing  charges  of 
Romtsh  innovation  against  Bishop 
Wren,  of  Norwich,  whose  fidelity  to 
the  Chureh  had  rendered  him  very 
odious  to  the  Puritans.  Bastwick,  who 
had  published  a  book  called  ''Elen- 


chus  Papismi/'  identiiyiqg  prdacy  and 
popery,  when  questioned  tor  it,  in  the 
same  spirit  of  contomaqr  ioBowmi  it 
op  with  **  A  New  Litany."  The  works 
of  the  whole  were  worded  in  the  style 
of  the  most  ofiensive  of  the  Mar- 
Prelate  tracts  •  ;  and  the  writers, 
when  in  gaol,  so  openly  defied  all 
authority*,  that  the  judges  declared 
it  was  only  owing  to  the  king's  mercy 
that  they  were  not  chained  with 
treason. 

Pryime  was  already  under  sentence 
of  what,  for  a  man  of  his  unbendiog 
temper,  was  probably  equivalent  to 
imprisonment  for  life^  ;  the  same  sen- 
tence was  now  pronounced  against  the 
other  two.  They  were  sdl  fined  £Sf<xx> 
each,  degraded  from  their  professions, 
placed  in  the  pillory,  their  ears  cut  off', 
their  cheeks  and  foreheads  branded  % 
and  they  were  then  removed  to  Lan- 
caster, Launceston,  and  Carnarvon. 
Vehement  expressions  of  sympathy 
with  Prynne  on  his  journey  through 
Coventry  and  Chester,  which  almost 
amounted  to  riots,  causing  his  keepers 
to  apprehend  a  rescue,  and  for  ^rhich 
both  places  were  heavily  fined,  occa- 
sioned a  change  in  their  destinations, 
(Aug.  27,)  and  they  were  sent,  Prynne 
to  Jersey^  Burton  to  Guernsey,  and 


aeded  by  Bishop  Laud.  He  became  incumbent  of 
St  Mattfaew,  Fnday-«bf«et,  Loudon,  and  preached 
there,  on  Nov.  ^,  1636,  a  sermon  from^  Proverbs 
acxiv.  ax,  aa,  which  occasioned  his  citation  before 
the  High  Commission  Court.  John  Bastwick  was 
bora  in  Essex  in  X593 ;  he  studied  at  Emmanuel 
College.  Cambridge,  had  long  travelled  abroad, 
and  had  recently  settled  as  a  physician  at  Colches- 
ter, when  his  vehement  book  against  episcopacy 
brought  him  into  trouble. 

»  See  A.D.  1633. 

"  How  this  was  effected  is  told  in  scmie  Star- 
diattberntpers  preserved  in  the  Public  Record 
Office.  Tne  fiither  of  Prynne's  servant  was  a  cheese- 
monger in  Neweate  market,  and  a  printing-4^ce 
in  which  one  Gru|ory  Dexter  worked  was  close 
adjoining.  To  him  Prynne's  servant  brousht  manu- 
scripts, promising  that  he  should  be  well  paid  for 
his  labour.    Prv'nne,  walking  out  with  his  Iceeper, 


often  came  to  Wickou'  housc^and  was  there  take 
into  a  private  room,  where  Dexter  brought  him 
nn>o&,  and  remained  whilst  he  examined  them. 
In  order  that  the  keeper  mu;ht  be  able  to  swear 
that  he  had  seen  nothing  of  this,  he  was  by  the 
(ood  man  of  the  house  "  persuaded  to  go  upstairs, 
and  not  stay  in  the  open  shop."  Dexter  and  two 
other  printeis  were  examined  in  the  Starchamber 
on  this  matter,  and  in  consequence,  the  delinquent 
keeper  and  the  servant  were  both  committed  to  the 
messenger  of  the  court,  in  whose  cu^ody  they  re- 
mained a  considerable  time. 

»  8ceA.D.  1593. 

*  The  answen  that  they  prepared  to  the  articles 
exhibited  against  them  were  so  violent  that  no  ad- 
vocates could  be  found  to  incur  the  responsibility 
of  presenting  them  ;  hence  they  declared  that  they 
were  condemned  unheard.    One  specimen  of  these 


answers  b  preserved  by  Whitelock :  '*  thai,  tbe 
prelates  are  invaders  of  the  kin^s  preffxnti\e 
royal,  oontemners  and  despisets  of  Die  Holy  Scri|>- 
tures,  advancers  of  popery,  superstition,  idolatry, 
and  profaneness :  also  they  abuse  the  kind's  au- 
thority, to  the  oppression  of  his  loyalest  subjecu. 
and  therein  exercise  great  craelty,  tyranny,  and 
injustice ;  and  in  execution  of  those  impious  po-- 
formances  they  shew  neither  wit,  honesty,  nor  tem- 
peranoe.  Nor  are  they  either  servants  of  God  or  of 
the  king,  but  of  the  devil,  being  «*n^«n^ft  of  God 
and  the  King,  and  of  every  living  thii^  that  is  good. 
All  which  the  said  Dr.  Bastwidc  is  ready  to  aaiB- 
tain,  &c." 

'  He  was  to  be  imprisoned  until  he  made  ssb- 
mission :  but  this  was  a  customary  judc^mcnt,  aad 
not  meant  as  any  peculiar  hardship  on  him. 

■  Prynne  had  adready  suffered  tlus  mntHiCaaa ; 
what  remained  of  his  ears  was  pared  off  ao  doscly 
that  his  life  was,  by  his  partisans,  said  to  be  en- 
dangered ;  but  the  incidents  of  his  journey  to  kit- 
distant  prison  of  Carnarvon  immediately  after  sbew 
this  to  be  a  gross  exaggeration. 

■  Clarendon,  though  condemning  the  men  as 
persons  of  bad  repute,  remarks  on  the  iarsuh  c4- 
iered  to  the  learned  professions  by  this  proccedins. 
and  says,  *'  Every  profession,  with  anger  and  iadig 
nation  enough,  Uiought  their  education,  and  de- 
grees, and  quality,  would  have  secured  then  from 
such  mfamous  judgments,  ^nd  treasured  up  wrath 
for  the  time  to  come."  *rhe  letters  bcaadei  wrrr 
"  S.L."  for  "seditious  libeller  :**  but  Ptynne  wfvtc 
an  epigram,  in  which  he  intetpreted  them  as  stand 
ing  tor  "  Stigmata  Laudi." 

^  His  removal  from  Carnarvon  to  Jeney  was. 
in  consequence  of  bad  weather,  a  matter  of  some 
difficulty,  and  occupied  a  great  length  of  time.  The 


A.©.  1637.] 


CHARLES  I. 


4IX 


Bastwick  to  Scilly,  where  they  re- 
mained until  released  by  order  of  the 
Long  Parliament 

The  Puritans  chose  to  attribute  the 
severity  of  the  sentences  to  Archbishop 
Laud,  and  affixed  placards  in  conspi- 
cuous places,  saying,  that  "  the  arch- 
wolf  of  Canterbury  had  his  hand  in 
persecutiiig  the  saints  and  shedding 
the  blood  of  the  martyrs'."  It  ap- 
pears, however,  not  only  from  his  own 
speech',  but  from  the  records  of  the 
court,  diat  this  was  not  a  true  state- 
nwnt  of  the  facts  of  the  case. 

A  decree  of  the  Stardiamber  is  is- 
sued for  the  regulation  of  printing  and 
letter-founding,  July  i. 

By  this  edict  the  press,  and  all  par- 
ties connected  wkh  it,  were  placed 
under  the  most  rigorous  surveillance. 
The.  number  of  master-printers  was 
limited  to  twenty,  (named  in  the  de- 
cree,) who  were  to  give  security  for 
good  behaviour  in  ;£30o,  and  were  to 
have  not  more  than  two  presses  and 
two  apprentices  each,  unless  they  were, 
or  had  been,  masters  or  wardens  of 
the  Stationers'  Company ;  then  they 
might  have  three  presses,  and  a  like 
number  of  apprentices ;  and  there  were 
to  be  but  four  letter-founders.     One 


penalty  for  almost  every  offence  was 
disability  to  exercise  the  profession 
either  as  master  or  journeyman  ;  and 
as  this  would  probably  result  in ''  print- 
ing in  comers  without  licence,"  prac- 
tising the  arts  of  printing,  book-bind- 
ing, letter-founding,  or  making  any 
part  of  a  press,  or  other  printing  ma- 
terials, by  persons  disqualified,  or  not 
apprenticed  thereto*,  was  to  be  pun- 
ished by  whipping,  the  pillory,  and 
imprisonment  No  books  wet«  to  be 
reprinted  without  a  fresh  licence,  ai- 
tboug:h  they  might  have  been  formerly 
examined  and  a&owed.  Books  brought 
from  abroad  were  to  be  landed  in 
London  only,  and  each  was  to  be 
examined  by  persons  appointed  by 
the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  the 
bishop  oi  Loiidon,  who  had  power  ta 
seize  and  destroy  all  **  seditious,  schis- 
matical,  or  offensive"  productions ;  and 
periodical  searches  were  to  be  made 
both  of  booksellers'  shops  and  private 
houses.  The  activity  of  the  Puritans, 
however,  was  more  than  a  match  for 
the  law,  and  books  fully  deserving  all 
these  titles  were  as  widely  circulated 
as  before',  and  had  a  great  share  in 
producing  the  convulsions  that  fol- 
lowed ». 


vessel  in  which  he  was  emhuked  left  Caxnaivoa 
00  the  oth  October,  1637,  and  did  not  reach  Jersey 
until  ^nary  t8,  1638.  One  Robert  AnwUl  had 
bim  in  duuge,  and  the  whirie  coit,  as  appears 
by  his  account  among  the  State  Papers*  was  /xo6 
lot.  Frynne  remained  in  Jersey  till  November, 
1640,  but  the  teims  of  his  sentence,  which  prohi- 
bited him  the  use  of  pen,  ink  and  paper,  were  re- 
laxed, and  he  contrived  to  live  much  at  his  ease ; 
he  kept  up  communication  with  his  partisans  in 
England,  as  well  as  widi  his  fellow  prisoner,  Burton, 
in  Guernsey ;  and  when  recalled,  they  landed  toge- 
ther at  Southamptoo. 

*  One  such  placard  was  affixed  on  Paul*s-cross, 
July  Q.  1637. 

*  He  treated  Burton  as  the  chief  offender,  and 
nplied  at  length  to  fourteen  charges  of  Romish  in- 
novation urged  by  him ;  said  that,  haying  answered 
Rabshakeh,  he  should  not  confute  his  associates  : 
and  concluded,  "  Because  the  business  hath  some 
nflection  on  myself,  I  shall  forbear  to  censure 
diem,  and  leave  them  to  God's  ni«cy  and  the 
loin's  justice."  Neither  he  nor  Bishop  Juxon 
took  any  part  in  determining  the  sentences,  as  is 
shewn  by  the  records  of  the  Starchamber  still  ez- 
uting.  "nie  custom  of  the  court  was  far  each  mem- 
ber to  set  down  in  writing  what  sentence  he  thought 
suitable,  but  on  this  occasion  the  jnelates  declined 
to  ^te,  conndering  ^emsehres,  m  a  measure,  in- 
terested narties. 

/  In  the  time  of  Elixabedi  a  private  press  was 
<iBscovered  in  the  house  of  a  Romanist  lady  (Mrs. 
StonarX  the  wofflanen  being  her  domestic  servants. 
'  Some  were  imported  from  abroad,  but  much 
the  greats  number  were  primed  at  secret  presses 


*  C^e  person  who  suffered  lor  distributing  the 
hooks  of  Prynne  and  his  friends  was  the  noted 


John  Lilhnme,  then  a  Ltmdon  ^ipcentioe  of  eigh- 
teen (he  was  bom  at  Durham,  of  a  ^[entleman's 
family,  in  t6x6).  He  bore  a  severe  whipping  from 
the  Fleet  to  Westminster  (April  18,  1638)  with  a 
stoicism  which  procured  for  him  the  name  ol 
"Sturdv  John,"  and,  being  released  from  prison 
by  the  Long  Faiiiament,  he  took  up  arms  in  their 
cause,  fou^t  desperately  at  EdgehilL  Brentford, 
and  elsewhere,  and  gained  the  rank  ot  lieutenant- 
colonel.  A  monev  conipensatioa  was  voted  to  him, 
but  this  it  seems  he  only  received  in  part,  and  the 
remainder  of  his  life  was  passed  in  vain  efforts  to 
obtain  it,  and  in  quarrds  widi  every  one  with 
whom  he  came  in  contact.  His  general,  the  earl 
of  Manchester,  complained  of  his  msubordination, 
and  he  was  conunitted  to  the  Tower ;  Cromwell 
procured  his  release,  hot  he  was  soon  again  im- 
prisoned for  "  writing  a  seditious  book,"  and  when 
he  regained  his  liberty,  so  far  from  seeking  to  con- 
ciliate those  in  power,  he  joined  the  Levellers,  and, 
beside  other  works,  wrote  his  *' Englaiid's  new 
Chains,"  in  which  the  hypocrisy  and  iyiauny  of 
the  Council  of  State  and  CromweU  were  merdlesdy 
exposed.  For  this  be  was  tried  on  a  charge  of 
treason  in  1649,  ^^^  aoouitted.  By  a  most  extra- 
vagant stretch  of  power  ne  was  banished  by  Act  of 
Parliament,  early  in  1653,  and,  in  strict  accordance 
with  hb  character,  refused  to  kneel  at  the  bar  while 
receiving  sentence.  MHien  the  parliament  was  ovw- 
thrown  by  Cromwell.  lilbume  returned,  and  ad- 
dressed ''The  Banished  Man's  Plea"  to  him,  but 
instead  of  favour  was  sent  for  trial.  Here  he  con- 
ducted himself  with  angular  address,  and  was, 
after  a  three  days'  trial,  ac9uitted.  Cromwell, 
however,  committed  him  a  prisoner  to  Jeiser,  vit 
at  length  became  reconciled  to  him,  and  by  jycr 
of  privy  seal,  dated  March  «,  1656,  granted  hun 
a  pension  of  408.  a-week,  which  was  on  Dec  aa,. 


412 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1637,  1638. 


A.D.  1637, 

The  bishop  of  Lincohi  (John  Wil- 
liams) being  proceeded  against  in  the 
Starchamber  for  sedition  and  libel  ^, 


is  heavily  fined  and  imprisoned,  Julv 
II.  He  is  also  suspended  from  of- 
fice by  the  High  Commission  Couit, 
July  24. 


SCOTLAND. 


A  book  of  canons  is  prepared  for 
Scotland;  and  a  liturgy,  differing  in 
some  points  from  that  of  the  Church 
of  England,  is  ordered  to  be  used 
there.  Its  first  celebration  at  Edin- 
burgh (Sunday,  July  23)  is  marked  by 
great  tumult,  and  the  Scottish  council 
forbear  to  press  the  matter  further. 

The  canons  and  liturgy  had  been 
prepared  by  the  Scottish  prelates,  and 
revised  by  the  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, and  they  contained  nothing  but 
what  had  been  all  along  held  for 
sound  doctrine  and  orderly  discipline 
by  the  Church  of  England ;  but  their 
introducers  overlook^  the  ver^  im- 
portant fact,  that  the  Reformation  in 
Scotland  had  been  carried  on  by  men 
who  shook  the  throne^  and  regarded 
episcopacy  as  contrary  to  the  Gospel, 


and  that  their  disciples  were  little 
likely  to  receive  with  favour  a  book 
which  asserted  the  divine  right  of 
kin^,  or  a  form  of  service  which  re- 
stramed  the  freedom  of  praying  and 
preaching  and  ministering  of  the  sa- 
craments according  to  his  own  views, 
that  each  minister  of  the  Scottish 
kirk  had  so  long  exercised.  This 
neglect  was  aggravated  by  an  inju- 
dicious mode  of  proceeding,  llie 
canons  and  the  litingy  were  intro- 
duced merely  by  the  royal  authority, 
without  any  reference  to  the  General 
Assembly,  the  recognised  organ  of 
the  Scottish  kirk,  and  hence  they 
were  plausibly  represented  as  ofien- 
sive  at  once  to  the  national  inde- 
pendence', and  to  the  "pure  evangel' 
of  Christ 


A  proclamation  published,  Aug.  18, 
stating  the  king's  determination  to  up- 
hold the  power  of  the  High  Commis- 
sion and  other  ecclesiastical  courts  \ 

The  people  repair  in  multitudes  to 
Edinburgh,  in  October,  and  petition 
the  council  to  procure  the  withdrawalt 
of  the  new  Service-book.  The  council 
orders  them  to  return  to  their  homes, 
but  the  direction  is  disregarded.  Se- 
veral of  the  council  being  assailed  in 
the  streets,  (Oct.  18,)  its  session  is  re- 
moved to  Linlithgow,  and  many  of  the 
bishops  retire  to  England. 


The  petition  of  the  people  (to  whom 
many  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  had 
now  joined  themselves)  is  forwarded 
to  the  king.  He  sends  in  answer  a 
proclamation  (dated  Dec.  7)  forbidding 
such  assemblies  under  the  penalty  of 
reason,  but  the  council  hesitate  as  to 
publishing  it. 

A.D.  1638. 

The  king's  proclamation  is  at  length 
published  at  Edinburgh,  Feb.  15. 

The  earl  of  Home  and  several  other 
noblemen,  the  clergy  and  gentry,  pro- 
test against  its  denial  of  their  right  of 


z6s7j  contioafed  to  his  widow  Elizabeth.  Lilburne 
had  joined  the  new  sect  of  Quakers,  and  was  buried 
among  them,  Aug.  31, 1657,  the  funeral  being  ac- 
oorapanied  by  a  quarrel  which  nearly  ended  in 
blows,  from  a  difference  of  opinion  among  his  ad- 
mirers as  to  using  or  dispensmg  with  a  paU  to  his 
coflin. 

>•  He  had  long  favoured  the  Puritans,  and  a  for- 
mal  complaint  on  the  subject  appears  to  have  been 
made  by  petition  to  the  king  at  least  as  early  as 
1628,  hy  one  Henry  Alleyn,  a  proctor,  setting  forth 
"  certam  disloyal  and  derogatory  speeches  uttered 
by  him  of  the  king/'  and  caarpng  him  with  acts 
unsuitable  in  a  Churchman ;  his  papers  being  now 
seized,  some  of  them  were  pronounced  libellous. 
The  speech  charged  against  him  not  being  fully 
proved,  it  was  said  that  he  had  tampered  with  the 
witnesses.  His  friend.  Dr.  Osbaldistone,  who  had 
written  some  letteis  which  gave  offence,  succeeded 


-  himself,  but  the  tnshop  was  impn- 
soned  until  the  general  release  of  political  prisoaets 
in  x64a 

'  Scruples  on  this  very  point  actuated  die  king 
himself,  but  he  was  unfortunately  induced  to 
abandon  them. 

^  The  civilians  in  these  courts  laboured  zeakmsly 
to  extend  their  jurisdiction,  which  gave  rise  to  gmt 
jealousy  on  the  part  of  the  lawyers ;  hence  jvohi- 
bitions  were  readily  jnanted  by  the  other  courts  to 
stay  proceedings.  These  prohibitions  it  was  the 
dehght  of  the  nonconformists  to  procure,  and  they 
were  brought  into  court  in  the  most  offensive  maa* 
ner.  Archbish<x>  Laud  mentions  one  thrown  into 
the  court,  which  struck  him  on  the  breast :  and 
another  handed  to  the  judge,  amid  jeers  and 
laughter,  on  a  stick.  Conduct  like  this  must  be 
taken  into  account,  if  we  would  judge  fairly  of  the 
severities  exeidsea  in  the  reign. 


A.D.  1638,  1639.] 


CHARLES  I. 


41^ 


petitioning,  and,  under  the  name  of 
Tables,  fonn  a  kind  of  provisional 
government,  which  keeps  possession 
of  Edinburgh,  and  in  effect  rules  the 
whole  country. 

The  Covenant*  is  drawn  up  and 
published  by  the  Tables,  March  i, 
and  is  eagerly  signed  by  all  classes. 

A  fresh  proclamation  issued,  for- 
bidding persons  to  remove  to  New 
England  without  licence,  May  i. 

The  niarquis  of  Hamilton  is  sent  as 
commissioner  to  Scotland  in  June.  He 
fails  to  procure  the  renunciation  of  the 
Covenant. 

A  commission  appointed  to  pro- 
secute offenders  against  the  statute  of 
Elizabeth  relating  to  cottages  ",  Aug.  22. 

The  king  sends  a  declaration  (c&ted 
Sept.  9),  abandoning  the  canons  and 
lituigy,  and  promising  to  call  a  general 
assembly  and  a  parliament 

The  people,  without  waiting  for  the 
royal  permission,  elect  a  general  as- 
sembly", which  meets  at  Glasgow, 
Nov.  21.  The  bishops  protest  against 
the  assembly  as  illegal,  and  the  mar- 
quis formally  dissolves  it,  Nov.  28; 
but  it  sits  notwithstanding,  till  Dec. 
20,  pronounces  the  abolition  of  epi- 
scopiacy,  deposes  the  bishops  in  a  body, 
and  excommunicates  four  of  their 
number. 

The  Covenanters  prepare  for  war. 
They  levy  taxes,  seize  on  and  garrison 
the  fortresses,  enter  into  formal  com- 
munications with  France,  invite  Scot- 
tish officers  and  soldiers  from  the 
German  wars,  and  correspond  with 
the  Puritan  party  in  England  ". 


A,D.  1639. 

The  Scots  issue  a  declaration,  (Feb. 
7),  asserting  that  they  have  no  evil  in- 
tention towards  the  icing  or  the  Eng- 
lish people,  but  have  taken  up  arms 
for  their  defence  from  the  "  meditated 
introduction  of  popery." 

The  king  levies  troops  against  the 
Scots,  and  publishes  a  declaration, 
(Feb.  27,)  charging  them  with  seeking 
to  overthrow  the  regal  power  under 
pretence  of  reli^on. 

The  Scots  seize  the  castles  of  Edin- 
burgh, Dumbarton,  Stirling,  and  other 
strong  posts,  in  March. 

The  king's  army,  under  the  earls  of 
Arundel,  Essex,  and  Holland,  marches 
to  York,  committing  many  excesses  in 
its  way'.  A  fleet,  under  the  marquis 
of  Hamilton,  sails  into  the  Frith  of 
Forth. 

The  king  repairs  to  York,  in  April, 
where  he  revokes  a  number  of  oppres- 
sive grants  and  monopolies. 

The  English  army  advances  as  &r 
as  Berwick,  but  soon  retires  without 
coming  to  hostilities.  The  Scots  then 
send  commissioners  to  York  ;  a  paci- 
fication *!  is  concluded,  June  18,  and  the 
king  soon  after  returns  to  London. 

Sir  Henry  Vane  made  secretary  of 
state',  Aug. 

The  Scottish  assembly  and  parlia- 
ment meet  in  August ;  they  formally 
abolish  episcopacy,  and  propose  acts 
limiting  Uie  royal  power.  The  par- 
liament is  in  consequence  prorogued 
by  the  king's  commissioner  (John 
Stuart,  earl  of  Traquair),  but  they  pro- 
test against  this  as   invalid  without 


'  This  professed  to  be  lased  on  a  document 
which  James  VI.  had  signed  in  the  year  1580,  but 
a  number  of  clauses  were  added,  that  gave  it 
a  new  character;  the  most  important  was  one 
Ij  which  the  subscribers  bound  themselves  to  re- 
sist the  attempted  innovations  against  all  persons 
whatever. 

■  See  A.D.  X589.  This  commission,  which,  it 
would  appear,  was  only  used  to  raise  money  by 
compoun<Ung  with  the  offenders,  was  revoked 
Apnl  9, 1639. 

■  It  was  composed,  contrary  to  the  king's  wish, 
of  equal  numbers  of  ministen  and  laymen  (sty|ed 
ruling  elders). 

*  '^I  wanted  not  solicitations  on  the  behalf  of  the 
Covenanters,"  says  Whitelock,  "but  I  persuaded 
my  friends  not  to  foment  these  growing  public  dif- 
ferences, nor  to  be  any  means  of  encouraging  a 
foreign  nation,  proud  and  subtle,  against  our  natural 
prince,  and  Mured  great  and  evil  consequences 
thereof.* 

>  The  men  were  pressed  into  the  service,  and 
were  but  badly  supplied  with  either  food  or  cloth- 
mg.  The  pa^  of  ate  private  soldiers  was  8d.  per 
day,  from  wluch  they  were  to  receive  as.  6d.  per 


week  for  their  food,  and  the  remainder  was  to  fur- 
nish them  with  two  suits  of  clothing  yearly.  The 
poverty  of  the  exchequer,  however,  made  the  money 
payment  very  uncertain,  and  the  hungry  men  plun- 
dered for  food. 

1  By  this  treaty  the  Scottish  army  was  to  be  im- 
mediately disbanded,  and  the  royal  fortresses  sur- 
rendered, but  neither  was  done,  and  the  Cove- 
nanters pursued  with  rigour  all  who  had  taken 
arms  for  the  king.  Dilutes  also  arose  about  the 
terms  of  the  treaty,  and  the  Scots  published  a  paper 
concerning  it,  which  was  adjudged  libellous  and  se- 
ditious by  the  council  in  England,  and  was  ordered 
to  be  burnt  by  the  hangman. 

'  He  was  of  a  northern  fitmily  that  had  settled 
in  Kent,  and  was  bora  Feb.  x8,  1589.  He  had 
been  employed  as  an  ambassador,  was  knighted 
in  x6xT,  and  at  the  time  of  his  promotion  was  trea- 
surer of  the  royal  household.  Secretary  Coke,  a 
friend  of  Strafford,  was  displaced  to  make  room  for 
him,  and  some  contemptuous  expressions  ascribed 
to  Strafford  on  the  occasion  made  Vsme  his  deadly 
enemy.  He  was  a  main  instrument  in  the  convic- 
tion of  Straftbrd,  and  soon  after  retired  from  pubUc 
life.    He  died  at  Raby  in  1654. 


414 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1639, 164a 


their  own  consent,  and  send  deputies 
to  present  a  remonstrance  to  the 
Icing. 

A  Spanish  fleet  is  defeated  by  the 
Dutch  in  the  Downs',  Oct.  ii,  12. 

The  king  prepares  for  a  fresh  war 
with  the  Scots.  Large  sums  are  pro- 
cured from  the  Romanists  by  the 
queen's  influence,  whence  the  force 
equipped  is  invidiously  styled  "the 
popish  army.'' 

A.D.  1640. 

The  Scots  send  fresh  commissioners 
to  London,  one  of  whom  (Lord  Lou- 
doun) is  detected  in  a  correspondence 
with  the  French  ministers,  and  is  sent 
to  the  Tower. 

The  king,  by  the  advice  of  Went- 
worth  and  Laud,  calls  a  parliament, 
after  eleven  years'  cessation,  which 
meets  Apuril  13  S  The  former  dispute 
as  to  voting  supplies  before  grievances 
are  redressed  is  at  once  resumed,  and, 
after  some  ineffectual  conferences  be- 
tween the  two  Houses,  the  parliament 
is  dissolved.  May  5. 

The  convocation  continues  its  sit- 
tii^  until  May  39,  in  virtue  of  an 
opinion  of  the  law  officers  of  the 
crown.  It  g^rants  a  subsidy  of  ;f  120,000, 
and  frames  canons,  in  which  the  divine 
right  of  kings  and  the  duty  of  passive 
obedience  are  inculcated  \ 

An  attack  is  made  on  Archbishop 
Laud's  palace  at  Lambeth,  May  11. 
This,  as  "  levying  war,"  is  held  to  be 
treason  by  the  judges,  and  one  man  is 
executed  for  it,  May  23. 


Contribations  to  tbe  mmomA  of 
;^30G^ooo  are  raised  for  the  king's  ser- 
vice, and  his  army,  conunanded  bjr 
the  earls  of  Northumberland  and  Straf- 
ford, and  Lord  Conway,  advances 
against  the  Scots. 

The  Scots  enter  England,  Aug.  aa 
They  pass  tbe  Tyne  at  Newbtum,  de> 
feating  there  a  party  of  the  English, 
Aug.  28,  and  take  possessiim  of  New- 
castle. 

The  king,  who  had  xemained  at 
York,  summons  the  peers  to  meet  him 
there  on  Sept  24. 

They  assemble,  when  the  king  in- 
forms them  of  his  intention  to  call 
a  parliament,  and  gives  a  commissiaB 
to  the  earl  of  Essex  and  fifteen  other 
peers  to  treat  with  commissioners  from 
the  Scots.  A  cessation  €i  arms  h 
agreed  on,  at  Rip(Hi,  Oct.  26,  and  the 
discussion  of  the  various  deinauids  re^ 
moved  to  London". 

The  High  Commission  Court  sits 
for  the  last  time,  at  St.  Paul's,  Oct  22, 
when  the  people  make  a  tumuk,  tear 
up  the  benches,  and  cry,  "No  Bishops ! 
no  High  Commission !" 

The  parliament  meets'' Nov.  3.  •'The 
first  week,"  says  Whitelock,  "was  roent 
in  naming  general  committees,  and  es- 
tablishing them*,  and  receiving  a  great 
many  petitions,  both  from  particular 
persons  and  sotiie  from  multitudes,  and 
brought  by  troops  of  horsemen  from 
several  counties,  craving  redress  of 
grievances  and  of  exorbitances,  both 
in  Church  and  State." 

The  bish(^  of  Lincoln*,  Prynnc, 


•  The  Spaniards  lay  in  the  Downs  some  days  be* 
fore  they  were  attacked,  and  the  Idn^  offered  to 
escort  them  safelv  to  Flanders  or  Spam  for  a  sum 
of  money ;  but  whilst  the  negotiation  was  pending, 
the  Dutch  bore  down  on  them  and  destroyed  them, 
although  the  English  fleet  was  present  under  Ad- 
ndnd  Pennington. 

*  Serjeant  Glanville  was  Speaker ;  and  William 
I.eiithall  chairman  of  commhlee  oC  the  whole 
House. 

^  *  An  oath  was  also  imposed  by  one  canon  (die 
dxthX  '*for  the  preventing  of  ali  innovations  in 
doctrine  and  government, '^  refusal  to  take  which 
was  to  be  punished  by  the  loss  of  all  ecclesiastical 
preferment.  Another  canon  (the  fifthX  "Against 
Sectaries,"  subjected  "Anabaptists,  Brownists,  Se- 
paratists^ FamHists,"  and  other  dissentients  to  the 
same  proceedings  and  penalties^  as  far  as  applica- 
ble, as  Romish  recusants,  and  duected  the  burning 
of  any  ''book,  writing,  or  scandalous  pamphlet 
devbed  against  the^  government  of  the  Church," 
equally  with  those  in/Mtl^^fing  Socinianism.  The 
continuing  of  this  convocation  after  the  parliament 
tOLd  been  dissolved  was  made  an  acciisation  against 
Archbishop  Laud,  though  he  had  acted  by  legal 


advice.  In  fact,  even  as  oppoMat  fWhheiod) 
confesses  the  difficulty  of  his  peeitioii,  km  ht  says. 
'*  The  clergy  were  in  danger  of  the  tang's  dapio- 
sure  if  they  rote,  and  of  the  peoplc^a  fiuy  if  ^ey 
sat." 

■  One  of  the  Scottish  comnissiaBers  vu  JUa- 
ander  Henderson,  a  preacher.  The  churek  ai  St 
Augustine  by  St.  Paul's  was  given  up  to  Um,  nd 
his  violent  sermons  had  great  eflbct  m  aogmcnriiv 
the  p^lar  discoofeeni. 

7  They  chose  for  their  Speaker  Willuun  LentMI. 
a  bencher  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  member  for  Wood- 
stock, "  a  man  of  a  very  narrow,  >iioT%«^B  nataK." 
says  Clarendon.  He  was  bom  in  1591  at  Hcnkr  os 
Thames,  and  was  educated  at  AlbHi  Hall,  Oxfctd. 
lie  remained  Speaker  until  the  Pariiansent  wss 
diroersed  by  Cromwell  in  1653,  and  w«s  reinsiattd 
in  Feb.  1660.  He  had  been  nmdc  Master  of  ths 
RoUs  in  1643  by  the  Parliament,  and  Iw  reoemd 
from  them  the  estate  of  Burford  pnorr,  a  seqaes* 
trated  property  of  Lord  FalUand.  At  the  RcMsia* 
tion  he  received  a  pardon,  thraugh  the  good  oftces 
of  the  earl  of  Norwich  and  Colonel  Un.  Hedted 
Sept.  3,  x663,  and  was  buried  at  Burfcfd. 

■  Sec  Note.  p.  388.  •See  a.s.  a^. 


A.T>.  1640,  1 64 1.] 


CHARLES  T. 


415 


Burton,  Bastwick^,  Leighton,  Lilbume, 
Ciiaml»ers%  and  many  others,  impri- 
soned by  sentence  of  the  Starchamber 
or  Court  of  High  Commission,  bring 
forvard  complaints  of  their  treatment. 
A  committee  is  appointed  to  investi- 
gate the  same,  and  the  petitioners  are 
ordered  to  be  brought  to  London. 

The  House  expels  '^projectors"  and 
monopolists'. 

Prynne  and  Burton  arrive  in  Lon- 
don, Nov.  27  •. 

The  Conunons  present  articles  of 
impeachment  against  the  earl  of  Straf- 
ford', Nov.  iiy  when,  he  is  committed 
to  the  custody  of  the  usher.  He  is  re- 
moved to  the  Tower,  Nov.  25. 

The  king  at  first  refuses  to  allow 
any  of  his  council  to  be  examined  by 
the  parliament^  but  soon  gives  way, 
and  Archbishop  Laud  is  so  examined, 
Dec  4. 

Sir  Francis  Windebank,  secretary 
of  state,  being  accused  of  corruptly  fa- 
vouring Romanists^escapes  to  France'. 
The  lord  keeper.  Finch  of  Fordwidi, 
being  impeached,  after  a  speech  in  his 


I  own  defence  (Dec.  15)  before  the  Com- 
mons, flees  to  Holland  K 

The  canons  lately  made  are  voted 
unlawful,  after  a  two  days'  debate, 
Dec.  16.  Archbishop  Laud  is  named 
as  their  author,  the  Scots  present  a 
complaint  against  him  as  '^the  great 
incendiary,"  and  he  is  conunitted  to 
the  custody  of  the  usher,  Dec  iS. 

The  archbishop  is  fined  ;£soo  as 
amends  to  Sir  Robert  Howai^  im- 
prisoned by  the  ecclesiastical  court 
in  1637  ^ 


A.D.  1641. 


The  Commons  order  that "  commis- 
sions be  sent  into  all  counties  for  the 
defacing,  demolishing,  and  quite  taking 
away  of  all  images,  altars,  or  tables 
turned  altar-wise,  crucifixes,  supersti- 
tious pictures,  monuments,  and  rdiques 
of  idolatry,  out  of  all  churches  or 
chapels  V*  Jan.  23. 

Sir  Edward  Lyttelton  is  made  lord 
keepers  Jan.  23. 

The  diarges  against  the  earl  of 
Stra£ford   (twenty-eight   in   nimiber*) 


^  A  mooej  ooopcnsatioa  was  voted  to  tbem,  bat 
it  does  Bot  appear  to  hare  been  paid  to  the  two 
latter,  who  look  no  fiurliMr  part  in  public  alEurs. 
Burton  died  ia  Janofiunr^  i6^,  and  Bastwick  in 
October,  1654 1  Hastwickls  widow  (Susanna),  ^ow- 
<»«r,  reoeiveid  G**ly  7»  >*5S)  a  pension  of  aos. 
w«ek|v  bam  Cromwd,  which  was  increased  to 
fos.  Dec:  34^  z6s5»  as  appears  by  the  letters  of 
privy  seat  Prynne  &red  better,  as  he  was  em- 
pbwd  in  ooOectinK  the  evidence  against  Aich- 
bsfaop  Laii4,  when  he  treated  the  captive  with 
extreme  hardiness.  He  at  length  became  obnoxi- 
<Ms  to  the  anny  for  opposing  the  murder  of  the 
king,  and  he  was  imsrisoned  for  a  tioM  in  Dvnster 
Casde  bv  the  Council  of  Sute  ;  he  lived  unnoticed 
during  the  Ptotectoxate,  and  at  the  Restoration  he 
obtained  the  office  of  keeper  of  the  records  in  the 
Tower,  which  he  held  till  nis  death,  in  1669. 

*  The  sum  of  ;£i 3,680  was  voted  to  Chambers,  as 
a  cnminiiation  for  1^  sufferings  and  losses  out  of  a 
^■oe  at  ^50,000  imposed  on  the  farmexs  of  the  cus- 
toms. A  petition  of  his  to  the  parliament  in  x6s4 
tales  that  he  received  none  of  this  moaey,  and  hafd 
been  deprived  of  a  place  in  the  customs  granted  to 
bim  in  lieu  of  it.  In  1651S  fjuly  31)  he  had  letters 
of  ^vy  seal  granting  him  the  above  sum  out  of  the 
■me^  of  any  discoveries  of  concealed  lands,  &c. 
that  he  mig^  make;  but  he  did  not  succeed  in 
this,  and  he  <fied  in  poverty  Aug.  ao,  1658. 

*  This,  however,  was  only  partially  done,  ac- 
cardmg  to  Clarendon,  none  d  Uieir  own  party  suf- 
fering, though  notoriously  guilty. 

*  Nefaemiah  WaDington,  the  ruritan,  exultingly 
describes  the  scene.  "O  remember  this  great 
mercy  of  God,  that  those  worthy  and  dear  servants 
of  God,  Mr.  Burton  and  Mr.  Prynne,  came  to 
London  with  very  great  honour,  many  thousands 
meeting  of  them,  some  in  coaches,  some  on  horse- 
back nding  in  ranks,  and  some  on  foot,  and  all  with 
nsemary  and  bay  in  their  hands."  Bastwick  ar- 
rived on  Dec  7,  and  was  received  "  with  as  great 
hooonr  and  re^iect." 

'The  principal  man  in  this  proceeding  was  Mr. 
Pym,  who  made  the  first  speech,  and  presented  the 


articles.  He  was  bom  in  Somersetshire  in  xsi4, 
was  a  lawyer,  and  had  once  held  an  office  in  the 
Exchequer.  He  had  sat  in  the  two  preoediag  par- 
liaments, and  was  regarded  with  much  defaraoce 
by  his  party.    Pym  died  in  the  year  1643. 

>  He  died  there  soon  after. 

>^  Ue  had,  as  chief  justice,  been  very  iastro- 
mental  in  procuring  the  other  judges'  opinions  in 
fkvour  of  ship-money :  had  been  a  prominent  mem* 
her  of  the  Starchamber,  and  was  believed  to  have 
advised  Uic  sudden  dissolution  of  the  last  parlia- 
ment. He  returned  at  the  Restoration,  Sat  on  the 
trial  of  the  regicides,  and  died  shortly  after. 

i  Sir  Robert  had  contracted  an  adulterous  mar- 
riage with  the  Viscountess  Purbeck  (a  daughter  of 
Chief  Justice  Coke),  and  had  rescued  her  from  con- 
finement when  sentenced  to  a  public  penance :  for 
this  he  suffered  an  imprisonment  of  three  months 
in  the  Gatehouse  at  Westminster. 

i  In  consequence,  the  crosses  of  Charing,  St. 
Paul's,  and  Cheapstde  were  thrown  down  by  Str 
Robert  Harlow;  other  fanatics  desecrated  the 
churches,  and  hindered  the  public  service.  The 
journal  of  one  of  the  commissioners  (William  Dow- 
sing, employed  in  the  eastern  counties,)  has  been 
preserved  and  published.  It  fullv  bears  out  the 
complaints  of  Bishop  Hall  and  others  of  most  vile 
and  oarbarous  profanation.    See  Note,  p.  389. 

^  He  continued  with  the  parliament  some  time 
after  the  king  had  left  London,  bpt  then  repaired 
to  him,  taking  the  great  seal  with  him,  which 
obliged  the  parliament  to  fabricate  a  new  seal  for 
themselves.    He  died  in  office,  Aug.  37, 1645- 

^  There  were  at  first  but  nine  articles,  but  these 
were  afterwards  amplified  into  the  above  number.  He 
was  chaii^ed  with  ruling  Ireland  and  the  north  of 
England  by  the  sword,  and  endeavouring  to  subvert 
the  fundjumental  laws;  with  stirring  up  hostihty 
with  Scotland,  and  labounng  to  subvert  partia- 
ments.  The  Scottish  commis^oners  and  some 
members  of  the  Irish  parliament  also  brought 
heavy  chafes  against  him,  but  thev  were  m  sub- 
stance contained  in  the  articles  exhibited  by  the 
House  of  Commons. 


4i6 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a-d.  1641. 


are  laid  before  the  House  of  Lords, 
Jan.  30. 

Sir  Robert  Berkley,  one  of  the 
judges,  accused  of  high  treason"*,  is 
seized  on  the  bench  and  committed  to 
prison,  Feb.  13. 

An  act  passed  (Feb.  15)  "for  the 
prevention  of  inconveniences  happen- 
ing by  the  long  intermission  of  parlia- 
ments," [16  Car.  I.  c.  i].  This  impor- 
tant act  provides  for  the  meeting  of 
a  parliament  at  least  once  in  three 
years ;  imposes  an  oath  on  the  lord 
chancellor  and  other  officers  concerned 
to  issue  the  necessary  voits,  and,  in 
case  of  the  default  of  any  of  them,  em- 
powers the  people  to  elect  representa- 
tives, who  shsdl  meet  on  the  third 
Monday  in  January ;  the  House  of 
Commons  so  formed,  as  well  as  the 
House  of  Peers,  being  incapable  of 
being  prorogued  or  dissolved  under 
fifty  days  from  their  first  meeting  with- 
out their  own  consent". 

The  charges  against  Archbishop 
Laud**  are  brought  forward,  Feb.  20. 
He  is  sent  to  the  Tower,  March  i. 

The  House  of  Conunons  passes  a 
vote  against  bishops  sitting  in  parlia- 
ment, or  any  clerk  holding  temporal 
authority,  March  10. 

The  earl  of  Strafford's  trial  com- 
mences, before  the  earl  of  Arundel,  as 
high  steward,  and  the  House  of  Peers, 
March  22. 

In  the  course  of  the  trial  (April  13), 
a  paper  is  produced  against  him',  pur- 
portmg  to  De  minutes  of  advice  given 
by  him  at  the  council-table.  May  5, 
1640^  ("You  have  an  army  in  Ireland 


that  you  may  employ  to  reduce  this 
kingdom  to  obedience")-  He  daues 
its  genuineness  ;  various  points  of  lav 
are  argued  by  his  cotmsel,  and  the 
Peers  seem  unlikely  to  convict  him. 

The  Commons  then  pass  a  bill  of 
attainder  against  him^,  April  21,  to 
which  the  Lords  at  length  consent, 
April  29. 

The  king  addresses  the  parliament, 
desiring  them  to  spare  the  life  of  the 
earl,  "whom  in  honour  and  conscience 
he  cannot  believe  guilty  of  treason, 
and  therefore  will  not  consent  to  the 
bill  against  him,"  but  confessing  him 
to  be  unfit  evermore  to  be  employed 
in  any  place  of  trust.  May  i. 

Some  preachers  on  the  next  day 
(Sunday)  incite  the  midtitude  to  de- 
mand the  execution  of  the  earL  They 
accordingly  repair  tumultuously  to 
Westminster  the  following  day.  May  3. 

The  king  endeavours  to  procure  the 
escape  of  the  earl  from  the  Tower, 
but  the  plan  is  frustrated  by  the  vigi- 
lance of  the  lieutenant,  Sir  William 
Balfour'. 

A  plan  to  bring  the  English  army 
from  the  north  to  overawe  the  parlia- 
ment" is  discovered.  The  Commons 
in  consequence  draw  up  a  Protestation 
(May  3)  of  their  resolve  to  maintain 
the  Protestant  faith  against  Romish 
innovation,  to  protect  the  king's  per- 
son, the  freedom  of  the  parliament, 
and  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the  sub- 
ject, and  to  bring  to  condign  punish- 
ment all  who  shall  attempt  anything 
to  the  contrary.  This  Protestation 
was   also   taken  by  the   peers   and 


>  His  "treason"  consisted  in  havine  given  an  opi- 
nion that  the  ship-money  writs  were  legal  He  was 
subsequently  released  without  trial,  on  payment  of 
a  composition  of  ;Czo,ooo. 

•  This  act  was  repealed  in  1664  [16  Car.  II.  c  x], 
as  derogatory  to  the  Crown. 

<*  There  were  fourteen  original  and  ten  supple- 
mentary articles,  but  all  ma^  be  comprised  under 
the  three  heads  of  endeavouring  (x)  to  subvert  the 
fundamental  laws  of  the  realm  and  introduce  arbi- 
trary government ;  (a)  to  subvert  true  religion  and 
introduce  popery ;  and  (3)  to  subvert  the  rights  of 
parliament. 

P  It  was  brought  forward  by  Sir  Henry  Vane, 
who  asserted  that  he  had  found  it  among  the 
papers  of  his  father,  the  secretary  of  state.  "Sir 
Harry  the  younger,'*  as  he  was  called,  was  bom  in 
±6i2i  and  was  educated  at  Westminster  School 
and  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford.  He  was  of  a  wild, 
visionary  temperament,  and  resided  for  some  time 
among  the  extreme  Puritans  in  America.  On  his 
return,  he  was  made  joint  treasurer  of  the  navy, 
and  was  knighted.  He  was  an  active  member  of 
the  "  root  and  branch"  party,  had  a  great  share  in 
introducing  the  Covenant  and  the  Sdf-denying  Or- 


dinance, and  is  described  by  Clarendon  as  the  only 
one  of  the  commissioners  at  Newport  who  did  net 
desire  the  success  of  the  negotiauons.  After  the 
murder  of  the  king,  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  State,  but  retired  into  the  country  wbea 
Cromwell  seized  the  government.  He  was  dis- 
liked and  imprisoned  by  the  Protector,  bat  sat  ta 
Richard's  parliament,  and  was  for  a  shaft  diDe 
President  of  the  Coimcil  on  Ricfaaxd's  hXL  He 
was  condemned  and  executed  in  x<li6a. 

«  Lord  Dicby,  son  of  the  earl  of  Bristol,  aisd 
fifty-eight  others  voted  against  it;  thdr  names 
were  posted  in  the  streets  as  "  StxaffordiaBs,  wbo, 
to  save  a  traitor,  would  betray  their  oountrv" 
The  House,  when  complained  to,  relused  to  nooce 
this  interference  with  its  freedom  of  debate. 

'  He  was  a  Scottish  Covenanter,  who  had  been 
placed  in  that  office  at  the  express  «i**»»«»«^  of  the 
Commons. 

•  The  plan,  m  which  Jermyn,  Goring:,  Legg,  and 
other  royal  officers  were  paiticipatocs,  was  ckarly 
proved  to  have  received  the  sanction  of  the  king, 
and  it  served  ever  after  with  his  a  ' 
argument  of  his  bad  fiuth. 


A.D.  164I.] 


CHARLES  I. 


417 


bishops,  but  a  bill  intended  to  impose 
it  on  all  classes  was  rejected. 

All  persons  bringing  in  foreign 
forces  declared  public  enemies,  May  5. 
The  king  at  length  gives  his  con- 
sent, by  commission,  to  the  act  of  at- 
tainder of  the  earl  of  Strafford*  [16 
Car,  I.  c.  38],  May  10 ;  as  also  to  an 
act  "to  prevent  inconveniences  which 
may  happen  by  the  untimely  adjourn- 
ing, proroguing,  or  dissolving  of  this 
present  Parliament  **  [c.  7],  which  pro- 
vides that  neither  House  shall  be  ad- 
journed except  at  their  own  order,  or 
the  parliament  dissolved  except  by  act 
of  parliament ". 

The  king  sends  a  letter  to  the  Lords, 
requesting  them  to  confer  with  the 
Commons  on  some  means  of  sparing 
the  earl's  life.  May  11.  They  decline 
to  do  so,  and  he  is  beheaded  on  Tower- 
Hill «,  May  12. 

The  pacification  with  Scotland  rati- 
fied by  parliament  fc.  17],  and;^300,ooo 
ordered  to  be  raised  as  ^'friendly  assist- 
ance and  relief  promised  to  our  bre- 
thren of  Scotland  V'  [c  18]. 

A  subsidy  of  tunnage  and  poundage 
granted  [c.  8].  This  grant  was  but 
from  May  25  to  July  15,  1641 »,  and 
any  officer  presuming  to  levy  it  after 
that  time  was  to  incur  the  penalties  of 
praemunire,  and  also  be  disabled  dur- 
ing his  life  to  sue  in  any  court. 

A  poll-tax  is  levied  for  the  payment 
and  disbanding  of  both  armies,  [c.  9]. 
Dukes  were  to  pay  ;£  100 ;  bishops  /60 ; 
other  ranks  less ;  gentlemen  of  2»ioo 


per  annum  were  taxed  at  £$  ;  freemen 
of  companies,  u. ;  and  meaner  per- 
sons, 6d,  Romish  recusants  were  as- 
sessed at  double  rates. 

The  bishop  of  Norwich  (Matthew 
Wren)  is  committed  to  the  Tower, 
on  the  complaint  of  the  Conunons, 
July  5. 

Five  of  the  judges  who  had  argued 
in  favour  of  ship-money  (Bramston,. 
Crawley,  Davenport,  Trevor,  and  Wes- 
ton) are  imprisoned.  An  act  is  passed 
whereby  all  their  proceedings  in  the 
matter  are  declarea  void,  and  all  re- 
cords and  processes  concerning  the 
same  made  void  and  cancelled,  [c.  14]. 

An  act  passed  "for  regulating  the 
Privy  Council,  and  for  taking  away  the 
court  commonly  called  the  Starcham- 
ber,"  [c.  10].  This  act  asserts  that  all 
matters  heretofore  examined  in  the 
Starchamber  are  cognizable  by  the 
common  law,  affirms  that  the  king  and 
his  council  have  no  jurisdiction,  power, 
or  authority,  over  any  man's  estate', 
and  forbids  the  attempt  to  exercise 
such  by  any  officer  whatever,  on  pain 
of  j^Soo  penalty  for  the  first  offence, 
;£i,ocx>  for  the  second,  and  disability 
to  hold  office,  or  to  make  or  receive 
any  gift,  grant,  or  conveyance  of  lands, 
&c.,  for  the  third. 

The  High  Commission  Court  abo- 
lished, and  the  erection  of  any  new 
court   with    like    powers    forbidden, 

[C.II]. 

The  Stannary  and  Forest  Courts  re- 
gulated, [cc.  15, 16].    The  jurisdiction 


^  Stnfford  wrote  a  letter  on  the  4th  of  May  to 
the  king,  requesting  that  his  death  might  be  the 
means  of  reconciliation,  but  Charles  is  understood 
to  have  yielded  to  the  sophistical  reasoning  of  the 
bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  even  his  devoted  subiect. 
Archbishop  Laud,  cannot  forbear  to  censure  him. 
He  justly  remaiki,  that  the  king's  speech  of  his 
dctennination  not  to  assent  to  the  bill  "  displeased 
mightily,  and  I  verily  think  it  hastened  the  earl's 
death.  And,  indeed,  to  what  end  should  the  king 
come  voluntarily  to  say  this,  and  there,  unless  he 
would  have  bided  by  it,  whatever  came  ?  And  it 
had  been  fax  more  regal  to  reject  the  bill  when  it 
had  been  brought  to  him,  (his  conscience  standing 
so  as  his  Majesty  openly  professed  it  did,)  than  to 
make  this  honourable  prelace,  and  let  the  bill  pass 
after." 

*  The  reason  assigned  for  this  act,  which  in 
reality  CYerthrew  the  royal  authority,  was,  that 
the  laree  sums  of  money  necessary  to  be  bor- 
rowed for  the  payment  of  the  armies,  which  it  was 
desired  to  disband,  could  not  be  had  *' until  such 
obstacles  are  first  removed  as  are  occasioned  by 
fears,  jealousies,  and  apprehensions  of  divers  his 
Majesty's  loyal  subjects,  that  this  present  parlia- 
ment may  be  adjourned,  prorogued,  or  dissolved 
before  justice  shall  be  duly  executed  upon  delin- 
quents, public  grievances  redressed,  a  firm  peace 
between  the  two  nations  of  England  and  Scotland 

£ 


concluded,  and  before  sufficient  provision  be  made 
for  the  repayment  of  the  said  moneys  so  to  be 
raised." 

*  As  he  passed  to  execution  he  received  the 
blessing  of  nis  fellow-captive.  Archbishop  Laud, 
who,  in  the  history  of  his  own  Troubles  and  Trial, 
thus  notices  his  death :  *'  In  their  judgment  who 
were  men  of  worth,  and  some  upon,  some  near  the 
scaffold,  he  made  a  patient,  and  pious,  and  coura- 
geous end :  insomuch,  that  some  doubted  whether 
his  death  had  more  of  the  Roman  or  the  Christian 
in  it,  it  was  so  full  of  both.  .  And,  notwithstanding 
this  hard  fate  which  fell  upon  him,  he  is  dead  with 
more  honour  than  any  of  them  will  gain  which 
hunted  after  his  life." 

y  To  assist  in  raising  the  money,  half  of  the 
plate  of  all  persons  havmg  above  ^20  worth,  was 
ordered  to  be  brought  in  and  onned. 

■  The  grant  was  continued,  by  six  subsequent 
acts  [cc.  la,  22.  25,  29,  31,  36],  to  July  2,  164a  ; 
the  purpose  evidently  being  to  extort  concessions  as 
the  price  of  each  renewal. 

*  As  a  consequence  of  this,  the  court  of  the  pre- 
sident and  council  of  Wales,  the  council  of  the 
North,  and  the  palatine  courts  of  Lancaster  and 
Chester,  were  abolished,  the  first  two  entirely,  the 
others  only  so  far  as  they  had  imitated  the  arbi- 
trary jurisdiction  of  the  Starchamber. 


4i8 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1641. 


of  the  first  was  confined,  under  heavy 
penalties,  to  causes  arising  among  the 
tinners  ;  and  the  limits  of  forests  were 
ordered  to  be  ascertained  by  com- 
missioners *. 

Writs  to  compel  the  taking  of  the 
order  of  knighthood  abolished  ^,  [c.  26], 

An  act  passed  for  the  relief  of  cap- 
tives taken  by  Turkish,  Moorish,  and 
other  pirates,  [c.  24].  For  this  pur- 
pose an  additional  duty  of  5  per  cent, 
was  laid  on  merchandize  for  three 
years.  It  was  to  be  recdved  by  the 
corporation  of  London,  and  laid  out  by 
a  committee  of  both  Houses  in  provid- 
ing for  the  safeguard  of  the  seas,  the 
neglect  of  which,  by  evil  ministers,  the 
act  states,  had  occasioned  many  to  be 
taken  captives,  who,  being  used  with 
•extreme  cruelty,  had  become  rene- 
gades^. 

The  sum  of  ;^6i,i25  12s.  7d,  voted  as 
compensation  to  HolHs,  Selden,  Cham- 
bers, and  others',  July  8. 

The  English  and  Scottish  armies 
are  disbanded  on  the  same  day,  Aug.  6. 

The  king  goes  to  Scotland  early  in 
August.  He  is  followed  by  Lord  How- 
ard of  Esloick,  Sir  PhiUp  Stapleton 
and  Mr.  Hampden,  who  keep  up  the 
intercourse  between  the  malcontents 
in  both  kingdoms. 

The  Commons  impeach  thirteen  of 
the  bishops  for  their  share  in  the 
canons  of  1640',  Aug.  13. 

The  Scottish  parliament  assembles, 
Aug.  17.  All  the  recent  proceedings 
against  the  bishops  are  confirmed  by 
Che  king,  and  a  portion  of  their  reve- 
nues appropriated  to  the  various  Uni- 
versities.   The  king  gives  new  titles 


and   important    offices   to   the  chief 
actors  in  the  late  troubles*. 

The  parliament  adjoumsy  Sept  91 
but  both  Houses  appoint  conunittees 
to  sit  during  the  recess. 

The  committee  of  the  Peers  cob- 
sisted  of  the  earl  of  Essex  ^  (whom  the 
king  had  lately  appointed  general  d 
his  forces  souu  of  Trent,  with  exteo- 
sive  powers,)  and  fifteen  others ;  the)- 
confined  themselves  to  the  business 
of  correspondence  with  the  cfficos 
charged  with  the  disbanding  of  ds 
armies.  The  committee  of  the  Com- 
mons acted  very  differently ;  they  were 
fifty  in  number,  and  hatd  for  their 
chairman  Mr.  Pym,  under  whose  dh 
rection  they  became  in  effect  the  nileis 
of  the  nation.  They  carried  on  in- 
quiries r^arding  those  whom  the 
House  had  voted  delinquents;  Kstoied 
to  every  information,  whether  well  or 
ill-founded,  which  might  discredit  the 
king  and  his  ministers,  and  issued 
orders  on  all  kinds  of  subjects,  moriy 
on  their  own  authority.  But,  as  might 
be  expected,  their  chief  efforts  were 
directed  to  overthrow  the  constitatioii 
of  the  Church,  which  Archbishop  Land 
had  so  zealously  laboured  to  uphold ; 
they  thrust  their  own  partisans  into 
vacant  livings,  practised  every  kind  of 
annoyance  and  injury  to  the  clergy, 
suspended  the  performance  of  the 
Liturgy,  and  encouraged  in  the  pc^- 
lace  a  contempt  for  holy  places  and 
things,  which  soon  resulted  in  the  most 
grievous  profanation  of  churches  and 
tombs,  and  in  the  open  promulgatioc 
of  the  impious  opinions  of  the  Anabap- 
tists and  Socinians. 


IRELAND. 


A.D.  1 641. 
A  formidable  insurrection  breaks  out 
in  the  north  of  Ireland,  Oct.  23. 
The  success  of  the  Scots   in  their 


recent  contest  inspired  the  Koaxanists 
of  Ireland  with  a  hope  of  obtainii^  in 
like  manner  a  redress  of  many  griev* 
ances,  under  which  they  had  long  b- 


^  At  the  same  time  the  Eari  Marshal's  Court  was 
^  oted  a  grievanoe,  and  abolished,  without  the  pass- 
ing of  any  statute. 

«  No  person  was  in  future  to  be  compelled  to 
ttake  the  ordei^  or  to  compound  for  his  respite  or  re- 
fusal, "  under  pretext  of  an  ancient  custom  or  usage." 

^  See  A.D.  2609. 

•  This  comprnaatinn  was  very  portially  paid,  the 
^sarliament  mm  receiving  the  most;  but  the  greater 
number  <vf  daims  wcie  nefjected  altogether,  and, 
as  before  mcntioBed,  Clambeis  died  x8  yean  after 
in  ubjea  povei^. 

'Sec  p.  4x4. 


%  Alexander  Lesley,  the  general,  was  made  eari 
of  Lcven ;  lord  Loudoun  (lonnciiy  imptisaned  for 
oorrespooding  with  the  Freadk  kiakX  •>  ^'^ :  t^ 
earl  ot  Argyle  was  created  a  maftqma. 

^  Robert  Devereux,  eldest  son  of  ^he  fiKvonriie 
of  Elisabeth,  bora  in  X50X.  He  had  bog  aervei 
in  the  Netherlands,  and  was  eatecned  a  gaol 
general.  When  the  dvil  war  broke  out  he  «» 
appointed  commander  in  chief  of  tbe  paxliamcflftvy 
forces,  his  pay  being  fixed  at  the  mm  aom  cf 
;Cio,ooo  per  aminm.  He  was  iliiplaocQ  m  i6f^ 
and  died  Sept  14, 1646. 


A.D. 


i64i.] 


CHARLES  I. 


419 


boured,  and  r^arding  which  they  had 
just  reason  to  complaitt  of  the  bad 
faith  of  the  king  and  his  advisers^. 
Their  ancient  customs  had  been  de- 
clared illegal  by  the  courts  ;  whole 
counties  had  been  claimed  as  belong- 
ing to  the  crown,  on  the  most  iniouit- 
ous  pretexts'';  the  property  of  their 
oldest  and  wealthiest  families  had  been 
thus  greatly  diminished,  and  what  re- 
mained to  them  was  manifestly  inse- 
cure. Added  to  this,  the  vehement 
language  of  the  Puritan  party,  which 
had  now  gained  so  fatal  an  ascendancy 
in  Eneland,  filled  them  with  fears  of  a 
settled  design  to  extirpate  their  reli- 
gion ;  and^  whilst  they  were  exchided 
from  offices  of  honour  or  profit,  they 
saw  the  humble  dependants  cf  the 
'^undertakers"  for  the  new  plantations 
sitting  in  parliament,  or  acting  as  ma- 
gistrates. The  iron  rule  of  Wentworth 
prevented  more  than  murmurs  and 
secret  confederacies,  but  now  that  he 
was  no  more,  and  the  king's  authority 
was  in  reality  extinct,  the  energy  and 
eloquence  of  one  man  sufficed  to  de- 
termine them  on  an  appeal  to  arms. 

This  was  Roger  More,  a  gentleman 
of  Kildare,  whose  family  estate  had 
been  reduced  to  one-tenth  of  its  origi- 
nal size  by  the  aggressions  of  the  Eng- 
lish j  planters.  He  procured  the  co- 
operation of  Sir  Phelim  O'Neal*  (a 
kinsman  of  the  attainted  earl  of  Ty- 
rone), of  Lord  Inniskillen  (Cornelius 


McGuire),  and  many  other  native  Irish 
chieftains,  and  expecting  at  least  the 
neutrality  of  the  Anglo-Irish  lords  of 
the  Pale,  he  planned  a  surprise  of  Dub- 
lin Castle  and  a  general  rising  in  Ulster, 
both  to  be  attempted  the  same  day, 
October  23, 1641. 

The  attempt  on  Dublin  miscarried, 
owing  to  a  premature  disclosure  of  the 
pl6t  to  one  Owen  ConoUy,  who  cairied 
the  news  to  the  lords  justices,  but  the 
rising  in  Ulster  was  at  first  successful. 
The  open  country  was  ravaged,  most 
of  the  newly-founded  towns  captured, 
and  the  unhappy  settlers  either  killed 
on  the  spot,  or  driven  to  take  refuge 
in  Dublin,  where  famine  and  sickness 
made  awful  ravages  among  them. 

The  lords  justices  sent  urgent  mes- 
sages for  succour,  both  to  the  king  in 
Scotland  and  to  the  English  pailia- 
ment;  fortified  Dublin,  and  endea- 
voured to  induce  the  Anglo-Irish  to 
take  the  field  against  the  insurgents ; 
but  this  few  of  them  would  do  ;  though 
opposed  in  other  matters,  they  were 
united  to  O'Neal  by  community  of 
faith,  and  the  threats  of  the  Puritans. 
Some  troops,  however,  arrived  from 
England,  the  natives  were  worsted  in 
many  encounters,  and  horrible  cruel- 
ties were  committed  on  both  sides*. 
The  marquis  of  Ormond*,  lord-lieu- 
tenant, laboured  zealously  to  preserve 
the  semblance  of  the  royal  authority, 
but  in  this  he  was  opposed  as  much  by 


'  In  1638  the  king  had,  for  a  large  stim  of  money 
(;£ia(V)ooX  agreed  to  a  series  of  Gnices,  as  they 
wore  tenned,  by  which,  among  other  things,  the 
coth  of  supremacy  was  disj^efiMd  with,  recusants 
were  allowed  to  practiae  in  the  courts  of  law,  and 
a  promise  was  grren  that  dains  bv  the  crown  to 
concealed  property  should  be  limited  to  sixty  years. 
It  was  promised  that  these  coooenions  shook!  be 
ratified  by  a  ixurliament,  bat  by  the  dishonest 
management  of  Wentworth  this  was  defeated,  al- 
thoaah  the  mone^  had  been  paid. 

^  Wentworth,  m  his  letters,  avows  his  opinion 
dot  Ireland  was  a  conquered  coontry,  and  that 
therefore  its  inhabitants  had  neither  rights  nor  pro- 
peity  except  by  express  grant  from  the  crown. 
Aetug  on  this,  he  claimed  the  whole  wpvince  of 
Comaiight.  as  given  by  Henry  III.  to  Richard  dc 
Bufgh,  and  reannexed  to  the  crown  by  I>e  Bonn's 
descendant.  Edward  TV.  A  hiry  at  Galway,  hsrv- 
ing  returned  a  verdkrt  that  tke  grant  in  question 
was  only  of  certain  royalties^  not  of  the  fee-simple 
of  the  bnd,  were  heavily  Imed  and  imprisoned : 
and  the  freeholders  were  thus  intimtdated  into  the 
surrender  of  from  one-third  to  one-half  of  their 
laads^  upon  which  it  was  proposed  to  found  new 
£o^h  plantations.  These  grievances  fell  heavfly 
upon  the  whole  body  of  Romanbts,  while  at  the 
^>aae  time  the  Ptotcstant  settlers  were  harassed  by 
inqoiries  into  the  mode  in  which  they  had  fulfilled 
ibe  condition  of  their  grants,  and  rendered  almost 
as  dacontented  as  the  native  Irbh. 


'  He  had  studied  the  law  in  Lincoln's  Inn,  and 
professed  Protestantism ;  bat  he  now  avowed  him- 
self a  Romanist.  After  a  variety  of  fortune  he  was 
captured  by  the  republicans  ana  executed,  in  1652. 

■  In  Rushworth  (vol.  iii.)  may  be  seen  a  lon^ 
fist  of  butcheries  s^d  to  have  been  committed  by 
the  Romanists  on  the  Protestants,  nonnded  on  in- 
quisitiotts  taken  some  years  after ;  but  it  is  remark- 
able that  the  lords  ^stices,  writing  at  the  very 
time,  make  no  mention  of  any  such  general  mas- 
sacre of  the  Protestants  (amoonting  to  200,000  ac- 
cording to  some  writers,  to  40,000  or  50,000  accord- 
ing to  others,)  as  b  usually  said  to  l^vc  occurred. 
The  contest  was  doubtless  embittered  by  the  dif- 
ference of  creeds,  but  it  tuiqaestionably  arose  rather 
from  political  than  purely  refi^pous  caiises:  the 
Romanists  armed  to  preserve  their  estates. 

■  James  Butler,  successively  earl,  marquis,  and 
duke  of  Ormond,  was  bom  in  Lomion  in  r6io^  and 
was  educated  by  Archbidiop  Abbot.  He  is  fa- 
vomably  known  tat  his  honest  and  able  govem- 
ment  of  Irehfld,  of  which  country  he  was  four 
times  krd-fieutenant ;  namdy,  from  1642  to  1647 : 
Z648  to  1650 ;  1663  to  1669 ;  and  t6jj  to  1685.  He 
passed  several  years  in  poverty  with  the  exiled 
idng^  and  on  the  Restoration  eaperieoced  little 
gratitude  from  him  for  all  his  sufferings  and  losses, 
UMogh  these  were  considered  by  the  Irish  partia- 
ment  in  a  far  more  libend  nsimier  than  tliKMe  of 
meaner  men.  Ormond  did  not  loog  sarviv«  hia 
last  recall  from  his  post,  dying  Jtily  3X,  z688. 


£6  2 


420 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1641,  1642. 


the  troops  of  the  parliament  as  by  those 
of  the  confederate  Catholics'*.  With  the 
latter  he  at  length  concluded  an  armis- 
tice, (Sept.  15,  1643),  the  king,  though 
doubtless  in  no  way  connected  with 
the  original  rising,  as  his  enemies  as- 
serted, having  before  this  negotiated 
with  the  Irish  for  their  help  against 
his  parliament '.  On  the  ruin  of  the 
royal  cause  in  England,  Ormond  was 
obliged  to  make  a  treaty  with  the  par- 
liament Qune  19,  1647)  and  withdraw 
to  the  continent  The  Assembly  of 
Kilkenny,  however,  refused  to  be  bound 
by  the  stipulations  that  he  had  made, 
and  though  he  returned  to  his  post  in 
.  1648,  the  triumphant  Parliamentarians 
carried  on  the  war  until  they  had  ef- 
fected more  than  any  of  the  English 
kings  had  ever  done,  and  by  the  com- 
plete conquest  of  the  island  were  en- 
abled to  portion  it  out  by  the  sword 
among  their  adherents. 


A.D.  1641. 

The  parliament  reassembles,  Oct.  20. 
They  receive  information  of  the  events 
in  Ireland,  Oct.  25 ;  and  the  king  com- 
mits the  conduct  of  the  war  to  them. 

The  king  fills  up  several  vacant 
bishoprics',  on  which  the  Commons 
remonstrate,  but  fail  to  procure  the 
concurrence  of  the  Peers. 

The  king  returns  to  England.    He 


is  entertained  by  the  citizens  of  Lon- 
don, with  great  apparent  cordialit}% 
Nov.  25.  He  removes  the  next  day 
to  Hampton  Court,  and  shortly  ah^ 
revokes  the  commission  of  the  earl  of 
Essex  as  general  south  of  Trent 

The  Commons  draw  up  a  vehement 
Remonstrance,  which  they  present  to 
the  king ',  Dec.  i. 

The  king  returns  to  Whitehall,  early 
in  December.  Many  gentlemen  offer 
their  services  as  a  body  guard  •,  be- 
tween whom  and  the  populace  skir- 
mishes frequently  occur. 

The  bishops,  being  daily  assaulted 
on  their  way  to  the  parliament,  at 
length  draw  up,  at  the  recommenda- 
tion of  Williams,  archbishop  of  York, 
a  protest  against  "all  laws,  orders, 
votes,  resolutions,  and  determinations'' 
passed  during  their  "enforced  ab- 
sence," Dec.  28. 

The  protest  is  communicated  to  the 
parliament,  Dec.  29.  On  the  complain: 
of  the  Conmions,  the  signers,  twelve  in 
number,  are  conmiitted  to  the  Tower*. 
Dec.  30. 

The  Commons  apply  to  the  king  for 
a  guard,  under  the  command  of  the 
earl  of  Essex,  Dec.  31  ;  the  king  re- 
fuses. 

A.D.  1642. 
The  attorney-general  (Sir  Edward 
Herbert),  by  order  of  the  king,  cxhi- 


o  This  was  die  name  assumed  by  a  body  that 
first  met  at  Kells  in  May,  1643.  On  October  34  of 
the  same  year  an  Assembly  was  regularly  consti- 
tuted at  Kilkenny.  It  consisted  of  zz  prelates,  Z4 
peers,  and  226  commoners,  of  Irish  or  Anglo-Irish 
race,  raised  an  army,  sent  and  received  envoys, 
offered  the  sovereignty  of  Ireland  to  various  foreign 
princes,  and  carried  on  an  orderly  government  ^r 
some  years ;  but  being  opposed  oy  both  Ormond 
and  the  Parliament,  it  ceased  to  meet  in  Z648. 

p  His  agent  was  Lord  Glamorean  (Edward  So- 
merset, afterwards  marquis  of  Worcester),  who 
was  empowered  to  treat  with  them  without  the 
Icnowled^e  of  Ormond,  the  lord-lieutenant.  Charles 
was  so  disingenuous  as  to  disavow  him,  and  declare 
that  he  had- exceeded  his  instructions;  but  the 
original  documents  remain^  and  they  prove  that 
such  was  not  the  case. 

««  Bristol.  Carlisle,  Chichester,  Exeter,  Norwich, 
Salisbury,  Worcester,  and  York, 

'  It  consisted  of  no  less  than  906  artides,  and 
dwelt  with  bitterness  on  every  harsh  or  illegal  act 
that  had  been  committed  by  we  government  from 
the  period  of  the  king's  accession.  It  was  printed, 
and  widely  distributed,  and  had  a  most  baneful 
effect  on  the  people,  who  crowded  daUy  to  the  par- 
liament-house, attacked  the  bishops,  and  menaced 
the  court  • 

■  They  were  commanded  by  Colonel  Lunsford, 
a  man  of  bad  character,  and  a  Romanist :  the  ap- 
pellations Cavaliers  and  •  Roundheads  arose  fix>m 
uese  conflicts.  The  king  named  Lunsford  governor 


of  the  Tower,  Dec.  23,  but  revolted  the  appoint- 
ment three  days  after. 

*  They  were,  John  Williams,  archbishop  of  Vor% : 
Thomas  Morton,  Georse  Coke,  and  Godbey  Good- 
man, bishops  of  Durham,  Hereford,  and  Gioa- 
cester ;  Joseph  Hall,  John  and  Morpn  Owen,  cf 
Norwich,  St  Asaph,  and  Uandaff ;  William  Pierce. 
Robert  Skinner,  and  John  Towers,  of  Bath  and 
Wells,  Oxford,  and  Peterborough  ;  Matthew  Wrca 
and  Robert  Wright,  of  Ely,  and  Coventnr  ami 
Lichfield.  *'Wc  poor  souls,"  says  one  o*  their 
number,  Bishop  Hall,  in  his  *'  Hard  Measore,' 
"who  little  thought  that  we  had  done  anting 
that  might  deserve  a  chiding,  are  now  called  t:> 
our  knees  at  the  bar,  and  c^rged  severally  with 
high  treason,  being  not  a  little  astonished  at  the 
suddenness  of  this  crimination,  compared  with  the 
perfect  innocency  of  our  own  intentions,  which 
were  onlv  to  bring  us  to  our  due  places  in  parlia- 
ment with  safety  and  speed,  without  the  least  pox- 
pose  of  any  man's  offence  :  but  now  traitors  we  are 
in  all  the  haste,  and  must  be  dealt  with  aocordii^. 
For  on  December  30,  in  all  the  extremity  of  firai^ 
at  eight  o'clock  in  the  dark  evening,  are  we  vuc-i 
to  the  Tower ;  only  two  of  our  number  had  the 
favour  of  the  black  rod  by  reason  of  their  a^c 
which  though  desired  by  a  noble  lord  on  my  be- 
half, would  not  be  granted;  wherein  I  acknow- 
ledge and  bless  the  gracious  providence  of  c.r 
God,  for  had  I  been  gratified  I  had  been  uxKicoe 
both  in  body  and  purse:  the  rooms  being  stnut» 
and  the  expense  beyond  the  reach  of  my  estate.-' 


A.D.  1642.] 


CHARLES  I. 


421 


bits  articles  of  treason  in  the  House  of 
Lords  against  Lord  Kimbolton  and 
five  members  of  the  Commons",  Jan. 3, 
and  demands  that  they  be  delivered 
up.  Meanwhile  the  Commons  pass  a 
vote  empowering  their  members  to 
stand  on  their  defence  against  any  ar- 
rest; the  parties  retire  into  the  city, 
under  the  protection  of  the  trained 
bands,  but  tneir  lodgings  are  searched, 
and  their  papers  seized. 

The  king  comes  to  the  House,  at- 
tended by  a  guard,  and  demands  the 
delivery  of  the  five  members,  Jan.  4. 
"At  his  unexpected  coming  into  the 
House,"  says  Whitelock,  "they  were 
in  a  very  great  amazement,  but  upon 
his. going  away,  and  so  as  he  might 
hear  them,  the  House  was  in  a  great 
disorder,  crying  aloud,  many  of  them 
together, '  Privilege  !  privilege  !' " 

The  Commons  vote  the  king's  com- 
ing "in  a  warlike  manner"  a  high 
breach  of  privilege,  declare  the  order 
for  the  apprehension  of  the  five  mem- 
bers "fsdse,  scandalous,  and  illegal," 
assert  that  they  cannot  safely  sit  with- 
out a  guard,  which  the  king  has  re- 
fused them,  and  adjourn  the  House, 
Jan.  5,  after  appointing  conmiittees* 
to  sit  in  the  city. 

The  king  goes  into  the  city,  Jan.  5, 
and  explains  his  proceedings  and  in- 
tentions regarding  the  five  members'. 

The  parliamentary  committee  col- 
lects evidence  as  to  the  king's  coming 
to  the  House,  JaiL  6,  7.  The  citizens 
petition  the  king,  complaining  of  neg- 
lect of  the  affairs  of  Ireland,  and  also 
of  his  attempt  to  seize  the  members, 
Jan.;. 

The  king  issues  a  fresh  proclama- 


tion to  arrest  the  members,  Jan.  8. 
The  parliamentary  committee  arranges 
for  protecting  them  in  their  return  to 
the  House. 

The  king,  alarmed  at  the  prepara- 
tions in  the  city,  retires  to  Hampton 
Court,  Jan.  10,  and  removes  on  Jan.  12 
to  Windsor. 

The  parliament  reassembles,  Jan.  1 1. 
The  five  members  are  brought  back  in 
triumph,  attended  by  an  armed  force 
both  by  land  and  water*. 

Lord  Digby,  Colonel  Lunsford,  and 
others,  appear  in  arms  for  the  king 
at  Kingston,  Jan.  12  ;  the  parlia- 
ment votes  them  traitors.  Lunsford 
is  captured  and  committed  to  the 
Tower,  but  Digby  escapes  to  the 
conitinent. 

A  large  body  of  Buckinghamshire 
freeholders '  repair  to .  the  king  at 
Hampton  Court,  and  complain  of  the 
accusation  against  their  member  (John 
Hampden),  Jan.  12.  The  king  in- 
forms them  that  he  has  abandoned 
the  charges. 

The  Commons  pass  votes  to  secure 
possession  of  the  Tower,  Portsmouth, 
and  HulP,  Jan.  12  ;  impeach  Her- 
bert, the  attorney-general  %  Jan.  15; 
and  draw  up  a  declaration  of  their 
privileges,  Jan.  17. 

The  king  sends  a  message,  Jan.  20, 
desiring  the  parliament  to  digest  all 
their  demands  and  grievances  into  one 
body,  and  promising  his  favourable 
consideration  of  whatever  they  may 
propose. 

The  Commons  express  their  thanks 
(Jan.  26),  but  desire,  "  as  a  sure  ground 
of  safety  and  confidence,'*  that  the  king 
will  place  the  miUtia  in  the  hands  of 


*  Lord  Kimbolton  (Edward  Montagu)  became 
«aii  of  Manchester,  and  a  general  in  the  oarlia- 
mentary  army,  but  was  displaced  by  the  Self-deny- 
ing Ordinance,  llie  commonera  were,  John  Hamp- 
den, the  opponent  of  ship-money ;  Pyta,  the  leader 
of  the  proceedings  against  Strafford ;  Sir  Arthur 
Hasilrigge,  afterwards  a  regicide,  and  who  died  in 
the  Tower  in  x66i  :  Denzil  Holies,  afterwards  earl 
of  Clare ;  and  William  Strode,  a  Spanish  merchant, 
and  son  of  one  of  the  members  imprisoned  in  x6aQ. 

■  One  was  charged  with  the  anairs  of  Ireland  ; 
the  other  was  to  concert  measures  for  the  safety  of 
the  accused  mcmbera.  The  first  sat  in  the  Guild- 
hall, the  other  occupied  sometimes  Grocen'-hall, 
sometimes  Merchant  Taylors'-hall. 

y  He  was  received  with  sullen  silence,  the  only 
exception  bein^  that  one  man  (Henry  Walker^an 
ironmonger)  raised  the  ominous  cry,  "To  your 
tents,  O  Israel  r 

*  Sldppon,  the  sergeant-major-general  of  the 
London  trained  bands,  was  the  commander. 

*  They  were  not  above  3,000  strong,  according  to 


Sir  Edward  Dering,  then  one  of  their  party,  though 
their  number  was  given  out  as  4,000 ;  but  systema- 
tic exaggeration  was  a  part  of  their  terrorizing 
system. 

>•  There  was  an  idea  that  the  king  had  received 
the  promise  of  a  force  from  France,  which  was  to 
land  at  Portsmouth.  Goring,  the  governor,  held 
the  town  for  a  while,  but  was  driven  out  by  the 
earl  of  Essex.  The  Tower  had  a  large  quantity 
of  stores,  which  the  king  had  endeavoured  to  re- 
move, but  which  was  now  prevented  by  a  blockade, 
under  Skippon :  and  in  Hull  was  z6,ooo  stand  of 
arms,  placed  there  on  the  recent  disbandment. 
Through  the  activity  of  Sir  John  Hotham,  the 
king  was  prevented  from  entering  Hull,  and  an 
attempt  to  besieg^  that  town  was  the  first  operation 
of  the  unhappy  civil  war. 

«  He  escaped  to  the  king,  went  abroad  on  the 
ruin  of  the  royal  cause,  and  received  the  nominal 
office  of  lord-keeper  from  Charles  II.  in  1653.  He 
was  soon  displaced  by  Hyde,  and  died  in  poverty 
at  Paris  in  X657. 


422 


THE  STUARTS. 


[A.P.  1642- 


such  persons  only  as  they  shall  re- 
commend to  him.  The  king  declines 
to  comply. 

An  act  passed  to  disable  persons  in 
holy  orders  to  exercise  any  temporal 
jurisdiction  or  authority,  [16  Car.  I. 
c.  27].  They  were  not  to  nave  place 
in  parliament,  or  in  the  privy  council, 
neither  were  they  to  act  as  justices  of 
the  peace,  or  to  execute  any  commis- 
sion under  the  crown ;  any  acts  as 
such  done  by  them  were  to  be  void*. 

Several  statutes  passed  for  "the 
speedy  and  effectual  reducing  of  the 
rebels  in  His  Majesty's  kingdom  of  Ire- 
land." A  body  of  soldiers  was  ordered 
to  be  pressed  [c.  28],  and  contributions 
were  solicited  [c.  30]  ;  but  these  being 
uncertain,  a  levy  of  ;ij40o,ooo  was  de- 
creed, to  be  paid  into  the  chambers 
of  London  and  Yoric  [c.  32] ;  beside 
which,  as  '' divers  worthy  and  well- 
affected  persons  had  perceived  that 
many  millions  of  acres  of  the  rebels' 
lands  of  that  kingdom  which  go  under 
the  name  of  profitable  lancb  would 
be  confiscate  and  to  be  disposed  of," 
2,500,000  acres  were  at  once  offered  to 
persons  who  would  adventure  money* ; 
the  Slums  were  to  be  paid  into  the 
Chamber  of  London,  in  four  instal- 
ments, and  corporations  were  allowed 
to  subscribe,  [cc.  33, 34, 3S]-  Very  large 
sums  were  thus  raised,  but  they  were 
mainly  applied  by  the  parliament  in 
'Enghuid  to  carry  on  war  with  the  king, 
and  the  settlers  in  Ireland  were  left 
almost  entirely  to  their  own  resources. 

The  qmeen  passes  over  to  Holland', 
where  she  sells  or  pawns  the  crown 
jewels,  and  bu^  arms  and  military 
stores  for  the  kmg,  February. 


The  king  retires  to  Theobalds,  Feb. 
28.  The  parliament  again  desire  the 
control  of  the  militia',  and  beg  that 
he  will  not  withdraw  from  London. 
March  i.    He  declines  complianoeV 

The  parliament  direct  the  earl  of 
Northumberiand,  lord  h^;h  admiral 
to  take  the  command  of  &e  fleet',  in 
order  to  prevent  the  landing  of  sup- 
plies  from  the  queen  K 

The  earls  of  Pembroke  and  Hol- 
land, and  some  members  of  the  Com- 
mons, are  sent  to  the  king  at  Ner- 
market,  March  9,  to  remonstrate  with 
him  on  his  proceedings  ;  an  angiy 
conference  ensues^.  On  their  retom 
the  Houses  vote  that  the  king's  ab- 
sence is  fatal  to  the  affairs  of  Ire- 
land, and  that  those  vrho  have  ad- 
vised it  are  justly  to  be  suspected  as 
favourers  of  the  rebellion  there. 

The  parliament  vote  that  Aeir  or- 
dinance for  the  defence  of  the  king- 
dom is  to  be  obeyed,  and  that  the 
king's  commissions  of  lieutenancy  ai« 
illml  and  void,  April  1$. 

The  king  sends  a  message  to  tiie 
parliament  from  Hnntti^don,  offering 
to  proceed  to  Ireland,  and  infonnii^ 
them  that  he  has  prqpared  a  bill  con- 
cerning the  militia ;  they  retom  no 
answer. 

The  king  is  refused  entrance  into 
Hull,  by  Sir  John  Hotham^  April  25. 
He  complains  to  the  paritament,  but 
they  justify  Hotham,  and  remove  the 
arms  and  stores  to  London. 

The  king  and  the  parliament  ex- 
change their  bills  about  the  mihtis. 
but  no  agreement  can  be  effected. 

The  parliament  direct  their  ordi- 
nance for  the  militia  to  be  carried 


<*  The  king  was  with  much  difficulty  induced  to 
give  hu  cocneot  to  this  act,  and  its  repeal  was  one 
of  the  earliest  measures  at  the  Restoration,  [13  Car. 
n.  c.  a]. 

*  They  were  divided  into  lots  of  x.ooo  acres  each, 
"all  aooording  to  the  English  measure,  and  con- 
sisting of  meadow,  arable,  and  profitable  j^sture  ; 
the  bogs,  woods,  and  barren  mountains  bemr  cast 
in  aver  and  above."  The  sum  paid  was  dinerent 
for  each  prorinoe.  In  Ulster  the  price  was  Zaoo ; 
in  Connaught  jCyo;  in  Munster  ^^450;  in  Ldn- 
sier  £6co, 

'  IW  pretext  for  this  jouraey  was  the  marriage 
of  her  daughter  Mary  to  William,  prince  of  Orange, 
son  of  the  Stadtholder. 

M  Though  styled  a  petition,  their  communication 
was  more  like  a  threat,  as  they  told  the  king  that  if 
he  should  not  be  pleased  to  follow  their  humble  ad- 
vice, they  should  be  constrained,  to  prevent  Aiture 
lears  and  jealousies,  to  settle  that  necessary  busi- 
ness of  the  militia  without  him.  They  acted  up  to 
tins  by  ordinances,  Feb.  a6,  and  March  5,  1643, 
which  appointed  fifty-five  persons  commissioners  of 


array,  with  power  to  suppress  "all  i 
rebellions,  and  invasions. 

k  The  long  journeyed  on,  by  easy  stagea.  to  Tork . 
he  mched  Royston,  March  3:  Kewmmktt,  7 
Huntingdon,  14 ;  Stamford,  15 :  Newark,  sy;  I>c-a 
caster,  xB ;  York,  19. 

<  He  earl  of  Warwick  was  his  Seutenant.  Th- 
kinff  sent  Sir  John  Penningum  to  obtain  iiijirwinr 
of  tne  fleet,  but  he  (ailed. 

k  A  ship-load  of  stores  sent  by  her  was  castnrcL 
but  several  vessels  arrived  safely,  and  an  Mbaancr 
was  pasaed,  Dec.  xo,  164*,  for  fitting  out  a  fleet  •  * 


I  The  king's  dmracter  sofTen  from  hts  oooda  ' 
OB  this  occasion.  To  the  well-fbundcd  chiurge  tif 
consenting  to  Jermyn's  design  of  bringiiy  in  thr 
army  to  coerce  the  inuiiament  (see  p.  41^  be  ar 
swered,  "  It  is  fiilse ;"  and  when  taxed  wiA  the 
treason  of  Captain  Legg,  "That's  a  lie.** 

'^  Hotham  had  only  of  bte  joined  the  parfia- 
mentary  party.  A  few  years  before  he  had  b^>T 
strenuous  in  urging  the  payment  of  ship-raooc)-. 


A.D.  1642  ] 


CHARLES  T. 


423. 


out",  May  5.  The  king  denounces  it 
as  ill^;al,  and  summons  the  gentry 
of  York  to  fonn  a  guard  for  the  pro- 
tection of  his  person,  May  12. 

The  parliament  vote  this  treason  ^ 
and  order  all  sheriffs  and  others  to 
oppose  it,  May  2& 

The  kmg  in  return  declares  the  or- 
dinance for  the  militia  treasonable,  and 
summons  the  people  of  Yorkshire  to 
repair  to  him ;  the  parliament  forbid 
them  to  do  so. 

Lord  Falkland,  (Ludns  Cary,)  Mr. 
Hyde"*,  and  several  other  moderate 
members  of  the  parliament,  withdraw, 
and  repair  to  me  king.  In  conse- 
quence, all  the  membe^  are  ordered 
to  attend  the  Houses,  on  pain  of  for- 
feiting j£ioo  towards  the  expenses  of 
the  Irish  war  '. 

The  parliament  send  propositions  of 
peaces  to  the  king,  June  2.  He  rejects 
them. 

The  lord-keeper,  Lyttdton,  sends 
the  great  seal  to  the  king,  and  shortly 
alter  leaves  the  parliament  and  joins 
him,  early  in  June. 

The  kmg  makes  a  solemn  declara- 
tion before  his  peers  and  councillors 
at  York  of  his  intention  to  exercise 
a  legal  government,  June  13.  The 
assembly  in  general  signify  their  ad- 
hesion to  him. 

The  king  invites  his  people  to  sup- 
ply him  with  money,  horses,  and  arms, 
pledging  his  parks  and  forests  for  their 
repayment 


The  king  visits  Lincoln  and  Not- 
tingham, in  July,  and  makes  a  similar 
dedaration  to  that  at  York. 

The  earl  of  Leicester  (Robert  Syd- 
ney) is  appointed  lord-lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  June  14.  He  does  not  go 
there,  and  the  office  is  bestowed  (Nov. 
13)  on  the  marquis  of  Ormond. 

The  Houses  vote  that  an  army  shall 
be  raised  '*  for  the  defence  of  the  king 
and  parliament,"  appointing  the  earl 
of  Essex  captain-general ',  and  the  earl 
of  Bedford  (WilSam  Russell)  general 
of  the  horse,  July  12. 

The  king  proclaims  Essex  and  his 
officers  guiky  of  treason,  (Aug.  2,)  and 
orders  the  marquis  of  Hertford,  (Wil- 
liam Seymotu-,)  his  lieutenant-general, 
to  march  against  them. 

The  parliament  vote  the  king's  com- 
missioners of  array  to  be  traitors, 
Aug.  9. 

The  king  sets  up  his  standard  at 
Nottingham,  Monday,  August  22. 

The  king  sends  propositions  of  ac- 
commodation to  the  parliament,  Aug. 
25.  They  decline  to  entertain  them^ 
while  his  standard  continues  spread, 
and  they  are  denounced  as  traitors. 
He  sends  a  fresh  message  (Sept  3), 
offering  to  recal  his  proclamation 
against  Essex  and  others,  if  they  will 
do  the  same.  They  vote  a  reply, 
''  that  the  arms  of  the  parliament  for 
religion,  laws,  and  liberties  of  the 
kingdom,  shall  not  be  laid  down  till 
delinquents  be  left  to  justice,  that  their^ 


*  In  pursaance  of  tkn,  the  parliament  neutered 
six  raiments  of  the  London  trained  bands,  under 
Skippon,  in  Finabury-fidds,  May  10.  On  hearing 
of  it,  the  king  aasembled  a  troop  of  aoo  horse,  and 
one  regiment  of  700  foot :  the  horsemen  were  gentry 
vbo  serred  at  their  own  charge,  but  the  foot  were 
paid  weekly  by  the  king. 

<>  They  had  before  held  conesxindence  dandes- 
tioely  with  him.  Lord  FalkUnd  became  secretary 
of  state,  and  was  killed  at  Newbury  ;  Mr.  Hyde 
was  made  chanceUor  of  the  exdiequer. 

Edward  Hyde  was  bom  in  Wiltshire  in  x6o8,  and 
vas  educated  at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford.  On  the 
decline  of  the  royal  cause  he  found  shelter  in  Jersey 
for  awhile,  and  was  a  valued  adherent  of  Charles  II. 
in  exile.  At  the  Restoration  he  was  made  lord 
chanceUor,  and  earl  of  Clarendon,  but  soon  became 
unpo|)tt]ar,  being  accused  of  corruption :  a  charge 
U)  which  the  sale  of  Dunkirk  and  his  own  magni- 
^»t  style  of  living,  gave  an  appearance  of  proba- 
Diatjr.  He  was  m  1667  deprived  of  office,  and 
«nttbed  by  act  of  pariiament.  [19  &  20  Car.  II.  c 
a] :  he  passed  throu^  France  to  MontpeUier,  and 
then  hack  to  Rouen,  where  he  died,  Dec.  9,  1674. 
5»  daughter  Anne  became  the  wife  of  the  duke  of 
Votjt,  and  the  mother  of  two  queens.  Lord  Claren- 
wm  s  History  of  the  Rebellion,  and  his  Life,  though 
in  some  phoes  partial  and  in  others  inaccurate,  are 
indttpensable  to  the  historical  student. 


p  Many  of  the  absentees  were  by  another  vote 
deprived  of  their  seats. 

4  They  were  nineteen  in  number,  and  of  such 
a  nature  as  they  could  not  expect  him  to  acc^t. 
They  desired  that  the  king's  council  should  not 
consist  of  less  than  fifteen,  or  more  than  twent)-^- 
four  members ;  that  these  and  the  great  officers  of 
state  should  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  pariia- 
ment ;  that  an  oath  should  be  taken  by  them  for 
the  maintenance  of  the  Petition  of  Right ;  that  the 
education  and  marriages  of  the  royal  family  should 
be  subject  to  the  consent  of  parliament ;  the  militia 
and  the  castles  of  the  kingdom  placed  in  their 
hands ;  delinquents  left  to  justice ;  the  laws  against 
Romanists  executed,  and  Romish  Peers  excluded 
from  parliament,  firm  alliance  made  only  with  Pro> 
testant  states;  reparation  made  to  any  who  had 
been  deprived  of  office,  or  prosecuted  (as  the  earl  of 
l^ex.  Lord  Kimbolton,  the  five  members,  &c}, 
and  a  general  pardon  granted,  with  such  excep- 
tions as  the  Houses  might  require  ;  which  was  onlv- 
another  version  of  then:  constant  demand,  that  all 
"  delinquents"  should  lie  at  their  mercy. 

'  A  committee  was  associated  with  hun, "  to  take 
subsaiptions  of  loans,  and  order  matters  concerning 
malignants,  and  consider  of  the  good  of  the  army. 
His  pay  of  /io,ooo  a-year,  was  to  be  raised  from 
**  delmquents' "  estates. 


424 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a-d.  1642. 


estates  may  discharge  the  debts  of  the 
commonwealth." 

Portsmouth  surrendered  to  the  par- 
liament by  Colonel  Goring,  Sept.  9. 

Sir  John  Hotham  sallies  from  Hull, 
and  obliges  the  king's  forces  under  the 
earl  of  Lindsey  (Robert  Bertie)  to  with- 
draw. 

The  king  collects  a  considerable 
force,  and  makes  his  head-quarters  at 
Shrewsbury*,  Sept.  20.  The  parlia- 
mentary forces  march  towards  him, 
under  the  command  of  the  earl  of 
Essex. 

The  parliament  send  Walter  Strick- 
land as  their  resident  to  Holland,  to 
induce  the  States  to  prohibit  assist- 
ance being  given  to  the  king. 

The  king  marches  from  Shrewsbury 
towards  London,  when  the  parliament 
order  the  city  to  be  fortified  \ 

Essex  garrisons  Northampton  and 
other  towns,  and  recovers  Worcester 
from  Prince  Rupert".  He  then  fol- 
lows the  king's  army,  and  overtaking 
it  at  Edgehill,  (near  Kineton,  in  War- 
wickshire,) a  bloody,  but  indecisive, 


battle,  is  fought  there,  Sunday,  Oct 
23*.  The  king  moves  to  Oxford,  of 
which  he  takes  possession,  Oct-  26; 
Essex  returns  to  London  with  his 
forces,  Nov.  7,  and  receives  a  gratuity 
of  ;£5,ooo  from  the  parliament  ^ 

The  parliament  invite  the  assistance 
of  the  Scots ;  their  application  is  fa- 
vourably received. 

A  General  Assembly  of  Irish  Ca- 
tholics meets  at  Kilkenny,  Oct.*  24.  It 
invites  partisans,  makes  a  seal,  levies 
money  for  the  support  of  an  army, 
orders  an  oath  of  association  to  be 
taken,  and  commits 'the  government 
to  a  Supreme  Council  of  24,  of  which 
Viscount  Mountgarret  is  the  pre- 
sident ". 

The  civil  war  had  now  commenced 
in  earnest  In  Wales,  Cornwall,  and 
Yorkshire,  the  king  had  strong  bodies 
of  troops  ;  he  himself  possessed  Ox- 
ford, and  Prince  Rupert  kept  the 
whole  country  between  that  city  and 
London  in  constant  alarm  •.  The 
king  resolved  to  march  on  London, 
when  proposals  of  peace  were  sent  to 


^  •  The  day  before  he  mustered  his  forces  at  Wel- 
lington, and  made  a  solemn  protestation^  of  his  in- 
tention to  respect  the  rights  and  liberties  of  his 
people,  and  to  abide  by  uie  various  laws  to  which 
he  had  recently  consented. 

t  "  It  was  wonderful^"  says  Whitelock,  "  to  seft 
how  the  women  and  children  and  vast  numbers  of 
people  would  come  to  work^  about  dimnf^  and 
carrying  of  earth,  to  make  their  new  fortifications/' 

■  The  prince  had  seized  the  city  shortly  before, 
and  on  Sept.  95  defeated  a  strong  party  of  the 
parliamentary  horse,  imder  Colonel  Sandys,  who 
was  mortally  wounded. 

Prince  Rupert,  bom  in  2619,  was  nephew  of  the 
king,  and  a  man  of  distinguished  talent  and  bravery. 
His  conduct,  however,  was  rash  and  overbearing, 
and  having  surrendered  Bristol  too  readily,  he  was 
desired  to  leave  the  kingdom.  In  1648  he  com- 
manded a  part  of  the  fleet  that  had  abandoned  the 
«>arliament ;  he  was  diased  from  sea  to  sea  bjr  Blake, 
but  escaped  his  pursuit,  and  lived  in  retirement 
until  the  Restoration.  He  returned  with  Charles  II., 
again  served  at  sea,  and  died  Nov.  20,  x68a.  His 
elder  brother  Charles  Louis  associatea  himself  with 
the  i}arliamentarians,  but  his  younger  brother 
Maurice  served  the  king,  and  accompanying  Rupert 
in  his  cruises,  perished  at  sea  in  1650. 

*  Sir  Edmund  Verney,  the  king's  standard  bearer, 
was  killed,  and  the  standard  taken,  but  it  was 
recovered  by  Robert  Welch,  an  Irish  gentleman, 
who  was  in  consequence  knighted^  and  afterwards 
xeceived  a  gold  medal,  struck  in  his  honour. 

7  The  widows,  orphans,  and  wounded  of  their 
party  received  a  solemn  promise  of  relief,  Oct.  a^  ; 
and  on  March  6,  1643,  an  ordinance  was  made  for 
an  assessment  on  each  parish  for  their  support. 

■  On  Nov.  25  it  was  determined  to  appoint 
agents  "  to  be  employed  to  his  majesty,  hereby  to 
inform  his  majesty's  highness  of  the  motives  and 
causes  of  raising  tnis  holy  war,  and  other  the  griev- 
ances of  this  kingdom  at  this  present." 

■  A  regiment  of  his  horse  was  quartered  at 
Fawley  Court,  the  property  of  Whitelock,  whose 

''scription  of  their  proceedings  may  give  some  idea 


of  the  miserable  state  of  the  land,  when  such  or 
worse  outrages  were  perpetrated  by  both  parties 
in  every  quarter : — 

"Sir  John  Biron  and  his  brother,"  he  say;; 
"commanded  those  horse,  and  gave  order  that 
they  should  commit  no  insolence  at  my  house,  nor 
pltmder  m^r  goods ;  but  soldiers  are  not  easily  gc- 
vemed  against  their  plunder,  or  persuaded  to  re- 
strain it ;  for  there  being  about  x,ooo  of  the  king's 
horse  quartered  in  and  aoout  the  house,  and  xkoee 
but  servants  there,  there  was  no  insolence  or  out- 
rage usually  committed  by  common  soldiers  oa 
a  reputed  enemy  which  was  omitted  by  these 
brutish  fellows  at  my  house.  .  .  .  They  spent  and 
consumed  xoo  load  of  corn  and  hay,  littered  their 
horses  with  sheaves  of  good  wheat,  and  gave  then 
all  sorts  of  com  in  the  straw ;  divers  writings  of 
consequence,  and  books  which  were  left  in  ay 
study,  some  of  them  they  tore  in  pieces,  othen 
they  burnt  to  light  their  tobacco,  and  some  they 
carried  away  with  them,  to  my  extreme  great  loss 
and  prejudice  in  wanting  the  writings  of  my  estate, 
and  losing  very  many  excellent  manuscripts  at 
my  fathers  and  others,  and  some  of  my  ova  b- 
bours. 

"  They  broke  down  my  park  pales,  killed  mM 
of  my  deer,  though  rascal  and  carrion,  axxl  let  out 
all  the  rest,  only  a  tame  young  stag  they  carried 
away  and  presented  to  Prince  Rupert,  and  my 
hounds.  which  were  extraordinary  good.  Tber 
ate  and.  drank  up  all  that  the  house  could  afford . 
broke  up  all  my  trunks,  chests,  and  places ;  acd 
where  tney  found  linen,  or  any  household  stun, 
they  took  it  away  with  them,  and  cutting  the  beds» 
let  out   the  feathers,  and  took  away  the  ticks. 

E  likewise  carried  away  my  coach,  and  four 
horses,  and  all  my  saddle  horses,  and  did  ail 
ischief  and  spoil  that  malice  and  enmity  oould 
provoke  barbarous  mercenaries  to  commit,  and  so 
theyparted. 

"This,"  he  concludes,  "is  remembered ooly  to 
raise  a  constant  hatred  of  anything  that  may  in  the 
least  tend  to  the  fomenting  of  sudi  onhai^iiBess 
and  misery." 


A.D.  1642,  1^43-] 


CHARLES  I. 


42s 


him,  and  conferences  appointed  to  be 
held  at  Windsor  (Nov.  11),  but  he 
still  advanced,  possessed  himself,  after 
a  sharp  fight,  of  Brentford**,  Nov.  12, 
and  on  the  following  day  came  to 
Tumham-green.  He  was  there  faced 
by  Essex  %  and,  without  fighting,  re- 
tired to  Colnbrook,  whence  he  re- 
treated through  Reading  to  Oxford, 
arriving  there  Nov.  29. 

A  tax  of  one-twentieth  of  every  one's 
estate  ordained  by  the  parliament  for 
the  support  of  the  war,  Dec.  13. 

The    eastern    counties'*    associate 


against  the  king,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Lord  Grey  of  Warke. 
.  Goring  lands  in  Yorkshire  with  sup- 
plies from  Holland,  and  the  war  is 
carried  on  fiercely  between  the  earl  of 
Newcastle*  and  Lord  Fairfax'. 

A.D.  1643. 

A  negotiation  for  peace  is  carried 
on  at  Oxford ',  at  intervals,  from  Jan. 
30  to  April  1 5,  but  without  any  result. 

The  king  establishes  a  mint  in  New 
Inn  Hall,  Oxford,  where  the  plate  of 
the  colleges  is  coined  for  his  use\ 


^  Among  other  prisoners  taken  there  was  John 
Lilburne  (sec  a.d.  1637),  who  conducted  himself  so 
violently  to  Prince  Rupert  and  others,  that  the 
prince  threatened  to  put  him  to  death,  but  was 
deterred  by  an  intimation  of  reprisal  from  the  earl 
of  Essex.  He  was  afterwards  ordered  for  trial  at 
Oxford,  along  with  two  others,  named  Catesby  and 
Vivcrs,  but  was  again  saved  by  a  threat  of  re- 
taliation from  the  Parliament 

*  "The  city  bands  marched  forth  very  cheer- 
fully under  the  command  of  Major-general  bkippon, 
who  made  short  and  encouraging  speeches  to  his 
soldiers,  which  were  to  this  purpose  :  '  Come,  my 
boys,  my  brave  boys,  let  us  pray  heartily  and  fight 
heartily  ;  I  will  run  the  same  fortunes  and  hazards 
with  you.  Remember  the  cause  is  for  God,  and 
fur  the  defence  of  yourselves,  your  wives,  and 
children.  Come,  my  honest  brave  boys,  pray 
heartily  and  fight  heartily,  and  God  will  bless 
us.'"  Whitelock,  who  was  present,  further  says, 
*'  The  city  good  wives,  and  others,  mindful  of  their 
husbands  and  friends,  sent  many  cart-loads  of  pro- 
vi!>ions,  suid  wines,  and  good  things  to  Tumham- 
g^rccn,  with  which  the  soldiers  were  refreshed,  and 
made  merry ;  and  the  more,  when  they  understood 
that  the  king  and  all  his  army  were  retreated." 

'^  The  associated  counties,  as  they  were  called, 
were,  Essex,  Suffolk,  Norfolk,  Lincoln,  Cambridge, 
Huntingdon,  and  Hertford.  The  earl  of  Man- 
chester (formerly  Lord  Kimbolton)  afterwards  com- 
manded their  levies,  having  under  him  Oliver 
CromwelL  Their  proceedings  were  regulated  by 
an  ordinance,  Jan.  16,  1643. 

•  William  Cavendish,  so  created  March  7,  1628, 


and  raised  to  the  rank  of  marquis  Oct.  97, 1643.  At 
length,  disgusted  by  the  rashness  of  the  Prince 
Rupert,  he  suddenly  abandoned  the  contest  after 
the  battle  of  Marston-moor,  and  withdrew  to  the 
continent.  He  returned  with  Charles  II.,  was 
made  duke  of  Newcastle,  and  died  Dec.  25,  1676. 

<*  Ferdinand,  Lord  Fairfax  (bom  1500,  died 
March  13,  1648)  was  assisted  by  his  son  Thomas, 
who  became  the  chief  commander  of  the  parlia- 
mentary army  when  new  modelled.  Thomas  was 
bom  in  z6i2,  was  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  and  had  served  in  the  Netherlands 
under  Lord  Vere.  Being  a  rigid  Presbyterian,  he 
resigned  his  command  in  preference  to  leading  the 
army  against  the  Scots,  and  lived  in  retirement 
until  j66o,  when  he  actively  exerted  himself  to  for- 
ward the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  He  died  Nov. 
X2,  1671. 

r  Whitelock  wsts  one  of  the  commissioners,  and 
he  gives  this  testimony  as  to  the  king's  abilities : 
"In  this  treaty  the  king  manifested  his  great  parts 
and  abilities,  strength  of  reason,  and  quickness  of 
apprehension,  with  much  patience  in  hearing  what 
was  objected  against  him  ;  wherein  he  allowed  all 
freedom,  and  would  himself  sum  up  the  arguments, 
and  gave  a  most  clear  iudgment  upon  them.  His 
unhappiness  was,  that  he  had  a  better  opinion  of 
others  judgments  than  of  his  own,  though  they 
were  weaker  than  his  own  ;  and  of  this  we  nad  ex- 
perience, to  our  great  trouble." 

^  Exeter  College  hesitated  to  surrender  its  plate, 
but  gave  way,  Jan.  28,  and  parted  with  2461b. 
The  mint  continued  in  operation  until  1646.  One 
remarkable  coin  struck  there  (a  crown-piece,  of  the 


Oxford  Siege  Piece. 

type  styled  Exurgat  money)  is  represented  above.  Edgchill.  It  bears  on  one  side  the  portraiu  of  the 
Here  also  was  stmck  the  gold  medal  for  Sir  Ro-  1  king  and  Prince  Charles,  and  on  the  other  a  repre- 
bert  Welch,  who  recovered  the  royal  standard  at  |  sentation  of  the  stBuidard,  with  inscriptions. 


4^6 


THE   STUARTS. 


[A.D.  1643. 


The  exchequer  is  also  settled  at  Ox- 
ford, Feb.  13 ». 

The  queen  lands  at  Burlington  with 
supplies'",  Feb.  22,  but  is  unable  to 
join  the  king  until  July  13. 

The  earl  of  Northampton  (James 
Compton)'  defeats  the  Parliamenta- 
rians at  Hopton  heath,  near  Stafford, 
March  19. 

The  parliament,  by  ordinance,  de- 
clare the  estates  of  all  persons  in 
arms  against  them  under  sequestra- 
tion, March  30. 

The  earl  of  Essex  takes  Reading, 
April  27,  and  Sir  William  Waller '  is 
successful  in  the  west 

The  Cornish  men  take  arms  for  the 
king.  They  defeat  the  earl  of  Stam- 
ford (Henry  Grey)  at  Stratton,  May 
16,  and  advance  into  Somo^etshire. 

A  plan  to  disarm  the  militia  of 
London,  and  let  in  the  king's  forces, 
is  detected  and  punished  ",  June,  July. 

John  Hampden  is  mortally  wounded 
in  a  skirmish  at  Chalgrove,  near  Ox- 
ford, June  18 ;  he  dies,  at  Thame, 
June  24. 

Sir  William  Waller  is  defeated  at 
Lansdown  (near  Bath"),  July  5,  and 


at  Devizes",  July  13.  Bristol  is  sur- 
rendered to  Prince  Rupert,  July  27. 

London  is  fortified  by  order  of  the 
parliament. 

Commissioners  from  the  Scottish 
parliament  arrive  in  London  ^ 

The  king  forms  the  siege  of  Giou- 
cester,  Aug.  la  It  is  relieved  by 
Essex,  Sept.  6. 

Essex  retires  towards  London.  He 
is  followed  by  the  king,  and  attacked 
at  Newbury,  Sept.  20,  but  beats  oS 
the  assailants  % 

The  Scottish  Covenant,  with  some 
modifications',  is  solemnly  received 
by  the  parliament  at  the  assembly  of 
divines  %  Sept  25. 

The  parUament  make  a  new  great 
seal,  in  lieu  of  the  original,  wiiidi  is  in 
the  king's  hands ',  October. 

The  earl  of  Newcastle  defeats  Lord 
Fairfax  at  Adwalton-moor,  near  Brad- 
ford, June  30,  and  penetrates  into 
Lincolnshire,  when  his  troops  rcfiise 
to  march  further  south. 

Sir  John  Hotham  and  his  son  are 
committed  to  the  Tower,  on  a  chaxge 
of  deserting  the  cause  of  the  parlia- 
ment ■. 


*  Hie  proclamation  ordering  thb  bean  date  Feb- 
ruaiyS. 

^  The  Commons  in  consequence  proposed  an  im- 
peachment against  her  (May  aa),  but  the  Peers 
declined  to  entertain  it. 

>  He  was  bom  in  1597,  of  a  good  Kentish  family, 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  had  served  with  great 
reputation  in  the  German  war.  On  his  return  to 
England  he  was,  through  family  quarrels,  fined  in 
the  Starchamber,  and  became  at  once  disaifected  to 
the  Government.  Being  chosen  a  member  of  the 
Long  Parliament,  he  was  one  of  the  earliest  to  take 
up  arms.  Waller  was  considered  the  rival  of  Essex, 
but  was,  like  him,  removed  from  the  army  by  the 
Self-denying  Ordinance ;  as  a  leader  among  the 
Presbyterians,  he  opposed  the  designs  of  the  Inde- 
pendents, was  impesiched  by  them  and  imprisoned, 
in  1648.  He  was  again  imprisoned  as  a  royalist 
after  the  death  of  Cromwell,  but  was  soon  released, 
and  sat  in  the  parliament  that  recalled  Charles  II. 
He  died  Sept.  xo,  1668. 

"  Edmund  Waller,  the  poet,  who  had  been  one 
of  the  ccMnmissioners  at  Oxford,  was  the  principal 
contriver,  but  he  had  the  baseness  to  betray  his 
confederates,  and  thiu  saved  his  own  life,  being 
allowed  to  go  into  exile.  One  of  the  parties,  Na- 
thaniel Tompkins,  was  executed  in  Comhill,  July  5. 

"  Sir  BevU  Grenville,  the  commander  of  the  Cor- 
nish troops,  was  killed  here. 

•  The  rout,  which  occurred  on  Round  way  down, 
was  so  complete,  that  the  royalisU  called  it  the 
battle  of  "Runaway"  down.  It  caused  a  fierce 
<iuarrel  between  Waller  and  Essex,  Waller  assert- 
ing that  Essex  from  jealousy  had  purposely  neg- 
lected to  support  him. 

c  Lord  Maitland,  (afterwards  carl  of  Lauderdale) 
was  the  principal. 

'  The  earls  of  Carnarvon  and  Sunderland,  (Ro- 
bert Dormer  and  Henry  Spenser.)  and  Lord  Falk- 
land, fdl  in  this  batth.     Essex's  Jhorae  was  totally 


routed,  but  his  foot,  prindpally  composed  of  ^e 
London  trained  bands,  stood  firm,  mail  emaMai 
him  to  retire  without  the  loss  of  a  single  gon. 

'  This  celebrated  document,  which  now  teccsTed 
the  title  of  the  Solemn  League  and  Ctmaaat, 
differs  in  many  respects  fiiom  that  of  16^  (see 
p.  413).  It  consists  of  six  aiticles,  by  which  dK 
subscribers  bind  themselves  to  endeavoor  the  pre- 
servation of  the  reformed  Church  in  Scotlaad.  and 
the  reformation  of  religion  in  England  and  Irefand, 
'*  in  doctrine,  worship,  discipline,  and  govenMaent, 
according  to  the  Word  of  God,  and  the  example  of 
the  best  reformed  Churches ;"  to  extirpate  **  poper>', 
prelacy,  superstition,  heresy,  schism,  profanenes«. 
and  whatsoever  shall  be  found  to  be  ccmtiazy  tL> 
sound  doctrine  and  the  power  of  godliness  ;**  to 
preserve  the  liberties  of  parliament  and  the  Icings 
person  and  authority ;  to  dbcorer  and  punish  all 
'  incendiaries,  maligaants,  or  erU  instruments :"  ti> 
preserve  "  a  blessed  peace  betwem  these  kiag- 
doms  ;"  and  to  assist  and  defiend  all  who  enter  isto 
the  Covenant ;  **  all  which,"  say  they,  *•  we  shall 
do  as  in  the  sight  of  God." 

■  This  body,  which  consisted  of  lao  diviaes,  with 
30  lay  assessors,  was  constituted  bv  an  onliaance, 
June  12, 1643,  and  it  could  onfy  deVate  on  waaiXct^ 
submitted  to  it  by  the  pariiament.  ICikon  and 
other  contempoianes  of  various  diades  of  opinion 
speak  in  very  dxqnraging  terms  of  bodi  tlie  iearc- 
ing  and  int^rity  of  thoie  divines,  who  were  iIk 
paid  servants  of  the  Houses  :  (their  aBowance  vas. 
4s.  a-day:)  and  who,  thooj^  fierce  dedaimcr^ 
against  pluralities  and  non-tesidenoe,  sought  eagerly 
for  every  valuablepreferment. 

»  See  p.  423.  TTiey  pUced  it  in  the  kcefttttg  of 
two  lords  and  four  commoners. 

»  They  were  not  tried  till  long  after.  When 
brought  to  trial  they  were  found  guilty,  and  were 
executed  early  in  1645. 


A.D.  i643>  1644] 


CHARLES  I. 


42r 


Hull  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the 
earl  of  Newcastle,  from  Sept.  2  to 
Oct.  II. 

The  merchant  adventurers  knd 
£6ofloo  to  the  parliament,  when  fresh 
privileges  are  granted  to  them  by  an 
ordinance. 

The  marquis  of  Ormond  agrees  to 
a  cessation  of  arms  with  the  Irish, 
Sept.  15.  Many  of  them  in  conse- 
quence come  into  England  to  the  as- 
sistance of  the  king,  November. 

Sir  Henry  Vane  and  four  others  ap- 
pointed commissioners  to  the  Scottish 
pariiament. 

The  earl  of  Warwick  is  appointed 
governor  and  admiral  of  the  American 
plantations,  by  ordinance,  Nov.  2. 

The  duke  of  Hamilton'  repairs  to 
the  king,  at  Oxford.  He  is  considered 
a  traitor,  and  is  confined  in  Penden- 
nis  Castle,  in  Cornwall. 

The  isle  of  Jersey  occupied  by  the 
king's  forces. 

A.D.  1644. 

The  Scots  enter  England  to  assist 
the  parliament,  in  Januarv.  They  at- 
tempt to  take  Newcastle,  but  fail,  Feb. 


3;  they  then  possess  themselves  of 
Sunderland,  where  the  marquis  of 
Newcastle  blockades  them  ^,  March  4. 

A  parliament  sunmioned  by  the  king, 
meets  at  Oxford,  Jan.  22,  and  sits  tUl 
April.  It  consists  of  about  40  peers 
and  100  commoners*.  They  vote 
taxes,  impose  an  excise,  write  to  the 
earl  of  Essex  to  treat  for  peace  with 
"  those  by  whom  he  is  employed,"  and 
at  length  declare  the  parliament  sitting 
at  Westminster  traitors. 

Sir  Thomas  Fairfax  defeats  the 
king's  Irish  troops  at  Nantwich',  Jan. 
25,  and  then  marches  to  relieve  the 
Scots. 

The  parliament  issue  a  Declaration, 
Jan.  30,  allowing  persons  who  were 
or  had  been  in  arms  against  them 
to  compound  for  their  sequestered 
estates  \ 

Sir  Edward  Dering^  quits  the  king 
at  Oxford,  and  submits  to  the  parlia- 
ment, thus  setting  the  example  of  com- 
pounding for  "ddinquency,"  February. 

Archbishop  Laud's  trial  commences, 
March  12.  It  is  continued  by  adjourn- 
ment until  November. 

Latham  House  is  defended  by  the 
countess  of  Derby  against  the  par- 
liamentary forces  from  February  to 


*  He  had  but  receatiy  receivecl  this  title,  April 
I  a,  1643. 

f  Thev  were  ai.soo  strong,  and  were  com- 
manded by  Alexander  Lesley,  earl  of  Leven :  David 
Lesley  (■ometimes  called  Lord  Ncwaric)  served 
under  him;  both  were  veteian  soldiers  from  the 
German  wars.  The  apparent  inactivity  of  the  Soots 
was  displeasing  to  their  allies,  and,  though  various 
sums  were  at  oifferent  times  voted  on  their  applica- 
tion, it  was  not  till  Feb.  a8,  2645,  that  an  ordin- 
ance was  madCf  granting  an  assessment  of  ;£ax,ooo 
monthly  for  theur  support. 

*  Clairendon  says,  4^  peers  and  xi8  commoners. 
There  were  besides,  ano^t  ao  peers  in  military  com- 
mand, whilst  the  Hotise  at  Westminster  mustered 
bat  39  altogether. 

*  Among  the  prisoners  taken  was  Geoige  Monk, 
the  future  restorer  of  royalty.  He  was  bora  of 
a  good  Devonshire  family,  in  x6o8,  and  in  hb  17th 
year  saikd  in  Lord  Wimbledon's  expedition  against 
Cadis.  He  afterwards  joined  the  English  forces  in 
the  pay  of  HoHand,  but  returned  to  England  when 
thedvilwar  broke  out,  and  served  in  Onnond'sarmv 
in  Irehad.  After  an  imprisonment  of  some  length 
he  was  indoced  to  join  the  Parliamentarians,  and 
^"^  lent  again  to  Irehmd  (Nov.  1646),  where  he 
acted  vigorously  against  the  natives;  and  next, 
chaiwiBg  dw  scene  of  his  employment,  commanded 
<he  fleet  against  the  Dutch,  whom  he  twice  de- 
feated. Monk  was  entrusted  by  Cromwell  with 
the  gDverament  of  Scotland,  and  the  force  at  his 
jl^oeal  enabled  him  to  secure  the  return  of 
Charics  I L  to  his  kingdoms  without  any  appear- 
^eeof  opposition.  Monk  was  created  duke  of 
Albemarle,  received  vast  grants  of  Iridi  forfeited 
pods,  and  a  Unge  pension  ;  he,  however,  was  not 
'odtBcd  to  be  idle,  and  when  a  new  Dutch  war 


broke  out,  distinguished  himself  as  joint  admnal  of 
the  fleet  with  Pnnce  Rupert,  and  by  his  personal 
exertions  prevented  the  landing  of  the  Dutch  at 
Chatham.  He  here  exposed  himself  so  much  to 
danger  that  a  friend  advised  him  to  be  more  cau- 
tious, but  he  only  replied,  "  Sir,  if  I  had  feared 


bullets,  I  had  quitted  my  trade  of  a  soldier  long 
ago."    He  died  Jan.  3, 1670,  and  r 
ous  funeral  in  Westminster  Abbey. 


170,  and  received  a  pomp- 


^  These  compositions  were  to  be  acoonmanied  by 
acceptance  of  the  Covenant,  but  where  the  parties 
had  friends  among  the  ruling  powers,  this  was  often 
excused. 

•  He  was  the  grand-nephew  of  Edward  Dering, 
the  Puritan^  and  was  bora  in  1598.  After  holding 
for  some  ame  the  post  of  lieutenant  of  Dover 
CasUe,  he  became  a  member  of  the  Long  Parlia- 
ment, where  he  was  very  conspicuous  for  his  zeal 
in  attacking  the  Church.  At  length  becoming 
alarmed  at  the  violent  proceedincp  ofnis  associates, 
he  endeavoured  to  moderate  their  course,  when  he 
was  expelled  thfe  House,  Feb.  4,  1642.  He  soon 
afler  jomed  the  king's  forces,  but  had  hardly  done 
so,  when  he  began  attempting  a  reconciliation 
with  the  parliamenL  This  did  not  take  effect  until 
the  parliament  issued  their  Declaration,  when  he 
petiuoned  to  be  allowed  to  compound,  but  ere  the 
matter  was  setUed  he  died,  June  as,  1644,  a  subject 
of  contemptuous  mty  with  both  parties.  His  estate 
was  valued  at  ^8oo  a-year,  but  as  it  had  bcsen 


greatly  damaged  by  the  sequestrators,  and  to  in- 
duce  others  to  follow  his  example,  the  composition 
was  fixed  at  £1000,  a  rate  much  lower  than  after- 


wards prevailed  ;  and,  by  an  extraordinary  act 
of  grace,  this  payment  was  remitted  in  favour  of 
his  neir. 


423 


THE   STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1644,  1645. 


May,  when  it  is  relieved  by  Prince 
Rupert «». 

The  prince  elector  (Charles  Louis, 
the  king's  nephew)  joins  the  parlia- 
ment, and  takes  the  Covenant 

The  earl  of  Essex  and  Waller  ad- 
vance against  Oxford,  in  April.  The 
king  retires  to  Worcester,  but  suddenly 
returning,  defeats  Waller  at  Cropiredy- 
bridge  (near  Banbury),  June  29. 

Essex  marches  westward,  and  pene- 
trates into  Cornwall. 

The  Fairfaxes  and  the  Scots  be- 
siege York,  in  June. 

Taunton  is  taken  for  the  parliament 
by  Colonel  Blake*,  but  is  soon  after 
again  besieged  by  the  royalists. 

Prince  Rupert  relieves  York,  July  i. 
Following  up  the  enemy  he  is  totally 
defeated  at  Marston-moor',  July  2. 
York  in  consequence  surrenders,  July 
15  ;  and  Newcastle  is  captured  by  the 
Scots,  October  29. 

The  queen,  who  had  taken  refuge  at 
Exeter,  leaves  England,  July  14. 

The  earls  of  Antrim  and  Montrose 
(Randal  McDonald  and  James  Gra- 
ham»),  and  the  marquis  of  Huntley 
(George  Gordon**),  raise  the  royal 
standard  in  Scotland. 

A  bodv  of  1,500  Irish  land  in  the 
west,  under  Alister  McDonald,  in  July. 
Montrose  joins  them,  takes  the  com- 
mand, defeats  Lord  Elcho  at  Tipper- 
muir  (near  Perth),  Sept.  i ;  and  sacks 


Aberdeen,  Sept.  12.  He  is  obliged  to 
flee  by  the  approach  of  the  marquis  of 
Argyle  (Archibald  Campbell*,)  lieu- 
tenant of  the  kingdom. 

The  king  marches  into  the  west 
Essex  suffers  himself  to  be  surrounded 
in  Cornwall  He  and  a  few  officers 
escape  by  sea  to  Plymouth,  and  his 
horse  cut  their  way  through,  but  his 
foot,  under  Skippon,  are  obliged  to 
surrender,  Sept.  2  ;  they  give  up  their 
arms,  and  are  allowed  to  retire. 

A  fresh  army  is  collected  under 
Waller  and  the  earl  of  Manchester  J. 
They  advance  towards  Oxford,  fight  an 
indecisive  battle  at  Newbury,  Oct.  27, 
and  then  retire  into  winter  quarters. 
Great  discontent  is  excited  thereby, 
and  a  "new  model"  of  the  army  is 
proposed  \ 

Commissioners  are  sent  to  Oxford, 
in  November.  They  return  with  an 
answer  from  the  king  desiring  to  treat 
for  a  peace. 

The  Commons  attaint  Archbishop 
Laud,  by  ordinance,  Nov.  13.  The 
Peers,  suter  some  delay,  consent, 
Dec.  17. 

Sir  John  Hotham  and  his  son  are 
tried  by  a  court-martial  for  correspond- 
ing with  the  king,  December.  They 
are  both  executed,  Jan.  i,  2,  1645. 

A.D.  1645. 
The  Directory  ordered  to  be  used 


'  The  countess  retired  vrith  her  children  to  the 
Isle  of  Man.  Latham  was  again  besieged,  and  was 
captured  in  December,  2645. 

•  Robert  Blake,  better  known  as  a  naval  officer, 
was  bom  in  1598,  educated  at  Oxford,  and  sat  in 
the  Long  Parluunent  for  Bridg^ter.  After  the 
death  of  the  king,  Blake  was  appointed  one  of  the 
three  commanders  of  the  navy,  when  he  chased 
Prince  Rupert  from  the  British  seas  ;  he  afterwards 
repeatedly  defeated  the  Dutch,  chastised  the  Bar- 
bary  pirates,  and  inflicted  vast  losses  on  the  Spa- 
niards. He  died,  on  shipboard,  near  Plymouth, 
Aug.  17,  1657,  and  was  honoured  with  a  public 
funeral. 

f  The  overthrow  was  generally  attributed  to  the 
prince's  misconduct ;  and  the  marquis  of  Newcastle 
and  many  other  active  partisans  of  the  king  in  de- 
spair now  abandoned  the  contest,  and  retired  to 
the  continent. 

f  He  was  bom  in  z6i3,  travelled  much  abroad 
when  very  yoimg,  and  retuming  to  England,  was 
through  a  treacherous  manoeuvre  of  the  marquis  of 
Hamilton,  so  coldly  received  at  Court,  that  when 
the  troubles  in  Scotland  broke  out  he  was  one  of 
the  foremost  of  the  Covenanters.  He,  however, 
soon  penetrated  their  designs,  and,  leaving  them, 
became  one  of  the  most  devoted  adherents  of  the 
king.  In  his  cause  he  gained  several  victories  in 
Scotland  in  1644  and  1645,  l>ut  was  defeated  at 
Philiphaugh,  Sept.  13,  1645,  and  in  1646  laid  down 
his  arms  by  the  kmg's  command.  Montrose  re- 
turned with  a  small  force  while  negotiations  were 
pending  between  Charles  II.  and  the  Scots,  but  they 


refused  to  recognise  his  commission,  and  having 
been  defeated  and  captured,  he  was  brought  to 
Edinbuigh,  and  there  executed  with  every  orcuai- 
stance  otbarbarity  and  ignominy.  May  sx,  1650. 

*^  He  was  brother-in-law  of  Argyle,  b^  whom  he 
was  speedily  defeated.  He,  however,  sfeOl  adhered 
to  the  king,  and  was  at  last  executed,  by  order  of 
the  Scottisn  parliament,  in  1649. 

i  He  was  boiti  in  1^98,  and  became  eari  of  Aigyk 
in  2638,  and  marqmsj  Nov.  15,  164X.  He  was  of 
a  most  treacherous,  mtriguing  character,  who  in 
turn  betrayed  and  was  hated  by  all  parties.  Aisyk 
leagued  himself  with  Cromwell,  and,  ouning  to 
London  on  the  Restoration,  was  at  once  sent  td 
the  Tower.  He  was  soon  after  remitted  to  Scot- 
land, where  he  was  condemned  and  executed  as 
a  traitor.  He  suffered  at  Edinburgh,  May  as, 
x66i. 

i  Formerly  Lord  Kimbolton.  He  was  soon  after 
displaced,  uved  unnoticed  under  the  Commoo- 
wealth,  and  at  the  Restoration  sat  in  jud|pient  ca 
some  of  his  former  associates.  He  received  the 
post  of  lord  chamberlain,  and  died  May  5, 1671. 

k  It  was  alleged  that  the  earl  of  Essex,  Sir  Wil- 
liam Waller,  and  other  soldien  by  professioB, 
wished  to  protract  the  war  for  the  sake  ot  their  on 
emoluments,  which  certainly  were  very  large,  aod 
therefore  declined  to  push  matters 
Cromwell  was  known  to  be  the  real  i 

affair,  and  Essex  and  the  Scottish  ct 

consulted  with  Whitdock  and  others  about  im- 
peaching  him  ;  they,  however,  abandonol  thdr  in 
tcntion,  being  doubtful  of  their  power  to  cany  it* 


A.D.  1645.] 


CHARLES   I. 


429 


in  all  churches  instead  of  the  Prayer 
Book,  Jan.  3. 

Archbishop  Laud  is  beheaded, 
Jan.  10. 

Conunissioners  meet  at  Uxbridge, 
Jan.  30,  to  discuss  terms  of  peace. 
The  parliamentary  party  insist  on  the 
abolition  of  episcopacy  and  the  Liturgy, 
and  the  absolute  control  of  the  army 
and  navy,  and  the  negotiations  are 
broken  off,  Feb.  22,  without  any  result. 

Montrose  suddenly  reappears  in  the 
field,  in  January.  He  ravages  the 
lands  of  Argyle ;  defeats  him  at  Inver- 
lochy,  Feb.  2  ;  and  marches  to  the  east 
coast,  plundering  Elgin,  Aberdeen,  and 
Dundee,  but  is  forced  to  retire  to  the 
Highlands  in  April. 

Araied  associations  of  Clubmen 
fonned,  particularly  in  the  southern 
and  western  counties,  to  restrain  the 
plundering  and  violence  of  the  armies  ^ 

The  Self-denying  Ordinance  passed, 
April  3",  which  ordains  that  no  mem- 
ber of  parliament  shall  in  future  hold 
any  office  or  command,  civil  or  mili- 
tary, granted  or  conferred  by  either  or 
both  of  the  Houses,  or  by  any  autho- 
rity derived  from  them. 

The  parliamentary  army  on  the  new 
model'  takes  the  field.  It  is  com- 
posed almost  exclusively  of  Independ- 
ents, animated  by  the  sternest  fanati- 
cism, under  the  nominal  command  of 
Sir  Thomas  Fairfax,  but  the  actual 
leader  is  Cromwell  \ 

The  king  marches  from  Oxford  early 
in  May.  He  relieves  Chester,  May  15, 
and  captiu-es  Leicester,  May  31. 


Fairfax  endeavours  to  surprise  Ox- 
ford in  the  absence  of  the  king,  but 
fails.  He  then  follows  the  royal  army, 
and  totally  defeats  it  at  NasebyP,  (near 
Market  Harborough),  June  14.  The 
king  flees  into  Wales. 

Carlisle  surrenders  to  the  parlia- 
ment, July  2\ 

Fairfax  marches  into  the  west,  and 
by  the  relief  of  Taunton  (July  3), 
the  defeat  of  Goring'  at  Langport 
(July  10),  the  capture  of  Bridge- 
water  (July  23),  and  Bath  (July  30), 
prevents  the  Cornish  men  assisting 
the  royalists. 

Montrose  reappears  in  force  in  May. 
He  defeats  the  Covenanters  at  Auld- 
earn (May  9),  Alford  (July  2),  and 
Kilsyth  (Aug.  15),  and  threatens  Glas- 
gow. The  Scottish  forces  in  conse- 
quence commence  their  return  to 
Scotland. 

Hereford  unsuccessfully  besieged  by 
the  Scots,  August  and  September. 

The  king  quits  Wales  on  the  ap- 
proach of  the  Scots.  He  crosses  the 
midland  counties  as  far  as  Hunting- 
don, but  retires  to  Oxford,  Aug.  28. 

Prince  Rupert  surrenders  Bristol 
after  a  feeble  defence,  Sept.  10.  The 
king  revokes  his  commission,  and 
orders  him  to  quit  the  country •. 

Montrose,  who  had  advanced  to  the 
English  border,  is  totally  defeated  at 
Philiphaugh  (near  Selkirk,)  by  David 
Leslie^  Sept.  13.  Montrose  and  a  few 
others  escape,  but  the  prisoners  are 
butchered  in  cold  blood,  without  any 
form  of  trial*. 


'  They  professed  strict  neutralitv  as  to  politics, 
lut  in  reality  inclined  to  the  king  s  party  ;  hence 
the  paiiiamentary  troops  treated  them  as  armed 
enemies, 

*  The  earls  of  Ess«x,  Denbigh,  and  Manchester, 
laid  down  their  commissions  the  day  before. 

*  The  king's  party  undervalued  the  new  army, 
caDmg  it  in  scorn,  the  '*  new  noddle/'  but  they  very 
soon  found  it  a  much  more  formidable  opponent 
than  its  predecessor  had  been.  Its  strength  was 
14.000  foot  and  7,000  horse  and  dragoons ;  the 
charge  was  to  be  ^44,955  per  month.  Fairfiuc  was 
the  general,  with  Sxippon  second  in  command,  but 
he  was  supeneded  by  Cromwell,  and  returned  to 
the  charge  of  the  London  militia. 

^  He  was  disqualified  by  the  Self-den3fing  Ordi- 
nance, but  Fairtax  obtained  its  suspension  in  his 
favour  for  a  short  time,  before  the  expiration  of 
^-hjch  the  battle  of  Naseby  had  been  fought,  and 
ail  idea  of  then  removing  Cromwell  was  abuidoned. 
"  This  was  much  spoken  against  by  Essex's  party," 
uys  Whitelock,  ''^as  a  breach  of  that  orduiance. 
and  a  discovery  of  the  intention  to  continue  who 
^«y  pleased,  and  to  remove  the  others  from  com- 
■naods,  notwithstanding  their  former  self-denying 
pretences ;  but  the  Houses  judged  this  fit  to  be 
(low  done."    Sir  William  Brereton,  Sir  Thomas 


Middleton,  Sir  John  Pric«,  also  mtinbers  of  the 
Commons,  were  likewise  continued  in  their  com- 
mands. 

p  The  king's  private  cabinet  was  taken,  and 
a  number  of  letters  found  therein  being  thought  to 
afford  proof  of  hb  insincerity  in  the  recent  negotia- 
tions, were  accordingly  published  by  the  parlia- 
ment Others,  of  a  different  duuacter,  were  kept 
back,  and  were  only  brought  to  light  in  2869  by 
the  then  recently  appointed  Hbtorical  Manuscripts 
Commission. 

4  It  had  been  besieged  for  ix  months  by  the 
Scots  under  David  Leslie,  and  only  surrendered 
when  the  garrison  had  eaten  all  their  horses. 

'  Charles  Goring,  formerly  the  governor  of  Ports- 
mouth (see  A.D.  1642).  a  man  whose  riotous  ex- 
cesses brought  much  discredit  on  the  royal  cause. 
In  x66a  he  succeeded  his  fath'5r  as  earl  of  Nor- 
wich, and  he  died  in  1671,  when  the  title  became 
extinct. 

■  He,  however,  remained,  and  assisted  in  the 
defence  of  Oxford. 

*  They  were  held  to  be  Irish  rebels,  ouarter  to 
whom  was  expressly  forbidden  by  an  ordinance  of 


the  English  parliament   (Oct.  •4.   1644!      Some 
women,  even,  who  were  taken  several  days  j 


t  after 


the   battle,   were  drowned    by  direction   of  the 


430 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1645, 1646. 


The  king  attempts  in  vain  to  relieve 
Chester  (Sept  23);  passes  through 
Shropshire  to  Newark,  but  after  a  brief 
stay  there,  shuts  himself  up  in  Oxford, 
Nov.  5. 

A  body  of  the  royal  cavalry  pene- 
trate as  far  as  Dumfries,  in  order  to 
join  Montrose,  but,  on  the  news  of  his 
flight,  return  to  Carlisle,  and  disband 
themselves. 

Rinuccini,  the  papal  nuncio,  arrives 
in  Ireland",  Oct.  23. 

The  king  opens  secret  negotiations 
with  the  Scots  and  the  Independents, 
and  also  seeks  terms  of  peace  from 
the  parliaments 

Faufax  and  Cromwell  continue  to 
capture  the  royal  castles  and  posts  in 
the  south  and  west 

Persons  coming  from  the  king's 
quarters  ordered  to  declare  themselves, 
or  to  be  treated  as  spies,  Nov.  13. 

A.D.  1646. 

The  king  renews  his  applications 
to  the  parhament  for  an  accommo- 
dation, but  they  decline  to  entertain 
them.  The  Scots  and  the  Independ- 
ents, however,  carry  on  negotiations 
with  him,  though  with  evident  in- 
sincerity. 


Chester  surrenders  to  the  parlia- 
ment, Feb.  3,  after  a  long  si^e. 

Prince  Charles  retires  to  ScOIy,  and 
in  April  removes  to  Jersey. 

Fairfax,  having  entirely  subdued  the 
west  ^  approaches  Oxfcvd.  The  king, 
after  ap^ring,  without  success,  to  Ire- 
ton,  leaves  the  city  in  disguise^  in  th^ 
night  of  April  261 

The  king  approaches  London,  the 
travels  to  the  coast  of  NorfctA,  hot 
being  unable  to  procure  a  ship,  at 
lengUi  repairs  to  SouthweO.  where  be 
puts  himself  into  the  haiku  of  com- 
missioners sent  from  Kdham,  (near 
Newark,)  tfie  head-quarters  of  the 
Scottish  army.  May  5.  He  is  received 
with  outward  respect,  but  is  at  once 
required  to  give  orders  for  the  surren- 
der of  Newark,  with  which  he  com- 
plies. 

The  parliament  consider  thetnsdves 
deceivcMl  by  the  Scots,  and  threaten 
hostilities.  The  Scots  vindicate  them- 
selves, but  retire  to  Newcasde,  takii^ 
the  king  with  them.  He  here  consents 
to  order  Montrose  to  lay  down  his 
arms',  and  is  himself  ur^ed  to  take 
the  Covenant  •. 

The  royal  garrisons  yield  in  quick 
succession  ^  and  the  war  is  for  the 
present  ended. 


pmcben.  Sir  Robert  Spottiswoode.  CoL  Na- 
thaniel Gordon,  and  sooie  others,  who  had  escaped 
from  the  field,  being  afterwards  captured,  were 
beheaded  on  Jan.  ao,  1646.  in  accordance  with  the 
express  desire  of  the  coaraussion  of  the  General 
Assembly,  the  synod  of  Galloway,  and  other  eccle- 
siastical bodies.  The  Galloway  sjrnod  craved  most 
earnestly  of  the  Estates  of  Paniament  "  that  which 
your  late  oath  of  Covenant  and  Parliament^  your 
place  and  the  bleeding  condition  of  yoar  natnre 
comtry  do  re<]iiire,  that  the  sword  of  jostioe  may 
be  impartially  drawn  against  those  persons  now  in 
bonds  who  have  lifted  up  their  hands  against  the 
Lord,  the  sworn  Covenant,  and  this  afflicted  Kirk." 
The  FariiaaieBt  repfied  to  the  commission  of  the 
General  Assembly,  certifying  them  of  die  Estates' 
fiutfafiil  and  best  endeavours  for  executing  justice 
upon  ddnMsnents  impaitially  and  speedily. 

■  John  Baptist  Rinuccini,  bishop  of  Fermo.  The 
Kilkenny  Assembly  applied  to  the  pope  (Inno- 
cent X.)  for  asustance  m  money,  arms,  and  men, 
which  was  granted.  Rhniccini  was  sent  in  the 
same  vessd  ^th  them,  and  narrowly  escaped  cap- 
ture by  a  paxiianentary  cruiser.  On  his  arrival  he 
at  once  assumed  the  sole  direction  of  affairs,  but 
this  was  displeasing  to  many  of  the  Assembly,  and 
Mictions  were  formed  against  him.  He,  however, 
held  his  position  for  awhile,  but  on  the  return  of 
Ormond  to  Ireland  in  1648,  he  peremptorily  ordered 
die  nuncio  to  withdraw,  and  Rinuccini  returned 
to  luly. 


*  The  intercowse  with  the  Scots  was  aam^ 
by  Montrenil,  the  French  ambaatador:  Ifikr 
Huntingdon  was  the  agent  with  CroorwelL  IV 
parliament  insisted  on  haider  terms  dian  those  de- 
manded at  Uzbridgc  (see  p.  409),  with  wfaidi  tke 
Scots  declared  themselves  contented;  Crrxawdl 
and  his  friends  profcned  an  iatentioii  of  restonDg 
the  king  to  his  authority,  but  probably  tber  ahcady 
meditated  his  destruction,  which  iacf  attcrvanis 


y  Lord  Hopton,  the  royal  genend,  j^mud  (March 
If,  at  Truro)  to  disband  Ids  forces^  qcBiuaig  np 
hts  arms  and  ammunition. 

'  He  eventnally  &td  so,  and  MonliciSL  m  ooa- 
sequence  embarked  fer  Norway,  with  a  few  taadi, 
Sept.  3. 

•  He,  while  in  their  hands,  imilaiaul  a  odd- 
troveny  on  Church  matten  widi  Aleaoiider  Ho- 
derson,  the  chief  PKsbytenaa  divine  already  wcd- 
tioned  (we  p.  4x4)  and  the  papers  wbidh  passed 
between  them  satisfactorily  prove  not  only  the 
kinf's  suKcre  attacfaaeot  to  the  Okmdb,  bst  abo 
his  mtimate  knowfedxe  of  die  apoMofical  iwian*' 
of  ecclesiastical  dodpoae. 

^  Hie  kins  ismied  his  ordets  to  tkat  cflect  fro* 
Newcastle,  Tone  la  OiSatd  tumadend  \mt  »*, 
Worcester.  July  »,  PnHJffinh  Gsstle,  Aac.  17- 
and  Ra^an  Castle,  Aog-  19.  Oa  dte  VisitaDao  of 
Oxibrd,  in  violation  of  the  articles  of  in  capitab- 
tiott,  see  Note. 


THE  UNIVERSITIES. 


431 


NOTE. 
The  Universities. 


As  the  strocgbolds  alike  of  learning  and 
loyalty,  the  Universities  of  Oxford  and 
Cambridge  were  the  objects  of  the  especial 
hatred  of  the  Puritans.  They  gained  pos- 
session of  both  by  military  force,  and  they 
exerted  to  the  full  all  the  licence  which 
that  drcnmstance  nri^t  be  supposed  to  en- 
title them  to.  Oxford  was  a  royal  gar- 
rison, and  was  thus  saved  from  thor  himds 
until  the  dose  of  the  dvil  war,  but  Cam- 
bridge was  defenceless,  and  after  being 
pluiSered  of  its  plate  in  August,  1642,  was 
converted  into  a  garrison  and  a  gaol,  many 
of  the  heads  of  houses  carried  prisoners  to 
London,  and  the  rest  of  its  members  stand- 
ing in  daily  peril  of  their  lives  from  the 
violence  of  the  soldiery.  In  January,  1643, 
an  ocdinance  was  posted  for  "  regulating  " 
the  University,  the  execution  of  which  was 
committed  to  the  earl  of  Manchester,  and 
in  consequence  he  proceeded  to  eject  at 
kast  two  hundred  masters  and  fellows,  and 
twice  as  many  scholars,  induding  among 
them  such  men  as  Cosin,  Sterne,  Beale, 
Martin  and  Laney,  and  supplied  their 
places  with  others  whose  only  recommen- 
dation was  that  they  were  ready  to  take 
the  Covenant,  or  any  other  engagement,  as 
the  price  of  preferment  The  ejected  mem- 
bers were  commanded  to  quit  the  Univer- 
sity within  three  days,  "upon  pain  of 
imprisonment  and  plunder/^  and  Cam- 
bridge was  thus  promptly  reduced  to  a 
seminary  of  Puritanism.  "The  Knipper- 
<lollings  of  the  age,"  says  one  of  the  suf- 
ferers*, "  reduced  a  glorious  and  renowned 
University  almost  to  a  mere  Miinster,  and 
did  more  in  less  than  three  years  than  the 
apostate  Julian  could  effect  in  all  his  reign, 
viz.  l^oke  the  heartstrings  of  learning  and 
all  learned  nnen,  and  thereby  Inxat^  all 
the  Joints  of  Christianity  in  the  kingdom." 
The  events  of  the  war  postponed  the 
ruin  of  Oxford  for  some  years,  but  the  city 
was  at  last  surrendered  to  Sir  Thomas 
Fairfax  (June  24,  1646).  The  capitula- 
tion expressly  promis«l  that  the  Univer- 
sity should  be  free  from  "sequestrations, 
fines,  taxes,  and  all  other  molestations 
whatsoever,"  but,  in  spite  of  this,  the 
parliament  at  once  proceeded  with  their 
dcngn  of  reducing  it  to  the  same  condition 
as  its  sister  University.  As  a  preliminary, 
seven  Presbyterian  divines,  members  of 
colleges,  were  sent  to  preach  in  any  pulpits 


that  they  pleased,  and  to  endeavour  to  re- 
commend "the  blessed  reformation"  in- 
tended ;  these  men  had  little  success  with 
the  members  of  the  University,  and  were 
fiercely  opposed  by  one  Erbury,  and  other 
Independents,  who  fairly  silenced  them  in 
disputation.  The  parliament,  however,  had 
no  intention  of  resting  their  cause  on  mere 
arguments.  On  May  i,  1647,  ^cy  passed 
an  ordinance  for  the  visitation  of  the  Uni- 
versity, by  Sir  Nathaniel  Brent,  (formerly 
vicar-general  to  Archbishop  Laud,)  five  of 
the  seven  preachers,  William  Prynn,  and 
seventeen  others,  who  were  to  declare  va- 
cant the  places  of  all  refusers  of  the  Cove- 
nant, all  opposers  of  the  Directory,  and  all 
who  had  borne  arms  against  the  parlia- 
ment, and  to  certify  the  names  of  the  per- 
sons thus  deprived. 

These  visitors  commenced  thdr  proceed- 
ings by  issuing  a  citation  for  the  heads  of 
the  University  to  appear  before  them  in 
the  Convocation-house  "  between  the  hours 
of  nine  and  eleven"  on  the  4th  of  June. 
The  University,  in  answer,  published  its 
Judgment,  condemning  the  Covenant  and 
the  Directory  (June  i),  and  when  the  visi- 
tors arrived,  the  vice-chancellor(Dr.  Samud 
Fell)  took  advantage  of  the  length  of  a 
sermon  preached  by  one  of  their  number, 
and  which  was  not  conduded  till  after 
eleven  o'dock,  to  break  up  the  convocation 
before  they  could  present  themselves  in  it 
Tlie  next  day  a  system  of  resistance  was 
organized,  which  drove  the  visitors  to  apply 
for  enlarged  powers,  and  when  these  were 
granted  by  a  new  ordinance  (Aug.  26),  they 
were  no  more  regarded  than  the  former  had 
been.  A  commission  was  next  issued  in 
the  name  of  the  king  for  a  visitation,  but 
its  validity  was  disputed  by  Dr.  Wight- 
wick,  master  of  Pembroke  College,  and 
though  he  was  at  once  deprived  of  office, 
the  proctors  ddivered  a  formal  protest 
against  the  visitation,  which  at  last  occa- 
sioned the  removal  of  the  cause  to  London. 

Meanwhile  Dr.  Fell  had  been  voted  out 
of  his  office  as  vice-chancellor,  but  continu- 
ing to  exercise  his  functions,  had  been  sent 
prisoner  to  London ;  other  heads  of  houses 
had  appeared  before  the  visitors  for  the  ex- 
press purpose  of  disputing  their  authority ; 
and  vacandes  that  had  occurred  in  some  of 
the  colleges  were  filled  up  by  election,  in 
spite  of  mjunctions  to  the  contrary.     The 


^  The  author  of  Qiurtla  Caniabrigiensis ;  pro- 
haltitf  Dr.  John  Barwick,  an  active  loyalbt,  who 
auaaged  the  secret  correspondence  with  the  king, 


and  was  in  coasequence  rigorously  imprisoned, 
but  survived  until  the  RestoratioD,  and  died  dean 
of  St.  Paul's,  in  December,  1664. 


432 


THE  UNIVERSITIES. 


parliament  then  took  the  matter  in  hand, 
and  after  hearing  counsel  for  the  Univer- 
sity, on  the  9th  of  December,  voted  its 
conduct  to  be  derogatory  to  their  authority, 
and  gave  effect  to  this  by  shortly  after  de- 
priving five  heads  of  Houses  and  three 
of  the  canons  of  Christ  Church ;  nothing 
daunted,  however,  the  remaining  officers 
refused  to  publish  the  sentence,  and  the 
students  tore  the  notices  down  from  the 
walls. 

At  length,  at  the  end  of  March,  1648,  a 
strong  guard  was  placed  at  the  disposal  of 
the  visitors,  and  soon  after  the  earl  of  Pem- 
broke, who  had  been  named  chancellor, 
repaired  to  Oxford,  when  the  expulsion  of 
all  the  remaining  heads  of  Houses  (except 
Paul  Hood,  the  rector  of  Lincoln,  and 
Gerard  Langbaine,  provost  of  Queen's)  was 
promptly  proceedai  with.  But  the  fellows, 
the  graduates,  and  the  students  still  re- 
mained, and  the  latter  especially  feared  not 
to  treat  the  visitors  with  every  mark  of 
contempt  and  aversion.  They  wrote  and 
circulated  pamphlets  in  which  the  intruder^ 
were  attacked  with  stem  invective  in  some 
cases,  in  others  held  up  to  ridicule  in  dog- 
grel  verses,  and  though  the  Knipperdollings 
laboured  earnestly  to  suppress  them,  many 
of  these  productions  have  come  down  to 
our  time.  The  visitors  now  made  the  whole 
body  prisoners,  and  demanded  from  them, 
on  pain  of  expulsion,  an  answer  in  writing 
whether  they  submitted  to  the  visitation 
or  not.  Very  few  indeed  complied ;  the 
expulsion  of  the  rest  was  voted,  and  to 
give  effect  to  this,  proclamation  was  made 
by  beat  of  drum,  and  with  a  strong 
guard,  before  the  gate  of  each  college,  that 
if  any  who  had  been  voted  out  presumed 
to  remain  in  the  University,  they  should 
be  given  over  as  prisoners  to  the  governor. 
Even  this  threat,  however,  did  not  dis- 
lodge the  students,  and  the  governor  ^Tho- 
mas Kelsey,  a  button-make^  at  last  (Aug. 
17, 1648)  made  the  decisive  announcement, 
that  "if  any  one  who  had  been  expelled 
did  presume  to  tarry  in  the  town,  or  ^ould 
be  takeo  within  five  miles  of  it,  he  should 
be  deemed  a  spy,  and  be  punished  with 
death."  Too  many  instances  were  fresh  in 
every  man's  mind  to  allow  any  doubt  that 
this  threat  would  be  carried  into  effect,  and 
accordingly  all  further  opposition  to  the 
"godly  reformation"  was  at  last  aban- 
doned. 

The  most  lucrative  places  in  the  Univer- 
sity were  of  course  the  prize  of  the  visitors, 
and  their  immediate  assistants**,  but  ^ter 
all  these  were  provided  for,  the  colleges 
were  comparatively  empty,  and  "the  dregs 
of  the  neighbour  University,"  says  Anthony 


k  Wood,  were  transferred,  or  transferred 
themselves,  from  Cambridge  to  Oxford. 

"They  were,"  he  says,  "commonly  called 
Seekers,  were  great  frequenters  of  the  sermocs 
at  St.  Mary's,  preached  by  the  six  ministers  ap- 
pointed by  parliament,  and  other  Presbyterian 
ministers  that  preached  in  other  diurches  in  Ox- 
ford, and  sometmies  frequenters  of  the  conventicies 
of  Independents  and  Anabaptists.  The  generality 
of  them  had  mortified  countenances,  puling  roices, 
and  eyes  commonly,  when  in  discourse,  hfted  up. 
with  hands  lyine  on  their  breasts ;  they  mostly  had 
short  hair,  whicn  at  that  time  was  commonly  called 
the  'Committee-cut,'  and  went  in  cueipo,  in  2 
shabby  <x>ndition,  and  looked  rather  like  appren- 
tices, or  antiquated  schoolboys,  than  academi- 
cians or  ministers;  and  therefore  few  or  none  <^ 
the  old  stamp,  or  royal  party,  would  cc«ne  near 
to,  or  sort  tnemselves  with  them,  but  ratl^r  en- 
deavoured to  put  scorn  on  them,  and  make  thea 
ridiculous." 

A  passage  from  Querda  CantaMgiensisj 
though  originally  referring  to  Cambridge 
only,  may  aptly  dose  this  notice  of  the 
Puritan  desolation  of  both  Universities : — 

"Thus  are  we  imprisoned  or  banished  fat  our 
consciences,  being  not  so  much  as  accused  of  any- 
thing else,  only  suspected  of  loyalty  to  our  King, 
and  fidelity  to  our  Mother  the  Church  of  Englaikd : 
and  not  oxdy  so,  but  quite  stripped  of  all  our  liveli- 
hood, and  exposed  to  beggary,  having  nothing  left 
us  to  sustain  the  necessities  of  nature,  and  many  of 
us  no  friends  to  go  to,  but  destitute  and  foriom,  not 
knowing  whither  to  bend  one  step  when  we  set 
footing  out  of  Cambridge,  having  only  one  com- 
panion, which  will  make  us  rejoice  in  oar  utmost 
afilictions,  viz.,  a  clear  conscience  in  a  righteous 
cause ;  humbly  submitting  ourselves  to  the  chas- 
tisement of  the  Almiffhty,  who,  after  He  hath  tried 
us,  will  at  last  cast  His  rods  into  the  fire. 

"  As  for  us,  God  forbid  that  we  should  take  up 
any  railing  or  cursing,  who  are  commanded  only  to 
bless  :  we  are  so  far  from  that,  that  we  have  rathcr 
chosen  to  let  the  names  of  our  greatest  penecntors. 
rot  in  our  ruins,  than  so  much  as  menti<A  them 
with  our  pen,  save  only  where  necessity  coaq»el]ed 
us  unto  it. 

"  But  though  we  spare  their  names,  we  hooe  we 
may  without  offence  to  any  describe  their  qtiaiities 
And  therefore,  if  posterity^  shall  ask,  '  Who  thrust 
out  one  of  the  eyes  of  this  kingdom?  who  made 
Eloquence  dumb.  Philosophy  sottish,  widowed  the 
Arts,  and  drove  &e  Muses  from  their  ancient  habi- 
tation? who  plucked,  the  reverend  and  orthodox 
professors  out  of  their  chairs,  and  silenced  them  in. 
prison  or  their  graves?  who  turned  religion  into 
rebellion,  and  changed  the  apostolical  chair  into 
a  desk  for  blasphemy,  and  tore  the  garland  from,  off 
the  head  of  Learning,  to  plac»  it  on  the  dull  bro«-s 
of  disloyal  ignorance?'  If  thev  shall  ask.  *  Who 
made  those  ancient  and  beautiful  chapels,  the  sweet 
remembrances  and  monuments  of  our  forefathers* 
charity,  and  kind  fomenters  of  their  children's  de- 
votion, to  become  ruinous  heaps  of  dust  and  stones* 
or  who  unhived  those  numerous  swarms  of  labnur- 
ing  bees,  which  used  to  drop  honey-dews  over  all 
thu  kingdom,  .to  place  in  their  rooms  swani»  ot 
senseless  drones  ?'  Tis  quickly  answered, '  Those 
they  were,  who  endeavouring  to  share  three  crowns 
and  put  them  in  their  own  pockets,  have  trans- 
formed thb  free  kingdom  into  a  large  eaol,  ia  krej^ 
the  liberty  of  the  subject:  they  who  maintam 
xoo,ooo  robbers  and  murderers  by  sea  and  land,  t? 
protect  our  lives ^  and  the  pro^rnety  of  eurf;9&ds  : 
they  who  have  gone  a  king-catcning  these  three  year; 


*  Brent  was  made  warden  of  Merton ;  Wilkinson,  president  of  Magdalen ;  and  Reynolds,  dean  of 

Chnst  Church,  and  vice-chancellor. 


A.D.  1646,  1647.] 


CHARLES  I. 


433 


bunting  their  most  gracious  sovereign  like  a  part- 
ridge on  the  mountains,  im  kts  avm  define* :  they 
who  have  possessed  themselves  of  his  majesty  s 
towns,  navy,  and  magarines,  and  robbed  him  of  all 
his  revenues,  to  make  kim  a  g^oruma  kin£  :  who 
have  multiphed  oaths,  protestations,  vows,  Leagues 
and  Covenants,  Jar  emse  qf  tender  consciences : 
filling  all  pulpits  with  jugglers  for  the  Cause,  cant- 
mg  sedition,  atheism,  and  rebellion,  to  root  out 
Mtry  and  Bab^loH^  and  settle  the  "kinrdom  0/ 
Chist:  who,  from  a  trembling  guilt  of  a  legal 


trial,  have  engag;ed  three  kingdoms  and  left  theni 
weltering  in  their  own  blood  :  they  lastly,  which 
when  they  had  glutted  themselves  with  spoil  and 
rapine,  hissed  for  a  foreign  viper  to  come  and  eat 
up  the  bowels  of  their  dear  Mother :  the  very  same 
have  stopped  the  mouth  of  all  learning  (following 
herein  Uie  example  of  their  elder  brother,  the 
Turk),  lest  any  snould  be  wiser  than  themselves, 
or  p(»terity  know  what  a  world  of  wickedness  they 
have  committed.** 


A.D.  1646. 

The  king's  great  seal,  taken  at  Ox- 
ford, is  broken  up  in  the  presence  of 
the  parliament,  Aug.  1 1. 

The  parliament  and  the  Scots  ex- 
change angry  letters,  and  the  parlia- 
ment manifest  an  intention  of  expel- 
ling their  allies. 

The  Scots  offer  to  withdraw  from 
England  on  payment  of  a  sum  for 
their  services.  The  amount  is,  after 
much  contention*,  fixed  at  ;£4oo,ooo, 
one-half  to  be  paid  before  they  quit 
England,  and  the  balance  to  be  se- 
cured on  "  the  public  faith'." 

The  parliament,  by  vote,  denounce 
forfeiture  of  life  and  property  against 
all  who  shall  hereafter  oppose  them  in 
amis,  Dec.  8. 

The  parliament  send  propositions  to 
the  king,  which  he  finally  declines  to 
discuss,  unless  allowed  to  return  in 
safety  and  honour  to  Westminster, 
Dec.  2a 


A.D.  1647. 

The  Scots  leave  Newcastle,  having 
given  up  the  king  into  the  hands  of 
the  parliamentary  commissioners », 
Jan.  30.  He  is  removed  under  a 
strong  guard  to  his  own  house  at 
Holmby,  in  Northamptonshire. 

The  parliament  take  steps  to  dis- 
band  the  army.  Thev  resolve  to  send 
a  portion  to  Ireland,  to  reduce  the 
establishment  for  England,  and  to  dis- 
miss all  officers  above  the  rank  of 
colonel,  except  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax, 
March  8\ 

Harlech  Castle,  the  last  royal  post, 
surrenders,  March  30. 

The  king  writes  to  the  parliament. 
May  12,  offering  to  consent  to  their 
propositions  regarding  religion  and  the 
power  of  the  sword.  His  letter  is  fa- 
vourably received,  which  displeases 
the  army. 

The  king  is  seized  at  Holmby-house, 
by  Joyce,  a  comet  of  Fairfax's  life- 


*  The  Scots'  commissioners,  in  August,  desired 
"to  have  consideration  for  their  losses,  hazards, 
charges,  and  damage;"  this  consideration  they 
afterwards  stated  at  ;£i,ooo,ooo  for  arrears,  "  be- 
sides losses"  to  an  indefinite  amount.  They  after- 
Witfds  offered  to  take  ;f  500,000  for  the  whole^  which 
was  ultimately  agreed  to,  but  with  deductions  for 
free^miarter,  which  reduced  it  to  ;f  ^oo.ooa 

'  The  money  was  raised  by  the  sale  of  the  bishops' 
lands,  for  which  ordinances  were  passed,  Oct  9, 
Nov.  16  and  3a  The  Scots  received  ;Cioo,ooo  a 
few  days  before,  and  a  like  sum  a  few  days  after, 
they  gave  up  the  kin^,  whence  they  are  otten  said 
to  have  sold  him  to  his  enemies.  The  accuracy  of 
this  charge  has  been  questioned,  although  it  cannot 
be  denied  that  they  exhibited  a  lamentable  want  of 
generosity,  in  taking  advantage  of  the  fiict,  that  he 
cune  to  them  without  a  formal  promise  of  protec- 
tion, on  the  faith  of  the  private  negotiation  that  had 
been  carried  on  with  them  before  he  left  Oxford. 
Peihaps,  however,  they  felt  compelled  to  act  as 
thev  did,  for  the  English  parliament  had  by  vote 
declared  (Sept.  ai)  that  the  disposal  of  the  king  be- 
longed exclusively  to  them,  and  shewed  themselves 
ready  to  enforce  the  claim  by  arms.  When  the 
matter  was  discussed  in  the  Scottish  parliament, 
*ix  peers  and  eUht  commoners  protested  against 
the  surrender.  The  first  one  to  do  so  was  Alex- 
ander Strang,  a  shoemaker,  then  provost  of  For- 
far, who  exclaimed,  "I  disagree,  as  honest  men 
should  do." 


(  The  eaxls  of  Pembroke  and  Denbigh,  Lord 
Montague,  Sir  James  Harington,  Sir  John  Hoi- 
land,  Sir  Walter  Earle,  Sir  John  Cooke,  Mr.  John 
Crew,  and  Major-genoal  Brown. 

^  This  blow  was  aimed  at  Cromwell  and  the 
other  Independents,  but  the  Presbyterian  party 
soon  discovered  that  they  had  conquered  their 
sovereign  only  to  find  a  worse  master.  Fairfiuc^ 
though  one  of  themselves,  was  easily  induced  by 
Csomwell  to  move  the  army  from  the  centre  of 
England  to  Saffron  Walden,  with  the  manifest  in- 
tention of  overawdng  the  ^liament  The  troops 
demanded  payment  of  their  arrears,  provision  for 
the  wounded,  and  for  widows  and  orphans,  and  an 
ordinance  of  indemni^.  The  parliament  at  first 
took  a  hi^h  tone,  and  threatened  them  as  "  dis- 
turbers of  the  public  peace"  (March  99),  but  tlus 
made  matters  worse.  The  soldiers  established  a 
kind  of  parliament  of  their  own,  and  unanimously 
resolved  neither  to  be  disbanded  nor  to  take  ser- 
vice in  Ireland  until  their  demands  were  conceded. 
The  parliament  now  tried  to  soodie  them  by  passing 
the  ordinance  of  indemnity  (Ma^r  az),  and  issuing 
a  portion  of  their  arrears.  This  did  not  avail. 
The  soldiers  combined  still  more  closely  together,, 
compelled  the  parliament  to  withdraw  their  offen- 
sive declaration,  and  when  they  saw  a  probability 
of  the  Presbyterians  and  the  royalisu  uniting 
against  them,  they  broke  all  their  measures  by 
seizing  the  person  of  the  king. 


Ff 


434 


THE  STUARTS, 


[a.d.  1647, 164S. 


guard,  June  4,'and  carried' to  Childers- 
ley,  near  Cambridge. 

The  army  take  a  solemn  engagement 
at  Newmarket,  June  5,  refusing  to  be 
disbanded.  The  parliamentary  com- 
missioners visit  them  at  Triplow-heath 
^une  10),  and  endeavour  in  vain  to 
break  their  union. 

The  marquis  of  Huntley  is  obliged 
to  lay  down  his  arms  in  Scotland, 
June. 

The  marquis  c*  Onnond  makes  an 
agreement  with  tht  <  arliamentary  com- 
manders (June  i«y.  and  withdraws 
from  Ireland.  The  Romanists  con- 
tinue the  contest,  and  offer  the  so- 
vereignty of  the  island  to  foreign 
powers. 

The  parliament  order  London  to  be 
fortified,  and  forbid  the  nearer  ap- 
proach of  the  anny.  The  soldiers  im- 
peach eleven  members'  of  treason,  and 
inarch  to  Uxbridge  (June  25),  when 
the  parliament  give  way,  exclude  the 
obnoxious  members,  demolish  the  new 
fortifications,  and  appoint  commis- 
sioners to  treat  for  tull  satisfaction 
to  the  army. 

The  army  offer  to  replace  the  king 
•on  the  throne,  on  certain  conditions, 
but  he  refuses  them. 

Fairfax  advances  towards  London, 
and  is  joined  by  Lenthall,  the  speaker, 
and  several  of  the  members  of  the  par- 
liament. He  enters  London  without 
opposition,  Aug.  6,  when  the  Houses 
reassemble,  and  after  some  opposition 
from  the  Presbyterians,  all  the  votes 
hostile  to  the  army  are  rescinded. 

The  king  is  placed  at  Hampton 
Court,  and  is  treated  with  much  atten- 


tion by  the  army.  He,  however,  enters 
into  a  design  of  the  Scots  and  othen 
to  invade  England.  This  is  discovered, 
and  his  fears  are  excited  by  the  fierce 
denunciations  of  the  Levellers*'.  He 
escapes  from  Hampton  Court,  Nov.  12, 
and  seeks  refuge  with  Colonel  Ham- 
mond', governor  of  the  Isle  of  Wigk. 
By  him  he  is  placed  in  CarisbrcMke 
Castle,  Nov.  14. 

Cromwell  endeavours  to  curb  tbc 
Levellers,  but  fails.  He  then  comes 
to  an  agreement  with  thcnL 

The  king  renews  his  offers  for  as 
accommodation  to  the  parliament, 
Nov.  16.  They  are  not  accepted, 
and  he  negotiates  anew  with  the 
Scots. 

The  parliament  at  length  offer  fov 
propositions"^  to  the  king  as  the  basis 
of  a  personal  treaty,  Dec.  24  ;  the 
Scots  offer  less  onerous  terms,  and 
he  refuses  his  assent,  Dec.  28.  Ue  oo 
the  same  day  endeavours  to  escape 
from  Carisbrooke  Castle,  but  is  pie- 
vented". 

A.IX  1648. 

The  parliament,  under  the  coercioo 
of  the  army,  declare  they  will  no  more 
treat  with  the  king,  nor  allow  others  to 
do  so,  ander  the  penalty  of  treason. 

The  king  publishes  an  appeal  to  the 
people  against  this  vote.  It  is  fa\'oar- 
ably  received,  and  Colonel  Poycr,  a 
parliamentary  officer,  hoists  the  royal 
standard  at  Pembroke.  He  is  joined 
by  other  officers,  as  also  by  the  royal- 
ists, and  is  at  first  successtuL  Crom- 
well marches  against  him,  and  afier 


1  They  were  Sir  Jolia  QotwortliT,  Mr.  Glym, 
Col.  iUricy,  Denaf  HoUcs,  Sir  WiUiam  Lewis, 
<Joloiiet  Lmu;.  Major-general  Massey.  Sir  John 

ileton 
^  ,     lortly 

after  hit  loading  at  Calais ;  die  othezs  were  allowed 
<o  withdraw  to  their  own  houses. 

'  These  men,  who  focmed  a  very  hne  propor- 
tioa  of  the  anay,  professed  the  moat  exidted  ideas 
offireedoa,  and  scorned  to  be  bound  by  any  exist- 
ing mode  of  govemnent  in  Church  or  Sute.  They 
•advocated  a  republic  of  the  wildest  kind,  and  ktolc- 
ing  im  die  kmi  as  a  serious  obstacle  to  dieir  plans, 
thiey  f^clce  of  him  as  Ahab,  and  openly  demanded 
his  blood.  Their  ianatidsm  was  fiuiaea  by  die  out- 
aageoos  diacouises  of  Hugh  Peters,  a  preacher. 
Ue  was  bora  at  Fowey,  in  ConawaH,  and  educated 
^  Tfinity  College,  Cambridge,  but  was  expelled  for 
bis  inunoial  life ;  he  then  became  a  stage-player, 
^et  after  a  while  he  obtained  ordination  from  Bisnop 
Mootetgne,  and  was  lecturer  at  St.  Sepulchre's, 
London,  bat  he  was  expelled  firom  this  office  also, 
sod  fled  to  Holland.    Ketuming  on  the  breaking 


out  of  the  dvil  war,  he  acted  as  m  adfifeny  <kap- 
bin.  Peteis  was  a  leading  floan  aaoog  die  Am- 
baptisU  during  the  Commonwealth,  and  at  leagtb 
was  executed  as  a  xcgidde,  October  lo^  i66a 

1  He  was  die  sonnnJaw of  HaavdcB.  Hedied 
ia  Ireland  in  October,  1654. 

"  These  required,  that  the  militia  ateald  he 
(daced  at  their  dkposal ;  that  the  kii^s  dedbn- 
ttons  against  the  parfiamror  shmdd  be  witfadn«a ; 
that  the  peerages  bestowed  aiaoe  the  rnwimianr 
ment  of  t&e  war  Aonld  be  aet  aside ;  and,  btflr. 
that  die  Houses  dKmid  be  al^^onnM1d  o^  «iu 


»  Captain  Bttiley,  a  royalist,  who  alifmiiiid  t) 
get  np  a  rising  in  the  island  to  finvow  thb  pcofca. 
:dand<  '^  -     -     . 


executed;  as  was  Reser  MewW. 

of  Newlaads  near  Lymmgtoa.  He  and  on  ik 
scaffold,  "Deprived  of  ny  life  mad  property,  I 
leave  to  my  posterity  my  name,  whioi  nemt  a» 
assail ;  my  arms,  which  traitors,  inoixBt  aifce  cf 
gentility  and  heialdry,  cannot  dfeaoe ;  aad  wrr 
loyalty,  which  none  can  impugn."  His  iimSy  n 
consequence  aawimed  the  motto,  **I^  mms  As 
armes,  la  Icyauti,"  which  they  still  ue. 


A.D.  1648.] 


CHARLES  I. 


43? 


.  six  weeks'  siege,  captures  Pembroke, 
iind  cnifihes  the  movement*. 

Tumults  occur  in  London  and  many 
other  places,  and  an  army  is  raised  in 
1  Cent,  in  ^vour  of  the  king. 

The  duke  of  Hamihon'  induces  the 
Scots  to  espouse  the  royal  cause. 

The  young  duke  of  York  escapes 
from  St.  James's,  April  22. 

The  Kentish  rising  occurs,  May  23.; 
six  ships  of  war  in  the  Downs  mount 
the  king's  flag,  and  repair  to  Holland. 
The  prince  of  Wales  takes  the  com- 
niano,  and  appears  at  the  mouth  of 
tiie  Thames  with  a  fleet  of  nineteen 
sliips,  early  in  July^ 

Fair&x  defeats  the  Kentish  men  at 
Maidstone,  June  i.  A  party  of  them, 
under  the  earl  of  Norwich  (George 
Goring),  endeavour  to  enter  London, 
but  being  foiled  by  the  vigilance  of 
Skippon,  retire  into  Essex,  and  occupy 
Colchester,  June  12* 

Colonel  John  Morris  surprises  Pon- 
tcfract  Castle,  June  3  ;  Jie  holds  it  for 
the  king. 

The  Scots  eater  England,  July  5, 
where  Berwick  and  Carlisle  are  in  the 
hands  of  the  royalists  under  Sir  Mar- 
madtflseLangdade.  Cromwell  and  Lam- 
bert advance,  and  totally  defeat  them 
rear  Preston,  Aug.  17;  the  duke  of 
ilamilton  is  captured  at  Uttoxeter, 
Aug.  20,  but  Langdale  conceals  him- 
self in  London,  and  escapes  to  the 
Continent '. 

The  earl  of  Holland  appears  in  arms 
at  Kingston,  July  5.  He  is  defeated 
and  put  to  flight,  July  7,  and  captured 
at  St.  Neot's,  July  10. 

Coldiester  surrenders  to  Fairfax, 
Aug.  27.  Sir  George  Liale  and  Sir 
Charles  Lucas,  two  of  the  prisoners, 
are  shot  Joy  virtue  of  the  parliamentary 


ordinance',  the  same  evening.  The 
earl  of  Norwich  and  Lord  Capel'  are 
reserved  for  trial. 

The  prince's  fleet  retires  to  Holland, 
at  the  end  of  August,  without  attempt- 
ing to  rescue  the  king. 

On  the  proposition  of  the  Peers, 
(Sept.  II,)  negotiations  are  resumed 
with  the  king.  They  were  opened  at 
Newport,  Sept  18,  and  continued  until 
Nov.  27,  when  the  king  agreed  to  most 
of  the  terms  demanded'. 

The  marquis  of  Ormond  returns  to 
Ireland,  Sept.  29. 

Cromwell  advances  into  Scotland, 
in  September,  and  disperses  some 
new  levies  of  the  royalists.  He  Be- 
takes Berwick,  and  Cariisle,  and  re- 
turns to  London,  Dec.  6,  when  he  esta- 
blishes himself  at  Whitehall. 

The  Levellers,  while  the  negotiations 
are  carried  on,  demand  the  blood  of 
the  king  more  vehemently  than  before. 
He  is  seized  at  Newport,  by  order  of 
the  council  of  the  army,  Nov.  30,  aad 
imprisoned  in  Hurst  Castle. 

The  council  of  officers  publish  a  de- 
claration accusing  the  parliament  jof 
perfidy,  and  de&irc  all  well-affected 
members  to  resort  to  them,  Nov.  50. 
At  the  same  time  several  regiments 
march  into  London. 

The  parliament  vote,  after  a  three 
days'  debate,  that  the  king's  conces- 
sions are  a  sufficient  ground  for  a  set- 
tlement, Dec.  5.  On  the  next  day,  the 
House  is  "  purged"  by  Colonel  Thomas 
Pride*,  when  47  members  are  seized 
and  imprisoned  J',  and  96  excluded 
from  the  House. 

The  remains  of  the  i>aiiiament* 
(known  as  the  Rtunp)  vote  the  late 
treaty  with  the  Icing  di^onourable  and 
dangerous,  Dec.  13;  and  afterwards 


"  Tbe  prindpal  leaders  were  obliged  to  cast  lots 
for  Uieir  fives.  The  lot  fell  on  Poorer,  and  he  was 
shot  9t  LiOndoD,  after  a  long  imprisonment,  April 

p  Bee  A.D.  1633. 

I  Hb  forces  landed  at  Deal,  and  occupied  .the 
oHtle  for  a  time ;  but  ic  was  found  impossible  to 
I'j.ich  Ae  Isle  of  Wight,  .\s  had  been  intended. 

'  Be  returoed  at  the  Restoration,  but  died  soon 
after,  Aug.  6.  1661. 

*  That  of  Dec.  8, 1646. 

*  Arthur  Capel,  created  TjotA  Cape!  In  1641.  He 
«a&  executed  in  1649.  Cromwell  stating  openlv  that 
the  new  order  of  things  could  not  be  regarded  as 
safe  whilst  he  lived,  so  great  was  his  courage,  and 
so  active  his  loyalt]r.  His  son  Arthur  was  created 
£aH  of  Essex,  April  ao,  z66i,  but  joined  the  rcvo- 
lutJDQuy  pttzty,  and  died  a  prisoner  an  the  Tower,  < 
Julyji3,  X683. 

*>  Tfaeap  wGRj  to  leave  the  militia  at  the  diqiosal 


of  the  paf  Uament ;  to  leave  also  the  reduction  of  Ire- 
land in  their  hands  :  to  pass  an  act  of  oblivioa  ;  to 
abolish  iepiscopacy,  .take  the  Covenant,  and  receive 
the  Assembly  of  Divines  and  the  Directory,  llxe 
political  propositions  the  king  agreed  to :  he  also 
consented  to  allow,  for  a  limited  period,  of  the  As» 
sembly  and  the  Directory',  but  he  refused  to  sub- 
scribe the  Covenant,  or  to  deny  the  divine  ongin  of 
episcopacy,  though  he  was  willing,  probably  frDm 
deference  to  the  views  of  Archbishop  Usher,  to 
strip  bishops  of  their  property,  and  to  be  satxj^ed 
with  a  bare  recognition  of  an  inherent  diSereoce 
between  their  order  and  that  of  presbyters. 

»  He  was  originally  a  dnmoan.  He  was  flrade 
one  of  CromweU's  House  of  Peers,  and  dfcd  Oct. 
23,  1658. 

y  Lord  Grey  of  Groby  pointed  them  out. 

■  It  mustered  only  about  Afty  members,  and  ap- 
pears to  have  been  at  the  absolute  di^poial  dCithe 
army. 

f2 


43^ 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a,d.  1649. 


(Dec.  33)  that  he  shall  be  brought  to 
trial,  as  guilty  of  treason  against  the 
people. 

The  king  is  removed  from  Hurst 
Castle,  Dec.  18,  and  brought  to  St. 
James's.  Thence  he  is  taken  to  Wind- 
sor Castle,  Dec.  22,  where  the  custom- 
ary respect  to  royalty  is  denied  him, 

A.D.  1649, 

The  Commons  vote  that  the  king  of 
England  making  war  against  his  par- 
liament is  guilty  of  treason ;  and  also 
that  a  high  court  of  justice  shall  be 
erected  to  try  *'  Charles  Stuart,  king  of 
England,"  on  that  charge,  Jan.  i.  The 
Peers  refuse  to  concur,  and  adjourn 
their  house,  Jan.  2.  The  Commons 
then  vote  that  the  supreme  authority 
resides  in  themselves,  Jan.  4 ;  and 
pass  the  ordinance  for  the  king's  trial, 
Jan.  6, 

Cromwell  professes  to  oppose  the 
proceedings  against  the  king,  and 
Fairfax  positively  refuses  to  join  in 
them.  The  Scottish  commissioners 
protest,  but  are  disregarded. 

The  officers  of  the  army  draw  up 
a  proposed  new  constitution,  called 
*' An  Agreement  of  the  People,"  which 
is  presented  to  the  parliament,  Jan.  20. 


The  king  is  brought  to  Whitehall, 
Jan.  19.  The  high  court  of  justice  as- 
sembles, Jan.  20.  The  king  is  brougbt 
before  it,  three  different  days  (Jan.  20. 
22,  23),  but  refuses  to  acknowledge  its 
jurisdiction.  Some  formal  evidence  of 
his  appearing  in  arms  against  the  par- 
liament is  heard,  Jan.  26 ;  the  king  is 
again  brought  forward,  and  donands 
a  conference  with  the  parliament,  whidi 
is  refused.  J[udgment  of  death  is  pro- 
nounced against  him,  Jan.  27. 

Ambassadors  from  Holland  airivt 
to  intercede  for  the  king,  Jan.  26. 
They  bring  a  sheet  of  paper  signed 
and  sealed  by  the  prince  of  Wales,  for 
the  heads  of  the  army  to  fill  up  with 
their  own  terms  for  sparing  the  kings 
life. 

The  king  takes  leave  of  his  children 
(the  Princess  Elizabeth  and  the  duke 
of  Gloucester),  declines  to  see  his  ne- 
phew (Prince  Charles  Louis')  and 
other  friends,  and  with  the  assistance 
of  Dr.  Juxon,  bishop  of  London,  pre- 
pares for  death. 

The  king  is  brought  on  foot  from 
St.  James's  to  Whit^all,  at  ten  in  the 
morning.  He  is  allowed  to  rest  awhile*, 
and  at  2  in  the  afternoon  is  beheaded. 
Jan.  3a  His  body  is  removed  to  Wind- 
sor, and  there  buried,  Feb.  8. 


NOTE. 
The  High  Court  of  Justice. 


Most  writers  agree  that  this  court  was 
the  mere  tool  of  the  army,  but  Mrs.  Hutch- 
inson maintains  the  direct  contrary,  in 
a  passage  which  deserves  attention  : — 

"The  ffentlemen  that  were  appointed  his  (the 
]^f;'s)  Judges,  and  divers  othen,  saw  in  him  a  dis- 
position so  bent  on  the  ruin  of  all  that  opposed  him, 
and  of  all  the  righteous  and  just  things  that  they 
had  contended  for,  that  it  was  upon  the  consa- 
ences  of  manv  of  them,  that  if  they  did  not  execute 
justice  upon  him,  God  would  re<^uire  at  their  hands 
all  the  blood  and  desolation  which  should  arise  by 
their  suffering  him  to  escape,  when  God  had 
biought  him  into  their  hands.  Although  the  malice 
of  the  malignant  party  and  their  apostate  brethren 
seemed  to  threaten  them,  yet  they  thought  they 
ought  t».  cast  themselves  upon  God,  while  they 
acted  with  a  good  conscience  for  Him  and  fdhc  dieir 
country.  Some  of  them  afterwards,  for  excuse, 
belied  themselves,  and  said  they  were  under  the 


awe  of  the  army,  and  were  persuaded  by  Qonvel 
and  the  like  ;  but  it  is  certain  that  all  men  herda 
were  left  to  didr  free  liberty  of  acting,  neither  per> 
suaded  nor  compelled,  and  as  there  were  scoe 
nominated  in  the  cnnmsssion  who  never  sat,  aiul 
others  who  sat  at  first,  but  durst  not  hold  on,  so  al 
the  rest  might  have  dedined  it  if  they  woold.  wlioi 
it  is  apparent  they  would  have  suffered  nothias^ 
so  doing.  For  those  who  then  dedined  were  arts- 
wards,  when  they  offered  themselves*  leoexTcd  ia 
again,  and  had  places  of  more  trust  and  benefit 
than  those  who  ran  the  utmost  haxard ;  wlucb  thef 
deserved  not,  for  I  know,  upon  certain  knowkdgt. 
that  many,  yea,  the  most  of  them,  recreated,  oX 
for  consdence,  but  from  fear  and  w<»idly  prudence, 
foreseeing  that  the  insolency  of  the  army  wi^ 
gnrow  to  that  height  as  to  ruin  the  cause,  and  redoce 
Uie  kingdom  into  the  hands  of  the  enctny,  and  tba 
those  who  had  been  most  courageous  in  their  ex*- 
try's  cause  would  be  given  up  as  victims.  Tlcsc 
poor  men  did  privately  animate  those  who  sppesred 
most  publicly,  and  I  knew  sevcnd  of  them  in  wbo3 


•  He  had  for  some  years  been  an  associate  of  t  by  a  discussion  of  the  offer  of  the  prince  of  Wale$» 
the  puiiamentariansj  and  had  taken  the  Covenant,      but  the  prindpal  actors  doubtless  fdt  tlut  they  iud 

*  The  delay  is  beUeved  to  have  been  occasioned  I  already  proceeded  too  £ar  to  recede  with  safety. 


THE  HIGH  COURT  OF  JUSTICE. 


437 


I  lived  to  see  that  saying  of  Christ  fulfilled,  '  He 
that  will  save  his  life  shall  lose  it,  and  he  that  for 
My  sake  will  lose  his  life  shall  save  it/  when  after- 
wards it  fell  out  that  all  their  prudent  declensions 
saved  noc  the  lives  of  some  nor  the  estates  of 
others. 

"  As  for  Mr.  Hutchinson,  although  he  was  rery 
much  confirmed  in  his  judgment  concerning  thie 
cause,  yet  herein  heing  odled  to  an  extraordmary 
action,  whereof  many  were  of  several  minds,  he 
addreued  himself  to  God  by  prayer,  desiring  the 
Lord  that  if,  through  any  human  frailty,  he  were 
led  into  any  error  or  fidM  opinion  in  these  great 
transactions.  He  would  open  nis  eyes,  and  not  suf- 
fer him  to  proceed,  but  that  He  would  confirm  his 
spirit  in  the  truth,  and  lead  him  by  a  right  enlight- 
ened oonsdence  ;  and  finding  no  check,  but  a  con- 
tinnation  in  his  conscience  that  it  was  his  duty  to  act 
di>  he  did,  he,  upon  serious  debate,  both  privately, 
and  in  his  addresses  to  God,  and  in  conferences 
with  conscientious,  upright,  unbiassed  persons, 
proceeded  to  sign  the  sentence  against  the  Iciz^." 

Mis.  Htttchinson's  statement,  that  men 
were  "neither  persuaded  nor  compelled  "  to 
take  part  in  the  proceedings,  is,  in  sub- 
stance, made  also  by  Whitelock.  He  was, 
he  says,  named  one  of  the  committee  of 
thirty-eight  to  draw  up  the  charge,  but  he 
never  attended,  and  when  his  advice  was 
requested  by  the  rest,  withdrew  into  the 
country,  taking  his  feUow-oommissioner  of 
the  great  seal  (Sir  Thomas  Widdrington) 
with  him ;  in  consequence  he  was  lelt  out 
of  the  ordinance,  which  named  the  com- 
missioners :  '*  I  having  declared  my  judg- 
ment in  the  house  agamst  this  proceeding 
so  that  they  knew  my  mind,  and 


therefore  did  forbear  to  name  me,  though 
I  was  then  in  so  great  an  employment 
under  them ;"  and  he  was  not  only  con- 
tinued in  his  post,  but  was  almost  imme- 
diately after  appointed  one  of  the  Council 
of  State. 

On  the  other  hand,  however,  we  have  the 
statement  of  Thomas  Waite,  one  of  the 
regicides,  made  after  his  surrender,  and 
now  remaining  in  the  Public  Record  Office. 
He  alleges  tlmt  he  was  sent  for  to  parlia- 
ment by  menacing  letters,  and  was  amazed 
when  he  found  himself  named  as  a  member 
of  the  court  That  he  attended  on  the 
first  day  only,  but  that  eight  or  ten  days 
after  he  was  forced  by  Cromwell  to  sub- 
scribe his  name ;  and  that  he  was  always 
after  looked  on  suspiciously,  from  his  kno^n 
unwillingness.  The  plea,  however,  did 
not  avaU  him,  and  he  remained  in  the 
Tower  till  the  year  1664,  when  he  and 
several  others  were  delivered  to  one  Capt. 
Lambert  ''for  transportation,"  but  where 
they  were  sent,  or  what  became  of  them, 
does  not  appear  ^ 

One  hundred  and  fifty  persons  were 
named  in  the  ordinance  as  commissioners 
of  the  court,  but  many  of  them  never  sat ; 
others  withdrew  at  different  stages  of  the 
proceedings,  and  only  fifty-eight  signed  the 
death-warrant,  the  first  three  names  being 
those  of  John  Bradshaw,  Thomas  Grey, 
and  Oliver  CromwelL 


Events  in  General  History. 


The  Huguenot  war  closed  by  the 
Pacification  of  Nismes        .        .     1629 

Gustavus  Adolphus  heads  the  Pro- 
testants in  Germany  •        •        •     1630 

Battle  of  Lutzen ;  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus killed         ....     1632 

The  Portuguese  r^aln  their  inde-      ' 
pendence 1640 


Battle  of  Rocroy ;  the  Spanish  vete- 
ran infantry  sumost  annihilated  .     1643 

War  between  the  Turks  and  Ve- 
netians        1644 

Revolt  of  Masaniello  at  Naples      .     1647 

Peace  of  Westphalia,  which  closes 
the  Thirty  Years*  War        .        .     1648 

Civil  War  of  the  Fronde  in  France  •     1 64S 


«  Tower  Records,  in  Thirtieth  Report  of  the  Deputy  Keeper  of  the  Public  Records,  App.,  p.  343. 


y 


Arms  of  the  Lord  Protector  Grdmvell,  from  Ms  Qreat  Seal. 


THE  COMMONWEALTH. 


The  government  of  England  might 
hare  been  with  propriety  styled  a  Com- 
monweaJth  from  tne  4th  of  January, 
1649,  when  the  Lower  House  of  Par- 
liament voted  that  the  supreme  autho- 
rity resided  in  themselves  alone  as 
the  representatives  of  the  people,  but 
the  title  was  not  formally  assumed 
until  the  day  of  the  murder  of  King 
Charles. 

The  House  of  Peers,  reduced  to  less 
than  twenty  sitting  members,  was  in 
a  few  days  after  voted  useless,  and  all 
power  appeared  to  reside  in  the  Com- 


mons, and  a  Council  of  State*  which 
they  had  created.  They  were,  how- 
ever, in  reality,  but  the  puppets  of  th* 
"grandees  of  the  army,"  and  ortiiese, 
one  man  was  so  conspicuously  the 
chief,  that  the  ensuing  ten  ycara  ma> 
be  correctly  described  as  the  reign  of 
Oliver  Cromwell''. 

This  remarkable  man,  born  at  Hun* 
ingdon,  April  25,  1599,  was  the  son  of 
Robert  Cromwell,  and  the  grandson  of 
Sir  Henry  Williams  (or  Cromwell', 
of  Hinchinbrook,  who  claimed  descen: 
from   the  ancient   princes   of  Wales. 


•  The  members  of  the  first  council  were,  the  earls 
of  Denbieh,  Mulgrave,  Pembroke,  Salisbury,  lords 
Grey  of  Wcrke  and  Grey  of  Groby ;  Sir  Thomas 
Fairfax,  Cromwell,  Skippon,  Ludlow,  and  Hutchin- 
son, soldiers ;  Bradshaw,  RoUes,  St.  John,  White- 
lock,  and  Wilde,  laMryers ;  Sir  Arthur  Hasilrigge, 
Sir  Harry  Vane,  Pennington  (formerly  lord  mavor), 
and  22  others  of  less  note.  The  palace  of  White- 
hall was  assigned  to  them  ;  they  were  to  hold  office 
for  one  year  only.  They  divided  themselves  into 
five  committees,  tor  the  army,  navy,  Irelind,  foreign 
affairs,  and  law,  and  the  minutes  of  their  proceed- 
ings are  preserved  in  the  Public  Record  Ollicc ; 


Walter  Frost  was  their  general  secretory,  and  T-  ' 
Milton  their  secretary  for  foreign  tongues.  \\' ; 
some  changes  in  the  men,  effected  by  ballot,  ih 
was  the  executive  until  Cromwell  dispersed  •"'■ 
parliament,  but  that  event  had  been  precedci'.  [' 
fierce  dissensions  bet^'ecn  the  civilians  ain.1  i 
military  members. 

•»  Such  seems  to  have  been  the  view  of  hia  c  • 
temporaries ;  as  Whitelock  mentions,  under  date 
Dec.  18,  1649,  the  seizure  of  "a  packet  of  scan... 
lous  books,'  one  of  which  was  named  *'  The  Ch^ 
racter  of  King  Cromwell." 


CHARLES  n.— COBffMONWEALTH. 


439 


Oliver  was  in  1616  sent  to  Sidney  Sus- 
sex College,  Cambridge,  and  subse- 
qaeQtly  professed  to  study  the  law  in 
LondoOy  but  was  not  distinguished  for 
orderly  conduct  or  ^plication  in  either. 
He  soon  retired  to  the  country,  and 
married;  obtained,  by  bequest  from 
an  uncle,  a  considerable  addition  to 
liis  property*;  and  held  largely  as  a 
lessee  from  the  bishop  of  Ely.  He  had 
BOW  become  a  Puritan,  but  was  named 
a  justice  of  the  peace  for  his  native 
town  in  a  new  charter  granted  in 
1650.  He  was  member  for  Hunting- 
don in  the  first  three  parliaments  of 
Charles  I.,  and  was  a  person  of  suffi- 
cient consequence  to  greatly  impede 
the  drainz^e  of  the  Fen  district,  which 
had  been  granted  to  the  earl  of  Bed- 
ford, with  powers  that  were  gene- 
rally regarded  as  too  extensive.  On 
the  failure  of  his  kinsman  Hamp- 
den's attempt  to  resist  the  payment 
of  shipmioney  ',  many  Puritan  flsunilies 
(Hampden's  and  Cromwdl's  among 
them)  attempted  to  retire  to  New 
England,  but  were  obliged  to  disem- 
bark from  their  ships. 

Cromwell  sat  in  the  Lon|^  Parlia- 
ment as  member  for  Cambndge,  and 
when  the  civil  war  broke  out  he  soon 
distinguished  himself  by  his  courage 
and  address.  The  compact  organiza- 
tion of  the  eastern  counties,  known  as 
the  Association,  was  mainly  his  work, 
although  Lord  Kimbolton  was  the  no- 
minal head.  Cromwell,  however,  would 
not  long  be  his  subordinate ;  quarrels 
ensued,  and  the  result  was  the  Self- 
denying  Ordinance*,  which  removed 
E^sex  and  the  Presbyterians,  remo- 
delled the  army,  gained  the  victory  of 
Naseby,  and   extinguished   the  war. 


Fair&x,  the  lord-fi^eral,  gave  himself 
up  blindly  to  the  bidding  of  Cromwell, 
sufiered  me  parliament  to  be  rednccd 
to  a  mere  committee  of  the  army,  and 
saw  the  king  put  to  death  without  an 
effort  to  save  him ;  but  he  would  not 
make  war  on  his  fellow-Presbyterians 
of  Scotland,  and  thus  resigned  his 
command,  which,  as  a  matter  of  course^ 
became  the  prize  of  Cromwell.  A  short 
space  sufficed  lor  him  to  overthrow 
tne  Irish,  the  Scots,  and  the  yonn^ 
king  himself;  when  the  parliament  at- 
temped  to  reduce  the  army,  they  fell 
also,  and  Cromwell  became  lord-pro- 
tector,  and  aspired  to  the  higher  name 
of  king,  but  this  his  own  officers' 
would  not  allow  him  to  assum^. 

The  republicans,  whom  Cromwell 
had  overthrown,  had  governed  with 
vigour,  and  had  raised  the  reputation 
of  the  counny  abroad ;  the  Protector 
followed  a  like  course.  He  speedily- 
concluded  the  Dutch  war,  on  his  own 
terms,  saw  his  alliance  sedulously 
courted  by  both  France  and  Spain,, 
chastised  xht  insolence  of  the  Barbary 
corsairs  and  the  petty  Italian  states,, 
and  did  much  to  redeem  his  declara- 
tion that  ''he  would  make  the  name 
of  an  Englishman  as  much  feared  as 
that  of  a  Roman  had  ever  been."  He 
turned  his  arms,  on  no  very  evident 
provocation,  against  the  Spaniards^ 
wrested  both  Jamaica  and  Dunkirk 
from  them*,  and  captured  or  de- 
stroyed their  treasure-ships.  He  allied 
himself  with  France,  and  obliged  the 
intriguing  Mazarin^  to  consent  to  ex- 
clude the  royalist  exiles,  as  the  price  of 
his  assistance  in  the  Low  Countries ; 
he  also  compelled  him  to  protect  the 
Protestant  Vaudois*  against  the  cruelty 


«  He  thus  became  wealthy  enough  to  be  called 
on  to  receive  knighthood ;  but  he  preferred  to  pay 
jCtf>  far  cxenq>tioa,  April  ao,  2631. 

*  See  A.D.  1617. 

•  See  A.i>.  1645. 

'  The  principal  of  these  were  Desborough,  his 
ta-other-in-law ;  Fleetwood,  his  son-in-law:  I^am- 
bert,  Ludlow,  and  Harrison. 

9  Foreign  concmests  had  been  so  long  unknown 
to  Engboidt  that  mcae  acauisitions  greatly  strength- 
ened his  govenmenL  Waller,  the  poet,  who  from 
a  royalist  (see  a.d.  1643)  had  become  the  panegyrist 
0/  the  Protector,  exclaims : — 

*'  Our  dying  hero  from  the  continent 
Kavish'd  whde  towns ;  and  forts  from  Spaniards 

reft. 
As.  his  last  legacy  to  Britain  left. 
The  ocean,  which  so  lon^  our  hopes  confined. 
Could  give  no  limits  to  his  vaster  mind ; 
Our  bounds'  enlargement  was  his  latest  toil. 


Nor  hath  he  left  us  prisoners  to  our  isle : 
Under  the  tropic  is  our  language  spoke. 
And  part  of  Flanders  hath  received  our  yoke. 
From  civil  broils  he  did  us  disengage. 
Found  nobler  objects  for  our  martial  rage : 
And,  with  wise  conduct,  to  his  country  show'd 
The  anc*'*"*  way  of  conquering  abroad." 


I*  Julius  Maiarin,  of  a  Sicilian  family,  was  borT> 
in  z6o3,  at  Pisdna,  in  the  Abbnuii.  ^  By  a  lon>; 
course  of  intri^e  he  attained  the  direction  of  affaii  > 
in  France,  trained  up  Louis  XIV.  in  ideas  of  en 
croachment  on  his  neighbours,  and  prepared  the 
way  for  his  conouests.  His  views  were  less  grand 
than  those  of  Kichelieu,  but  he  was  at  least  .is 
cruel,  and  more  cunning.  Mazarin  became  a  c.ii 
dinal,  aggrandised  his  family,  and  died  in  1661,  en- 
titled, as  his  only  commendation,  to  the  praise  of 
a  patron  of  letters. 

«  Cromwell  interested  himself  ik-armly  in  favour 
of  these  people.    He  offered  them  lands  in  lie- 


440 


THE  STUARTS. 


of  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  whom  he  could 
not  himself  reach. 

At  home  Cromwell  was  less  success- 
ful. He  called  two  parliaments,  but 
found  neither  of  them  compliant,  and 
was  obliged  to  rule  avowedly  by  the 
sword.  Intended  risings  against  his 
government  and  plots  against  his  life 
were  discovered  in  every  quarter ;  the 
Levellers,  the  more  moderate  republi- 
cans, the  Presbyterians,  and  the  royal- 
ists combined  to  overthrow  him,  and 
he  had  few  other  adherents  beside  his 
soldiery.  Worn  out  by  anxiety  and 
disease,  he  died  at  Whitehall ''j  Sept  3, 
1658,  in  the  sixth  year  of  his  assump- 
tion of  government,  and  was  buried  m 
the  chapel  of  Henry  VII.,  at  Westmin- 
ster, shortly  after*. 

CromweU  had  married  Elizabeth 
Bourchier",  and  left,  beside  daughters, 
two  sons,  Richard  and  Henry,  of  whom 
one  was,  at  the  time  of  his  father's 
death,  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and 
the  other  was  for  a  brief  period  ac- 


knowledged as  lord-protector*.  Bat 
the  officers  of  the  army,  headed  by 
Lambert®,  Fleetwood,  and  Desborough, 
soon  seized  on  the  government,  re- 
called the  Long  Parhament,  then  dis- 
missed it  ana  again  attempted  to 
govern  in  their  own  name ;  they  were, 
however,  circumvented  by  Monk,  and 
the  lawful  king  was  recalled,  who  en- 
tered London  amid  so  great  a  display 
of  fervent  loyalty,  that  he  pleasandy 
remarked  that  ''it  must  surely  have 
been  his  own  fault  that  had  hapt  him 
so  long  away  from  such  excellent 
subjects." 

That  Oliver  Cromwell  possessed 
^eat  talents  for  war  and  government 
is  allowed  by  Clarendon,  Ludlow',  and 
other  hostile  delineators  of  his  charac- 
ter'. They  justly  charge  him  with 
hypocrisy,  violence,  and  boundless 
ambition ;  but,  on  the  other  band,  are 
obliged  to  confess  that  he  had  filled 
the  post  he  had  usurped  with  vigour, 
and  with  decent  splendour,  and  re- 


land»  gave  jCa.ooo  towards  a  subscription  for  their 
relief,  which  soon  amounted  to  more  than  ;C3o,coo, 
then  a  yrerv  Urge  sum,  and  paid  the  expense  of 
printing  a  History  of  their  sunerings,  drawn  up  by 
his  agent,  Samuel  Morland.  Milton's  noble  son- 
net relating  to  them  is  fJEmiiliar  to  all. 
^  *  It  is  singular  that  Whitelock,  ustially  so  well 
informed,  should  have  made  the  mistake  of  assert- 
ing that  CromweU  died  at  Hampton  Court,  "about 
two  in  the  afternoon."  Clarendon,  agreeing  with 
the  oflSdal  account,  says  correctly,  at  WhitehalL 

1  His  body  was  buried  privately  veiv  shortly 
after  his  deaui,  but  the  pubuc  funeral  dia  not  take 
place  until  Nov.  33,  and  was  of  the  most  pompous 
description.  Letters  patent  were  granted  Nov.  aa, 
1659,  by  "the  Keepers  of  the  lilwrty  of  England 
by  authority  of  Parliament."  for  the  payment  of 
£6^^  6s.  sd.  to  Robert  Walton,  citizen  and  draper 
of  London,  foi  "  black  doth  and  bays  for  the  funeral 
of  his  late  nighness." 

"  They  were  married  Aug.  aa,  1690,  at  the 
church  ot  St  Giles  Cripplegate,  London. 

■  Richard  went  on  the  Continent  just  before  the 
Restoration,  and  remained  abroad  until  about  x68o, 
then  returned  to  England,  and  lived  at  Cheshunt 
until  xjxa,  under  an  assiuied  name.  Henry  retired 
to  spinney  Abbey,  in  Cambridgeshire,  and  lived  as 
a  country  gentleman  to  1674.  Elizabeth,  married  to 
Mr.  Claypole,  died  Aug.  6,  1658.  Bridget,  married 
successively  to  Iretcm  and  to  Fleetwood,  died  in 
x68x.  Mary,  countess  Fauconberg,  died  in  X7xa  ; 
and  Frances,  Lady  Russell,  survived  till  xjax. 
Cromwell's  eldest  son,  Robert;  died  in  1639 :  ^d 
another  son,  Oliver,  a  captain  in  the  army,  was 
lulled  in  opposing  the  duke  of  Hamilton,  in  1648. 

o  John  Lambert,  bom  in  Yorkshire  in  16x9,  was 
a  law  student,  but  joined  the  parliamentary  army 
as  soon  as  the  war  broke  out  He  rose  to  be  gene- 
ral of  Ciomwell's  forces,  but  refused  to  acknow- 
ledge him  as  Protector,  and  resigned  his  post 
He  failed  in  an  attempt  to  establish  a  military  go- 
Temment  after  the  retirement  of  Richard  Crom- 
well, and  was  condemned  to  deadi.  His  life,  how- 
ever,^ was  spared.  He  amused  his  leisure  with 
paintixu;,  and  cultivating  flowers,  his  imprisonment 
being  by  no  means  rigorous,  for  he  nad  shewn 
kindness  when  in  power  to  many  of  the  royal  party. 


and  thb  was  not  fcttgotten.    He  died  a  1 
inx683. 

P  Edmimd  Ludlow,  bom  in  z6ao  at  Maidgn  Biad> 
ley,  was  bred  to  the  law,  but  took  up  anas  fior  die 

eirliament,  and  exhiUted  much  aeal  in  their  caase 
e  had  imbibed  the  sternest  republican  prindpks, 
and  hence  he  not  only  sat  as  one  of  die  km^'i 
judges,  but  was  also  a  resolute  opponent  of  ne 
usurpation  of  Cromwell.  On  the  Rcstoratian  he 
was  committed  to  the  Tower.  Sept.  6,  z66o,  bitf 
escaped.  He  visited  England  in  Uie  tbree  fiJIov- 
ing  years  in  the  hope  of  heading  a  new  revok. 
Failing  in  this,  he  retired  to  the  Continent,  and 
did  not  return  until  after  the  Revolution.  Ilk  re- 
ception, however,  was  so  unfavourable,  that  be 
soon  departed,  and  he  died  at  Vevay  in  1693.  His 
MemoixBf  written  in  exile,  are  devoted  to  a  vindi- 
cation of  "  the  ^ood  old  cause,"  and,  tlnxigh  per- 
haps depicting  its  opponents  in  too  dark  Gobot^ 
have  a  high  degree  o«  mterest  and  value. 

4  Mrs.  liut<£insoa,  who  may  be  oonadei^  as 
speaking  the  sentiments  of  the  Independents,  eitb 
a  very  unfavourable  character  of  Cromwell  and  his 
£unily.  She  says, — "  Cromwell  and  his  amy  grew 
wanton  with  their  power,  and  invented  a  tboosaad 
tricks  of  government,  which,  when  nobody  op- 
posed, they  themselves  fell  to  dislike  and  wy 
every  day  ...  He  weeded  in  a  few  nkonths'  taae 
above  one  hundred  and  fifty  godly  officers  out  of 
the  army,  witii  whom  many  of  the  religious  soldien 
went  off,  and  in  thdr  room  abtmdan^  of  the  ksn^s 
dissolute  soldiers  were  entertained.  .  .  .  Hzs  wife 
and  children  were  setting  in>  for  prindpalxty,  which 
suited  no  better  on  any  of  them  ttian  scarlet  on  ths 
ape ;  only,  to  speak  the  truth  of  hixnseil^  be  bad 
much  natural  greatness,  and  well  became  dke  placv 
he  had  usurped.  His  daughter  Fleetwood  was 
humbled,  and  not  exalted  with  these  tlungs,  bat 
the  rest  were  insolent  fools.  Claypole,  wIk>  mar- 
ried his  daughter,  and  his  son  Henry,  were  two  de^ 
bauched,  ungodly  cavaliers.  Richard  was  a  pea- 
sant in  ms  nature,  yet  cende  and  virtuoasy  but  be> 
came  not  greatness.  His  <»urt  was  fiiU  of  sin  a^i 
vanity,  and  the  more  abominable,  that  diey  hjJ 
not  yet  auite  cast  away  the  name  of  God,  bat  pr»> 
faned  it  oy  taking  it  in  vain  upon  tbcm.** 


THE  SILENCED  CHURCH. 


44t 


established  the  influence  of  England 
abroad.  He  proposed  to  found  a  third 
university  (Durham'))  substituted  the 
English  language  for  French  or  Latin 
in  official  proceedings  wherever  prac- 
ticable, abstained,  in  general,  from  in- 
terference with  the  ordinary  course  of 
the  laws,  and,  except  in  the  case  of  his 
Irish  campaign,  vras  perhaps  as  little 
stained  with  blood  as  any  private  man 
who  ever  forced  his  way  to  a  throne*. 
The  era  of  the  Commonwealth  was 
marked  by  the  appearance  of  many 
valuable  works,  hardly  to  be  expected 
in  a  time  of  such  confusion.  ''  All  the 
professors  of  true  religion  and  good 
literature,"  says  Bishop  Kensett,  in  his 
Life  of  Somner,  the  antiquary,  "  were 
silenced  and  oppressed.  And  yet  Pro- 
vidence so  ordered,  that  the  loyal  suf- 
fering party  did  all  that  was  then  done 
for  the  improvement  of  letters  and  the 
honour  of  the  nation.  Those  that  in- 
truded into  the  places  of  power  and 
profit,  did  nothing  but  defile  the  press 
with  lying  news  and  fast-sermons ; 
while  the  poor  ejected  Churchmen  did 
works  of  which  the  world  was  not 


worthy.  I  appeal  to  the  Monasticon, 
Decem  Scriptore^,  the  Polyglot  Bible, 
and  the  Saxon  Dictionary;"  to  which 
the  Annals  of  the  Old  Testament,  and 
other  productions  of  the  learned  Usher  ^ 
might  have  been  added;  &e  actual 
foundation  of  the  chief  learned  society 
of  England  also  dates  from  the  same 
unpromising  period.  The  fame  of  Sel- 
den  as  an  author  was  gained  before 
the  civil  war  broke  out ;  and  perhaps 
the  only  really  great  literary  name  on 
the  side  of  the  Commonwealth  is  that 
of  John  Milton,'and  he  is  merely  spoken 
of  by  Whitelock,  as  "  one  Mr.  Milton, 
a  blind  man,"  who  wrote  Latin;  so 
little  did  his  own  party  appreciate  his 
genius. 

The  royal  arms  were  systematically 
defaced  during  the  period  of  the  Com- 
monwealth, and  the  States'  Arms  sub- 
stituted, being,  after  the  reduction  of 
Scotland,  the  cross  of  St  George  first 
and  fourth;  the  saltire  of  St  Andrew 
second,  and  that  of  St.  Patrick  third ; 
the  Cromwdls  placed  their  arms  (a  lion 
rampant  gardant  argent)  on  an  escut- 
cheon surtout,  sable. 


NOTE. 
The  Silenced  Ckubch. 


The  Universities  in  effect  destroyed,  the 
clergy  dispersed,  and  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  prohibited  under  the  severest  pen- 
alties, it  might  appear  to  the  triumpnant 


sectaries  that  the  Church  was  indeed 
rained;  but  sndi  was  by  no  means  the 
case.  Cleigymen  were  found,  all  through 
the  period  of  their  tyranny,  who  continued 


'  This  had  been  first  proposed  about  May,  z6^ 
when  a  representadon  had  been  made  to  the  parlia- 
ment, desiring  "  that  the  college  and  houses  of  the 
dean  and  duster,  being  now  empty  and  in  decay, 
may  be  em^oyed  for  erecting  a  college,  school,  or 
academy,  tor  die  benefit  of  the  northern  counties, 
which  are  so  far  from  the  Universities."  The  col- 
lege was  founded  by  letters  patent,  dated  May  15, 
1657,  and  was  endowed  with  lands  of  the  value  of 
£900  a-year ;  it  was  empowered  to  grant  degrees, 
and  was  to  have  a  press.  It  was  to  consist  of  a 
provost  and  twelve  fellows ;  Philip  Hunton,  rector 
of  Sedgefield,  being  named  the  first  provost.  The 
other  Universities,  however,  petitioned  against  the 
project,  and  it  was  abandoned. 

■  "  He  was  not  a  man  of  blood,"  says  Lord  Cla- 
rendon, "and  totally  declined  Machiavel's method, 
whichprescribes  upon  any  alteration  of  government, 
as  a  thing  absolutely  necessary,  to  cut  off  all  the 
he;ids  of  those,  and  extirpate  their  families,  who 
'Tc  friends  to  Uie  old  one.  It  was  confidently  re- 
ported, that,  in  the  council  of  officers,  it  was  more 
than  once  proposed,  diat  there  might  be  a  general 
in:u>acre  of  aU  the  royal  party,  as  the  only  expe- 
<iient  to  secure  the  government,  but  that  Cromwell 
^ould  never  consent  to  it ;  it  may  be,  out  of  too 
much  contempt  of  his  enemies." 

'  James  Usher,  the  great  advocate  of  what  has 
been  invidiously  termed  "moderate  episcopacy," 
was  bom  ia  Dublin,  Jan.  4,  1580,  and  he  became 


one  of  the  earliest  students  of  Trinity  College, 
in  that  city.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the 
Romish  oontroveny,  and  gaininf^  thus  the  favour 
of  James  I.,  he  was  in  z6ao  appomted  to  the  see  of 
Meath,  whence  he  was  in  1635  translated  to  the 
archie^iscppate  of  Armagh.  Though  a  decided 
Calvimst  in  doctrine.  Usher  concurred  in  tbe  adop* 
tion  of  the  EngUsh  Articles  by  tbe  Irish  Churoi 
(see  A.D.  163^).  He  came  to  England  in  16140,  and 
the  rebellion  m  the  next  year  preventing  his  return 
to  Ireland,  he  repaired  to  the  king  at  Oxford,  and, 
as  a  means  of  submstence,  was  allowed  to  hold  the 
see  of  Carlisle  m  commmdam.  He  was  greatly 
esteemed  by  the  kin^,  and  was  expressly  sum 
moned  to  assist  him  wtui  his  advice  at  the  Treaty 
of  Newport.  Archbishop  Usher  produced  many 
laborious  works,  written  amid  trouble  and  danger, 
and  his  learning  and  lus  virtues  commanded  the 
respect  of  many  who  were  Ae  avowed  enemies  of 
his  order,  llius  he  was  allowed  to  hold  the 
preachership  of  Lincoln's  Inn  after  the  bishops 
lands  had  been  sold,  and  Cromwell  listened  to  his 
earnest  remonstrances  in  favour  of  the  despoiled 
clergy,  who  owed  some  alleviation  of  their  suffer- 
ings to  him.  Usher  found  a  home  in  the  house  of 
the  countess  dowager  of  Peterborough  for  several 
years,  and  he  died  under  her  roof  at  Reigate, 
March  ai,  1656.  His  remains  were  honoured  with 
a  public  funeral,  to  the  cost  of  which  Cromwell  oon- 
tnbuted  ^Caoo  by  letter  of  privy  seal,  April  a,  1656. 


44* 


THS  SnXARTSL 


to  we  t}ie  Common.  Praspv,  and  lajnea, 
thoai^  ever  in  ctaead  from  sptcS).  who  re- 
ceived all  dte  appointed  nuDistiations  of 
the  Churcli*;  some  amoi^  them  sought 
and  obtained  ordination  from  the  seques- 
tered bishops  ;  and,  as  late  as  the  end  of 
the  year  1655,  the  service  of  the  Church 
fines  operfjr  performed  in  at  least  one 
cfcsrch  in  London  (St  Gregory  by  St. 
Fasrs),  bat  after  Christmas-day.  of  that 
year  this  ceased.  Dr.  Wild  on  tftat  day, 
as  £ve]ya  soys,  '*  preached  the  fnneral 
seimoa  of  preaching,*'  and  ^'tfae  CHnirch 
yna  redacca  to  a  chamber  and  a  conven- 
ticky  so  sharp  was  the  pexsecation*" 

Still  there  were,  as  Evdyu  informs  us, 
occasional  "meetings  of  zealous  Chris- 
tiana, who  were  generally  much  more  de- 
vout and  religious  than  in  our  greatest 
prosperity."  Such  meetings  were  usually 
held  in  private  houses,  and  one  such  at 
least,  on  Christmas-day  \  1657,  was  broken 
in  upon  by  the  soldiery^.  Evelyn,  who  was 
one  of  the  congregation,  this  describes 
tbesceae^^- 

••l>ec  35.— I  went  to  Londcm  widj  my  wife,  to 
cel^cate  Cbzistaias-day ;  Mr.  Goaniag  preaching 
in  Exeter  chapel,  oa  Micah  vii.-  a.  Sennon  ended; 
as  he  was  giving  us  the  holy  sacsament,  the  chapel 
was  siBTOunded  with  soldien,  and  att  the  commu- 
nicants and  assembly  surpiised  and  kcpt^  prisoners 
by  them,  some  in  the  house,  others  carried  away. 
It  fell  to  my  share  to  be  confined  to  a  room  in  the 
house,  where  yet  I  was  permitted  to  dine  with  the 
master  of  it,  and  the  countess  of  Dorset,  Lady 
Hatton,  and  some  others  of  Quality  who  invited 
me.  In  the  afternoon  came  Colonel  Whaly,  Gofic. 
and  others,  from  Whitehall,  to  examine  us  otae  by 
one ;  some  they  committed  to  the  marshal,  some  to 
priaoo.  When  I  came  before  them,  Ihey  took  my 
name  and  abode,  rxaaiined  me  why,  contrary  to 
an  ordinance  made  that  none  should  any  longer  ob- 
serve the  superstitious  time  of  the  Nativity  (so  es- 
teemed by  them)',  I  dmat  offend  ;  and  particularly 
be  at  common  prayers,  which,  they  told  me  was 


but  the  BHUK  fa  Eo^nth,  aad  partScuftulj^  parfir 
Charles  ^Stuart,  for  whidt  we  tuid  no  Senpaae.  I 
tohl  them  we  did  not  pay  for  Chaciee  Staatrt,  bet 
forali  Christian- kings,  princes  aad  governon..  Ihtf 
replied,  in  so  doing  wc  payed  for  the  kiqg  «C  ^hb 
too,  who  wras  their  enemy,  aad  a  papat ;  wkb  ecber 
frivolous  and  ensnaring  qaeidbas,  and  naebtiseat- 
enii^ ;.  aad  findiaK  no  cofetir  to  dclaa  mew  Aey 
dismissed  me  with,  mudi  mCr  of  wy  igansanrr. 
These  were  men  of  high  msnt,  ana  above  <mS- 
nances,  and  qiake  spiiefhl  Uaags  eToor  1a#s 
Natiwty.  As  we  went  ap  to  leceiwe  tlir  saoa- 
ment,  the  miscreants  held  their  musfcets  ag»st 
us,  as  if  they  wosld  have  shot  as  at  tbe  alsr,  hat 
yet  Mffered  as  to- finish  die  otfce  of  csannaaan,  a» 
per^ps  not  having  instfuctioa  what  to  da  is  case 
they  bjund  us  in  chat  action.  So  I  got  homr  h>r 
the  next  day,  blesaed  be  Ged." 

The  rule  of  Puritanism  waa  now  happily 
very  near  its  end.  CromwelTs  weak  sac- 
cessorwas  soon  df^Iaced,  and  a  miSfeary 
despotism  was  seen  approachnig;  accos- 
panied  by  all  the  fanatical  licence  of  the 
Levellers,  Anabaptists,  Fifi3t  BCooncfay' 
men  and  a  thoosand  otiier  sectaries. 
Alarmed  at  this,  the  Presbyterian  jjicifcAfTs 
chose  to  foiget  ttnt  thcirseditioK  scraons'' 
had  been  the  original  cause  of  vecy  nmch 
of  the  mischief  and  b^an  to  lao]c»  for 
their  own  safety,  to  the  restocatiDii  of  the 
monarchy.  The  loyalists  thus  bnatbed 
again,  and  soon  presented  so  bold  a  ficont^ 
thiat  Monk,  who  evidently  meditated  a  dic- 
tatorship, saw  he  should  best  consult  his 
own  advancement  by  forwarding  their 
views.  Being  at  the  hcidof  an  overwhelm- 
ing force,  he  was  able  to  do  this  without 
bloodshed,  and  thus,  though  neither  a  great 
nor  a  good  man,  he  was  the  providential 
in&tiument  of  overthrowing  a  tjrrann^,  both 
civU  and  religious,  more  grievous  tlm  any 
to  which  this  country  had  ever  befbze  been 
subjected — ^the  rule  of  those  who  *'tiiiik. 
religion  into  rebellion." 


•  Some  instances  of  this  may  be  aven,  extracted 
frott  "Ardueok>gia  Cantiana,"  Vol.  ▼,  They  are 
selected  from  entries  in  the  iiamily  Bible  of  Richard 
Fogge,  esq.^  of  Danes  Court,  in  Tihnanstone,  a 
Kentish  sqmre  who  suffered  from  the  paiiiamentary 
sequestrators.    (See  p.  389.) 

''March  «,  1645.  Jane  [his  third  daughter] 
christened  the  following  day  after  the  new  fashion 
according  to  the  Directory,  my  sister  Jane  Dardl 
and  my  consin  Mary  Bolton  godmothers,  and  Mr. 
TltotDM  Monjrsa  gpdf»thtr.  (m/yATr a  sA/n»,  She 
wa»  christened  by  Nicholas  Bumigaley,  rector  of 
Tilmanstone,  in  the  chamber  over  kitchen.  My 
mother  was  that  day  buried  after  the  new  fiwhion 
by  Mr.  Billingsley,  iriio  then  preached. 

"Oct.  5,  1647.  Richard  [his  third  son]  chris- 
tened Z4th  Oct.  following,  by  Mr.  Thomas  Russel, 
a  great  Cavalier,  with  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer, 

and  signed  with  the  cross N.B.   He  was 

christened  in  chamber  over  kitchen. 

"March  x,  1649.  Christopher  christened  in 
above  chamber  by  young  Mr.  Harrington. 

"20  June,  1650.  WilHam  baptized  in  above 
chamber  by  Parson  Hart  of  Goodneston. 

"  Oct-  6,  1654.  Cecily  baptized  in  the  old  way 
cmm  signo  crucit  by  Mr.  Henry  Gayn,  school- 
master of  Northborae 

"a8  June,  1^9.  My  sister  Anne  Fogge  was 
mamed  to  Mr.  Christopher  Boys,  son  to  ilr.  Ed- 


ward Boys,  of  Uffington,  in  die  paridi  of  Good- 
nestone.  Mr.  Hart  married  them  the  old  rma^^ 
with  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  in  Tihnaiwtcog 
church." 

*  Christmas-day  appears  to  have  been  particB- 
larty  distasteful  to  the  Puritans.  They  tried  t.> 
convert  it  into  a  fitst,  and  Calany,  prraching  be- 
fore the  House  of  Lords  in  1645,  declared  tSaat  be 
knew  not  which  was  the  greate:»t,  the  siipersrifir>n 
or  the  profanity  of  its  observance.  But  tney  ckmu* 
not  bring  even  the  London  dtixens  to  their  opraioa, 
and  as  late  as  1656,  one  Parker,  a  member  or  Oom- 
well's  second  pamament.  complained  of  their  sbot- 
ting  their  shops  "on  tnb  foolish  day,"  <iuite  a> 
cirefully  as  on  the  Sabbath.  The  parliament  was 
then  sitting  ou  Christmas-day,^  as  was  their  prac- 
tice, and  t^  spoke  of  introducing  a  bill  to  coo^wl 
the  people  to  keep  their  shops  open ;  but  DOthiB£: 
appears  to  have  been  done  in  the  matter. 

*  Whitelock  says  that  he  advised  Cromwell  boC 
to  take  this  step,  "  as  that  which  was  contrary  tr 
the  liberty  of  conscience,  so'  much  owned   am^ 

{>leaded  for  by  him  and  his  friends ;"  but  tbe  pa'- 
iamentary  ordinance  prohibiting  the  observance  ct 
Christmas  being  relied  on  by  the  other  party,  "  thr 
Protector  gave  way  to  it,  and  those  meetings  wcr. 
suppressed  by  the  soldiers." 
»  Sec  p.  388. 
>  See  the  dying  dedaration  of  AzteV,  p;  4CB.. 


A.B.  1649-] 


CHARLES   n.— COMMONWEALTH. 


443- 


Qofies  H.  becomes  king  de  Jure, 
Jan.  30*.  He  is  proclaimed  at  Edin- 
bnrgli,  Feb.  5,  and  the  Scots  generally 
b^u  to  ann  for  him.  The  States  of 
Holland  covertlv  favour  him. 

The  duke  of  Hamilton  and  Lord 
Capei  escape  from  their  prisons,  Jan. 
30,  Feb;  I.  They  are  soon  retaken,  and 
a  court  is  constituted  for  their  trial, 
an<i  that  of  other  ro^ists. 

The  members  who  had  voted  (Dec. 
5,  1648)  that  the  kmg's  concessions 
were  satis&ctory*,  formally  excluded 
from  the  porliameBt,  Feb.  i. 

The  House  of  Lords  voted  "  useless 
and  dangerous*  by  the  Commons  ^  Feb. 
6;  the  office  of  king  declared  '*  unne- 
cessary, burdensome,  and  dangerous, 
and  therefore  to  beabolished  V'  Feb.  7. 

The  new  great  seal*  declared  to  be 
the  great  s^  of  £ngland%  Feb.  8 ; 
the  law  Goufts  opened',  Feb.  9 ;  a  coun- 
cil of  state,  consisting  of  41  persons, 
appointed,  Feb.  14. 


Colonels  Blake,  Dean,  and  Popham 
(already  commissioners  for  the  navy) 
nominated  as  admirals,  Feb.  24. 

The  Scottish  commissioners  auit 
London  secretly,  Feb.  26,  leaving  be- 
hind them  a  paper  containing  "  much 
scandalous  and  reproachful  matter" 
against  the  late  proceedings  ^ 

Lilbume  and  the  Levellers  petition 
against  the  new  CouncU  of  State, 
Feb.  26. 

The  duke  of  Hamilton,  the  earl  of 
Holland,  and  Lord  Capel  are  executed ^^ 
March  9. 

Bradshaw  appointed  president  of  the 
Council  of  State*,  Mardi  10, 

Several  r^mcnts  are  chosen  by  lot 
to  assist  in  the  reduction  of  Ireland, 
and  after  a  time  Cromwell  is  appointed 
to  the  command,  being  also  named 
lord-deputy. 

The  kingly  office,  and  the  peerage, 
abolished  by  acts  of  parliament^, 
March  17,  19. 

Pontefract  Castle  surrenders,  March 


■  On  the  same  day,  jimBcdtately  after  the  execu- 
tion of  Claries  I.,  pcadutation  was  made  m  Lon- 
don, dedann^  it  ticasoo  to  give  the  title  of  king  to 
any  person  vnthout  the  assent  of  parliament. 

•  See  p.  435- 

**  They  had,  on  F«h.  x  and  5.  seQt  to  the  Com- 
mons, dfesirinff  the  appoinament  of  a  joint  com- 
mittee foe  setuement  ofthe  affairs  of  the  Idngdom, 
bat  their  messengers  weie  not  called  in. 

«  The  decrees  d  parKanaeat  were  from  Jan.  x6, 
1649,  no  longer  styled  Ordinances,  but  Acts ;  they 
were  now  u»ued  in  the  name  of  the  Commons  only : 
"  llie  Comaoons  assembled  in  Parliament ....  do 
enact  and  ordain." 

•*  This  seal,  which  was  voted  Tan.  o,  bore  on  one 
side  the  cross  of  St.  George  and  the  saltire  of  St.  Pa- 
trick, with  tho  inscription,  "The  Great  Seal  of 
England ;"  and  on  the  other  a  representation  of 
tne  House  of  Coouoons,  with  "  In  the  first  vear  of 
ireedom  by  God's  blesdng  restored,  1648.'^  llie 
^eat  seal  made  in  1643  ^ee  p.  436)  was  brought 
into  the  Honae  and  brolcen  np. 

*  Bulstrode  Whitdock,  Richard  Keehle,  and 
John  Lisle  were  appointed  commissioners.  ^ 

Bulstrode  Whitelock,  the  chief  commissioner, 
wa«  the  son  of  Sir  James  Whitelock,  a  judga  He 
was  bom  in  London  in  1605,  was  educated  at  Ox- 
furd,  and  though  once  a  courtier,  when  chosen  a 
member  of  the  Long  ParKament  he  concurred  in 
most  of  their  violent  proceedings.  He  was  one  of 
the  manasers  of  the  impeachment  of  the  earl  of 
Strafford,  Dut  he  declined  to  do  so  with  regard  to 
\rchbUhap  Laud,  from  the  remembrance  of  kind- 
ness received  from  him  at  college.  He  was  re- 
xxitedly  employed  in  negotiations  between  the 
(ing  and  paxnameat,  and  under  Cromwell  was  sent 
imbassador  to  Sweden.  After  the  fiall  of  Richard 
yojuMf^,  AVfaicelock  urged  Fleetwood  to  offer  to 
cscore  the  exiled  king,  and  thus  anticipate  Monk, 
lut  his  advice  was  not  taken.  Having  acted  a  pro- 
ninent  i>azt  in  die  events  of  the  preceding  twenty 
'ears,  be  experienced  some  difficulty  in  procuring 
be  omission  of  his  name  from  the  list  of  parties  ex- 
epted  from  the  Act  of  Oblivion  [12  Car.  ll.  c  ix.]  ; 
avlng  succeeded  in  this^  he  appeared  at  court,  ap- 


pdrently^  hoping  for  <    . 

king  himself,  widi  the  advice  ' 


^ment,  but  he  was  dis- 
inissed'by  ihe~king  himself,  wirii  the  advice  "to 
trouble  hunself  no  more  with  stale  affiurs,  but  take 
care  of  his  wife  and  large  froniiy.*'  He,  u{>on  this, 
retired  into  Wiltshire,  and  lived  in  ofa^nirity  until 
his  death,  Nov.  12,  1688.  He  wrote,  among  other 
things,  "  Memorials  of  the  Enslish  Affairs  in  the 
reign  of  King  Charles  I.,*  whicn,  as  the  work  of  a 
wdfl-informcd  contemporary,  have  been  freely  used 
by  most  subsequent  writers  on  that  period. 

f  Six  of  the  iudges  consented  to  act,  on  an  as- 
surance that  the  ordinary  laws  should  be  main- 
tained :  but  this  pledge  did  not  prevent  the  parlia- 
ment from  frequently  acting  as  a  court  of  judica- 
ture themselves,  and  also  erecting  arbitrary  tribu- 
nals styled  high  courts  of  justice.  The  president 
of  these  was  usually  John  Lisle,  a  lawver,  and  one 
ofthe  commissioners  of  the  ^reat  seal.  He  acted 
so  rigorously  that  he  was  obhged  to  flee  at  the  Re- 
storation ;  his  estates  were  confiscated,  and  he  was 
himself  assassinated  at  Lausanne  soon  after.  His 
widow  (Alicia  Lisle)  was  executed  in  1685,  on  a 
charge  of  harboaring  parties  concerned  in  Mon- 
mouth's rebellion. 

t  Their  intention  was  to  proceed  to  Holland,  to 
offer  conditions  to  Charles  11.  ;  but  they  were 
seised  at  Gravesend,.  and  sent  under  an  escort  to 
Scocknd. 

>»  They  had,  together  widi  the  earl  of  Norwich 
and  Sir  John  Owen,  been  condemned  by  a  high 
court  of  justice  which  sat  from  Feb.  zo  to  March  6. 
The  eari's  life  was  saved  by  the  casdng-rote  ofthe 
Speaker,  and  Sir  John's  by  the  exerrions  of  Colonel 
Hutchinson,  one  of  the  Council  of  State,  who  ob- 
served that  he  appeared  totally  friendless,  *'  while 
there  was  such  mighty  labour  and  endeavour  for 
the  lords."  ^  ^    . 

»  "  He  seemed  not  much  versed  m  such  busi- 
nesses," says  Whitefeck,  "and  spent  much  of  their 
time  by  his  own  long  speeches." 

J  The  lord-mayor  of  London  (Sir  Abraham  Ke>'- 

nardson)  refused  to  publish  the  Act  against  the 

kingly  office ;  for  which  he  was  removed  from  ibe 

mayoralty,   fined  ;C»>ooo,  and  imprisoned  in  the 

I  Tower. 


444 


THE  STUARTS, 


[a.d.  1649, 1650. 


21,  after  a  siege  of  nearly  ten  months. 
Colond  Morris  and  four  companions, 
being  refused  quarter,  break  through 
the  enemy  and  escape  *. 

Lilbume  attacks  the  government  in 
a  vehement  pamphlet,  called  "Eng- 
land's new  Chains  discovered;"  he  and 
several  other  Levellers  are  committed 
to  the  Tower,  March  27. 

The  marquis  of  Huntley  (George 
Gordon*)  is  beheaded  by  order  of  the 
Scottish  parliament,  March  30. 

Fairfax  appointed  commander-in- 
chief,  March  31. 

Prince  Rupert,  with  the  disaffected 
fleet",  makes  many  prizes  in  the  Chan- 
nel. He  then  threatens  Dublin,  but 
soon  repairs  to  the  harbour  of  Kinsale, 
where  he  is  blockaded  by  Blake ;  he 
forces  his  way  out,  in  October,  and 
retires  to  Lisbon,  where  he  sells  his 
prizes. 

The  earl  of  Pembroke  (Philip  Her- 
bert) takes  his  seat  as  a  member  of  the 
parliament",  April  16. 

The  LeveUers  rise  in  arms  in  Oxford- 
shire, May  I.  Fairfax  and  Cromwell 
disperse  them  with  little  trouble  at 
Burford,  May  15. 

Dr.  Dorislaus,  the  envoy  of  the  Com- 
monwealth, assassinated  in  Holland 
by  the  royalists,  May  3. 

England  declared  a  "commonwealth 
and  free  state,"  only  to  be  governed  by 
the  representatives  of  the  people  in 
parliament,  and  their  ministers,  with- 
out any  King  or  House  of  Lords**, 
May  19. 

Impropriate  tithes,  first-fruits,  and 
tenths  vested  in  certain  trustees  for  the 
support  of  "  preaching  ministers"  and 
schoolmasters,  June  8. 

The  personal  estate  of  the  royal 
family  ordered  to  be  sold,  July  4. 


Vatfious  offences  declared  treasoo, 
July  17.  These  were,  to  declare  or  pub- 
lish the  present  government  to  be 
tyrannical,  or  that  the  Commons  in 
Parliament  are  not  the  supreme  authch 
rity,  or  to  raise  force  against  it ;  to 
raise  mutiny,  or  invite  foreigners  or 
enemies  to  invade  England  or  Ireland ; 
to  counterfeit  the  Great  Seal,  or  to 
counterfeit  or  clip  the  coin.  These 
offences  were  to  be  prosecuted  within 
a  year,  and  conviction  as  to  coining 
was  not  to  work  corruption  of  blood. 
Attempts  against  the  life  of  the  Protec- 
tor were  added  to  the  list  of  treasons 
in  1656,  [Stat  No.  3]. 

The  marquis  of  Ormond  is  defeated 
near  Dublin,  Aug.  2. 

The  Scotch  parliament  make  over- 
tures to  Charles  II.,  by  an  address, 
dated  Aug.  7. 

Cromwell  lands  in  Ireland'  with  a 
force  of  about  16,000  horse  and  foot, 
Aug.  15.  He  storms  Drogheda,  Sept. 
II,  and  Wexford,  Oct  9,  committing 
such  butchery'  as  intimidates  Youghal, 
Cork,  Kinsale,  and  other  strong  posts 
into  a  speedy  surrender. 

Charles  II.  lands  in  Jersey,  Sept  17, 
and  remains  there  till  Feb.  13,  165a 

John  Lilbume  is  tried  on  the  new 
statute  of  treasons,  but  defends  himself 
so  vigorously  that  he  is  acquitted,  after 
a  two  days'  trial,  Oct  26.  He  is  never- 
theless remanded  to  the  Tower,  but  is 
released,  Nov.  8. 

-  Scotch  commissioners  arrive  in  Jer- 
sey to  treat  with  Charles  II.,  Dec  16. 

A.D.  165a 

The  marquis  of  Montrose  lands  in 
the  Orkneys,  and  erects  Uie  king's 
standard,  in  January ».  He  circulates 
a  declaration,  calling  on  all  Scotsmen 


k  A  promise  had  been  given  by  Lambert  that  the 
governor  should  be  safe  from  pursuit  if  he  could 
escape  to  a  distance  of  five  miles,  but  he  was 
nevertheless  seized  in  Lancashire,  condemned  and 
executed  at  York  in  August  following. 

1  See  A.D.  Z644. 

■»  See  A.D.  16^. 

■  The  carl  of  Salisbury  (William  Cecil)  and  Lord 
Howard  of  .Eskrick  shortly  after  imitated  his  ex- 
ample. 

«  A  declaration  to  this  effect,  called  the  Engage- 
ment, was  tendered  to  all  persons  holding  office, 
and  was  very  generally  taken. 

P  He  was  appointed  lord-lieutenant,  as  well  as 
general,  by  commission  from  the  parliament,  June 
33,  1649. 

<i  Cromwell  thus  describes  his  proceedings  at 
Broghcda,  in  a  letter  to  the  parliament,  dated 
Sept.  x6,  X649:  "It  hath  pleased  God  to  bless 
our  endeavours  at  Drogheda;  after  battery,  we 


stormed  it    The  enemy  were  about  3,000  strong 

in  the  town We  refused  them  quarter,  having 

the  day  before  summoned  the  town.  I  bdieve  we 
put  to  the  sword  the  whole  number  of  the  de- 
fendants. I  do  not  think  thirty  of  the  whole  num- 
ber escaped  with  their  lives ;  those  that  did  are  in 
safe  custody  for  Barbadoes .  .  .  llus  hath  been  a 
marvellous  great  mercy. ...  I  do  not  believe,  neither 
do  I  hear,  that  any  officer  escaped  with  his  Bie, 
save  only  one  lieutenant,  who,  I  near,  ffoiag  to  the 
enemy,  said  that  he  was  the  only  man  that  escaped 
of  all  the  ^unison.  The  enemy  were  filled  onn 
this  with  much  terror ;  and  truly  I  believe  this  bit- 
terness will  save  mudi  effusion  of  blood,  throng 
the  goodness  of  God."  The  parliament  otdered 
a  thanksgiving^  service  on  learning  the  news. 

'  Some  parues  ventured  to  proclaim  Charies  TT. 
about  this  time  at  Blandford,  and  at  Durham,  Init  no 
rising  took  pboe. 


A.D.  1650.] 


CHARLES  II.— COMMONWEALTH. 


445 


to  support  him  ;  this  is,  by  order  of  the 
Scottish  parliament,  burnt  by  the  hang- 
man, Feb.  9. 

The  parliament  takes  the  style  of 
^^ ParKamenium  ReipubliccB  AngliaJ^ 
or  "The  Parliament  of  the  Common- 
wealth of  England,"  and  forbids  any 
other  style  to  be  used. 

"  The  parliament,*  says  Whitelock, 
''took  upon  them  and  exercised  all 
manner  of  jurisdiction,  and  sentenced 
persons  secundum  arbitrium^  which 
was  disliked  by  many  lawyers  of  the 
House  (whereof  I  was  one),  and  we 
shewed  them  the  illegality  and  breach 
of  liberty  in  those  arbitrary  proceed- 
ings, and  advised  them  to  refer  such 
matters  to  the  1^^  proceedings  in  or- 
dinary courts  of  justice;  but  the  domi- 
nion and  power  was  sweet  to  some  of 
them,  and  they  were  very  unwilling  to 
part  with  it" 

Blake,  being  refused  permission  to 
attack  Prince  Rupert  in  the  Tagus, 
makes  reprisals  on  the  Portuguese*, 
March. 

Montrose  crosses  into  Caithness,  but 
is  defeated  in  Corbiesdale,  April  27, 
captured  shortly  after,  and  brought  be- 
fore the  parliament,  May  20.  He  is 
hanged  at  Edinburgh,  with  many 
circumstances  of  insult  and  cruelty. 
May  21. 

Ascham,  the  envoy  to  Spain,  is  as- 
sassinated at  Madrid ',  May  27. 

Charles  II.  arrives  in  Scotland,  June 
16,  the  expectation  of  which  had  occa- 
sioned the  recall  of  Cromwell  from  Ire- 
land*, where  Ireton  was  left  as  deputy. 

The  parliament  resolve  to  anticipate 


the  expected  attack  from  the  Scots,  by 
invading  Scotland.  Fairfax  reftises  to 
lead  the  invading  army,  and  lays  down 
his  commission  %  June  25.  Cromwell 
is  in  consequence  appointed  lord-gene- 
ral, June  26,  and  leaves  London  for 
the  field,  June  29. 

Cromwell  crosses  the  Tweed,  July  16, 
and  advances  to  Edinburgh,  which  is 
strongly  fortified. 

The  Scots  forbid  the  king  to  appear 
in  their  camp,  and  extort  from  him 
a  declaration  of  his  assent  to  the  Cove- 
nant, Aug.  16. 

The  English  royalists  form  associa- 
tions, but  are  betrayed,  and  many 
officers  and  gentlemen  are  executed. 

Cromwell,  finding  his  army  suffering 
from  sickness,  prepares  to  retreat. 
David  Leslie*  is  compelled,  against 
his  own  judgment,  to  attack  him  at 
Dunbar,  Sept.  3,  when  the  Scots  are 
totally  defeated  ^  Edinburgh  at  once 
surrenders,  but  the  castle  holds  out 

The  princess  Elizabeth  dies  a  pri- 
soner at  Carisbrooke  Castle,  Sept  8. 

The  king  endeavours  to  escape  from 
the  Covenanters,  in  order  to  repair  to 
the  Highlands,  Sept.  27.  He  is  brought 
back,  almost  as  a  prisoner,  to  Perth  % 
Oct  6. 

All  law-books  ordered  to  be  trans- 
lated into  English,  aU  legal  documents 
to  be  in  the  same  tongue,  and  written 
in  an  ordinary  legible  hand  ;  a  com- 
mittee also  appointed  to  inquire  into 
the  salaries,  fees,  and  unnecessary  de- 
lays of  the  law,  Oct  25. 

The  royalists  attempt  a  rising  in  Nor- 
folk, but  are  defeated*,  in  November. 


*  Tlie  Portuguese  lost  many  rich  ships,  and  were 
forced  to  recompense  damages  done  to  English 
merdiants  and  to  make  important  commercial  con- 
cessions, to  avoid  a  war.  Prince  Rupert  repaired  to 
Spain,  where  he  was  attacked  in  tne  road  of  Ma- 
laga by  Blake.  He  escaped  with  three  ships,  cruised 
about  for  a  while  longer,  visitine  the  West  Indies, 
and,  returning  in  2653,  sold  his  two  remaining 
vessels  to  France;  his  brother  Prince  Maurice 
perished  at  sea  in  the  other. 

'  This  murder  was  committed  by  some  of  the 
lAnrants  of  Hyde,  afterwards  earl  of  Clarendon, 
who  was  then  in  Spain  as  an  envoy  of  the  king, 
and  who  in  his  letters  avows  his  wish  that  *'  all  the 
rebels'  envois  may  have  their  throats  cut* 

*  He  arrived  in  London,  May  31,  was  received 
with  much  pomp,  and  on  June  zx  gave  an  account 
to  the  House  ot  his  Irish  campaign. 

*  A  committee,  of  which  Wbitelock  was  one,  was 
Appomted  to  wait  on  Fairfax,  and  endeavour  to  re- 
move his  scruples ;  "and  none  of  the  committee," 
he  saysj  **  were  so  earnest  to  persuade  the  general 
to  contmue  his  commission  as  Cromwell  and  the 
soldiers;  yet  there  was  cause  enough  to  believe 
wey  did  not  over  much  desire  it." 

*  Sometimes   called   Lord  Newark.     He  had 


served  at  Marston  Moor,  and  defeated  Montrose  at 
Fhiliphaugh.    See  a.d.  1645. 

r  Near  4,000  of  the  Scots  were  killed,  with  very 
slight  loss  to  the  English,  and  xo,ooo  prisoners 
taken,  half  of  whom  were  at  once  released,  and  the 
rest  sent  into  England.  Manv  of  these  were  con- 
fined in  Durham  Cathedral,  where  they  tore  down 
the  banners  taken  at  Flodden-field,  and  defaced  the 
tomb  of  Lord  Neville^  who  had  conunanded  the 
English  army  at  Neville's  Cross,  in  1346.  The 
Presbyterians  considered  this  as  their  own  defeat, 
and  refused  to  take  part  in  the  thanksgiving  that 
was  ordered  by  the  Council  of  State. 

■  According  to  Whitelock,  on  the  authority  of 
letters  received  by  the  Council  of  Sute,  ''the 
Scotch  army  was  now  full  of  £au:tions :  one  are 
those  whom  the  Scotch  laboured  to  remove  out  of 
the  army  as  '  sectaries  ;'  another  (action  is  the  '  old 
mali£aants,'  who  would  be  revenged  for  the  death 
of  Montrose  and  other  malignanu  ;  others  are 
against  the  kirk;  others   are   the  'new  malig- 


•  The  attempt  was  on  a  very  small  scale,  but 
a  high  court  ot  justice  was  erected  for  the  trial  of 
prisoners,  when,  out  of  twenty-four  who  were 
tried,  twenty  were  executed. 


-44^ 


T^E  STUARTS. 


[a.o.  165  r. 


Edinbuigh  Casde  surreoderB^,  Dec 

A.D.  165I. 

Charles  II.  is  crowned  at  Scone  % 
Jan.  I. 

The  Portuguese  send  an  ambassa- 
dor to  excuse  tlieir  sheltering  Prince 
Rupert 

The  Commonwealth  endeavour,  but 
^vntfaout  sncoesfi;,  to  fona  a  close  alli- 
aace  with  Hdland^. 

Twenty  members  of  tfae  CouikiI  oif 
State  displaced,  and  an  equal  number 
of  new  men  chosen  by  ba2k>t%  Feb.  1 1. 

The  Scilly  Isles  captured  by  Blake 
and  Ayscue,  May.  A  part  of  the  fleet 
which  had  been  employed  against 
Ihem  safled  under  Ayscaie  to  the  West 
ladies,  where,  before  the  «nd  of  the 
year,  Barbadoes  and  the  neighbouring 
islands  were  surrendered  by  Lord  Wil- 
lougkby  of  Paiham'.  Ayscue  then 
steered  ibr  America,  where  Vis^gima 
was  reduced  with  equal  facility,  and 
the  ajuthorky  of  the  Commeoiwealth 
"was  at  once  established  in  the  other 


j  plantations^  though  most  of  them,  ex- 
cept New  Englaady  were  priscipafly 
colonized  by  fugitive  royalists. 

Christopher  Love,  a  noted  Bumster 
among  the  Presbyterians  of  Loadon  t, 
is  convicted  of  corcespondenoe  with 
the  royalists,  June  s*  He  is  executed S 
with  Mr.  Gibbotts,  Aug.  22. 

Czomwell  passes  the  Forth,  drives 
the  Soots  before  him,  aad  cafMwes 
Perth,  the  seat  of  govenunent,  Amms,  2. 

Charles  m  the  meaawfaik  aaaoimoes 
his  intention  of  entering  Englaad.  He 
starts  £rom  Stirling,  July  31,  passes 
rapidly  through  Cmntbei^Md,  Laaca- 
shneS  Cheshire,  and  Shropsfaiie,  ta 
Worcester^,  which  he  enters  Auz.  2x 

Cromwell  follows  with  ^aeed*  fi»n 
Scotland,  leaving  Genenl  Monk  in 
command  there. 

The  Council  of  State  prodahn  the 
king  and  his  adherents  trastMB,  Aug. 
2$,  and  deq>atch  forces  from  London 
to  join  Cromwell'. 

The  cad  of  Derioy,  endenronong  to 
join  the  king,  is  defeated  by  Ca&and 
Robert  lilbume,  at  Wigan%  Ai^  25. 


•»  "  This,"  aars  Whkelock,  "  was  related  to  ht 
the  first  time  that  Edinbuiigh  Castle  was  taken, 
being  the  etron^eM  and  beat  foitified  and  provided 
in  Scotland.** 

*  As  alight  be  expected,  the  ceremony  ''was  not 
with  nmdi  state,"  and  it  had  been  preceded  by  two 
•olemn  fasta,  "  one  for  the  sins  of  the  king  and  his 
fajnOy,  the  other  for  the  sins  of  the  kiilc  and  state.** 

*  Their  ambassadors  (St.  John  and  Strickland) 
were  insulted  and  menaced  with  assasanation  by. 
the  royalists.  This  was  ascribed  to  the  connivance 
of  the  States,  and  the  negotiations  were  abruptly 
broken  off. 

*  Bradshaw  atill  conunned  president,  with,  a 
salary  of  ;C3>ooo  a-year,  and  all  the  chief  men  were, 
by  some  management,  retained  ;  the  changes  were 
only  among  the  inferior  members. 

^ '  He  had  long  been  active  on  the  parUamentary 
aide,  and  when  the  anny  became  mutinous  in  16^7 
he  endeavoured  to  oppose  them,  but  Calling  in  this 
he  fled  to  Holland.  jPrince  Charles  made  him  his 
vice-admiral,  and  he  coaunandod  a  fleet  in  the 
JilQgliiib  seas  that  did  mudh  damage  to  his  former 
auttodates.  He  was  a&erwards  made  governor  of 
the  West  India  colonies,  and  when  he  was  obliged 
to  surrender,  he  reoeived  very  favourable  teems,  his 
•eatate,  which  had  been  long  under  sequestration, 
being  restored  to  him.  After  the  Restoration  be  re- 
«uraed  to  B;u'hadoes,  and  was  accidentally  drowned 
therein  x666. 

c  This  man,  bom  at  Cardiff  in  x6z8,  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  but  went  to  Sa>tland.  and  xe- 
ceived  nresbyterian  ordination.  Returning  when 
the  civil  war  broke  out,  he  obtained  a  London  liv- 

St»  where  he  became  noted  Cor  his  turbiilence. 
c  aocompanied  the  parljameotary  commissioners 
to  Uxbridgc,  and  by  his  furious  sermons  had  some 
share  in  breaking  off  the  conferences  lor  peaoe 
held  there  in  1645.  He  was  a  member  of  the  As- 
sembly of  Divines  and  nunister  of  St.  Lawrence 
Jewry,  where  be  was  buried.  The  Presbyterians 
apoke  of  him  as  a  niart^T^  but  the  royaliiits  con- 


sidered htm  justly  punished  for  4te 
Imd  formerly  occoaioned. 

>>  He  obtabed  a  month's  xeaple.  in  1 
of  a  petition  from  '*  divers  nunisters  in  and'aho'jt 
London,"  praying  the  parliament,  "  if  itot  totalh 
to  spare  the  life  of  cor  dear  brother,  yet  to  «ay  of 
him,  as  Solomon  of  Abiathar,  that  at  this  time  be 
should  not  be  put  to  death."  They  also  applied  t> 
Crorawrell,  but  he  ^dedined  to  inteifere.  Aacr  the 
battle  of  Woraestor,  several  other  miuiai  ■  were 
apprehended  on  a  charge  of  having  been  c<mceisn/ 
in  Love's  proceedings  but  on  "*^«7g  wilimiii  111 
they  were  pardoned. 

*  His  trooDs  had  a  skinnish  at  WascingtoD  widi 
Lambert  and  Harrison,  who  endeavouredto  delay 
their  march  that  Cromwell  night  oiwiiiufci  tbeo. 
The  royalists  knew  this,  and  carted  aoi  «s  jthey 
charged,  "  Oh !  you  rogues,  we  will  be  ndi^  yoo 
beCbre  your  Cromwdl  comas  r* 

J  Compararivel^  few  ^auS^  jcSBed  Imb  cb  ii> 
march,  as  they  distrusted  the  S<als. 

^  His  vanguard*  of  4,000  foot,  man^wfl  §tr  tett- 
nl  days  at  the  rate  -of  twent|r  asiles  a-^faqr*  their 
baggage  and  arms  being  caroed  by  tlv  conatry 
people. 

I  A  solemn  fa.st  was  observed  by  die  paAaaaest, 
Ao£.  26,  and  a  letter  firom  the  knup  to  tfie  city  of 
London  was  burnt  by  the  oonunon  ungman, 

">  The  earl,  who  had  recently  lanoed  fpom  Ibe 
Isle  .of  Man.  though  wounded,  jnnde  Ub  ctcapc 
but  was  uken  after  the  Uotle  of  Wonacifea-.  »d 
was  beheaded  at  Bolton,  Oct.  15 :  be  died,  IHQiae- 
lock  says,  **  with  stoutness  and  Christian<£kse  toii- 
per."  An  account  of  his  death,  piffaCtikd  by  bis 
chaplain  (H.  Baggeiiey),  M'ho  attended  him  on  the 
scaffold,  says,  that  just  before  he  si&sed  be  rr- 
quested  the  hlock  to  be  removed  ao  that  it  wiAt 
face  the  church :  and  as  he  laid  downiiii  beadbe 
exclaimed,  "J  will  look  tnward  T^}f  1 
while  here,  O  Lord,  as  I  hope  to  lisre  iB 
vcnly  sanctuaiy  for  ever " 


A.D.  165 1,  1652.]  CHARLES  II.— -COMMONWEALTH. 


447 


Cnnnwell  reaches  Worcester,  Aug. 
28.  He  repairs  the  bridges  which  the 
royalists  had  broken  down,  storms  the 
ibrts,  and  at  length  gains  a  decisive 
victory*,  Sept  3. 

The  king  flees  in  disguise,  and,  after 
many  hazardous  adventures,  escapes 
to  France,  landing  at  Fecamp,  Oct 
17.  Great  numbo^  of  his  fc:^k>wers 
are  taken,  who  are  sc^d  into  slavery 
in  Aiiica**  and  America.  The  Pres- 
byterians very  generally  refuse  to  ob- 
senre  the  thanksgiving  ordered  for  the 
victoiy. 

Mcmk  puisnes  the  war  in  Scotland 
-witk  vigour.  He  takes  Stirling,  where 
he  seizes  the  regalia ;  surprises  and 
captures  the  estates  of  the  kingdom 
win  in  session ;  stotnis  Dundee  with 
gveat  sfonghter',  and  leduces  the 
coualzy  to  subjection. 

The  council  of  officers  of  the  army  is 
re-establisbedat  Waliiz^ord  Housed 
Sept  16. 

Cramwdl  returns  in  triumph  to  Lon- 
<km%  and  takes  up  his  residence  in 
almost  kingly  state  at  Hampton  Cotnt, 
Oct.  12. 


The  Dutch  send  ambassadors  to  re- 
new the  negotiations  ;  they  are  haugh- 
tily received.  An  act  is  passed,  which 
greatly  affects  Dutch  commerce',  the 
honour  of  the  flag  is  claimed  \  letters 
of  marque  ane  granted  to  merchants 
who  have  received  injuries,  and  com- 
pensation is  demanded  for  the  murders 
at  Amboyna*^  and  other  offences  of 
long  standing. 

The  paiiiament  propose  to  reduce  Ae 
army,  and  fix  the  3rd  November,  1654, 
as  the  date  of  their  own  dissohition. 

The  i^e  of  Guernsey  is  reduced  in 
October,  Man*  in  November,  and  Jer- 
sey in  December;  but  some  of  the 
royal  party,  now  styled  ^picaroons," 
or  pirates,  harass  the  coasts  with 
small  vessels,  aad  make  many  prises^. 

A.D.  1652. 

The  parliamentary  ooaamissioiiecs* 
treat  Scotbind  as  a  conquered  coun- 
try. Estates  axe  confiscated,  taxes 
imposed,  the  people  disarmed,  the 
preachers  silenced,  farts  built  aad 
strongly  garrisoned,  and  English 
jiadges  are  sent  to  admimster  the  j^ws. 


■  CnNnwell  wrote  a  loag  letter  to  the  parUa- 
neBt,  pan  of  wUdi  nms  as  foHows.  After  inform- 
ing them  thatt  he  lutd  taken  piiaoner  **  many  oflkcrs 
of  great  quality,  and  some  that  will  be  fit  subjects 
of  your  justice,"  he  says,  "The  dimensions  of  this 
mercy  are  above  my  thoughts ;  it  is,  for  aught 
I  know,  a  crowning  mercy.  Surely  if  k  be  not, 
such  a  one  we  shallTiave,  if  this  provoke  those  that 
are  concerBed  ia  it  to  thankfulness,  and  the  parlia- 
meot  to  do  the  win  of  Him  who  hath  done  His  will 
fer  k,  and  for  tlie  nation  ;  whose  good  pleasure  is 
to  ftsrabliah  the  nataon,  and  the  change  of  the  go- 
venmeot,  hf  taaiang  the  people  so  willing  to  the 
defence  thnvo^  and  co  sij^ialiy  to  YAess  the  endea- 
voars  of  ^cwr  servaats  in  this  late  great  work. 
I  am  bobl  hiunbly  to  bcc  that  all  thoi^hts  mav 
tead  to  the  promoting  of  His  honour  who  ham 
wiDttgfat  «o  gteot  salvatioo,  and  that  the  &tncss  of 
these  ODBtiimed  iBercies  maif  not  oocaaioa  pride 
^ad  wantonness,  as  fonnerly  the  like  hath  done  to 
a  dkosen  people.  But  that  the  fear  of  the  Lord. 
cvea  far  His  meicies,  may  keep  an  autkority,  and 
a  people  so  pRNR>ered  and  blessed  and  witneued  to, 
33urable  and  faithfol,  that  justice  and  righteousness, 
■leicy  and  truth,  may  flow  from  you,  as  a  thankful 
Mtum  tocnr  gkariotts  God ;  this  nail  be  the  prayer 
of.  sir,  your  most  humble  and  obedient  servant, 
•O.  €KOir««i.t."  Hie  parliament  ordered  this  let- 
ter to  be  tend  in  all  cbnic^ies  by  the  numsters.  and 
resolved  that  an  annual  thanksgiving  day  should 
belield-  ^^ 

*>  Fifteen  hundied  of  tiiem  were  granted  to  the 
Guinea  merchants,  and  sent  to  perish  in  the  mines. 

p  The  whole  garrison,  of  800  men,  was  put  to  the 
swoid,  and  60  women  likewise  lost  their  hves.  The 
plunder  also  was  trery  ereat ;  "  some  of  the  piivatc 
soldieK,''  according  to  whitelodc's  statement,  "  got 
in  Ae  stam  iCsoo  apieoe." 

4  This  assembly  had  been  broken  up  by  the 
exigencies  of  the  war ;  now  that  it  was  resumed, 
the  pariiaznent  soon  fell  before  it. 

'  Commisuoners  from  the  parliament  were  sent 


out  beyond  Aylesbuiy  to  meet  him,  and  to  them,  in 
the  insolence  of  victory,  he  presented,  not  only 
hoRes,  but  two  of  the  Scottish  ptiaoners,  "gentle- 
men of  good  quality,"  to  each,  as  "  a  present." 
Whitelock,  who  tells  the  tale,  released  his,  but  he 
does  not  lead  us  to  believe  that  the  other  comjnis- 
sioners  did  so. 

■  This  was  the  celebrated  Navigation  Act  (num- 
bered 22,  ami  passed  October  9.  X65X,)  which,  with 
some  exceptions,  forbade  the  importation  of  goods, 
except  in  fendish  vessels,  or  vessels  rf  Ae  country 
that  produced  them,  under  penalty  of  forfeiture  of 
ship  and  caigo.  U  annihilated  the  carrying  trade 
of  Hie  Dutch  as  fax  as  England  was  concerned,  and 
its  priadple  was  coasidcrBd  so  sound  that  it  was 
re-enacted  alter  the  Hestoration,  [la  Car.  II. 
c  x81. 

«  See  A.U.  T634.  «  See  a.d.  r6t9. 

*  The  island  was  antrendered  ia  spite  of  the  cm- 
poation  of  the  widowed  countess  of  Derby,  who 
had  successfuHy  defended  Latham  House  (see  A.D. 
1644).  She  was  confiaad  far  a  ndiile.  bat  two  of 
her  diildren  dyin^  in  their  prison,  her  spirit  |pive 
way,  and  she  petitioned  to  be  allowed  to  enter  mto 
a  composition  with  the  rufing  powers,  which  was 
allowed,  on  very  hard  terms,  in  Sept.  1653.  The 
island  was  granted  to  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax,  but  re- 
stored to  the  Stanleys  by  Charles  II.,  wfcen  the 
counter  piucttied  the  condemnation  of  Witliani 
Christian  ("a  notable  seaman  of  King  Jfames' 
time")  who  had  been  the  chief  instrument  in  the 
surrender  of  the  island,  maintaining  that  the  Act 
of  Oblivion  did  not  extend  to  the  Isle  of  Man. 
She  died  soon  after,  in  1663. 

y  They  were  about  25  in  nnmber,  and  they  ob- 
tained i;  100,000  in  prices,  with  which  thev  taaod 
shelter  at  Brest  and  other  French  ports.  ThcCnm- 
monweakh  ships  in  recura  captured  Ficndi  ^«s- 
sek,  but  open  war  between  the  two  countneswas 
avoided.  «     ,  »       «,     *.  « 

•  They  were  Chief-justice  St.  John,  Ifc  SaUo- 
way,  and  Aldcnnan  Tichbume. 


448 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1652, 


Several  conferences  are  held  for  the 
incorporation  of  the  two  countries  into 
one  commonwealth. 

John  Lilbume,  being  convicted  of 
libelling  the  commissioners  of  seques- 
trations (Jan.  16),  is,  by  act  of  parlia- 
mentf  sentenced  to  banishment  for 
life.  Many  of  his  friends  accompany 
him  to  the  sea-side. 

An  act  passed  prohibiting  the  use  of 
titles  conferred  since  Jan.  4,  1642'. 

An  act  of  amnesty  passed,  Feb.  24. 
This,  with  some  exceptions,  pardoned 
all  state  offences  prior  to  the  battle  of 
Worcester ;  and  as  it  was  granted  at 
the  desire  of  Cromwell,  it  gained  him 
favour  even  among  the  royalists,  and 
thus  strengthened  his  hands  against 
the  parliament,  which  he  was  prepar- 
ing to  overthrow. 

The  Dutch  war  commences  by  Cap- 
tain Young  firing  on  the  conunander 
•of  a  Dutch  squadron,  and  compelling 
him  to  salute  the  English  flag.  May  14. 

A  battle  is  fought  between  the  Dutch 
under  Martin  Tromp  and  the  English 
under  Blake  and  Bourn,  off  Dover, 
May  19.  The  Dutch  are  defeated,  and 
lose  two  ships. 

The  parliament  refuse  to  listen  to 
the  Dutch  ambassadors,  who  are  sent 
to  accommodate  the  dispute.    War  is 


declared  July  8,  and  Blake  captures 
a  fleet  of  merchantmen,  July  13. 

The  parliament  endeavour  to  reduce 
the  army.  The  council  of  officers 
under  the  name  of  a  petition,  mark 
out  a  course  of  action  for  them 
(Aug.  13) ;  and  Cromwell  devises  a 
plan  for  their  forcible  dissolution. 

Ayscue  has  an  indecisive  action  with 
De  Ruyter,  off  Plymouth,  Aug.  16. 
The  Dutch  are  tot^v  defeated  in  the 
Downs  by  Blake  and  Penn,  Sept.  28, 
and  chased  into  their  harbours. 

Tromp  appears  in  Dover  roads,  with 
a  greatly  superior  fleet  to  that  of  Blake, 
Nov.  28.  Blake's  ships  suffer  severely, 
and  are  obliged  to  retreat  into  the 
Thames  \ 

Diuing  this  time,  ^  the  parliament,"* 
Whitelock  says,  "were  very  busy  in 
debate  of  several  acts  of  parliament 
under  consideration,  but  very  little  was 
brought  to  effect  by  thenu  The  sol- 
diers grumbled  at  their  delays,  and 
there  began  to  be  ill  blood  between 
them;  the  general  and  his  officers 
pressed  the  putting  a  period  to  their 
sittings,  which  they  promised  to  do, 
but  were  slow  in  that  Dusiness.* 

The  young  duke  of  Gloucester  is  al- 
lowed to  join  his  brothers,  at  the  re- 
commendation of  CromwelL 


IRELAND. 


Ireton,  who  succeeded  Cromwell 
in  command  of  the  parliamentary 
forces  in  Ireland,  died  01  the  plague  in 
the  same  year  (Nov.  26,  1650),  but  not 
before  he  had,  by  the  capture  of  Lime- 
rick, all  but  terminated  tne  war.  About 
the  same  time  the  marquis  of  Ormond 
was  obliged,  by  the  clamour  of  the 
Irish,  who  attributed  their  ill  success 
to  treachery,  to  withdraw,  leaving  as 
his  deputy  the  marquis  of  Clanrickarde 
(Ulick  Burke,  a  Romanist),  who,  col- 
lecting what  remained  of  the  Irish 
forces,  defended  Galway  for  a  consider- 
able time  after  the  rest  of  the  country 
had  been  reduced  to  submission «. 

Ireland  was  now  committed  to  the 


rule  of  four  commissioners  (Ludlow, 
Corbet,  Jones,  and  Weaver),  whose 
chief  care  was  to  dispossess  the  na- 
tives, and  replace  them  by  English  set- 
tlers. Thousands  were  allowed  to  go 
into  the  service  of  foreign  states ;  others 
(especially  women  and  children)  were 
shipped  to  the  American  plantations ; 
those  who  were  suffered  to  remain  in 
the  country  were  "transplanted"'  to 
Connaught ;  and  the  more  fertile  dis- 
tricts were  partitioned  between  the 
soldiers  in  lieu  of  their  arrears  of  pay, 
and  the  adventurers  who  had  advanced 
money  for  the  war*.  The  new  settlers 
exerted  themselves  vigorously  to  im- 
prove their  possessions ;  they  rebuilt 


•  The  patents  were  to  be  brought  in  to  be  can- 
celled, under  a  penalty  of  ^^50.  Feers  were  to  pay 
j^ioo,  knights  ;£40,  if  they  continued  the  use  of 
auch  titles ;  and  persons  gjiving  them,  either  by 
speech  or  writing,  were  to  mcur  a  fine  of  lor.  for 
ttu:h  offence. 

^^The  Dutch  were  so  elated  by  this  success,  that 
Thmp  carried  a  broom  at  his  mast-head,  in  token 


of  his  intention  to  sweep  the  seas  of  the  En^iih ; 
the  insult  was  signally  avenged  shortly  after. 

•  It  surrendered  July  10.  1653.  on  terms  similsr 
to  those  granted  to  Limerick.  In  each  case  most 
of  the  defenders  were  allowed  to  enter  into  some 
foreign  service.  Oanrickarde  retired  to  Engliifci. 
where  he  died  shortly  after. 

*  See  A.D.  x64a« 


JLD.  1652,  1653.]  CHARLES   II. — COMMONWEALTH. 


449 


the  towns,  cultivated  the  fields,  and  in 
a  short  time  effected  a  great  change  in 
the  aspect  of  the  country ;  a  change 
facilitated  by  the  appointment  of  Henry 
Cromwell,  who,  for  a  space  of  nearly 
five  years  (Aug.  1654,  to  June,  1659) 
exercised  the  supreme  authority  in 
a  conciliatory  spint. 

A.D.  1653. 

The  parliament,  on  the  recommend- 
ation of  the  Council  of  State,  take 
vigorous  measures  to  retrieve  their 
late  failure  at  sea  *,  January. 

Ambassadors  arrive  from  France, 
Spain,  and  Sweden,  to  treat  for  alli- 
ances and  commercial  treaties. 

The  Dutch  fleet,  under  Tromp,  is 
attacked  by  Blake,  off  Portland,  Feb. 
18.  The  fight  is  continued  for  three 
days  across  the  channel  to  Blanquenez 
(near  Boulogne) ;  the  Dutch,  having 
suffered  great  loss,  escape,  in  the  night, 
into  the  Scheldt 

Admiral  Bodley  has  a  severe  but  in- 
decisive action  with  the  Dutch  fleet, 
near  Elba,  March  3. 

The  council  of  officers  have  great 


differences  with  the  parliament  as  to 
the  constitution  of  the  new  legislature. 
At  length  Cromwell  appears  in  the 
House,  with  a  strong  guard,  and  ex- 
pels the  members,  April  20. 

Cromwell  forms  a  Council  of  State, 
consisting  of  himself  and  eight  other 
officers,  and  four  civilians,  April  30,  by 
which  a  new  parliament  is  called,  June  8. 

Tromp  sails  into  Dover  roads,  in  the 
absence  of  the  English  fleet,  and  fires 
on  the  town.  May  28. 

The  Dutch  are  again  defeated,  near 
the  North  Foreland,  June  2  and  3,  and 
obliged  to  take  refuge  at  the  Texel. 
They  are  blockaded  there  by  Monk 
and  Penn ',  and  Tromp,  endeavouring 
to  put  to  sea,  is  himself  killed,  and  his 
fleet  almost  totally  destroyed',  July  31. 

Lilbume  returns  from  banishment, 
June  14.  By  order  of  Cromwell  he  is 
tried  \  but  is  acquitted  "by  the  jury  *, 
Aug.  20, 

The  parliament  "^  meets,  July  4. 
Cromwell  devolves  the  supreme  autho- 
rity to  them  until  Nov.  3,  1654,  when 
they  were  to  be  succeeded  by  a  new 
assembly. 


*  They  gave  a  month's  pay  as  bounty ;  advanced 
subsistence-money  for  the  £unilies  of  the  seamen ; 
granted  40s.  per  too  and  £6  per  gun  for  every  ship 
taken,  and  ^xo  per  gun  for  every  vessel  burnt  or 
sunk ;  and  esublished  hospitals  at  Dover,  Deal, 
and  Sandwich,  with  funds  for  their  support,  and 
for  the  relief  of  the  sick  or  wbunded  who  could  not 
be  removed  from  the  fleet.  "  These  and  other  en- 
couragements," says  Whitelock,  "  caused  the  sea- 
men to  come  flocking  into  the  service  of  th«  ]>arlia- 
moit :  and  although  the  Hollanders  had  prohibited 
the  importing  of  pitch,  tar,  hemp,  and  other  mate- 
rials of  navigation  by  any  nation  whatsoever,  into 
England,  a^Iacard  of  sufficient  insolency,  yet  the 
Council  of  State  had  {trovided  sufficient  stores,  and 
bad  prraared  and  equipped  a  gallant  navy/' 

'  Blake  was  ill  on  shore,  uid  Deane  had  been 
killed  in  the  fizst  day's  fight. 

f  Some  few  of  Monk's  letten  relative  to  this  war 
have  been  proerved,  and  they  shew  how  readily  he 
could  adapt  himself  to  the  phraseology  of  Cromwell 
and  his  friends.  In  May  he  was  cnxiaiafi  in  search 
of  Tromp,  and  he  concludes  a  letter  with,  "  Pray 
for  us,  that  we  may  be  carried  out  with  the  power 
and  spirit  of  the  Lord ;"  and  when  relating  this 
▼ictory,  he  says,  "Great  was  the  Lord,  and  mar- 
vellous, wortlnr  to  be  praised  by  His  appearance  in 
our  behal£  There  were  sunk  five,  and  taken  of 
them  about  thirty  or  forty  sail ....  and  I  am  in 
sood  hones  that  the  same  mighty  presence  of  the 
Lord  will  still  follow  us  to  the  disabUng,  taking,  or 
destroying  of  some  more  ^t." 

^  The  Lmdon  apprentices  petitioned  the  Parlia- 
ment in  his  fiivour,  for  which  six  of  their  number 
were  imprisoned. 

'  During  the  trial  an  attempt  to  rescue  Lilbume 
was  expected,  and  three  regiments  were  kept  undei^ 
^nns  to  prevent  it.  His  partisans  scattered  about 
tKkets,  with  an  inflammatory  distich,— 

"And  what,  shall  then  honest  John  lilbume  die? 
Threescore  thousaad  will  know  the  reason  why." 


Van  de  Perre,  one  of  the  Dutch  commissioners  who 
were  sent  to  negotiate  for  a  peace,  was  in  London 
at  the  time,  and  he'sajrs, — "There  were  six  or 
seven  hundred  men  at  ms  trial,  with  swords,  pis- 
tols, bilb,  daggers,  and  other  instraments,  that  in 
case  they  had  not  cleared  him  they  would  have  em- 
ployed m  his  defence.  The  joy  and  acclamation 
was  so  great  after  he  was  cleared,  that  the  shout 
was  hearid  an  English  mile,  as  is  said."  The  jury 
were  summoned  before  the  council,  and  threatened 
for  their  verdict,  and  Lilbume  was  carried  to  the 
Tower,  guarded  by  a  troop  of  horse,  at  3  in  tho 
morning  of  Sundavt  August  37. 

^  It  consisted  ot  xaa  members  for  England,  6  for 
Wales,  5  for  (Scotland,  and  6  for  Ireland,  and  is 
ordinarily  known  by  the  name  of  "  Barebones' 
Parliament,"  from  a  play  on  the  name  of  one  ol 
its  members  (Praise-Uod  Barbon,  a  leather-seller 
of  London,  and  one  of  its  seven  representatives). 
Thry  chose  Francis  Rous  for  their  speaker,  and, 
on  his  proposition,  invited  Cromwell,  Lambert, 
Harrison,  Ilesborough,  and  Tomlinson  to  take  seats 
in  the  assembly. 

Rous  was  a  Devonslure  man,  educated  at  Broad- 
gates  Hall,  Oxford.  He  sat  in  the  several  parlia- 
ments under  Charles  I.,  and  had  evinced  a  most 
bitter  feeling  aeainst  the  Church,  for  which  he  was 
rewarded  by  me  Long  Parliament  with  the  pro- 
vostship  of  Eton  College  on  the  ejection  of  Dr. 
Richard  Stewart ;  he  was  also  one  of  the  lay  mem- 
bers of  tiie  Assembly  of  Divines,  and  he  wrote 
several  works,  one  of  which  (a  metrical  translation 
of  the  Psalms)  was  printed  by  the  order  of  the 
House  of  Commons.  Rous  advocated  in  the  pre- 
sent assembly  a  govemment  in  imitation  of  the 
theocratic  nue  of  the  Jews  (he  was  henceforth 
nicknamed  "the  old  Jew  of  Eton"),  and  finding 
this  distasteful  to  his  coUoigues,  advised  the  sur- 
render of  their  powers  to  Cromwell,  whom  he  af- 
fected to  consider  as  greater  than  Moses  and  Joshua 
combined.  He  died  Jan.  7,  X658,  and  was  buried 
with  much  pomp  in  the  college  chapeL 


og 


AiO 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  i6s3,  1654. 


The  General  Assembly  of  the  Scot- 
tish kirk  dispersed  by  the  English  sol- 
<iiers,  July  25. 

Marriages  ordered  to  be  solemnized 
by  the  justices  of  the  peace  ^,  and 
xio  other  mode  allowed  to  be  valid, 
Aug.  24. 

The  parliament,  which  had  been 
chosen  by  Cromwell  and  his  officers 
from  lists  of  persons  ''  faithful,  fearing 
God,  and  hating  covetousness,"  fur- 
nished to  them  b)r  the  various  churches, 
shewed  little  inclination  to  forward  his 
views.  It  proposed  to  reform  abuses 
in  every  department,  to  abolish  unne- 
cessary offices,  enforce  economy,  im- 
prove the  administration  of  the  law, 
and  do  away  with  tithes,,  providing 
instead  a  fixed  maintenance  for  the 
clergy.  But  matters  of  a  widely  dif- 
ferent character  were  among  the  pro- 
jects of  the  Anabaptists  ",  who  fonned 
the  great  majority,  and  they  passed 
the  time  until  December  in  discussing 
them.  But  on  the  13th  of  that  month 
Sydenham,  an  Independent,  having 
mustered  his  friends  before  many  of 
the  other  party  had  arrived,  suddenly 
proposed,  with  the  concurrence  of  the 
Speaker,  that  the  parliament  (which 
lie  described  as  useless  and  injurious 
to  the  Commonwealth)  should  resign 
its  power  into  the  hands  of  Cromwdl. 
This  he  and  his  friends  at  once  pro- 
ceeded to  do,  and  the  few  dissenti- 
ents were  expelled  by  a  company  of 
soldiers. 

Cromwell  professed  to  decline  the 
offer,  but  on  the  writing  containing  it 


being  signed  by  a  majority  of  the 
House,  he  consented,  and  an  Instni- 
ment  of  Government  was  drawn  up, 
which  was  solemnly  published  in  West- 
minster Hall,  whereby  Oliver  Crom- 
well was  received  as  ''  His  Highness 
the  Lord  Protector,*'  Dec  16. 

Beside  bestowing  this  dignity  on 
Cromwell,  the  chief  provisions  of  the 
Instrument  were,  that  there  should  be 
triennial  parliaments  of  460  members ; 
a  council  of  21  members ;  and  a  stand* 
ing  army  of  30,000  men;  also  that 
taxes  should  be  imposed  and  laws 
made  only  by  the  parliament.  Bat  as 
the  meeting  of  this  parliament  was  not 
to  take  place  until  Sept  3, 1654,  power 
was  given  to  the  Lord  Protector  and 
his  council  during  the  interval  to  do 
all  acts  necessary  for  the  public  ser- 
vice, and  to  make  ordinances,  which, 
should  have  the  force  of  laws. 

A.D.  1654. 

The  Protector's  elevation  is  repug- 
nant to  many  of  his  former  adherents. 
Some  of  the  more  prominent  are  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower*  The  royalists 
also  plot  against  him,  but  are  betrayed 
by  spies  *». 

Middleton  takes  the  command  of 
the  royalists  in  Scotland  »,  February, 

Peace  is  concluded  with  Holland*, 
April  5. 

Scotland  is  declared  incorporated 
with  England,  by  an  ordinance  of  the 
Protector,  April  12,  and  General  Monk 
appointed  to  the  chief  command. 

Don  Pantaleon  Sa,  brother  to  the 


>  This  act  was  distastdiil  to  maoy.  and  real  com- 
pliance with  it  was  often  avoided,  by  having  the 
ceremony  performed  by  the  minister,  whilst  the 
iiistice  merely  stood  by  as  a  witness.  Stephen 
Marshall,  a  well-known  Presbyterian,  married  his 
slaughter  soon  after  the  passing  of  the  Act,  accord- 
ing to  the  Liturgy,  and  then  paid  a  fine  <^  £s  for 
rising  any  other  form  than  that  in  the  Directory. 
See  p.  388. 

-  They  proposed  to  destroy  the  records  in  the 
Tower  and  elsewhere,  styling  them  *' badges  of 
slavery,"  and  to  dispense  with  laws  and  magis- 
trates, as  not  needed  by  the  Saints. 

"  Among  them  were  Harrison,  formerly  his  inti- 
mate assodate*  and  Feakes  and  Powell,  two  Ana- 
Laptist  preadiers,  who  had,  at  the  council-board, 
charged  him  to  his  &cc  with  airing  to  absolute 
power. 

"  Tht  Protector,  through  the  management  of  his 
seeretaiy,  John  Thurioe,  contrived  by  these  means 
(o  get  information  of  the  most  secret  resolves  of  the 
.  xiiig  and  his  coundL  Thurloe,  bom  in  z6z6,  the 
>on  of  an  Essex  deigyman,  was  a  lawyer,  and 
.icted  as  secretary  to  the  parliamentary  commis- 
sioners at  Oxford,  and  in  the  same  capadty  ac- 
companied St.  John  and  others  to  Holland  in  1651. 
Oliver  Cromwell  appointed  him  lecietaxy  of  state. 


WhcB 


and  he  held  the  same  post  under  Ridiazd. 
he  saw  the  Restoration  approadnng  he  endcsvound 
to  ingratiate  himself  witn  the  royalists,  bat  be  w» 
distrusted  and  his  services  dedined :  he  was  for  a 
short  time  imprisoned,  and  then  retired  to  Miltia, 
in  Oxfordshire,  where  he  died  in  xMS.  Hk  Sate 
Papers  have  been  published,  and  th^  attest  ^ 

Beat  powers  for  business  of  the  most  diversifol 
nds,  and  afford  much  valuable  information. 
p  They  took  arms  in  the  July  of  the  PteuJi«. 
year  under  the  earl  of  Glencaim,  but  leads  broke 
out  amonjp  them,  and  Middleton  was  seat  to  m- 
pease  their  dissensions.  Some  few  Englidi  woyi- 
ists  Joined  them,  particularly  Captain  Wog^ui,  wfo 
made  his  wa^  throu|^  Sngnuid  with  a  souifl  poutv 


;  he  w» 


e  obliged  to  agree  to  give  ■» 
I  to  the  roymlists.  Tbey  abo 
r  of  the  flag,  and  agned  t» 


of  cavalry  disguised  as  pai&unentaxians ; 
killed  soon  after  he  readied  Scotland. 

4  The  Dutch  were  obUg 
shelter  or  assistance  ti 

conceded  the  honour  of  the  flag,  and  vmd  t 
restore  the  island  of  Polcroon,  and  to  poya  sum  of 
above  ;^97o,ooo  as  compensation  to  the  EaMt  ladb 
Company,  the  Baltic  merchants,  and  tbe  bdxs  d 
the  sufferers  at  Amboyna  (see  p.  aSil  Tl»ey  Wi 
above  z,zoo  vessels  in  the  course  of  this  short  w. 
but  they  contrived  to  evade  deUveriog  op  AdooM. 


JLD.  l654i  I^SS-l  CHARLES   11. — COMMONWEALTH. 


451 


Portuguese  ambassador,  is  beheaded 
on  Tower-hill  for  murder',  July  lo. 

Mr.  Vowell  is  hanged  at  Charing- 
cross,  and  Col.  Gerard  beheaded  on 
Tower-hill,  for  a  plot  against  the  life 
of  the  Protector,  July  lo. 

Monk  breaks  up  the  Scottish  Assem- 
bly, July  20^  and  shortly  after  entirely 
disperses  the  roysdist  forces  under 
Middleton". 

The  Protector's  parliament  is  opened 
by  him  with  much  state,  Sept.  4*.  They 
manifest  a  design  to  question  his  au- 
thority, when  he  summons  them  before 
him,  and  justifies  his  conduct,  Sept  12. 
They,  are  required  to  sign  an  instru- 
ment pledging  themselves  not  to  at- 
tempt any  alteration  in  the  form  of 
the  government  "as  it  is  settled  in 
one  single  person  and  a  parliament ;" 
about  one-fourth  of  the  number  refuse, 
and  are  in  consequence  excluded. 

The  parliament  still  continues  un- 
compliant. A  motion  to  make  the 
office  o{  Protector  hereditary  in  the 
family  of  Cromwell  is  negatived  by  a 
majority  of  two-thirds,  Oct.  13. 

Five  hundred  Irish  land  in  the  He- 
brides, in  November,  when  many  of 
the  Highland  dans  which  had  sub- 
mitted resume  their  arms. 

John  Biddle,  a  Socinian,  is  impri- 
soned by  the  parliament",  Dec.  13. 

A.D.  1655. 
Two  large  fleets  sail  on  secret  expe- 


ditions. Blake  proceeds  with  one  to 
the  Mediterranean ;  the  other,  under 
Penn  and  Venables,  repairs  to  the 
West  Indies. 

The  Protector  dismisses  the  parlia- 
ment in  anger,  Jan.  31. 

The  repubUcans  plot  against  the 
Protector.  Many  of  tneir  leading  men 
are  seized  and  imprisoned  \ 

The  royalists  make  abortive  risings 
in  several  counties.  Sir  Joseph  Wag- 
staff  surprises  the  judges  at  Salisbury, 
Sunday,  March  11.  He  proposes  to 
hang  them,  but  to  this  his  followers 
will  not  agree.  Troops  being  sent 
against  them,  they  retreat  to  South 
Molton,  in  Devonshire,  where  they  are 
forced  to  surrender. 

The  Protector  deals  leniently  with 
the  republicans,  but  treats  the  royalists 
with  extreme  severity  ^ 

Rigorous  ordinances  are  made,  by 
which  one-tenth*  of  the  property  of 
the  royalists  is  seized ;  and  the  suf- 
ferers are  obliged,  beside,  to  find  se- 
curity for  their  peaceable  behaviour. 
The  clergy  are  forbidden  to  act  as 
schoolmasters  (the  only  resource  left 
to  the  majority) ;  and  the  country  is 
divided  into  fourteen  districts,  each 
ruled  by  a  major-general  with  all  but 
absolute  power. 

Blake  enforces  reparation  for  da- 
mages to  English  commerce  from  the 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany*,  and  chas- 
tises the  Barbary  pirates  ;  but  cruises 


'  The  circumstances  of  this  case  are  very  re- 
nnrkabte.  In  November,  1653,  Dem  Rmtaleon 
^■}d  a  quarrel  at  the  New  Exclude  in  the  Strand, 
with  Col.  Gerard,  a  ro^rafist,  and  would  have  mur- 
('■ered  him  bot  for  the  interposition  of  Mr.  Anstru- 
ther,  a  bystander.  On  the  foUowxng  day  Don  Pan- 
LiJeon  retnmcd,  with  about  fifty  armed  attendants, 
■tnd  minaking  a  Colonel  Mayo  for  Anstruther. 
l^iUcd  him,  as  also  a  Mr.  Greenaway.  who  chanced 
to  be  walking:  in  the  building.  The  Portuguese 
iniba<«5ador  endeavoured  to  screen  the  murderers, 
but  Cromwell,  who  in  the  interim  had  become  Pro- 
tc.'*tor,  refnsed  to  listen  to  him,  had  them  tried  by 
•'•  special  commiasion,  executed  Don  Pantaleon  and 
'  nc  of  his  party  who  was  an  Englishman,  and  par- 
<V>ned  the  rest.  By  a  strange  coincidence,  his  in- 
tended victim,  Gerard,  was  executed  at  the  same 
place,  and  on  the  same  day. 

*  Many  of  the  prisoners  were  sold  as  slaves  to 
the  planters  of  Barbadoes.  This  ereatly  enraged 
the  Highlanders,  who,  having  afterwards  t^^en 
'■'^me  English  soldiers,  murdered  them,  telling 
them  "they  had  no  Barbadoes  to  send  them  to." 

*  The  meeting  of  the  parliament  had  been  fixed 
for  September  r,  as  the  anniversary  of  the  battles 
of  Dunbar  and  Worcester.  That  day  fell  this  year 
<  n  Sunday,  and  the  House  assembled  in  West- 
•ninster  Abbey  and  heard  a  sermon.  Lenthall, 
the  Speaker  otthe  Long  Parliament,  was  Speaker. 

*  Further  steps  would  have  been  taken  against 
bim  but  for  the  dissolution  of  the  parliament.  Upon 
that  event  he  was  released,  but  he  was  soon  again 


seized,  and  sent  to  the  Isles  of  Sdlly,  receiving  for 
his  support  fix>m  the  Protector  a  weekly  pension  of 
zos.,  commencing  Jan.  z,  1656.  He  was  not  set  at 
liberty  at  the  Restoration,  but  was  brought  to 
London,  and  died  in  Newgate,  Sept.  so,  1662. 

*  One  Major  Wildman  drew  up  a  paper  entitled 
"The  Declaration  of  the  free  and  well-affected 
People  of  Elngland  now  in  arms  against  the  Tyrant^ 
Olriner  Cromwell;  Esq.,"  in  which  his  hypocrisy, 
tyrannv,  and  selfishness  are  denounced  in  vehe- 
ment language;  and  Whitelock  confesses  that 
"  many  who  viewed  this  Declaration  knew  there  • 
was  too  much  of  truth  in  it" 

7  Many  were  executed,  and  a  still  greater  num- 
ber sold  for  slaves  to  the  planters  in  the  Wax  In- 
dies. Arundel  Penruddock,  the  widow  of  Colonel 
John  Penruddock,  one  of  the  parties  executed,  how- 
ever, had  ;Caoo  granted  to  her  out  of  his  personal 
esute  (March  33,  X657),  "for  the  benefit  of  the 
younger  son  and  five  daughters  of  the  said  John." 
After  the  Rest(»ation  she  petitioned  for  a  ucenoe 
for  making  glasses,  and  stated  that,  beside  the  loss 
of  her  husband,  her  family  had  suffered  to  the 
amount  of  ;Cz  5,000  in  the  royal  cause. 

'  This  measure,  usually  known  as  the  decimation 
of  the  royalists,  was  extended  to  all  who  had  ever 
borne  arms^  for  the  king,  or  had  avowed  them- 
selves of  his  party,  wiuout  any  regard  to  com- 
positions or  pardons,  and  without  any  inquiry  whe- 
ther they  had  or  had  not  been  concerned  in  the  re- 
cent risings. 

•  The  sum  of  ;C6o,ooo  was  exaaed. 


Gg2 


4S2 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1655—1657. 


in  vain  for  the  Spanish  treasure- 
ships. 

Penn  and  Venables  recruit  their 
forces  among  the  royalist  refugees  in 
the  West  Indies.  They  make  an  un- 
successful attempt  on  Hispaniola,  in 
April,  but  capture  Jamaica,  in  May. 

Lord  Willoughby  of  Parham,  for- 
merly governor  of  Barbadoes,  and 
other  royalists,  committed  to  the 
Tower,  June. 

Several  ministers  are  "transported 
into  Ireland  to  preach  the  Gospel*," 
June,  July. 

A  part  of  the  fleet  from  the  West 
Indies  returns  in  September,  when  the 
commanders  are  at  once  committed 
to  the  Tower*. 

The  council  forbid  any  person  to 
publish  in  print  any  matter  of  public 
news  or  intelligence  without  leave  and 
approbation  of  the  secretary  of  state**, 
Oct. 

A  committee  of  trade  appointed*, 
Nov.  2. 

A  treaty  of  alliance  is  concluded  with 
France,  having  for  its  object  a  joint 
war  against  Spain,  Oct.  24.  One  article 
provides  that  Charles  II.  shall  no 
longer  be  suffered  to  reside  in  France ; 
he  and  his  brother,  the  duke  of  York, 
in  consequence  retire  to  Flanders. 

Manning ',  one  of  Thurloe's  spies,  is 
detected,  and  shot  by  order  of  Charles 
II.,  Dec. 

A  proposition  for  the  re-admission 


of  the  Jews  into  England »  is  repeatedly 
discussed  by  the  council,  and  by  com- 
mittees of  divines  and  lawyers,  but 
nothing  is  concluded  ^ 

A.D.  1656. 

Colonel  Sexby,  one  of  the  LevcUers, 
is  employed  by  the  Spaniards  to  get 
up  a  rebellion  against  the  Protector. 
They  aJso  negotiate  with  Charles  II., 
and  take  his  brother,  the  duke  of  York, 
into  their  service. 

The  exactions  of  the  majors-general 
occasion  much  discontent,  and  the 
Protector  is  obliged  to  summon  a  par- 
liament. 

A  part  of  the  Spanish  treasure-fleet* 
is  captured  off  Cadiz,  by  one  of  Blake's 
captains,  Sept.  9. 

The  Protector's  second^  parliament 
meets.  Sept  17 ;  Sir  Thomas  Wid- 
drington,  speaker.  Many  of  the  per- 
sons elected  are  arbitrarily  excluded 
by  the  council  I 

The  parliament  sentence  Jafties  Nay- 
lor,  a  quaker,  to  severe  punishment  as 
a  blasphemer",  Dec.  17. 

The  Protector  successfully  interferes 
with  the  duke  of  Savoy  (Charles  Ema- 
nuel II.)  on  behalf  of  the  Vaudois*. 

The  Protector  establishes  a  lif^ 
guard  of  160  men. 

A.D.  1657. 
A  conmiittee  appointed  by  the  par- 


*>  Such  is  the  expression  in  the  letters  of  privy 
seal:  some  received  ;^xoo,  others  ^£50,  for  their 
outfit. 

«  They  were  released  in  a  short  time.  Even  be- 
fore their  return  Cromwell  had  taken  steps  to  render 
their  conquest  G^unaica)  valuable  by  sending  set- 
tlers thither.  As  earljr  as  Tune  6,  1655,  money  was 
i&sued  to  prepare  additional  land  forces,  and  in  July 
he  sent  twelve  ships  with  a  regiment  of  soldiers  to 
•-ecure  the  island,  which  afforded  a  ^ood  position 
for  future  attacks  on  the  Spanish  dommions. 

•»  ITiis  post  was  now  held  by  Thurloe. 

•  "This,"  Whitelock,  one  of  its  members,  re- 
n  arks,  "  was  a  business  of  much  importance  to  the 
c  mmon wealth,  and, the  Protector  was  earnestly 
^ct  upon  it" 

f  He  was  in  the  service  of  Hyde,  who  was  in 
realitv  the  prime  minister  of  the  exiled  king,  and 
w.is  thus  able  to  transmit  important  intelligence  to 
his  employers.  Anne  Manning,  his  widow,  received 
a  pension  of  aos.  a-week,  from  the  Protector,  by 
letter  of  privy  seal,  dated  Oct.  31, 1656. 

«  For  their  expiUsion,  see  a.d.  Z39Z. 

'•  Sec  Note,  p.  162. 

'  Major-general  Kelsev  was  paid  ^^230  by  privy 
seal  of  Ian.  19,  1657,  »0'  *o  much  by  lum  dis- 
hursed  tor  coach-hire  and  other  charges,  in  bring- 
ing up  the  Spanish  plate  from  Portsmouth  to 
London." 

"  Or  third,  if  the  Barebones'  parliament  is 
reckoned. 

'  Among  them  were  Sir  Arthur  Hasihrigge«  Sir 


Anthony  Ashley  Cooper  (afterwards  eari  of  Sha&es^ 
bury),  and  Sir  Harbottle  Grimstooe,  who  becaae 
"      *:er  of  the  Convention  which  recalkd  Chx-ks 


Speak< 


II..  and  was  afterwards  Master  of  the  Rolls.  Be^ 
and  others  published  a  Remonstrasoe,  m  which  tb^r 
denounced  those  who  sat  without  them  as  "be- 
trayers of  the  liberties  of  England,  and  adheieots 
to  the  capital  enemies  of  the  commonwealth."  . 
■  He  was  to  be  pilloried,  whipped,  branded  vitfa 
B"  for  Blasphemer,  and  his  tongue  bored  vitb  *■ 
red-hot  iron ;  then  to  be  imprisoned,  debarred  fr«« 
company,  pen,  ink,  and  paper,  and  k«c  to  hard  la- 
bour for  his  subsistence.  He  was  released  by  tbe 
restored  Long  Parliament,  Sept.  8,  1659. 

>  The  agent  employed  was  Samuel  Morbiu,  * 
man  of  doubtful  character  and  versatile  talents,  o 
whom  some  have  ascribed  the  inventioo  of  the 
steam-engine.  He  was  bom  about  1605,  is  Bei^ 
shire,  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  was  coe  d 
Whitelock's  retinue  on  his  embassy  to  Sww^ 
He  resided  for  a  while  at  Geneva,  and  pnood 
a  History  of  the  Evaxigelical  Churches  of  the 
Valleys  of  Piedmont.    He  was  confidentially  ea- 

t>loyed  by  Thurloe,  Cromwell's  secretary,  hat  < 
ength  fled  to  Charles  IL,  to  whom  he  di^rcLi 
plot  said  to  have  been  formed  to  assassinate  hur 
The  information  was  probably  false,  but  M<>"^ 
was  knighted,  and  he  continued  in  £avonr  after  t» 
Restoration,  being  prized  by  the  king  for  his  oc 
chanical  abilities,  of  which  many  angular  stom^ 
are  related.    He  died  in  1696. 


A.D.  1657,  1658.]  CHARLES  II. — COMMONWEALTH. 


453 


liament  to  consider  of  the  translation 
of  the  Bible  Man.  16. 

Syndercombe,  an  agent  of  Sexby, 
attempts  to  assassinate  the  Protec- 
tor, Jan.  19.  He  is  tried  and  con- 
demned, Feb.  9^  but  dies  in  prison, 
Feb.  13. 

A  proposition  is  made  in  the  parlia- 
ment to  give  the  title  of  King  to  Crom- 
well, Feb.  23.  After  considerable  de- 
bate, an  instrument  called  the  Humble 
Petition  and  Advice  is  agreed  to, 
March  25,  which  provides  that  the 
Protector  shall  govern  "  with  a  higher 
title,"  and  "with  the  advice  of  two 
houses  of  parliament"  Lambert  and 
other  officers  strenuously  oppose  this, 
and  at  length  Cromwell  declines  the 
title,  May  8. 

A  charter,  with  ample  powers, 
granted  to  the  East  India  Company, 
March  16. 

The  Anabaptists  attempt  a  rising  in 
London,  but  are  speedily  suppressed', 
April  9. 

Blake  destroys  a  fleet  of  Spanish 
treasure-ships  at  Santa  Cruz,  April  20. 

A  patent  is  granted  (May  15)  for 
the  erection  of  a  third  university,  at 
Durham. 

Troops  are  sent  to  act  with  the 
French  against  the  Spaniards,  May. 

The  Humble  Petition  and  Advice 
(giving  Cromwell  only  the  title  of 
Lord  Protector,  but  allowing  him  to 
name  his  successor,  and  to  create 
a  House  of  Peers^)  is  presented  to 
the  Protector,  and  accepted  by  him, 
May  26. 

Cromwell  is  inaugurated  as  Lord 
Protector,  with  much  pomp ',  June  26. 
The  parliament  adjourns  the  same  day. 

Lambert  refuses  to  take  the  oath  to 
Cromwell,  and  is  deprived  of  his  post 
of  general  of  the  army. 


Mardyke  is  captured  by  the  English 
and  French,  Sept.  23. 

Sexby  comes  into  England',  is 
seized,  and  soon  after  dies  in  the 
Tower. 

A.D.  1658. 

The  parliament  meets,  Jan.  20, 
being,  in  virtue  of  a  provision  in  the 
Humble  Advice  and  Petition,  divided 
into  two  Houses.  The  new-made 
peers*,  however,  are  not  recognised 
by  the  commoners,  and  the  parliament 
is  dissolved,  Feb.  4. 

The  marquis  of  Ormond  visits  Eng- 
land, and  endeavours  to  prepare  for 
a  rising  of  the  royalists  in  connexion 
with  an  invasion  by  the  king  from 
Flanders,  Jan.  and  Feb.  The  design 
becomes  known,  and  the  Flemish 
coast  is  blockaded  by  an  English 
fleet. 

Sir  Henry  Slingsby  and  Dr.  Hewitt 
are  executed  as  concerned  in  the  in- 
tended rising,  June  8. 

The  English  and  French  defeat  the 
Spaniards  at  Dunkirk,  June  4.  The 
town  is  taken,  June  17,  and  given  up 
to  the  English,  and  Flanders  is  over- 
run. 

The  Protector  falls  ill,  early  in 
August  He  dies,  SepL  3,  at  White- 
hall. His  public  funeral  is  celebrated 
with  great  pomp  in  the  chapel  of 
Henry  VIL  at  Westminster',  Nov.  23. 

Richard  Cromwell  is  declared  Pro- 
tector by  the  council,  Sept.  3. 

Fleetwood  and  the  other  officers 
begin  to  combine  against  him.  To 
conciliate  them,  Lambert  is  restored 
to  the  command  of  the  army,  Oct.  14- 

A  parliament  is  summoned,  in  order 
to  counteract  the  hostility  of  the  army, 
Nov.  30. 


•  Whitdock  says,  "This  cominittee  oftea  met  at 
my  house  [at  Chelsea],  and  had  the  most  learned 
men  m  the  Oriental  tongues  to  consult  with  in  this 
great  business,  and  divets  excellent  and  learned 
observations  ot  some  mistakes  in  the  translations  of 
the  Bible  in  English  ;  which  yet  was  agreed  to  be 
the  best  of  any  translation  in  the  wortd.  I  took 
pains  in  it,  but  it  became  fruitless  by  the  parlia- 
ment's dissolution."  Among  the  members  of  this 
•committee  were  Ralph  Cudworth,  and  Brian  Wal- 
ton, who  about  the  same  time  published  his  in- 
valuable Polyglot  Bible. 

r  Harrison,  who  was  to  have  been  their  leader, 
had  been  seixed  the  night  before,  and  sent  to  the 
Tower. 

«  The  coronation  chair  was  brought  from  West- 
minster Abbey  to  the  Hall  for  the  occasion,  its  only 
known  remo^. 

'  He  had  distributed  thousands  of  a  pamphlet 


entitled,  **  Killing  no  Murder,"  (probablv  written 
b^  Captain  Titus,  a  royalist,)  in  which  the  assas- 
sination of  the  Protector  was  recommended ;  and 
he  was  supposed  to  come  prepared  to  carry  his 
doctrine  into  execution. 

■  They  were  sixtv  in  number.  Among  them 
were  Richard  and  Heniy  Cromwell ;  the  earls  of 
Cassilis,  Manchester,  Mufgrave,  and  Warwick,  and 
Viscount  Say  and  Sele ;  Monk  and  Montague  (after- 
wards duke  of  Albemarle  and  eari  of  Sandwich)  ; 
Lords  Broghill,  Fauconberg(Cromwell'sson-in-law), 
and  Wharton ;  Viscounts  lloward  and  Lisle :  Sir 
Arthur  HasUrigge,  and  two  other  baronets ;  White- 
lock,  Glyn,  and  other  lawyers ;  Desborou^h,  the 
two  Fleetwoods,  Pride,  Skippon.  and  Tomlmson. 

t  His  body  had  been  already  buried  there.  Sept. 
aa  After  the  Restoration  it  was,  to  the^  disgrace 
of  the  Convention  parliament,  torn  from  its  grave, 
and  exposed  on  the  gibbet. 


454 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a,d.  1659. 


A.D.  1659. 

The  parliament  meets,  Jan.  29 ; 
Chaloner  Chute,  Speaker.  Not  above 
half  the  new-made  peers  attend. 

"A  representation,"  says  White- 
lock,  "  was  sigfned  by  all  the  officers 
of  the  army  (April  6),  and  afterwards 
presented  to  his  highness  (Richard), 
setting  forth  their  want  of  pay,  the 
insolencies  of  the  enemies,  and  their 
designs,  together  with  some  in  power, 
to  ruin  the  army  and  the  good  old 
cause,  and  to  bring  in  the  enemies 
hereof ;  to  prevent  which,  and  to 
provide  against  free  quarter,  they  de- 
sire his  mghness  to  advise  with  the 
parliament,  and  to  provide  effectual 
remedy.  Now  there  being  nothing 
done  hereupon,  the  army  began  to 
speak  high  and  threatening.  This  was 
the  beginning  of  Richard's  fall,  and 
set  on  foot  by  his  relations — Desbo- 
rough,  who  married  his  aunt,  and 
Fleetwood,  who  married  his  sister,  and 
others  of  their  party ;  and  the  parlia- 
ment disputed  about  the  other  House, 
but  took  no  course  to  provide  money, 
but  exasperated  the  army,  and  all 
those  named  of  the  other  House." 

The  army  forms  ^  several  councils, 
which  the  parliament  votes  illegal. 
After  some  delay  the  Protector,  on  a 
promise  of  military  support,  dissolves 
the  parliament,  April  22. 

Fleetwood  and  the  officers  come  to 
an  agreement  with  the  republicans, 
and  by  their  wish  recall  the  members 
of  the  Long  Parliament  dispersed  by 
Cromwell",  who  reassemble  May  7. 
The  members  expelled  in  1648*  in 
vain  claim  admission. 

"The  great  officers  of  the  army," 
says  Whitelock,  "were  advised  to  con- 
sider better  of  their  design  of  bringing 
in  the  members  of  the  old  parliament, 
who  were  most  of  them  discontented 


for  their  being  formerly  broken  op  by 
Cromwell,  and  did  distaste  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  army,  and  whether 
this  would  not  probably  more  increase 
the  divisions,  and  end  in  bringing  in 
of  the  king ;  but  the  officers  had  re- 
solved on  it." 

A  Committee  of  Safety  appointed. 
May  9 ;  "  most  of  them  soldiers,  ex- 
cept Vane  and  Scott,"  says  White- 
lock;  "and  ordered  that  all  officers 
should  be  such  as  feared  God  and 
were  faithful  to  the  cause." 

A  Council  of  State,  of  thirty-one 
members,  appointed,  May  13  ;  consist- 
ing of  Lord  Fairfax  y,  Lambert,  Des- 
borough,  and  twelve  other  soldiers : 
and  Sir  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper ', 
Bradshaw,  Whitelock,  and  tiiirteer. 
other  civilians. 

The  armies  in  Ireland,  Scotland, 
and  Flanders,  and  the  fleet,  signify 
their  adhesion  to  this  revolution,  nHiich 
displaces  Richard  Cromwell*. 

Richard,  in  reply  to  the  parliament, 
expresses  his  willingness  to  retire  froir- 
office,  May  25, 

Fleetwood  appointed  lieutenant- 
general  of  the  forces,  June  4. 

Hemy  Cromwell  resigns  the  govern- 
ment of'^  Ireland  to  the  commissioner- 
of  the  parliament,  June  15. 

The  parliament  endeavour  to  re- 
model the  army,  and  thus  lose  their 
support.  The  royalists  seize  the  op- 
portunity for  a  rising.  Sir  Geor^t 
Booth  and  Sir  Thomas  Middleton  ap- 
pear in  arms,  and  surprise  Chester. 
early  in  August.  They  are  defcatcl 
by  Lambert  at  Nantwich,  Aug.  u. 
which  prevents  a  projected  landing  i*. 
Kent  by  the  duke  of  York. 

Fresh  quarrels  occur  between  th. 
parliament  and  the  army.  Fleetwood 
and  others  are  voted  out  of  their  cos: 
mands,  Oct  12.    They  instead  cspc 


■  See  A.D.  1653. 
»  See  p.  43$. 

f  His  appointment  was  merely  nominal,  and  he 
did  not  attend  its  sittings. 

■  He  was  born  in  1621,  was  educated  at  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  and  for  a  short  time  studied  the 
law.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  ctvil  war,  he  pro- 
fessed himself  a  royalist,  but  taking  offence  at  the 
behaviour  of  Prince  Maurice,  he  soon  joined  the 
Parliament,  was  an  active  man  under  the  Common- 
wealth, and  was  employed  by  Cromwell,  but  was 
excluded  from  his  second  pariiament.  He  entered 
into  the  plans  for  the  king's  restoration,  was  in 
consequence  made  a  peer,  and  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  and  afterwards  created  earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury. He  held  the  office  of  lord-chancellor  for 
•a  year,  and  when  ditmiitrd  became  a  vehement 


opponent  of  the  court,  and  laboured  eanic»:>.' 
exclude  the  duke  of  York  from  the  i 


which  purpose  he  encouraged  the  beUef  in  :" 
Popish  Plot  Shaftesbuiy  is  stigmatised  under :. 
name  of  Achitophel  by  Dryden,  and  he  was  e* 
dently  one  of  the  most  danns  and  unprisKxpied 
political  adventurers.  His  schemes,  howwer.  e- 
with  deserved  failure.  He  was  twice  impn«c-h 
in  the  Tower,  and,  warned  bv  a  narrow  e<»= 
from  trial  for  treason,  he  withdraw  to  Hott*:. 
where  he  shortly  after  died,  Jan.  a«,  1683. 

*  His  authority  entirely  ceased  when  he  dis«->'" 
the  parliament,  in  April,  but  he  was  allo^^  ;-  - 
main  at  Whitehall  until  August,  when  hit  .' 
(amounting  to  £2g,64a)  were  paid,  and  a  prttw^ 
ready  money  being  made  to  him,  he  wither.  - 
theContineaL 


JLD.  1659,  1660.]         CHARLES  II.— COMMONWEALTH. 


45S 


the  parliament,  Oct  13,  and  reassume 
the  government,  managing  it  by  a 
Committee  of  Safety  *»,  Oct.  23. 

Monk  prepares  to  march  into  Eng- 
land, under  pretence  of  restoring  the 
parliament '.  Lambert  is  dispatched 
against  him,  but  suffers  himself  to  be 
amused  with  negotiations  ;  meanwhile 
his  troops  desert  him. 

Riots  occur  in  London,  and  the  par- 
liament is  reinstated,  Dec.  26. 

A.D.  1660. 

Lord  Broghill  and  Colonel  Coote* 
seize  the  castle  of  Dublin,  expel  the  par- 
liamentary commissioners,  and  make 
a  tender  of  the  services  of  the  Pro- 
testants in  Ireland  to  the  exiled  king. 

Monk  is  joined  by  Lord  Fairfax  at 
York,  early  in  January.  He  marches 
on  London,  where  he  arrives  Feb.  3, 
and  occupies  the  city  with  his  troops. 

An  Engagement  agreed  on  "to  be 
true  and  faithful  to  the  commonwealth 
of  England,  and  the  government 
thereof  in  the  way  of  commonwealth 
and  free  state,  without  a  king,  single 
person,  or  House  of  Lords  •,''  Feb.  13. 

The  excluded  members  of  parlia- 
ment are  reinstated,  with  William 
Lenthall  as  Speaker,  by  desire  of 
Monk,  Feb.  21. 

The    parliament,    consisting    now 


mainly  of  presbyterians  and  concealed^ 
royalists,  appoint  a  Council  of  State 
favourable  to  the  king,  and  release 
Sir  George  Booth  and  oUier  prisoners^ 
Feb.  22. 

Monk  appointed  captain-general  and 
commander-in-chief  of  all  the  forces  in 
England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  Feb. 
25.  He  is  also,  in  conjunction  with. 
Montague',  appointed  to  command, 
the  navy,  March  3. 

The  Engagement  repudiated,  and 
all  orders  for  taking  it  discharged^ 
March  13. 

The  royalists  shew  themselves* 
openly.  Many  ministers  pray  for  the 
king  by  name  ;  he  is  also  proclaimed 
in  some  places. 

The  parliament  dissolves  itself,. 
March  16,  after  appointing  a  new  as- 
sembly (or  Convention)  to  meet  on. 
April  25. 

Lambert  escapes  from  the  Tower  *^ 
April  II,  and  endeavours  to  rekindle 
the  war.  He  is  defeated  near  Daven- 
try,  April  21,  and  retaken. 

The  Convention  parliament  meets^ 
April  25  ;  Sir  Harbottle  Grimstone,. 
Speaker.  It  consists  of  two  Houses,, 
the  peers  taking  their  seats  without 
opposition. 

A  letter  from  the  king^  is  delivered 
to  both  Houses*,  May  i.     It  is  re- 


^  This  consisted  of  twenty-three  membeis,  of 
-vrfaom  Fleetwood,  Lambert,  and  Desborou^^h  were 
the  chief:  Whitelock  was  prevailed  on  to  join  it,  in 
<irdcr  to  counteract  the  designs  of  Vane  and  others, 
"  who,"  he  says,  "had  a  design  to  overthrow  ma- 
ipstracy,  ministry,  and  the  law/' 

•  He  had  alr^d^  written  to  the  oflScers  of  the 
axmy  expressing  his  dissatisfaction  with  their  pro- 
ceedings. Commissioners  were  sent  to  him  to 
1>ring  about  an  accommodation,  "but  they  could 
bave  nothing  but  general  and  uncertain  answers 
firom  him. 

*  Coote  commanded  in  the  north  of  Ireland.  He 
was  the  son  of  Sir  Charles  Coote,  who  was  killed 
in  opposing  the  rebels  in  1642,  and  was  himself 
created  earl  of  Mountrath.  Roger  Boyle,  Lord 
Broghill,  a  younger  son  of  the  first  earl  of  Cork, 
had  also  served  against  the  rebels,  but  being  taken 
by  the  parliament  forces  he  was,  like  Monk,  in- 
duced to  join  them,  and  he  had  now  the  whole  of 
the  south  of  Ireland  at  his  disposal.  His  services 
were  rewarded  with  the  title  of  the  earl  of  Orrery  : 
he  took  a  considerable  part  in  the  affairs  of  Ireland 
under  Charles  II.,  and  died  in  the  year  1670,  in  the 
fifty-ninth  year  of  his  age.  Lord  Broghill  was 
a  man  of  letters,  and  his  works  are  still  regarded  as 
valuable. 

•  This  had  been  voted  by  the  parliament,  Sept.  3, 
1659,  during  their  auarrel  with  tne  army,  but  would 
appear  not  to  have  been  enforced  ;  it  was  now  again 
voted,  and  Monk  professed  to  acquiesce  in  it.  It 
was,  after  the  Restoration,  burnt  by  the  hang- 
aan,  like  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant. 

*  Edward  Montague,  the  grandson  of  Lord  Mon- 
tague of  Houghton,  was  bom  in  1625.     He  raised 


a  regiment  in  the  associated  counties  for  the  Parlia- 
ment, and,  though  still  a  youth,  fought  at  its  head 
at  Marston-moor  and  at  Nascby.  In  1652  he  be- 
came one  of  the  council  of  state,  and  was  soon  after 
appointed  an  admiral.  Montague  warmly  cm- 
braced  the  cause  of  Charles  II.,  and  was  by  hint 
created  earl  of  Sandwich.  He  took  possession  of 
Tangier  for  England,  chastised  the  Barbary  cor- 
sairs, and  served  in  both  the  wars  against  the  Dutch, 
in  the  last  of  which  he  pcri:>hcd,  in  the  battle  of 
Solebay,  May  28,  1672. 

8  He  had  oeen  called  on  by  the  council  to  give 
security  for  his  peaceable  behaviour,  :u\d  was  com- 
mitted on  his  refusal,  March  6. 

i>  It  was  brought  by  Sir  John  Grenville,  tne  son 
of  Sir  Bevil  Grenville,  the  Cornish  commander,  and 
who  had  himself  defended  the  Scilly  Isles  against 
Blake.  After  the  Restoration  he  was,  in  memory 
of  his  father's  services  as  well  as  bis  own,  created 
Viscount  Grenville  of  Lansdown  and  earl  of  Baih. 
He  died  Aug.  22,  1701. 

i  "  By  this  declaration  [from  Breda,  dated  April  4], 
the  king  grants  a  free  general  pardon  to  all  that  shall 
lay  hold  of  it  within  lorty  days,  except  such  as  the 
parliament  shall  except,  and  a  liberty  to  tender 
consciences,  and  that  none  be  questioned  for  differ- 
ence of  opinion  in  matters  of  religion  that  do  net 
disturb  the  peace  of  the  kingdom  ;  that  differences, 
and  all  things  relating  to  grants,  sales,  and  pur- 
chases, shall  be  determined  in  parliament  ;  and  he 
will  consent  to  acts  for  that  purpose,  and  for  satis- 
faction of  the  arrears  to  Monk  s  officers  and  sol- 
diers, and  they  to  be  received  into  his  Majesty  * 
service  and  pay." 


45^ 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1 66a 


ceived  with  joy,  and  he  is  invited  to 
return  to  his  kingdoms. 

Montague  and  the  fleet  declare  for 
the  kingi,  early  in  May,  and  sail  to 
Holland  to  take  him  on  board. 

Charles  II.  is  proclaimed  by  order 


of  the  parliament,  May  8  \  Commis- 
sioners are  sent  to  Holland  to  wait  on 
him*.  He  lands  at  Dover,  May  25, 
where  he  is  received  by  Monk,  and 
enters  London  in  triumph,  on  his  birth- 
day, Tuesday,  May  29. 


i  Montague  himself  fired  the  first  gun,  and  cried 
"  God  save  the  king  1 " 

k  Notices  of  this  are  to  be  found  in  many  parish 
registers,  and  one  entry  at  least  shews  that  the  in- 
cumbent returned  to  the  use  of  the  Liturgy  without 
delay.  In  the  register  of  Whitworth,  Durham,  we 
rtttd,  "Charles  II.  proclaimed  at  London,  May 
8th,  and  at  Durham,  zath  May,  1660,  on  which  day, 
Im  Stephen  Hogg,  began  to  use  again  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer." 


1  They  were  six  lords  and  twelve  coouaofiezs : 
fourteen  citixens  and  ten  presbytcrian  ministen  ac- 
companied them.  The  peers  were,  the  earis  of 
Middlesex,  Oxford,  and  Warwick :  Visooant  Hoc- 
ford  ;  and  Lords  Berkeley  and  Brooke.  The  com- 
moners were*  the  Lords  Bruce,  Castletoo,  Taufax, 
Falkland,  Herbert,  and  Mandeville ;  Sir  Gcosge 
Booth.  Sir  A.  A.  Cooper,  Sir  Henry  CholBiek>> 
and  Sir  Horatio  Townsend;  John  HoUukI  and 
Denzil  Holies. 


Gharles  n.,  from  Mb  ftreat  EeaL 
CHARLES  II. 


Charles,  the  eldest  surviving  son 
of  Charles  I.  and  Henrietta  Maria  of 
France,  was  bom  at  St.  James's,  May 
29,  1630.  In  his  ninth  year  he  was 
created  Prince  of  Wales ;  and  when 
the  civil  war  broke  out,  he  accompa- 
nied his  father  at  the  battle  of  Edge- 
hilL  In  1644  he  was  the  nominal 
head  of  the  royal  forces  in  the  west 
of  England,  but  on  the  decline  of  the 
cause  he  was  obliged  to  retire  to  Scilly, 
to  Jersey,  and  eventually  to  France. 
When  matters  appeared  to  be  draw- 
ing to  extremity  with  the  king,  several 
of  the  ships  of  the  Parliament  went 
over  to  the  prince,  who  made  some 
attempts  to  blockade  the  Thames, 
and  even  landed  near  Deal,  but  was 
soon  obliged  to  withdraw  to  Holland, 
whence,  in  the  hope  of  inducing  them 
to  spare  his  father's  life,  he  dispatched 
to  the  intending  regicides  a  sheet  of 


paper,  signed  and  sealed,  but  other- 
wise blank,  for  them  to  insert  their 
own  conditions.  No  public  notice 
was  taken  of  this  noble  offer,  though 
it  is  believed  to  have  been  debated, 
and  the  young  prince  became  de  jure 
king  Jan.  30,  1049,  but  he  could  not 
obtain  possession  of  his  kingdoms  till 
after  the  lapse  of  almost  twelve  years. 
The  Scots,  though  unquestionably 
accountable  for  much  of  the  present 
state  of  affairs,  were  not  satisfied  with 
the  proceedings  of  the  new  govern- 
ment in  England,  and,  after  fierce 
debates  among  themselves,  they  in- 
vited the  king  to  repair  to  them ;  he 
at  length  did  so,  and  was  crowned 
at  Scone,  Jan.  i,  165 1.  Charles  ex- 
hibited courage  and  conduct  in  oppos- 
ing Cromwell's  troops  before  Edin- 
burgh, but  his  cause  was  hopeless 
from  the  first,  owing  to  the  discords 


458 


THE  STUARTS. 


among  his  supporters  ■.  He  suddenly 
inarched  into  England,  and  gained 
possession  of  Worcester,  but  there 
received  so  complete  a  defeat  (Sept. 
3),  that  he  had  great  difficulty  in 
escaping  to  the  continent,  and  his 
cause  seemed  utterly  ruined.  He  led 
a  wandering  life  for  the  following  nine 
years  in  France,  Germany,  and  the 
Low  Countries,  sometimes  relieved  and 
sometimes  repelled,  according  as  the 
various  sovereigns,  or  their  ministers, 
threw  off  or  yielded  to  their  dread 
of  CromwelL  He  was  accompanied 
by  a  few  faithful  adherents^  but  his 
little  court  was  also  beset  by  intrigue- 
ing,  turbulent  men,  and  spies,  who 
betrayed  his  counsels,  and  caused 
the  numerous  attempted  risings  of  his 
friends,  both  in  England  and  in  Scot> 
land,  to  end  only  in  their  own  de- 
struction. At  length,  on  the  death 
of  Cromwell,  the  council  of  officers, 
headed  by  Lambert  and  Fleetwood, 
seized  on  the  government ;  they  were 
withstood  by  General  Monk,  who 
marched  on  them  from  Scotland, 
where  he  had  long  commanded,  and 
by  his  able,  though  interested  manage- 
ment**, the  young  king  was  invited  to 
return  to  his  dominions.  He  at  once 
complied,  and  entered  London  in  tri- 
mnph  on  his  birthday.  May  29,  1660. 

From  this  time  Charles  reigned  for 
twenty -five  years,  but  neither  with 
peace  at  home  nor  with  glory  abroad. 
Warned  by  the  fate  of  his  father,  he 
abstained  from  open  contest  with  his 
parliaments,  preferring  to  corrupt  their 
leading  men ;  and,  to  gain  money  for 
his  profligate  exi>enses,  he  became  the 
pensioner  of  Louis  XIV.  of  France, 
and  aided  him  in  his  wanton  attacks 
on  Holland.  Though  he  often  pro- 
fessed himself  more  indebted  for  his 
restoration  to  the  nonconformists  than 
was  really  the  case,  he  readily  sanc- 
tioned severe  laws  against  them,  which 
in  Scotland  led  to  actual  rebellion, 
and  in  England  gave  occasion  to  va- 


rious plots,  by  which  his  throne  was 
shaken,  though  not  overturned  At  last 
the  violence  of  his  opponents  seemed 
to  threaten  a  renewal  of  the  civil  war, 
when  the  nation  generally  abandoned 
their  self- elected  leaders,  some  of 
whom  were  condemned  as  traitors, 
while  others  were  obliged  to  flee 
abroad,  and  the  long  was  beginning 
to  reign  without  opposition,  when  he 
died  somewhat  suddenly,  Feb.  6, 16S5, 
He  was  biuried  in  Henry  VIL's  chapel 
at  Westminster,  Feb.  14. 

The  reign  of  Charles  II.  is  a  very 
important  era.  Beside  those  remaik- 
able  events,  the  great  Plague  and  the 
Fire  of  London,  it  was  maiked  by 
many  legislative  enactments  of  the 
gravest  kind.  By  the  Act  of  Uni- 
formity and  some  auxiliary  statures 
the  Church  was  re-established,  and 
was  guarded,  so  ££0*  as  human  means 
can  achieve  such  objects,  from  in- 
sincere ministers  and  unauthorized  as- 
semblies ;  disabilities  were  imposed 
on  nonconformists,  both  Protestant 
and  Romish,  which  have  since  been 
modified  or  removed;  the  onerous 
features  of  the  feudal  system  were 
abolished ;  commerce  was  sought  io 
be  advanced  by  special  laws,  particu- 
larly relating  to  shipping;  aiKl  the 
freedom  of  the  subject  was  secured 
by  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act,  which 
gives  practical  effect  to  a  pro\'ision 
of  Magna  Carta  (against  illegal  im- 
prisonment*) that  had  been  allowed 
almost  to  become  inoperative. 

Charles  married  in  1662  the  infanta 
Katharine  of  Portugal,  daughter  of 
John  I  v."*,  by  whom  he  had  no  family. 
She  lived  in  England  until  the  year 
1692,  and  then,  returning  to  Portugal, 
governed  that  country  daring  the  ill- 
ness of  her  brother  Pedro  XL;  she 
died  in  1705. 

The  king,  both  before  and  after  his 
marriage,  led  a  profligate  life  %  and  he 
had  a  numerous  illegitimate  issue,*  of 
whom  only  one  acted  any  conspicuous 


•  See  A.D.  1650. 

*»  The  restoration  of  royalty  was  seen  to  be  the 
only  means  to  save  the  nation  from  the  evib  of  a 
mUitary  ^vernment,  and  accordingly  the  leaders 
of  the  different  factions  vied  with  each  other  in 
endeavouring  to  bring  it  about.  The  CromweUian 
settlers  in  Ireland  apparently  made  the  earliest 
offer  to  the  king :  Monk  waited  his  time,  keeping 
bis  ultimate  intentions  a  secret :  but  when  he  found 
that  Whitclock,  Thurloe,  and  othen  in  Lohdon 
were  deliberating  about  imiuting  them,  he  spoke 


out,  and  having  an  army  at  hb  back,  and  LockM* 
in  his  power,  be  made  his  own  terms*  and  acsoc 
pUshed  the  matter  without  diflSculty. 

•  Sec  A.D.  1215. 

**  He  received  with  her  a  ridi  portioa  in  moon- 
as  well  as  the  possession  of  Bombay  and  Taapv 
She  was  a  woman  of  sense,  spirit,  and  virtoe,  fc^ 
he  treated  her  with  heartless  neglect  and  iofiik 

•  Two  of  his  mistresses  (created  by  him  duchessrv 
of  Oeveland  and  Portsmouth)  were  political asttt^ 
of  France  ;  another  was  an  actress. 


A.D.  16499  i66o.] 


CHARLES  II. 


459^ 


part  in  public  affairs ;  this  was  James, 
duke  of  Monmouth,  beheaded  in  1685. 
A  daughter,  Mary,  was  the  mother  of 
James  RadcUff,  earl  of  Derwentwater, 
executed  in  17 16. 

Charles  employed  the  same  arms, 
supporters,  motto,  and  badges  as  his 
father  had  done. 


Armi  of  diarleB  H. 

This  long,  while  in  adversity,  gene- 
rally conducted  himself  well,  and  dis- 
played some  valuable  qualities,  but 
these  seem  to  have  vanished  when  he 
ascended  the  throne' ;  and  though  he 
sometimes  exhibited  a  kind  of  easy 
good-nature',  he  far  more  frequently 
proved  himself  destitute  of  honour  or 
gratitude.  H  e  had  talents  for  business, 
but  he  professed  to  believe  that  his 
father  had  interfered  too  much  in  the 
details  of  government,  and  he  therefore 
left  everything  of  the  kind  to  his  mi- 
nisters ;  but  where  his  own  vicious  in- 
dulgences were  concerned,  he  stooped 
to^the  greatest  himiiliations,  and  prac- 
tised the  most  scandalous  dishonesty 
to  procure  means  for  riot  and  extrava- 
gance \  He  allowed  men  to  be  sacri- 
ficed whom  he  professed  to  believe  in- 
nocent, merely  to  avoid  the  risk  of  pro- 
tecting them ;  and  whilst  he  affected 
to  join  in  the  fears  of  his  subjects 
as  to  the  designs  of  the  Romanists, 
and  agreed  to  severe  laws  to  restrain 


them,  was  himself  a  member  of  their 
conmiunion,  and  actively  engaged  ia 
schemes  to  subvert  the  constitution 
both  in  Church  and  State. 


A.D.  1649. 
Charles  II.  succeeds  de  jure  on  the 
death  of  his  father,  Jan.  30  *.   He  does 
not  obtain  possession  of  the  throne 
until 

A.D.  1660. 

When,  invited  by  the  parliament 
(May  8),  he  returns,  and  makes  his 
public  entry  into  London,  May  29. 

The  Long  Parliament  declared  to- 
be  fully  dissolved  and  determined, 
[12  Car.  II.  c  i]. 

The  regicides  are  summoned  to  sur- 
render within  fourteen  days,  in  order 
to  their  trial,  June  6. 

The  Breda  declaration  made  public 
by  proclamation,  June  15. 

Tunnage  and  poundage  granted  to 
the  king  from  June  24,  16&,  for  the 
term  of  his  life,  [c  4]. 

Sir  Harry  Vane  committed  to  the 
Tower,  July  7. 

The  king  makes  a  speech  to  the 
peers,  urging  the  speedy  passing  of 
the  bill  of  indemnity,  with  no  excep- 
tion but  of  the  regicides,  July  27. 

An  act  of  "  free  and  general  pardon, 
indemnity,  and  oblivion  ^  "  passed,  [c. 
If].  All  treasons  and  other  state 
offences  committed  between  Jan.  i, 
1637,  and  June  24, 1660,  are  pardoned, 
except  where  the  offenders  are  men- 
tioned by  name,  or  have  embezzled 
the  king's  goods,  or  are  Romish 
priest?,  or  have  been  concerned  in 
plotting,  contriving,  or  designing  the 
Irish  rebellion  of  164 1. 

A  poll-tax  levied  for  disbanding  and 
paying  off  the  army  and  navy,  [cc.  9*, 


*  Evdyn»  who  knew  King  Charles  well,  writes 
thus  feelingljr  on  the  occasion :  **  I  think  of  it  with 
sorrow  ana  pity,  when  I  consider  of  how  good  and 
debonnaire  a  nature  that  unhappy  prince  was,  what. 
opportonities  he  had  to  have  made  himself  the  most 
renowned  kii»  that  ever  swayed  the  British  sceptxe, 
bad  he  been  mm  to  that  Church  for  which  his  mar- 
tyred and  blessed  fiuher  suffered ;  and  had  he  been 
grateful  to  Almighty  God,  who  so  miraculously  re- 
stored him,  with  so  excellent  a  religion :  had  he  en- 
deavoured, to  own  and  propagate  it  as  he  should 
have  done«  not  only  for  the  good  of  his  kingdom, 
but  of  all  the  reformed  Churaies  in  Christendom, 
now  weakened  and  near  mined  through  our  remiss- 
ness, and  suffering  them  to  be  supplanted,  perse- 
cuted and  destroyed,  as  in  France,  which  we  took 
no  notice  of." 

V  His  Secret  Service  accounts  remain,  and  the 
sums  that  appear  therein,  as  *'  the  king's  free  gift 


and  royal  bounty,"  are  very  considerable.  They 
are  bestowed  on  such  sufferers  for  loyalty  as  were 
fortunate  enough  to  get  their  petitions  into  his  own 
hand,  instead  dT  intrusting  them  to  his  secrttaries. 

^  His  secret  treaties  with  France,  his  pretences 
of  going  to  war  merely  to  obtain  grants  from  his 
parliament,  and  his  seizure  of  the  hankers'  money 
m  the  exchequer  are  ample  proofe  of  this. 

'  His  regnal  years  are  dated  from  this  day- 
Hence  the  first  statute  passed  by  the  parliament 
that  recalled  him  is  known  as  Z2  Car.  II.  c.  z. 

*■  Words  reviving  the  memory  of  the  late  differ- 
ences were  forbidden  under  penuties,  on  gentlemen, 
of  ;£zo,  and  on  persons  of  lower  degree,  of  40s.  for 
each  offence. 

'  The  payment  ranged  from  £,\oo  for  dukes» 
down  to  6d.  Com:  each  person  above  sixteen  not 
living  on  alms. 


460 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  i66o« 


10,  20]  ;  the  mode  of  the  disbandment 
regulated",  [cc.  15,  27]. 

The  parliament  petitions  that  the 
lives  of  Vane  and  Lambert  may  be 
spared,  Aug.  30. 

An  act  passed  for  a  perpetual  anni-' 
versary  thanksgiving  on  May  29,  the 
day  of  the  king's  restoration  ",  [c.  14]. 

The  survivors  of  the  ejected  clergy 
restored  to  their  benefices**,  [c.  17], 

An  act  passed  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  navigation ',  [c.  18I. 

A  tax  on  beer  and  other  liquors 
granted  to  the  king  for  life,  [c  23]. 

The  Court  of  Wards  and  Liveries 
taken  away,  feudal  tenures  and  pur- 
veyance abolished,  and  a  revenue  set- 
tled on  the  king  instead,  [c.  24]. 

The  judges  of  the  late  king  (de- 
scribed as  "wicked  and  active  instru- 
ments" in  his  murder)  attainted',  [c. 
30],  whether  living  or  dead ;  their 
lands,  tenements,  goods,  and  personal 
estate  forfeited  to  the  crown. 

Marriages  irregularly  contracted 
after  May  i,  1642,  confirmed',  [c.  33]. 

A  general  post-office  established  in 
London,  [c.  35]. 


Twenty -nine  of  the  king's  judges 
are  tried  and  condemned,  Oct  9-13. 
The  lives  of  nineteen,  who  had  sur- 
rendered in  obedience  to  a  proclama- 
tion, are  spared ;  the  remaining  ten 
are  executed,  Oct  13-19. 

The  king  issues  a  declaration  (OcL 
25),  intended  to  reconcile  the  Presby- 
terian and  Independent  ministers  to 
episcopacy,  and  promising  an  exam- 
ination of  their  objections  to  the  Li- 
turgy. 

He  also  issues  a  declaration  for  the 
settlement  of  Ireland,  Nov.  30.  It 
promises  that  the  innocent  shall  be 
reinstated  in  their  lands,  and  that  no 
actual  possessor  shall  be  removed 
without  compensation. 

The  English  hiierarchy  is  again 
completed.  Juxon,  bishop  of  London, 
and  Frewen,  bishop  of  Coventry  and 
Lichfield,  ar^  translated  to  the  pri- 
macies, six  other  bishops  are  restored 
to  their  sees,  and  the  remaining  dio- 
ceses are  supplied  by  new  consecra- 
tions ■. 

The  convention  parliament  is  dis- 
solved, Dec.  29. 


NOTE. 
The  Regicides. 


The  government  of  the  Restoration  can- 
not be  justly  accused  of  acting  vindictively 
towards  these  men ;  it  was  the  Convention 


Parliament,  in  which  sat  many  quite  » 
guilty  as  themselves,  that  thirsted  for  the 
blood  of  the  living,  and  dug  up  the  bodies 


■  The  order  in  which  the  regiments  were  to  be 
disbanded  was  determined  by  lot,  but  the  garrisons 
in  Hull,  Berwick,  and  Carlisle,  and  the  guards  of 
the  royal  dukes  and  the  lord-general  were  to  be  the 
last.  The  disbanded  soldiers  were  allowed  to  ex- 
ercise trades,  as  if  they^  had  been  apprenticed  there- 
to, [a  x6j.  The  earrisons  to  be  maintained  were 
twenty-six  in  number,  which  came  into  pay  Oct.  z, 
z66o. 

■  This  act  was  rq>ealed  in  1859. 

<*  The  intruders  were  to  leave  by  Christmas, 
z66o,  but  to  receive  half  the  income  up  to  Michael- 
mas, z66z;  and,  if  not  "scandalous,  ij^orant,  or 
insufficient"  the  rightful  incumbents  might  allow 
them  to  remain,  where  the  ejected  ministers  were 
dead,  the  present  holders  were  allowed  to  retain  the 
benefices,  though  very  many  of  them  had  not  been 
episcopally  ordained,  unless  they  had  petitioned  to 
bring  Rin|^  Charles  to  trial,  or  had  preached  against 
in£uit  baptism  ;  all  such  were  expelled. 

9  This  re-enacts  the  chief  provisions  of  the  Com- 
monwealth act  of  Z651,  and  its  principle  continued 
In  force  until  the  repeal  of  the  navigation  laws  in 
Z850. 

«  Colonel  Hutchinson,  though  one  who  had  siened 
the  warrant  for  the  kine's  death,  was  omitted  from 
this  act.  He  had,  as  a  leading  man  under  the  Com- 
monwealth, done  many  kindnesses  to  the  royalists 
<as  Sir  John  Owen,  see  a.d.  X649:  Lord  Wilmot, 
lord  Newark,  Sir  George  Booth,  and  others),  which 
were  gratefully  remembered  by  some,  and  he  was 
only  disqualified  from  holding  office  by  the  Act  of 


Oblivion ;  but  Clarendon  (according  to  Mis.  Htitd»- 
inson's  questionable  account),  indignant  »Kat  he 
would  not  become  a  witness  against  his  icaiac 
associates,  eventually  procured  has  ruin. 

'  Those  celebrated  before  justices  of  tbe  peace, 
according  to  the  act  of  1653,  (see  p.  450)  w«re 
thus  rendered  eflTectual  m  law. 

•  An  admirable  sermon  was  preached  fixnn  Tku< 
i.  s,  at  one  of  these  consecrations  (I>ec.  al  br 
Sancroft,  then  chaplain  to  Bishop  Cosia.  a«^  e«vr> 
ually  metropolitan.  Morley,  Sanderson,  Coan* 
and  Walton  were  among  the  new  bishops,  het 
there  was  associated  with  them  one  manordoebc 
ful  character.  This  was  John  Gauden,  the  resyuse:. 
author  of  Ikon  Basilike.  He  was  bom  at  Mnirfie^ 
in  Z605,  was  educated  at  St.  John's  CoUcse,  Ca»- 
bridge,  and  became  chaplain  to  the  earl  ofWarw>::k. 
He  preached  before  the  parliament,  to  their  s&i-<- 
faction,  and  was  rewarded  with  the  deaiwrr  J 
Bockmg ;  he  also  sat  in  the  Assembly  of  Divioe^ 
He,  however,  ventured  to  remonstrate  ^g»;»»^  ^ 
proposed  murder  of  the  king,  and  afterWiirds  r^.  - 
luhed  his  celebrated  book ;  and  at  the  Reston:^' 
these  matters  were  deemed  to  excuse  lus  fis^ 
subserviency  to  the  parliament.  He  was  fiiss  m^ 
master  of  the  Temple,  then  bishop  of  Exeter  xr 
m  z663  succeeded  Moriey  at  Worcester,  but'c-. 
wry  shortljr  aftei^  (SepL  ao.  t66aX  litUe  reffretrr. 
He  had  grievously  impoverished  his  first  see  :' 
improi^dent  leases,  and  was  popularly  said  to  hs- 
died  of  vexaupn  at  being  refused  Wuichester  i^ 
nee  bong  the  leading  feature  of  his  chara^l 


A.D.  i66i.] 


CHARLES  II. 


461 


of  the  dead.  Disqualification  from  office 
was  the  only  penalty  imposed  on  Lenthall, 
Hutchinson,  and  eighteen  others,  and  though 
fifty-six  more  were  attainted  (Cromwell, 
Ireton,  Bradshaw,  and  Pride  being  dead), 
but  twenty-nine  were  brought  to  trial,  and 
of  these^  ten  were  executed*.  A  slight 
notice  of  the  demeanour  of  these  last,  both 
at  the  bar  and  at  the  scaffold,  will  shew 
that  they  were  men  of  a  resolute,  unbend- 
inij  spirit,  inspired  by  the  fiercest  fanati- 
cism, which  could  not  be  conciliated,  any 
more  than  it  could  be  safely  despised. 

Harrison,  who  had  brought  King  Charles 
from  the  Isle  of  Wight,  Axtell,  the  colonel 
of  the  guard  at  the  court,  and  Hacker,  who 
commanded  at  the  scaffold,  were  all  exe- 
cuted; as  were  Cook,  the  solicitor  who 
urged  the  charge  against  the  king,  Carew, 
Scott,  Clement,  Scroop,  and  Jones,  mem- 
bers of  the  court,  and  Peters,  who  was 
considered  its  chaplain  ".  When  called  on 
to  plead,  Harrison  would  only  say  that  he 
would  be  tried  "  by  the  laws  of  the  Lord ;" 
Peters  only  "by  the  word  of  God ;"  Carew 
pleaded  "saving  to  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ 
His  right  to  the  government  of  these  na- 
tions ;"  and  others  refused  to  plead  at  all 
until  the  attorney-general  moved  for  the 
judgment  oiptine  forte  et  dure  against  them. 
They  all  defended  themselves  with  vigour 
and  address,  and  not  a  single  word  expres- 
sive of  compunction  or  fear  was  observed 
to  escape  from  any  one  of  their  number. 

H'arrison  was  executed  on  the  I3lh  of 
October;  Carew  on  the  15th;  Cook  and 
Peters  suffered  together  on  3ie  1 6th  ;  Scott, 
Clement,  Scroop,  and  Jones  on  the  17th ; 
and  Axtell  and  Hacker  on  the  19th ;  all 
spoke  of  themselves  as  martyrs. 

Thus  Harrison  "rejoiced  to  die  for  the 
good  cause ;"  and  Cook  wrote  to  his  wife, 
just  before  he  suffered, — "Farewell,  my 
dear  lamb,  I  am  now  going  to  the  souls 


under  the  altar,  that  cry,  *  How  long,  O 
Lord,  holy  and  true,  dost  Thou  not  judge 
and  avenge  my  blood  on  them  that  dwell 
on  the  earth?*  and  when  I  am  gone,  my 
blood  will  cry  and  do  them  more  hurt  than 
if  I  had  lived.*'  And  in  the  same  spirit 
he  endeavoured  to  encourage  his  fellow- 
sufferer  Peters,  who  appear^  cast  down : 
— **  Come,  brother  Peters,  let  us  knock  at 
heaven-gate  this  morning.  God  will  open 
the  doors  of  eternity  to  us  before  twelve  of 
the  clock." 

Scott  declared  on  the  scaffold,— "God 
hath  engaged  me  in  a  cause  not  to  be  re- 
pented of— I  say,  not  to  be  repented  of;** 
and  Axtell,  who  spoke  in  the  name  of 
Hacker  also,  bore  the  testimony  of  a  dying 
man  against  those  Presb3rterian  divines 
whom  some  writers  represent  as  the  re- 
storers of  the  monarchy : — 

"  I  must  truly  tell  you,  that  before  these  late 
wars  it  pleased  the  Lord  to  call  me  by  His  grace 
through  the  work  of  the  ministry ;  and  afterwards 
keepine  a  day  of  humiliation  in  tasting  and  prayer 
with  Mr.  Simeon  Ash*,  Mr.  Love  7,  Mr.  Woodcock, 
and  other  ministers,  in  Lawrence-lane,  they  did  so 
clearly  sUte  the  cause  of  the  parliament,  that  I  wia 
fully  convinced  in  my  own  conscience  of  the  just- 
ness of  the  war,  and  therefore  engaged  in  the  par- 
liament service,  which,  as  I  did  and  do  believe,  was 
the  cause  of  the  Lord,  I  ventured  my  life  freely  for 
it,  and  now  die  for  it." 

Those  of  the  regicides  who  surrendered 
themselves  were  imprisoned  in  various 
places  for  the  remamder  of  their  lives; 
two  others  (Barkstead  and  Okey)  were 
seized  in  Holland  by  the  zeal  of  Sir 
George  Downing,  formerly  one  of  their 
own  party,  and  were  executed ;  but  it  is 
evident  that  no  very  strict  search  was 
made  for  the  rest.  George  Fleetwood 
escaped  to  New  England,  as  did  Dixon, 
Goffe,  and  Whalley ;  and  Charles  Fleet- 
wood remained  unmolested  in  England, 
until  his  death  in  the  year  16S1. 


A.D.  1^61. 

A  small  body  of  Anabaptists,  headed 
by  their  preacher,  (Thomas  Vernier,  a 
wine-cooper,)  appear  in  arms  in  Lon- 


don, Jan.  6.  They  are  suppressed 
with  some  difficulty ". 

A  party  of  150  horse  attempts  to 
surprise  Newcastle,  Jan.  9. 

John  Bramhall',  bishop  of  Deny, 


*  Hewson,  a  sergeant,  believed  to  have  been 
the  executioner,  was  condemned,  but  some  doubt 
arising,  he  was  not  executed. 

"  Some  time  after  the  rest.  Sir  Harry  Vane  was 
brought  to  trial,  and  was  executed,  at  the  express 
desire  of  the  parliament :  but  the  life  of  Lambert, 
who  was  condemned  with  him.  was  spared. 

*  He  was  diaplain  to  the  earl  of  Manchester,  and 
was  a  very  principal  asent  in  the  "regulation"  of 
the  University  of  Cambridge. 

y  See  A.D.  1651. 

*  Though  not  above  eighty  ia  number,  they  fought 
oesperatdy,  and  Jsilled  mswy  of  the  soldiers  brought 


against  them.    Venner  and  sixteen  others  were  exe* 
cuted,  Jan.  19  and  az. 

•  He  was  bom  at  Pontefract  in  1 593,  was  educated 
at  Sydney  Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  becama 
chaplain  to  Mathew,  archbishop  of  York,  and  ren- 
dered himself  conspicuous  by  nis  skill  in  disputa- 
tion with  Romish  priests.  He  was  afterwards 
a  member  of  the  High  Commission  Court,  theok 
went  with  Lord  Wentworth  to  Ireland,  and  by  his 
influence  was  soon  raised  to  the  see  of  Deny.  On 
the  breaking  out  of  the  Irish  rebellion  Bnunhall 
was  in  great  danger,  but  escaped  to  the  Continent ; 
and,  on  account  of  his  activity  and  zeal  in  the 


462 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1661. 


is  translated  to  the  archiepiscopal  see 
of  Annaghy  Jan.  18,  and  by  his  exer- 
tions the  Church  in  Ireland  is  re-esta- 
blished*'. 

Twelve  bishops  consecrated  in  St 
Patrick's  Cathedral,  Dublin,  Jan.  27. 

The  bodies  of  Cromwell,  Bradshaw, 
and  Ireton,  which  had  been  disin- 
terred %  are  exposed  at  Tyburn,  after- 
wards beheaded,  and  the  trunks  buried 
under  the  gibbet,  Jan.  30. 

The  Scottish  parliament  meets, 
Jan.  I.  It  repeals  all  the  acts  of 
its  predecessors  since  1639,  renounces 
the  Covenant,  and  declares  the  king 
supreme  over  all  persons,  and  in  all 
cases  ^.  The  marquis  of  Argyle  is 
condemned  as  a  traitor,  and  is  exe- 
cuted, May  27. 

Guthrie,  one  of  the  most  violent  of 
the  preachers',  is  also  condemned/ 
and  suffers  death,  June  i. 

The  king  is  crowned,  April  23. 

Conferences  are  held  at  the  Savoy, 
between  certain  of  the  bishops  and 
clei^gy  and  some  Presbyterian  divines', 
from  April  I5«  to  July  25.  The  dis- 
senters' objections  are  generally  dis- 
allowed ^  but  some  alterations  are 
recommended  to  be  made  in  the 
Prayer-book. 


The  parliament  meets  May  S,  and 
sits  till  July  30 ^  Sir  Edward  Tomer 
is  chosen  Speaker. 

An  act  passed  for  preservation  of 
the  king  and  government,  ||i3  Car.  IL 
Stat.  I,  c.  i].  Persons  devising  or  in- 
tending any  bodily  harm  to  the  king 
were  declared  traitors ;  those  who 
called  him  heretic  or  papist  were  dis- 
abled from  office ;  the  Covenant  was 
pronounced  unlawful,  and  no  legisla- 
tive power  allowed  to  the  pailiament, 
except  in  conjunction  with  the  Idi^. 

Act  for  "  a  free  and  voluntary  present 
to  His  Majesty,"  [c.  4I  This  "  benevo- 
lence'* it  is  expressly  provided  shaB 
not  be  drawn  into  example  for  time 
to  come,  and  is  only  meant  as  allow- 
ing those  who  were  able  and  willing 
to  assist  the  king  in  paying  the  nu- 
merous claims  arising  from  the  trou- 
bles of  former  years,  as  a  testimony 
of  their  affection,  and  for  the  relief  of 
poorer  subjects.  No  sum  exceeding 
£400  was  to  be  received  from  a  peer, 
nor  more  than  /^2oo  from  a  com- 
moner. The  commission  for  receiv- 
ing these  gifts  was  to  expire  on  June 
24,  1662,  and  no  similar  commission 
was  again  to  issue,  except  by  the  au- 
thority of  Parliament. 


king's  cause,  he  was  excepted  by  name  from  par- 
don by  the  parliament.  He,  however,  ventured  to 
return  to  Ireland  in  1648,  but  was  soon  oUiged  to 
withdraw.  At  the  Restoration  he  became  speaker 
of  the  Irish  House  of  Lords,  as  well  as  pnmate, 
and  exercised  a  commanding  influence  in  public 
affairs  for  the  short  remainder  of  his  life.  He  died 
of  palsy,  June  25,  1663. 

^  Among  the  prelates  who  owed  their  promotion 
to  Archbishop  Bramhall,  the  most  emment  was 
Jeremy  Tavlor^  who  was  bom  of  humble  parentsLge 
at  Cambridge  m  16x3.  He  was  educatea  at  Caius 
College,  Cambridge,  and  was  afterwards  elected 
a  fellow  of  All  Souls'  College,  Oxford  ;  he  became 
chaplain  to  Charles  I.,  and  accompanied  him  in 
his  campaigns.  On  the  decline  of  the  royal  cause 
Taylor  retired  into  Wales,  and  lived  generally  un- 
molested, but  being  imprisoned  in  1655,  on  his  re- 
lease he  went  to  Ireland,  and  in  x66z  was  made 
bishop  of  Down  and  Connor.  He  held  the  see  for 
nearly  seven  years,  dying  Aug.  13,  1667,  and  leav- 
ing behind  him  the  character  of^one  of  the  most 
pious  and  amiable  of  men,  as  well  as  the  most  learned 
and  graceful  of  writers. 

'  This  revolting  act  was  perpetrated  in  obedience 
to  an  order  of  the  parliament,  which  was  then  mainly 
composed  of  Presbyterians,  their  former  associates. 
Afterwards  the  bodies  of  Cromwell's  mother  and 
daughter,  of  Admiral  Blake^  and  near  twenty  others, 
were  removed  from  Westmmster  Abbey  and  buried 
in  the  churchyard.  ^ 

<*  The  earl  of  Middleton  (the  royalist  general  in 
365^)  was  the  lord-commissioner,  but  the  real  di- 
rection of  affairs  rested  with  the  earl  of  Lauderdale 
(John  Maitland),  once  a  zealous  Covenanter  and 
one  of  the  Scottish  commissioners  to  the  Long 
Parliament,  but  who  having  joined  Charles  II., 
-was  uken  at  Worcester,  and  imprisoned  until  the 
■Restoration ;  Cromwell  allowed  him  a  pension  of 


£s  a-week  during  part  of  the  time.  la  1679  be 
was  made  lord -commissioner,  but  was  ia  1675 
driven  from  office  by  the  general  complaints  of  lus 
rapacity  and  cruelty,  though  he  sdll  lyfaJMrnl  much 
influence.    He  died  Aug.  94,  1689. 

*  Guthrie,  as  moderator  of  the  synod  of  Merse 
and  Teviotdale,  signed  one  of  die  petitions  to  the 
ScottisJi  Parliament  (Oct.  2^,  1645),  vrg^ttg  the 
execution  of  such  of  the  adnerents  of  Monctose 
as  were  then  prisoners,  having  beca  takea  at  Pbi- 
Iqihaugh  a  month  before. 

''This  was  by  virtue  of  a  royal  commissioa. 
dated  March  as,  directed  to  the  archbtshc^  of 
York  (Accepted  Frewen)  and  twelve  other  bishops^ 
Calamy,  Baxter,  and  ten  other  dissenters,  azul 
eighteen  assistants.  One  of  the  bishops  however, 
(Reynolds  of  Norwich)  belonged  to  the  Pres»jy- 
terian  party.  ^      ^ 

■  The  first  meeting  was  to  have  been  on  March 
35,  but  it  was,  for  some  reason  not  now  known,  de> 
ferred  for  three  weeks. 

^  These  objections,  whidi  are  very  bubmjous, 
may  be  seen  im  extent  in  Baxter's  own  aeoount  cf 
the  conference.  The  great  majority  must  be  rc^ 
garded  as  mere  idle  cavils,  but  some  are  of  such 
a  nature  that  they  could  not  have  been  entcrtaioed 
without  reducing  the  Church  to  somethiag  akin  to 
the  Genevan  model.  What  could  have  beea  the 
result  if  the  time-honoured  and  orderiy  Seivkes  of 
the  Church  had  been  allowed  to  be  superseded  by 
a  crude  Liturgy  which  Baxter  drew  up  ia  a  Cart- 
night? 

'  This  parliament  continued  in  being  until  Jan. 
34,  1679,  and  so  many  of  its  members  becrayed 
their  trust  for  the  sake  of  bribes,  received  iadincr- 
ently  from  the  king,  from  Louis  XTV.,  and  frtrnx 
other  foreign  powers,  that  it  wdl  desoved  the 
opprobrious  name  of  the  Pension  Parliameat,  by 
which  it  is  commonly  known. 


A.D.   1661,  1662.] 


CHARLES  II. 


463 


Tumultuous  assemblies,  under  pre- 
tence of  drawing  up  or  presenting 
petitions,  forbidden,  [c.  5].  Petitions 
were  to  be,  in  the  first  instance,  ap- 
proved of  by  three  justices,  or  the 
majority  of  the  grand  jury  of  a  county, 
or  of  the  corporation  of  London  ;  and 
not  more  than  ten  persons  were  to 
.attend  to  present  them. 

The  command  of  the  militia  de- 
clared to  be  solely  vested  in  the 
crown,  [c.  6]. 

Articles  of  war  for  the  government 
of  the  nafvy  established,  [c.  9]. 

William  Lord  Monson,  Sir  Henry 
Mildmay,  Sir  James  Harington,  Ro- 
bert Wallop,  and  John  Phelps,  regi- 
cides, degraded  from  their  rank,  their 
estates  confiscated,  and  themselves 
sentenced   to   imprisonment  for  life, 

[c.  iSl-   , 

Corporations  regulated,  office-bearers 
therein  being  obliged  to  take  "the 
Sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper  ac- 
cording to  the  rites  of  the  Church  of 
England,**  to  renounce  the  Covenant, 
and  to  abjure  that  "traitorous  posi- 
tion" of  taking  arms  by  the  king's 
authority  against  himself  or  his  offi- 
cers, [stat.  2,  c  i]. 

The  clergy  in  convocation  agree  to 
certain  alterations  in  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer;  they  also  grant  a 
subsidy  to  the  crown. 

A  charter,  with  very  extensive  powers, 
^jranted  to  the  East  India  Company, 
April  3.  They  were  allowed  to  make 
peace  or  war  with  "  any  prince  or  peo- 
ple not  being  Christians,"  to  exercise 


civil  and  criminal  jurisdiction,  and  to 
remove  all  persons  trading  to  certain 
districts  without  their  licence. 

Episcopacy  is  restored  in  Scotland ; 
an  archbishop  and  thtee  bishops  being 
consecrated  by  Sheldon,  bishop  of 
London  ^  Dec  15. 


A.D.  1662. 

The  parliament  meets  Feb.  22,  and 
sits  till  May  191.       '  1 

Quakers  assembling  for  public  wor- 
ship to  be  fined  £$,  and  for  the  third 
offence  to  abjure  the  realm  or  be 
transported  1,  [14  Car.  IL  c.  i]. 

An  act  passed  for  the  uniformity 
of  public  prayers  and  administration 
of  sacraments  ",  [c  4]. 

By  this  act  the  Book  of  Conmion 
Prayer,  as  recently  amended  in  the 
convocation    and    approved    by   the 
king",  was  received.     Episcopal  or- 
dination was  required  of  all  persons 
holding  ecclesiastical  prdferment,  who 
were  to  declare  their  unfeigned  "as- 
sent and  consent"  to  the  contents  of 
the  book;  and  they  were  beside  (for 
a  limited  period)  to  formally  renounce 
the  Covenant,  and  protest  the  unlaw- 
fulness of  taking  up  arms  against  the 
j  king  on  any  pretence  whatever.    The 
I  act  received  the  royal  assent  May  19, 
I  and  came  into  operation  on  St.  Bar- 
j  tholomeVs   Day  (Aug.  24),  when  a 
large  number  of  incumbents  resigned 
I  their  livings,  rather  than  comply  with 
1  its  provisions. 


NOTE. 
The  Act  of  Uniformity. 


This  statute  has  been  censured  in  un- 
^measured  terms,  as  contrary  to  the  king's 
declaration  from  Breda  ^ ;  but  such  is  not 
really  the  case,  for  in  that  document  all 


such  questions  were  by  him  expressly  re- 
served for  the  decision  of  the  parliament. 
The  measure,  which  was  procured  mainly 
by  the  exertions  of  Bishop  Sheldon  and 


\  The  archbishop  was  James  Sharpe,  a  Presby- 
terian who  had  conformed,  afterwards  murdered 
hy  tbe  Coveiumfiers :  one  of  the  bishops  was  Leigh- 
ton,  son  of  the  Dr.  Leighton  already  mentioned. 
bcc  A.D.  1630,  1640. 

•  They  were  looked  on  as  akin  to  the  Anabap- 
«istB»  whose  turbulence  liad  recently  disturbed  the 
<apital  (see  A.D.  x66iX  and  some  at  least  of  their 
number  conducted  themselves  in  a  manner  very 
«mSke  what  is  now  usually  seen  of  them.  They 
laboured  vehemently  to  gain  proselytes,  jmblished 
controversial  writings,  and  behaved  in  an  insulting 
Tnanner  to  the  authorities,  whether  civil  or  religious, 
-whenever  they  came  in  contact  wtth  them. 

«*  An  act  of  a  sanilar  nature  was  passed  by  the 
Irish  parliament  in  1665,  [17  &  18  Car.  II.  c  6]. 


•  There  remains  in  the  library  of  Lambeth  palace 
a  Prayer-book  of  the  time  of  Charles  I.j  in  which 
the  aherations  made  are  all  entered,  with  a  me- 
morandum in  the  handwriting  of  Soacroft  that 
they  amount  to  600.  The  majority,  however,  are 
merely  verbal,  and  the  character  of  the  whole  is 
feirly  described  in  the  Preface  of  the  present  book, 
which  is  attributed  to  Bishop  Sanderson,  as  de- 
signed for  **  the  preservation  of  peace  and  unity 
in  the  Church;  the  procuring  of  reverence,  and 
exciting  of  piety  and  devotion  in  the  public  wor- 
ship of  God ;  and  the  cuttin|^  off  occasion  from 
them  that  seek  occasion  of  cavil  or  quarrel  against 
the  Liturgy  of  the  Church." 

«  See  p.  455. 


464 


THE  STUARTS. 


Hyde,  earl  of  Clarendon,  was,  humanly 
speaking,  essential  to  the  restoration  of 
the  Church,  as  much  the  greater  portion 
of  the  dissentients  had  neither  the  episco- 
pal ordination  nor  the  learning  which  would 
entitle  them  to  hold  office  therein  ;  others, 
too,  were  men  of  scandalous  character  ^ 
The  number  who  left  their  cures,  added  to 
those  already  removed  to  make  way  for 
the  former  incumbents,  is  usually  stated 
to  have  been  near  2,000^  though  not  really 
more  than  about  1,400.  Among  so  many 
as  even  the  lowest  number  there  must  have 
been  some  estimable  men,  whose  suffer- 
ings are  to  be  regretted;  but  several  of 
those  who  had  withdrawn,  ultimately 
joined  the  Church,  and  it  does  not  admit 
of  a  question  that  the  nonconformists  in 
genersd  fared  very  much  better  than  the 
episcopal  deigy  had  done  twenty  years 
before. 

Many  writers,  though  allowing  that  some 
such  statute  was  necessary  for  the  formal  re- 
establishment  of  the  Church,  have  yet  re- 
presented the  Act  of  Uniformity  as  the 
cause  of  great  hardship  to  a  large  body  of 
pious  men,  to  whom  the  king  was  prin- 
cipally indebted  for  his  peaceable  restora- 
tion ;  but  that  this  statement  is  totally  in- 
accurate may  be  easily  shewn  from  the  tes- 
timony of  Dr.  Calamy,  who,  in  his  abridg- 
ment of  the  Ufe  of  Baxter ^  has  record^ 
the  sufferings  of  the  "Bartholomew  con- 
fessors," and  in  so  doing  has  also  made 
a  number  of  admissions  which  prove  that 
the  measure  was  neither  devised  nor  carried 
out  in  a  persecuting  spirit. 

The  mipression  usually  sought  to  be 
conveyed  by  the  complaints  against  the 
Act  is,  that  the  whole  'body  of  Pres- 
byterian, Independent,  and  Anabaptist 
preachers,  cordially  united  in  re-establish- 
ing the  monarchy,  and  were  in  reality  its 
principal  agents ;  that  they  were  all  pious 
and  estimable  men ;  and  that  through  the 
ingratitude  of  the  government  they  were 
all  reduced  to  abject  poverty :  the  first  of 
these  assumptions  is  so  notoriously  con- 
trary to  fact  that  it  need  not  be  discussed  ; 
and  the  other  two  are  contradicted  by  Uieir 
own  historian. 

Edmund  Calamy,  the  grandson  of  one 
of  the  ejected,  amplified  one  chapter  of 
the  Life  of  Bctxter  into  three  volumes, 
which  he  published  (17 13,  1723)  under 
the  title  of  an  "Account  of  the  Ministers, 
Lecturers,  &c.,  ejected  or  silenced  after 
tlie  Restoration  in  1660."  He  speaks  of 
them  as  "2,000  preaching  ministers,  who 
were  unwearied  in  their  endeavours  to 
spread  knowledge,  faith,  and  holiness." 


The  list  commences  with,  "From  St. 
Austin's  [was  removed]  good  old  Mr.  Si- 
meon Ash  \  He  went  seasonably  to  hea- 
ven, at  the  very  time  when  he  was  cast 
out  of  the  Church.  He  was  buried  the 
very  even  of  Bartholomew-day."  Turning 
the  work  over  at  random  we  find,  among 
the  London  preachers,  that  Tobias  Conyer 
was  "  a  verv  learned  and^extraordlnary  per- 
son;" William  Hook,  '"a  very  worthy, 
useful  man ;"  Matthew  Haviland,  ''a  man 
mighty  in  prayer,  and  a  savoury  preacher  ;* 
and  Thomas  Brooks,  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen, 
Fish-street,  *  *  a  very  affecting  preacher,  and 
usefiil  to  many.  And  though  he  -oseA  many 
homely  phrases,  and  sometmies  too  &mil^ 
resemblances,  which  to  nice  critics  appear 
ridiculous,  yet"  (in  his  biographer^s  opi- 
nion) "he  did  more  good  to  souls  than 
many  of  the  exactest  composers.**  He 
was  thus  a  popular  favourite,  as  was  also, 
among  others,  George  Griffith,  of  the  Char- 
terhouse, but  he  is  confessed  to  have  out- 
lived his  renown.  "He  was  much  fol- 
lowed in  his  younger  days,  and  reckoned 
a  man  of  great  invention  and  devotion  ht 
prayer ;  but  when  he  grew  old  his  congre- 
gation declined." 

In  the  country  we  find,  Francis  Chandler, 
of  Coopersale,  "a  very  serious,  bold,  and 
awakening  preacher ;"  and  John  Lavender, 
of  High  Ongar,  who  "was  all  love  to 
Christ,  in  life  and  in  death ;  a  holy,  hea- 
venly divine,  of  a  very  sweet  disposition, 
mucn  and  great  in  prayer  and  spiritualizing 
occurrences. " 

Such  is  the  general  laudatory  tone  of 
these  notices,  which  makes  the  contrary 
admissions  the  more  trustworthy. 

I.  Hundreds  of  instances  occur  in  Dr. 
Calam/s  list  which  shew  that  the  noncon- 
formists, as  a  body,  lost  very  little,  m  tem- 
poral matters,  by  their  ejection.  Unlike 
the  ro3ralists,  who,  when  driven  out  ten 
or  twenty  years  before,  could  only  appeal 
to  the  charity  of  nobles  and  gentlemen 
almost  as  impoverished  as  themselves,  the 
dissenters  had  numerous  wealthy  patrons, 
among  whom  the  earls  of  Bedford,  Denbigh, 
Devonshire,  and  Lauderdale,  and  Lords 
Shaftesbury  and  Wharton,  the  countesses 
of  Exeter  and  Warwick,  the  Ladies  Fiennes 
and  Wilbraham,  are  named,  and  from  them 
they  received  every  kind  of  countenance 
and  support.  Thus  many  were  entertained 
as  chaplains,  (as  by  the  earl  of  Don^;al, 
Lords  Fairfax  and  Holies,  and  Sir  John 
Mavnard);  others  were  chosen  as  ministers 
to  the  English  factories  at  Amsterdam,  Rot- 
terdam, Leyden,  Middelburg,  Utrecht,  and 
in  the  East  Indies ;  sevend  repaired,  noc 


p  Richard  Culmer,  the  desecrator  of  Canterbury  cathedral  (see  Laud's  Troubles  aad  Trial),  nay  be 
mentioned  as  one ;  Zachary  Crofton  as  another.  4  See  p.  461. 


THE  ACT  OF  XmiFORMITY. 


465 


as  exiles,  but  as  honoured  guests,  and  with 
recommendations  from  their  patrons,  to  the 
American  plantations,  to  Scotland,  and  to 
Ireland.  Nor  were  they  by  any  means  uni- 
versally expelled  from  the  ministerial  office 
in  England.  Many  patrons  were  of  simi- 
lar yiews,  and  either  suffered  them  to  re- 
main in  their  cures,  or  presented  them, 
when  ejected,  to  peculiars,  donatives,  and 
other  places  where,  from  any  cause,  there 
was  difficulty  in  exercising  episcopal  con- 
troL  Chaplaincies  in  gaols  and  hospitals 
and  almshouses,  livings  in  the  Channel 
Islands,  tutorships  in  public  schools,  many 
of  them  were  allowed  to  hold  unquestioned, 
in  despite  of  the  law. 

According  to  Dr.  Calamy,  a  very  liberal 
allowance  to  "tender  consciences'*  was 
made,  after  all.  Thus  Mr.  Rolt,  of  Temps- 
ford,  was  "connived  at"  by  Bi^opLaney, 
''having  been  episcopally  ordained,  and 
reading  a  Uttle  of  the  Liturgy."  One 
Milbuni,  in  the  same  county,  "conformed 
in  part,  and  yet  so  little  (as  far  as  I  can 
luiderstand)  that  he  ought  to  be  ranked 
with  the  nonconformists."  And  John 
Chandler,  of  Bromley  Parva,  in  Essex,  kept 
the  living,  as  "he  read  some  of  the  Com- 
mon Prayer,  and  now  and  then  wore  the 
surplice ;  but  was  threatened  for  not  using 
all  the  ceremonies."  Such  men  can  hardly 
be  called  sufferers  for  conscience'  sake. 

Many,  it  is  true,  were  silenced,  and  for 
a  living  some  practised  as  physicians,  or 
kept  academies,  or  became  lawyers,  and, 
from  the  patronage  of  their  party,  they 
rather  gained  than  lost  by  the  exchange. 
Others  were  amply  provided  for  by  chari- 
table contributions ;  and  numbers  returned 
to  the  occupations  which  they  had  im- 
wisely  quittcxL  Among  these  are  enume- 
rated a  brewer,  several  maltsters,  a  pub- 
lican, a  tobacco-merchant,  and  a  tobacco- 
cutter  ;  a  merchant,  a  factor  in  Holland ; 
a  land-steward;  a  bookseller,  a  farmer, 
a  grocer,  a  ploughman,  a  pattern-drawer, 
a  ucinner,  a  stay-stitcher,  and  a  woolmon- 
ger;  the  der^  had  years  before  been 
driven  to  similar  shifts  for  a  living,  but 
without  the  advantage  which  these  men 
possessed,  of  a  previous  knowledge  of  such 
callings. 

Many  of  the  ejected  were  still  more  fa- 
Tourably  circumstanced.  Near  forty  of  them 
are  mentioned  by  Dr.  Calamy  as  possessing 
competent  estates,  or  receiving  handsome 
I^iacies,  and  several  others  made  rich  mar- 


riages. One  has  had  the  candour  to  re- 
cord the  prosperity  which  he  enjoyed.  In 
a  Catalogue  of  Remarkable  Providences, 
Richard  Jennings,  ejected  from  the  living 
of  Combe,  in  Suffolk,  writes,  "  Whereas  in 
August,  1662,  when  I  laid  down,  I  was 
in  debt  about  jfido,  and  had  but  little 
coming  in  for  mvself,  wife,  and  five  chil- 
dren, and  was  also  some  years  after  un- 
justly forced  to  discharge  a  bond  of  £y), 
and  the  educating  and  disposing  of  my 
three  sons  stood  me'  in  about  £200,  yet 
by  God's  merciful  providence  by  degrees 
I  dischaiged  all  my  debts."  These  par- 
ticulars shew  the  fallacy  of  the  charge  that 
all  the  nonconformists  were  reduced  to> 
abject  poverty. 

II.  Equally  ill-founded  is  the  assumption 
that  they  were  all  men  of  eminent  Pjety, 
"burning  and  shining  lights"."  Their 
own  historian  confesses  that  upwards  of 
twenty  among  them  were  Anabaptists, 
Millennaries,  or  other  frmatics;  that  at 
least  as  many  more  were  men  of  distem- 
pered imaginations ;  and  that  not  a  few 
were  scanc^ous  in  their  lives  *.  From  his 
statements  it  is  evident  that  they  expected 
by  combination  to  coerce  the  government, 
and  when  this  failed,  msjij  of  the  most 
vehement  preached  a  fiinous  discourse 
against  the  Church  on  one  Sunday,  and 
then  conformed  the  next.  Some  persuaded 
others  to  resist,  but  conformed  themselves. 
Of  those  who  determined  to  secede,  many 
printed  "farewell  sermons,"  aboimding  in 
mvectives  and  lamentations,  and  fully  en- 
titling their  authors  to  be  ranked  with 
those  who  "turn  religion  into  rebellion." 

The  number  of  actual  seceders  is  pro- 
bably overstated  at  even  the  lowest  esti- 
mate that  has  been  made,  as  their  historian 
confesses  that  many  who  refused  obedience 
in  the  first  instance,  afterwards  conformed ; 
and,  it  may  be  feared,  from  the  character  of 
some,  that  this  was  not  always  owing  to 
proper  motives.  Among  them  were  men 
who  had  openly  justified  the  murder  of  the 
king,  had  pertinaciously  withheld  the  piti- 
ful allowance  of  the  fifths,  and  had  in  other 
ways  abused  the  influence  they  possessed, 
and  they  now  became  equally  vehement 
against  the  party  that  they  had  left,  and 
thus  gave  some  ground  for  complaints  of 
persecution.  Indeed,  whatever  there  was 
of  severity  exercised  against  the  noncon- 
formists was  the  work  of  these  men,  and 
not,  as  is  too  often  said,  of  the  king,  or  of 


•  As  a  proof  of  the  habitual  irreverence  that  had 
fftown  1^  under  the  teaching  of  these  men,  it  may 
be  mentioned,  that  it  is  recorded  as  something  ex- 
traordinary, that  when  the  Common  Prayer  was 
re-established  at  Taunton,  "  there  was  not  one  man 
to  be  seen  with  his  hat  on,  either  at  the  prayers  or 
the  sermon." 

*  "What  tboie  who  are  allowed  to  have  been 


scandalous  must  have  been,  may  be  judged  front 
the  fact,  that  when  the  notorious  Richard  Culmer, 
(who  had  been  obliged  to  give  place  to  the  rightful 
incumbent.)  died,  one  Thorougheood,  the  intruding 
minister  of  Monkton,  preached  his  funeral  sermon, 
and  took  for  his  text,  *'  Blessed  are  the  dead  who 
die  in  the  Lord." 


Hh 


466 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  T662. 


the  judges,  or  of  the  bishops.  It  appears, 
on  the  contrary,  that  Charles  frequently 
interfered  personally  in  their  favour ;  that 
the  judges  (as  Chief  Justice  Hale,  and 
Mallet)  often  dismissed  complaints  against 
them  ;  and  that  the  bishops  after  convic- 
tion many  times  procured  relief  from  the 
penalties  of  the  law  for  men  who  seem  to 
have  courted  persecution. 

Happily,  there  is  a  more  favourable  as- 
pect in  which  we  are  able  to  contemplate 
SL  number  of  the  ejected  preachers  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  Day.  Many  of  them  (gene- 
Tally  those  who,  having  episcopal  ordina- 
tion, might  have  been  expected  to  remain) 
<)uietly  withdrew  rather  tnan  renounce  the 
Covenant,  but  continued  in ,  communion 
with  the  Church,  and  constantly  attended 
the  ministrations  of  their  successors;  in- 
deed, in  several  instances,  friendships 
sprang  up  between  them ;  in  some  cases 


the  dissentients  were  allowed  to 
in  the  rectory-house,  and  the  legal  iocosi* 
bents  became  lodgers  with  them ;  in  other 
cases  they  were  voluntarily  allowed  a  pai- 
sion  from  their  forfeited  benefices;  ani 
they  even  sometimes  officiated  in  the 
churches  without  any  proceedings  bec^ 
taken  against  them :  facts,  these,  wMdi 
shew  how  unjust  is  the  diaige  of  a  per- 
secuting spirit  when  made  against  the 
clergy  of  the  Restoration.  Men  ths 
treated  could  hardly  retain  permaDenth 
a  hostile  feeling  agunst  the  Chnrdi,  ud 
accordingly  we  find  many  of  them  hfing- 
ing  up  their  sons  for  the  priesthood  Bi- 
shop Fowler,  of  Gloucester ;  Dean  Massej, 
of  Christ  Church  ;  Benjamin  Calamy,  aoi 
several  other  clergymen  of  less  note,  all 
were  sons  of  men  who  left  their  benefices 
on  St.  Bartholomew's  Day. 


A  severe  law  passed  against  the 
moss-troopers  in  the  north  %  [c.  22]. 

The  earl  of  Strafford's  attainder  re- 
versed, [c.  29]. 

Printing  r^txlated  by  statute,  all 
books  being  obliged  to  be  licensed 
by  p^^ons  appointed,  [c.  33].  As  in 
the  Star-chamber  decree  of  1637*,  un- 
licensed printing  is  prohibited,  and 
the  number  of  printers  is  limited,  but 
forfeitures  of  £$,  or  of  the  prohibited 
books,  and  disability  to  follow  the  oc- 
cupation, and  for  a  second  offence  cor- 
poral punishment  ''not  extendii^  to 
life  or  limb,"  appear  instead  of  the  se- 
vere penalties  of  the  preceding  reign. 


The  king  marries  Katharine  of  Bra- 
ganza,  receiving  a  large  sum  of  moncv 
as  a  portion,  the  fortress  of  Tangier', 
in  Africa,  and  the  island  of  Bombay, 
May  20. 

Sir  Harry  Vane  and  Lambert  are, 
by  the  wish  of  the  parliament,  iHOUgfat 
to  trial  in  Tune  and  convicted.  Vane 
is  executed  June  14,  but  the  life  cf 
Lambert  is  spared '. 

A  rising  projected  by  Ensign  Tongue 
and  others,  June.  It  is  detected,  and 
Tongue  and  three  of  his  associates  are 
executed,  Dec. 

Dunkirk  and  Mardyke  given  up  to 
the  French  ■,  Nov.  and  Dec. 


IRELAND. 


On  the  fall  of  the  Protectorate  in 
England,  the  officers  of  the  army  in 
Ireland  took  the  government  into  their 
own  hands.  They  called  a  Conven- 
tion at  Dublin,  in  which  none  but 
their  own  partisans  were  allowed  to 
appear,  and  made  an  offer  of  establish- 
ing Charles  XL  on  the  throne  on  con- 
dition of  the  possessions  which  they 


had  won  with  the  sword  being  secured 
to  them.  The  king  closed  with  the 
proposal,  utterly  neglectful  of  the  fact 
that  a  very  large  portion  of  the  lands 
had  been  wrested  from  his  own  ad- 
herents. On  the  Restoration,  the  duke 
of  Albemarle  was  appointed  lord-Ueu- 
tenant,  and  Lord  Robartes,  a  Parlia* 
mentarian,   his    deputy,   but  Ti&tha 


»  A  further  net  was  passed  against  them  in  x666 
f  18  ft  19  Car.  II.  c.  3],  by  which,  they  were  ren- 
dered liable  to  tzansportatioa  for  life  to  the  Aioerican 
plantations. 

*  See  p.  41X. 

3  The  maintenance  of  Tangier,  which  mainly 
served  as  a  prison  for  some  of  the  regicides  and 
other  dangerous  characters,  was  found  so  expensive, 
-from  the  constant  hostilities  of  the  Moors,  that  it 
was  abandoned  in  1683.    Bombay,  on  the  contrary, 


has  become  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  the  BaO^ 
possessions. 

"  He  was  first  impriaoocd  in  Gaernsey,  aadafe- 
wards  at  Plymouth,  where  he  died  ia  1683,  »9d^ 

■  TTie  surrender  of  these  places  was  WT^ 
tasteful  to  the  nation,  and  it  fevmed  a  ckief  tff^ 
of  accusation  against  the  earl  of  OarrBdoo  a  fc* 
years  later.  A  splendid  house  whidi  he  ^V^ 
popularly  styled  "  Dunkirk  House,"  as  if  pa*  * 
t>y  bribes  received  for  giving  them  vp^ 


\.D.  1662,  1663.] 


CHARLES  II. 


467 


went  to  Ireland,  and  in  1662  the  diffi- 
rult  task  of  adjusting  the  thousand 
<  onflicting  claims  which  twenty  years 
<'f  war  and  illegal  government  had  pro- 
duced, was  entrusted  to  the  duke  of 
Ormond. 

By  his  Declaration  of  1660^  the  king 
liad  promised  to  reinstate  the  dispos- 
sessed proprietors  who  had  not  borne 
arms  against  him,  and  also  to  com- 
pensate the  intruding  holders  who 
might  in  consequence  be  removed ; 
but  he  put  these  acts  of  common  jus- 
tice out  of  his  power  by  lavish  grants 
of  forfeited  lands  to  his  brother  the 
duke  of  York,  the  duke  of  Ormond, 
the  duke  of  Albemarle,  and  others  *". 
The  Cromwellian  soldiery  observed 
this,  and  being  in  possession,  they 
cietermined  not  to  part  with  their  spoil. 
They  or  their  nominees  formed  the 
majority  of  the  Irish  Parliament,  and 
all  claims  were  in  consequence  sacri- 
riced  to  theirs.  Thus  the  Act  of 
Settlement  [14  &  iS  Car.  II.  c.  12] 
was  passed,  by  which,  on  the  payment 
to  the  king  of  a  slight  fine^  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  cultivable  land  of 


Ireland  was  legally  assured  to  men 
whose  loyalty  was  at  best  precarious, 
to  the  utter  neglect  of  thousands  who 
had  suffered  in  the  king's  cause. 

A  Court  of  Claims,  however,  sat,  and 
in  a  few  months  it  pronounced  several 
hundred  of  the  dispossessed  proprietors 
innocent  of  all  concern  in  the  rebel- 
lion of  1 64 1,  and  consequently  entitled 
to  restitution.  The  CromweUians  be- 
came alarmed,  and  to  stop  its  pro> 
ceedings  agreed  to  pass  an  Act  of 
Explanation  [17  &  18  Car.  II.  c.  2], 
by  which  they  gave  up  one -third  of 
their  former  grants  to  fulfil  the  pur- 
poses of  the  king's  Declaration*.  This, 
however,  was  done  but  very  insuffi- 
ciently. Forty-nine  Protestant  royal- 
ist officers  received  payment  of  their 
arrears  incurred  jJriorto  the  year  1649, 
and  the  earl  of  Westmeath  and  fif^y- 
three  other  noblemen  and  gentlemen 
obtained  each  2,000  acres  of  land ',  but 
the  great  body  of  those  who  bad  lost 
their  estates,  from  whatever  cause,  since 
1 64 1,  were  left  absolutely  without  re- 
dress, and  in  most  cases  in  abject 
poverty. 


A.D.  1663. 

The  parliament  meets,  Feb.  18,  and 
-its  till  July  27. 

The  profits  of  the  post  office  and 
wine  licences  granted  to  the  duke  of 
York,  [15  Car.  II.  c.  14.] 

The  clergy  grant  a  subsidy  to  the 
crown  ». 

The  republican  party  attempt  an  in- 


surrection in  the  north,  in  the  summer 
but  are  speedily  suppressed  \ 

Archbishop  Juxon  dies,  June  4.  He 
is  succeeded  by  Sheldon,  bishop  of 
London  K 

The  Dutch  and  English  trading 
companies  on  the  coast  of  Africa 
quarrel,  which  eventually  gives  rise 
to  a  war. 


*>  Sec  p.  4». 

«  The  duke  of  York  received  170,000  acres,  being 
tlic  Iri&h  lands  that  had  been  held  by  Cromwell  and 
suty-eicfat  other  regicides ;  a6o,ooo  acres  were  allot- 
tcd  to  the  duke  of  Ormond  and  his  family ;  ;C7*c»o 
a-year  to  the  duke  of  Albemarle;  besiae  sxnsdler 
amounts  to  others,  many  of  whom  had  no  connexion 
M-ith  the  snflTerinKs  or  losses  of  the  Irish  war.  Lands 
to  the  yearly  Tidue  of  jCAfdoo  were  granted  to  im- 
prove the  rcTenue  of  various  sees :  £2,000  for  the 
foundation  of  a  new  college,  called  King's  College : 
^300  for  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  ;£i,ooo  for 
a.  foundliog  hospital. 

'  The  adventurers  paid  one  year's,  the  soldiers 
A  half-year's,  value  of  the  lands. 

*  One  year's  rent  was  also  levied  on  the  lands, 
to  raise  tne  sum  of  ;^ 300,000;  of  which  ;C  100,000 
v>as  a  gift  to  -the  kmg^  £$0^000  for  the  duke  of 
Orroood ;  and  the  remamder  was  meant  to  afford 
a  money  compensation  for  those  who  did  not  re- 
ceive lands ;  but  it  was  never  paid  to  them. 

'  This  was  the  maximum,  though  the  estates  of 
many  had  been  very  much  greater;  wher«  they 
were  less,  they  only  received  the  exact  amount ;  and 
no  compensation  was  even  pretended  to  be  made 
for  nanor-hou5es  destroyed,  timber  and  stock  car- 
ried off*,  or  the  loss  of  any  property  other  than  land. 

H 


r  This  is  the  last  instance,  though  their  right  to 
assess  themselves  has  never  been  formally  alxin- 
doned.  They  are  now  taxed,  with  the  rest  of  the 
community,  by  their  representatives  in  psurliamcnt ; 
a  change  whicn  has  extinguished  the  pontical  power 
of  the  convocation. 

^  Many  arrests  followed,  particularly  of  Colo- 
nel Hutchinson,  (see  a.d.  x66o,)  who  was  car- 
ried first  to  the  Tower,  and  afterwards  removed 
to  Sandown  Castle,  near  Deal,  where  he  died, 
Sept.  IT,  1664. 

'  Gilbert  Sheldon,  a  native  of  Staffordshire,  had 
been  warden  of  All  Souls'  CoDege,  Oxford,  hat 
was  ex])elled  by  the  parliamentary  visitors.  On 
the  Restoration  he  was  made  dean  of  the  chapel 
royal,  then  bishoi>  of  London,  and  was  now  ad- 
vanced to  the  primacy.  He  had  as  bishop  of 
London  shewn  himself  disposed  to  give  full  effect 
to  the  Act  of  Uniformity,  and  he  acted  a  consistent 
part  in  maintaining  the  lawful  supremacy  of  the 
Church,  though  without  any  failure  in  charity  to 
its  opponents.  His  liberal  patronage  of  Ittming 
endowed  the  University  of  Oxford  (of  which  he 
was  chancejlor)  with  its  Theatre,  ana  his  munifi- 
cence in  private  life  was  unbounded.  The  arch- 
bishop died,  deeply  regretted,  Nov.  9, 1677. 

h2 


468 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1664, 1665 


Guineas^  are  first  coined  in  Eng- 
land. 

A.D.  1664. 

Sir  Robert  Holmes,  dispatched  by 
the  African  Company,  captures  seve- 
ral Dutch  settlements  on  the  African 
coast,  early  in  the  year.  In  the  sum- 
mer he  crosses  the  Atlantic,  and  re- 
duces New  Amsterdam  (now  New 
York),  Aug.  27.  De  Ruyter  retaliates 
on  the  English  in  Guinea  and  in  the 
West  Indies. 

The  parliament  meets,  March  16, 
and  sits  till  May  17. 

Great  numbers  of  Dutch  vessels  are 
captured  in  the  narrow  seas,  and  the 
parliament  votes  funds  for  war. 

An  act  passed  for  triennial  parlia- 
ments, [16  Car.  IL  c.  i]. 

An  act  to  prevent  and  suppress  se- 
ditious conventicles,  [c.  4].  This  act, 
which  appeared  necessary  to  give  ef- 
fect to  the  Act  of  Uniformity,  declares 
the  statute  of  Elizabeth  "to  retain  the 
Queen's  subjects  in  obedience  *"  to  be 
still  in  force,  and  that  it  ought  to  be 
put  in  due  execution.  Any  person 
above  sixteen  years  of  age  being  pre- 
sent at  an  unlawful  assembly  ",  was  to 
incur  fine  or  imprisonment :  £$  or 
three  months,  ;f  10  or  six  months,  for 
the  first  two  offences ;  but  to  be  trans- 
ported for  seven  years  for  the  third, 
unless  he  paid  a  sum  of  ;£ioo.  Married 
women  were  liable  to  be  imprisoned 
for'  twelve  months,  instead  of  being 
transported.  Those  transported  were 
to  pay  the  cost  of  the  same  by  the 
sale  of  their  goods,  or  in  default  were 
to  be  bound  to  merchants  as  labourers 
for  the  term  of  five  years  ;  and  if  they 
escaped,  or  returned  to  England  with- 


out leave,  they  were  declared  felons 
without  benefit  of  clergy  ■. 

A.D.  1665. 

War  is  declared  against  the  Dutdi, 
Feb.  22. 

The  English  fleet,  commanded  by 
the  duke  of  York}  (assisted  by  Prince 
Rupert  and  the  earl  of  Sandwich,) 
puts  to  sea  in  April,  and  blockades 
the  Dutch  ports.  It  is  at  length  driven 
off  by  bad  weather,  when  the  Dutch 
put  to  sea,  but  are  defeated  with  great 
loss  in  Solebay  (off  Lowestoft  •),  June  3, 
and  pursued  to  their  own  shores. 

London  is  ravaged  by  the  plague, 
of  which  100,000  persons  die  in  the 
course  of  the  year'. 

A  Dutch  merchant  fleet  of  great 
value  takes  refuge  in  the  harbour  of 
Bergen.  It  is  unsuccessfully  attacked 
there  by  the  English,  Aug.  5,  but  is 
rescued  by  the  pensionary  De  Witt*. 

Many  of  the  English  republican 
party  take  refuge  in  Holland,  and 
plan  an  invasion.  Eight  persons  are 
executed  on  such  a  charge,  Sept.  i. 

An  act  passed  for  restraining  non- 
conformists, [17  Car.  II.  c  2 J.  By 
this,  which  is  conmionly  known  as 
the  Five-mile  Act,  persons  who  had 
enjoyed  ecclesiastical  preferment,  and 
who  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  non-re- 
sistance, were  forbidden  to  come  within 
five  miles  of  any  corporate  town,  ex- 
cept in  travelling  ;  they  were  also  dis- 
abled to  keep  schools. 

The  publication  since  known  as  the 
"  London  Gazette,**  commenced  at  Ox- 
ford ',  Nov.  7. 

Louis  XIV.  of  France  joins  the 
Dutch  in  their  war  s^ainst  England. 
He  formally  declares  war,  Jan.  16, 1666. 


k  They  had  their  name  from  the  gold  being 
brought  from  Guinea  by  the  African  Company, 
of  which  Prince  Rupert  was  at  the  head. 

*  See  A.D.  1503. 

»  To  detect  these,  houses  might  be  broken  open  ; 
and  the  owner  who  knowingly  sufferedjconventides, 
even  though  not  present,  was  to  be  proceeded  against 
as  well  as  the  rest,  llie  act  was  to>continue  only 
threeyears,  but  it  was  renewed. 

■  The  reason  of  this  act  is  said  to  be  *'  the  grow- 
ing and  dangerous  practices  of  seditious  sectaries 
and  other  disloyal  persons,  who  under  pretence  of 
tender  consciences  do  at  their  meetings  contrive 
insurrections,  as  late  experience  hath  shewed." 
"A  certain  sect  called  Quakers,  and  other  sec- 
taries'* are  said  to  hinder  the  administration  of 
justice  by  obstinately  refusing  to  take  oaths,  for 
which  they  also  are  rendered  liable  to  trauis- 
portation. 

"  Many  of  the  young  courtiers  had  embarked 
in  the  admirals'  ^ps,  and  there  were  killed  of  them 


the  earls  of  Falmouth  and  Portland,  Lord  Uo^arj, 
Mr.  Boyle,  son  of  the  earl  of  Burlington,  and  sev^ 
ral  others  of  less  note.  The  earl  oi  Marlborou^ 
(who  commanded  the  Old  James)  was  also  killed, 
and  Sir  John  Lawson,  an  admiral  under  the  Coc- 
monwealth,  vras  mortally  wounded. 

p  In  July  the  deaths  were  x,ioo  weekly,  bat  tte 
number  increased  to  xo.ooo  in  September,  aed 
Evelyn,  having  about  the  middle  of  the  mooth  t> 
pass  through  the  city,  remarks  in  his  Jounw- 
*  a  dismal  passage  and  dangerous,  to  sec  so  mtfT 
coffins  exposed  m  the  streets,  now  thin  of  peopK- 
the  shops  shut  up,  and  all  in  mournful  sikoce, » 
not  knowing  whose  turn  might  be  ncxL" 

«>  De  Witt  was  the  head  of  the  republicanpaJ^r. 
which  had  abolished  the  stadtholdership.  He  «^ 
a  man  of  talent  and  courage,  but  he  needlessly  e*' 
broiled  his  country  with  both  France  and  Eogu»- 
and  he  at  last  fell  a  victim  to  popular  vengeaiice-, 

'  The  king  then  held  his  court  in  that  dtr,  a 
consequence  of  the  plague. 


LOUIS  XIV.,   HIS  MINISTERS,   GENERALS,  AND  ADMIRALS.  469 


NOTE. 
Louis  XIV.,  his  Ministers,  Generals,  and  Aumirau». 


Some  brief  notice  of  these  men  appears 
to  be  necessary,  as  their  actions  had  an  im- 
portant influence  on  English  affairs  from 
at  least  the  time  of  the  Restoration  down 
to  the  accession  of  the  House  of  Bruns- 
ivick. 

Louis  XIV.,  the  son  of  Louis  XI 11.  of 
France  and  Anne  of  Austria,  was  bom 
September  5,  1638.     He  succeeded  to  the 
throne  in  1643,  ^^^  ^  ^^  childhood  and 
youth  the  possession  of  his  person,  in  order 
to    exercise  authority  in  his   name,    was 
fiercely  contended  for  by  a  variety  of  fac- 
tionsL     The  young  king's  education  was 
superintended  by  Cardinal  Mazarin,  who 
inspired  him  with  a  thirst  for  universal 
dominion.     When  Louis  grew  up,  he  en- 
deavoured to  carry  this  into  practice,  and 
the  whole  of  his  long  reign  was  employed 
in  encroachments  on  his  neighbours,  utterly 
regpdless  of  the  most  solemn  treaties,  and 
tryin^^  to  attain  his  ends  by  carrying  on 
war  m  the  most  barbarous  spirit*.     Both 
Charles  {and  James  of  England   meanly 
submitted  to  become  his  tools,  but  William 
of  Orange  boldly  withstood  him,  and  be- 
came the  head  of  a  league  composed  of 
almost  eveiy  European  state,  formed  for 
the  avowed  purpose  of  obliging  him  to  re- 
spect the  rights  of  his  neighbours.     Louis, 
however,  had  able  ministers  and  generals, 
and  for  a  long  time  he  was  successful  in 
most  of  his  undertakings.     He  seized  on 
the  Spanish   Netherlands  and  on  several 
districts  of  Germany,  brought  the  Dutch  to 
the  very  brink  of  ruin,  coerced  alike  the 
Algerines,  the  Genoese,  the  pope,  and  the 
kings  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  established 
an  influence  among  the  Christians  of  the 
Bast  which  France  has  never  since  lost, 
and  created  such  fleets  and  armies  as  had 
never  before  belonged  to  any  French  king. 
But  he  Kved  to  experience  bitter  reverses. 
His  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  (see 
A.D.  1598)  gave  a  heavy  blow  to  the  rising 
commerce  of  his  country,  by  driving  into 
exile  hundreds  of  thousands  of  industrious 
artizans  ;   his  fleets  were  defeated,  and  at 
length  obliged  to  seek  shelter  in  their  har- 
bours from  the  attacks  of  Admirals  Rus- 
sell, Rooke,  and  others ;  and  though  he 
succeeded  in  obtaining  the  Spanish  monar- 
chy for  his  grandson,  this  was  the  effect 
rather  of  the  dissensions  in  the  palace  of 
Queen  Anne,   than  of  his  arms,   as   his 
greatest  generals  had  at  length  found  their 


superior  in  Marlborough,  and  his  armies 
had  been  ruined  by  the  terrible  defeats  of 
Blenheim,  Ramillies,  Oudenarde,  and  Mai- 
plaquet.  Louis  died  soon  after  the  close 
of  the  war  of  the  Spanish  succession,  Sept. 
I,  1715*  ^^d  he.  If  Grand  Monarque^  who 
had  so  long  afflicted  all  nations  by  his  mad 
ambition,  was  pursued  to  the  grave  by  the 
execrations  of  his  own  people. 

The  chief  statesmen  of  Louis  were  Col- 
bert and  Louvois ;  of  whom  the  first,  by 
a  wise  commercial  poli(^,  provided  the 
funds  which  the  other  dissipated  in  war. 

Jean  Baptist  Colbert,  the  comptroller- 
general  of  finance,  was  bom  at  Reims  in 
1 619,  of  humble  parentage.  He  was  first 
employed  by  the  chancellor,  Le  Tellier, 
then  by  Mazarin,  and  was  by  the  latter 
recommended  to  the  king.  On  the  dis- 
grace of  Fouquet,  the  finance  minister, 
Colbert  was  called  to  his  place,  and  he 
shewed  himself  a  patron  alike  of  trade  and 
manufactures,  and  of  arts  and  sciences  ;  he 
may  be  said  to  have  been  the  founder  of 
the  French  marine,  and  he  improved  the 
interior  of  France  by  the  formation  of 
roads  and  canals.  Hb  services  were  such 
that  he  retained  the  royal  feivour,  although 
refusing  to  abjure  Protestantism,  and  he 
died  in  ofiice  in  1683. 

Francis  Michael  Le  Tellier,  marquis 
Louvois,  the  son  of  Colbert's  early  patron, 
was  bom  in  Paris  in  1641,  and  came  into 
office,  as  minister  of  war,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-five.  He  was  a  talented,  but  cruel 
man,  and  though  his  measures  caused  many 
of  the  early  successes  of  Louis,  they  were 
the  direct  cause  of  the  great  league  even- 
tually formed  against  him.  Louvois  is 
said  to  have  devised  the  barbarous  ravage 
of  the  Palatinate  with  fire  and  sword ;  he 
also  was  a  strenuous  advocate  for  the  re- 
vocation of  the  Edict  of  Nantes ;  but  his 
schemes  failed,  his  master*s  troops  were 
checked,  the  minister  fell  into  disgrace,  and 
died  so  suddenly,  in  the  year  1691,  that 
the  event  was  ascribed  to  poison.  After 
his  death,  the  king  no  more  gave  such 
unbounded  power  as  Louvois  had  possessed 
into  the  hands  of  any  of  his  ministers. 

Of  Louis'  generals*,  one  of  the  most 
able  was  Francis  Henry  de  Montmorency 
Bouteville,  due  de  Luxembourg,  He  was 
bom  in  1628,  was  aide-de-camp  to  the 
Prince  of  Cond^  followed  him  in  his  quar 
rels  with  the  court,   but  was  afterward 


•  As  one  instance  may  be  mentioned  the  merciless  I  nown  to  those  here  noticed  are  omitted,  as  not 
ravaee  of  the  Palatinate  in  x688.  being  connected  with  English  history ;  for  instance. 

(  Other  senerals  and  admirals  not  inferior  in  re.  I  Cond^,  Turenne,  and  Duqucsne. 


470 


THE  STUARTS. 


taken  into  favour,  and  had  a  prominent 
part  in  the  conquest  of  Franche  Comt^  in 
1668,  and  in  the  campaign  in  Holland  in 
1672.  Luxembourg,  who  was  of  a  spirited, 
generous  temper,  had  fierce  quarrels  with 
the  imperious  Louvois,  was  in  consequence 
for  a  while  imprisoned  in  the  Bastille,  but 
being  reinstated  in  command,  he  gained 
the  victories  of  Fleurus,  Steenkirke  and 
Landen,  (tte  last  two  against  William 
III.),  and  died  in  1695. 

Louis  Frandsy  due  de  BouffUrSy  bom  in 
1643,  is  renowned  for  his  defence  of  Na- 
mur  in  i69|  against  William  IIL,  and  of 
Lille  in  I  TOT  against  Marlborougfa.  Though 
he  lost  both  posts,  he  sained  credit  for  his 
courage  and  skill,  andne  was  through  life 
distinguished  for  his  amiable  manners,  and 
his  humane  endeavours  to  alleviate  the 
horrors  c^  war.     He  died  in  1 71 1. 

Louis  Joseph,  due  de  Venddmc,  a  de- 
scendant of  Heniy  IV.,  was  bom  in  1654, 
and  during  the  lifetime  of  his  father  was 
styled  due  de  Penthievre.  He  was  sent  to 
Catalonia,  and  by  the  capture  of  Barcelona 
so  alanned  the  Spaniards  that  they  the 
more  readily  acceded  to  the  peace  of  Rys- 
wick.  When  war  again  broke  out,  Ven- 
d6me  was  sent  to  repair  the  faults  of  Ville- 
roy  in  Italy,  but  he  was  successfiilly  op- 
posed by  Prince  Eigene,  and  being  after- 
wards employed  in  Flanders,  he  was  there 
signally  defeated  at  Oudenarde.  In  Spain 
he  was  more  successful ;  by  the  victory  of 
Villa  Viciosa  he  re-established  Philip.  V. 
on  ^e  throne,  and  was  preparing  to  reduce 
Catalonia,  when  he  died  suddenly,  in  171 2, 
and  was  buried  with  royal  honours  in  the 
Escuiial. 

Camille  d*Hostun,  due  de  Tallard,  bom 
in  1652,  was  successful  in  the  early  part  of 
the  war  in  Germany,  but  was  defeated  and 
taken  at  Blenheim,  and  remained  a  pri- 
loner  for  several  years  in  England.  On 
his  return  to  France  he  became  a  member 
of  the  regency,  was  afterwards  the  minis- 
ter of  Louis  XV.,  and  died  in  1728. 

Francis  de  Neufville,  due  de  VilUroy, 
bom  in  1643,  was  a  personal  favourite  of 
Louis  XIV.,  and  was  in  consequence  in- 
tmsted  i^ith  several  commands  to  which 
he  shewed  himself  unequal.  He  was  sur- 
prised and  captured  at  Cremona,  by  Prince 
Eugene,  and  being  soon  after  contemp- 
tuously set  at  liberty,  he  was  appointed  to 
command  in  Flanders,  where  ne  was  ut- 
terly defeated  at  Ramillies,  and  was  ob- 
liged to  retire  into  private  life.  He  died 
in  1730. 

Louis  Hector,  -due  de  Villars^  (bom 
1653,  died  1734,)  was  an  adroit  ambassa- 


dor as  well  as  an  able  gencraL  Heh" 
a  rival  in  Villeroy,  and  met  with  mr; 
mortifications  from  the  courtiers,  bein;:  . 
a  frank,  impetuous  temper,  and  oriL. 
little  to  conciliate  them.  He  reduced  the  in- 
surgent Protestants  of  the  south  of  Fnoc. 
as  much  by  gentle  management  as  by 
arms;  was  ddeated  by  Marlborough  r 
Malplaquet,  but  in  his  turn  worsted  Prin:.- 
Eugene,  and  was  at  last  employed  to  ne 
gotiate  a  peace  with  him  ■,  which  hr 
speedily  effected,  and  thus  brought  ^r 
war  of  the  Spanish  succession  to  a  dose. 

The  aggressive  measures  of  Lods  wer.- 
greatly  aided  by  the  talents  of  the  Cunoc 
engineer  Sebastian  Ltpfoht  de  Viaiihat:. 
SL  member  of  a  decayed  noUe  family,  t1^> 
was  bom  in  Buivundy  in  1663.  He  savtl 
with  Cond^  in  his  rebellion,  and  was  taker 
prisoner,  but  his  skill  in  fortification  vt> 
made  known  to  Mazarin,  and  he  was  pa- 
doned  and  taken  into  the  royal  serrice. 
He  accompaiued  Louis  in  his  campaigc-. 
directed  numerous  sacgcs,  especially  i* 
Flanders,  and  oonstracted  a  chain  of  f  ' 
tresses  (as  Kehl,  Landau,  &c)  on  or  ce: 
the  Rhine,  whidi  covered  the  French  frc'^ 
tier,  and  proved  most  serviceable  when  lif 
allies  pressed  hard  on  France.  His  h> 
achievement  was  the  capture  of  Bri&au 
in  1703,  and  he  died  in  1707.  VanbiJi 
was  a  man  of  noble  and  disinterested  cfa~ 
racter ;  he  evinced  great  respect  for  bi> 
formidable  opponent  Cofaom,  and  bein^ 
highly  esteemed  by  Louis,  lie  had  the 
courage  to  oppose  any  of  his  designs  whi:'* 
he  thought  unwise  or  unjust,  and  ofiere. 
counsel  which  the  king  would  have  dtn^r 
well  to  have  taken.  Meimo,  baron  C 
homy  was  bom  in  Friesland  in  1641,  an 
died  in  1704 ;  he  defended  Namur  in  l6qi 
against  Vauban,  but  being  despent*^} 
wounded,  the  place  was  surrendered.  Tbes.- 
two  eminent  men  were  the  authors  of  the 
systems  of  fortification  known  by  thei 
names ;  that  of  Vauban  is  regarded  as  bc^ 
fitted  for  attack,  that  of  Cohom  for  d - 
fence;  but  both  have  received  very  can- 
dderable  modifications  in  modem  times. 

Of  the  French  admirals  connected  wii' 
Ei^lish  history  may  be  mentioned,  .'^' 
Hilarion  du  Cotentin,  comte  de  TffttrvUi: 
he  was  bom  in  Normandy  in  16142,  aoi 
was  a  Knight  of  Malta.  He  defeated 
the  English  and  Dutch  at  Beachy  Head, 
and  though  vanquished  by  them  at  L» 
Hogue,  Old  afterwards  great  damage  \'> 
their  commerce,  and  was  made  a  marsb' 
of  France  shortly  before  his  death,  which 
happened  in  1701. — Jean  Bari,  boin  a: 
I  Dunkirk  m  165 1,  and  Ren^du  Gttai  Trr."- 


o  Both  were  men  of  superior  talents,  who  felt  i  view  VilLin  exdaimed,  "  Sir,  we  need  not  be  r 
that  they  suffered  fiom  envious  rivals,  and  they  mies  to  each  other,  we  have  cadi  of  os  toB^cir' 
easily  came  to  an  agreement.    On  their  first  inter-  '  already ;  you  at  Vienna,  and  I  at  VersaiQes.'' 


A.D.  i666,  1667.] 


CHARLES   II. 


47» 


Imni  at  St.  Malo  in  1673,  were  both  ori- 
ginally conunon  sailors,  but  raised  them- 
selves to  notice  by  their  daring  enterprises 
-with  squadrons  of  privateers  from  their 
native  towns.  Bart,  among  other  exploits, 
landed  at,  and  burnt  part  of  Newcastle  in 


1696;  he  was  in  conseq|uence  created  3 
noble,  and  died  in  1702.  Du  Guai  Trouin, 
who  survived  till  1736,  captured  Rio  dc 
Janeiro  in  1711,  and  in  1731  severely  chas- 
tised the  piracies  of  the  Aigerines. 


A.D.  1666. 

The  English  fleet,  iinder  the  orders 
of  Prince  Rupert  and  the  duke  of 
Albemarle  (George  Monk),  have  a  four 
days'  fight  with  the  Dutch,  in  the 
Downs,  June  i — 4,  in  which  the  vic- 
tory is  doubtfuL  On  July  25  the  Dutch 
are  defeated  with  great  loss  off  the 
North  Foreland,  and  chased  into  their 
harbours.  Near  200  sail  taken  or  burnt 
at  Schelling  soon  after  \ 

The  Dutch  and  French  fleets  are 
prevented  from  forming  a  junction  by 
Prince  Rupert 

Lx>ndon  is  almost  totally  destroyed 
by  fire^  Sept.  2* — 6.  A  day  of  fast- 
ing and  humiliation  is  kept  in  con- 
sequence^ Oct.  10. 

An  act  passed  for  the  orderly  re- 
building of  the  city  of  London  %  [18  & 
19  Car.  II.  c.  8} 

An  insurrection  breaks  out  in  the 
west  of  Scotland,  in  November**.  The 
insurgents  attempt  to  surprise  Edin- 


burgh, but  are  defeated  on  the  Pent- 
land -hills,  Nov.  28.  Many  are  sub- 
sequently executed. 

A  Dutch  squadron  is  captured  off  the 
coast  of  Norway,  Dec.  25. 

A.D.  1667. 

The  Dutch  fleet  attacks  Burntisland,, 
without  success ',  April  29.  They  next 
threaten  the  Yorkshire  coast,  but  do 
not  attempt  a  landing. 

The  united  Dutch  and  French  fleet 
defeated  by  Sir  John  Harman,  in  the 
West  Indies,  May  10.  He  also  cap- 
tures Surinam. 

Negotiations  for  peace  are  opened 
at  Breda,  May  14.  In  consequence 
the  equipment  of  the  English  fleet  is 
neglected. 

Instigated  by  the  English  refugees 
in  Holland,  De  Witt  sends  De  Ru>ter 
with  a  strong  fleet  into  the  Thames. 
He   destroys   the   unfinished  fort  at 


^  One  Laurence  van  Heemskerk,  a  Dutch  oppo- 
nent of  De  Witt,  was  the  proposer  of  this. 

7  The  king,  his  brother  the  duke  of  York,  the 
duke  of  Albemarle,  and  many  gentlemen  of  the  court 
laboured  zealoudy  to  stop  the  progress  of  the  fire, 
which  was  at  last  effected  by  blowing  up  houses 
with  gunjpowder.  John  Evelyn,  (who,  as  a  compiis- 
sioner  ot^the  navy,  had  chane  of  several  hospitals 
filled  with  sick  and  wounded  seamen,)  passed  on 
foot  through  the  extent  of  the  burnt  city  on 
S^tember  7,  and  remarks  in  his  Diary,  "  At  my 
return  I  was  infinitely  concerned  to  find  that  goodly 
church  St.  Paul's  now  a  sad  ruin,  and  that  beau- 
tifni  portico,  for  structure  comparable  to  any  in 
Enrope,  as  not  long  repaired  by  the  late  king,  [see 
A.T>.  1631,]  now  rent  in  pieces,  flakes  of  vast  stone 
s^t  asunder,  and  nothing  remaining  entire  but  the 
inscription  in  the  architrave,  shewing  by  whom  it 
was  built,  which  had  not  one  letter  of  it  defaced. 
....  It  is  observable  that  the  lead  over  the  altar  at 
the  cast  end  was  untouched,  and  among  the  divers 
monuments,  the  body  of  one  bishop  remained  entire. 
Thus  lay  in  ashes  that  most  venerable  church,  one 
of  the  most  ancient  pieces  of  early  piety  in  the 
Christian  world,  beside  near  a  hundred  more.  The 
lead,  iroa-work,  bells,  plate,  &c.,  melted :  the  ex- 
quisitely wrought  Mercers'  chapel,  the  sumptuous 
fxchaiige,  the  august  fabric  of  Christ  Church,  all 
the  companies'  h^s,  splendid  buildings,  arches, 
entries,  aD  in  dust ;  the  fountains  dried  u]>  and 
ruined,  whilst  the  very  waters  remained  boiling ; 
the  voragoes  of  subterranean  cellars,  wells  and 
dungeons,  formerly  warehouses,  still  burning  in 
stench  and  dark  clouds  of  smoke,  so  that  in  five  or 
six  miles'  traversing  about,  I  did  not  see  one  load 


of  timber  unconsumed,  nor  many  stones  but  what 

were  calcined  white  as  snow I  then  went  to  - 

wards  Islington  and  Highgate,  where  one  might 
have  seen  aoo,ooo  people  of  all  ranks  and  degrc<jN 
dispersed,  and  lying  along  by  their  heaps  of  wbut 
they  could  save  fiom  the  fire,  deploring  their  loss, 
and  though  ready  to  perish  for  hunger  and  destitu- 
tion, yet  not  askmg  one  i^nny  for  relief,  which  to 
me  appesued  a  stranger  sight  than  any  I  had  yet 
beheld." 

■  It  began  soon  after  midnight  of  Saturday,. 
Sept.  I.  ^   ., 

•  All  grotmd  cleared  by  the  fire  was  to  be  built 
on  within  three  years,  or  else  sold  by  the  corpora- 
tion and  the  money  paid  to  the  owner ;  the  mayoi- 
and  aldermen  were  empowered  to  rcgidatc  the  price 
of  labour,  and  to  suppress  combinations ;  labourers 
working  were  to  become  freemen  ;  there  were  to  be 
four  diflerent  classes  of  houses,  and  any  built  coi;- 
trary  to  rule  were  to  be  pulled  down ;  no  timber 
buildings  were  to  be  allowed,  except  the  Water 
house  near  London-bridge.  Further  powers,  chiefly 
relating  to  the  rebuilding  of  Sl  Paul's  and  oth»*« 
churches,  were  given  in  1670,  by  stat.  2a  Car.  1 1 

C.  II. 

•>  This  was  avowedly  caused  by  hatred  of  Arch- 
bishop Sharpe,  but,  as  had  been  the  case  thirty 
years  before,  the  insurgents'  views  extended  fat- 
beyond  the  abolition  of  episcopacy. 

•  According  to  a  letter  in  the  Pubhc  Record 
Office,  they  cannonaded  it  from  so  great  a  distance, 
that  they  did  very  little  damage.    The  writer  (Ro 
bert  Mcin)  says,  they  fired  x.soc  shot,  but  only- 
killed  one  now. 


472 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1667,  1668. 


SheemessS  June  11.  The  duke  of 
Albemarle  sinks  ships  in  the  Medway, 
to  prevent  the  advance  of  the  Dutch. 
They,  however,  bum  several  vessels  at 
Chatham*,  June  13,  but  fail  in  an  at- 
tack on  Upnor  Castle,  and  lose  five  of 
their  ships. 

The  Dutch  advance  nearly  to 
Gravesend,  June  29,  but  are  driven 
off  by  Sir  Edward  Sprague',  and  re- 
tire to  their  own  coast 

Peace  is  concluded  with  the  Dutch, 
July  21. 

The  earl  of  Qarendon  falls  into  dis- 
grace. He  is  deprived  of  his  office, 
Aug.  30,  is  impeached  by  the  Commons, 
Nov.  12,  and  retires  to  the  continent, 
by  command  of  the  king',  Nov.  29. 

A  new  ministry,  termed  the  King's 
Cabal  \  is  formed,  on  the  dismissal  of 
Clarendon.  Its  principal  members 
are  the  duke  of  Buckingham  ^  Lord 
Arlington  "'j  and  Sir  William  Coventry, 
a  commissioner  of  the  treasury.  Lord 
Ashley  and  Sir  Thomas  Clifford'  are 
associated  with  them. 

The  earl  of  Lauderdale  continues  at 
the  head  of  affairs  in  Scotland. 

A.D.  1668. 
A  treaty  of  triple  alliance  is  con- 


cluded between  England,  Holland  and 
Sweden,  to  restrain  the  aggressive 
proceedings  of  Louis  XIV.  ■,  (Jan.  13, 
April  25). 

Louis  XIV.  and  the  Emperor  Leo- 
pold agree  to  a  treaty  for  the  even- 
tual partition  of  the  Spanish  mo- 
narchy. 

The  parliament  meets,  Feb.  10.  A 
quarrel  occurs  between  the  two  Hoases, 
on  the  case  of  Thomas  Skinner",  and 
they  adjourn  May  8,  without  trans- 
acting any  business  of  importance. 

Bishop  Wilkins,  Sir  Matthew  Hale, 
and  others,  endeavour  to  bring  about 
a  Comprehension  of  the  dissenters. 
Baxter  and  his  friends,  however,  make 
the  same  extravagant  demands  as  at 
the  Savoy  Conference  •,  and  nothing 
is  effected  P. 

Buckingham,  having  become  prime 
minister,  endeavours  to  remove  the 
duke  of  York  from  his  post  of  lord 
high  admiral. 

The  king  carries  on  secret  negotia- 
tions with  Louis  XIV.  in  order  to  ob- 
tain money.  This  was  at  length  ac- 
complished, and  Charles  became  the 
pensioner  of  the  French  king,  bound 
to  Assist  him  in  his  desig^ns  against 
the  Dutch,  and  expecting  assistance 


*  This  was  meant  to  rq>Iace  the  strong  castle  of 
Queenborough,  which  had  been  unwisely  destroyed 
under  the  Commonwealth,  leaving  that  part  of  the 
coast  defenceless. 

•  A  chain  that  had  been  placed  to  check  their 
progress  gave  way  at  the  first  shock,  having  been 
treacherously  cut  and  tied  together  again  by  some 
of  the  people  of  the  dockyard,  who  had  served 
under  the  Commonwealth,  and  were  notorious  sec- 
taries. 

^  It  was  apprehended  that  thev  might  try  to  reach 
London,  and  at  least  one  ^ip  (the  "Xeinster")  was 
sunk  at  Blackwall  to  hinder  them.  It  was  valued 
at  £itA77  3S.,  according  to  the  Secret  Service  ac- 
counts ot  Charles  II. 

V  The  charges  against  him  were  chiefly,  venality 
in  the  discharge  of  his  office  (said  to  be  proved  by 
the  sale  of  Dunkirk,  and  the  vast  fortune  that  he  had 
acquired),  betraying  the  king's  secrets,  and  an  inten- 
tion to  introduce  military  government.  An  act  was 
passed  [19  ft  20  Car.  II.  e.  a]  commanding  him  to 
appear  to  take  his  trial  in  a  limited  time;  illness 
prevented  his  compliance,  and  he  became,  in  con- 
sequence, liable  to  banishment  for  life.  He  died  at 
Rouen  in  1674. 

^  The  name  is  usually  taken  as  a  word  arbitnuily 
formed  of  the  initial  letters  of  the  names  of  the  prin- 
cipal members,  with  the  addition  of  L  for  Lauder- 
dale, but  it  b  found  in  the  works  of  Whitelock, 
Evelyn,  and  Pcpys,  of  earlier  date,  and  merely 
means  any  select  committee ;  it  is  in  fact  equiva- 
lent to  the  "  cabinet"  of  later  times. 

'  George  Villiers,  bom  Jan,  30,  x6a8.  He  lost  his 
estates  as  a  royalist,  but  recovered  them  by  marry- 
ingthe  daughter  of  Lord  Fairfax.  He  is  the  "  Zimn" 
of  Dry  den's  satire.  After  a  long  course  of  profligacy 
he  died  in  comparative  poverty,  April  16,  1687. 

^  Henry  Bennett,  bom  in  z6x8.     He  was  edu- 


cated at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  served  ia  the 
king's  army,  afterwards  went  abroad,  and  acted 
as  the  agent  of  Charles  II.  in  Spain.  He  becaae 
secretary  of  state  soon  after  the  Restoration,  was 
created  an  earl  in  1672,  was  driven  from  office  in 
Z674,  and  died  in  1685. 

'  He  was  of  an  old  Devonshire  fimuly,  was  bonx 
in  1630,  and  was  brought  forward  by  Ariington. 
Hu  activity  in  the  House  of  (Commons,  and  his 
opportime  conversion  to  Romanism,  reoonunended 
him  at  court ;  he  was  created  a  i>eer,  (Lord  Clifford 
of  ChudleighX  and  supplanted  his  patron.  He  be- 
came lord  treasurer,  but  was  driven  frxua  office  by 
the  operation  of  the  Test  Act,  in  2673,  and  died 
soon  after. 

"  Louis  claimed  the  Spanish  Netherlands,  is 
right  of  his  wife,  Maria  Theresa  of  SpauL  Though 
she  had  formally  renounced  the  succession,  be  in- 
vaded them,  and  nearly  achieved  their  conquest 

"  Skinner  was  a  trader,  who,  complaining  to  the 
king's  council  of  injuries  sustained  firom  the  East 
India  Company,  was  refeired  to  the  House  of 
Lords  for  redress.  The  Lords  adjudged  him  com- 
pensation :  the  company,  in  a  petition  to  the  Com- 
mons, denied  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Peer&.  The 
Commons  voted  that  whoever  should  put  in  font 
the  order  of  the  Peers  as  to  Skinner  was  an  in- 
fringer of  their  privileges ;  the  Peers  dedared  the 
petition  a  scandalous  libel,  and  all  interooune 
between  the  Houses  was  broken  off.  The  qnaird 
was  not  accommodated  until  1670,  when  the  votei 
on  each  side  were  cancelled,  and  Skinner  was  k^ 
uncompensated. 

•  See  A,D.  1661. 

p  The  House  of  Commons,  instead  ti  fimwring 
the  scheme,  addressed  the  king  desiring  that  tbc 
laws  against  the  noncoofonnists  should  be  strictly 
enforced. 


A.D.  166^ — 1672.] 


CHARLES   II. 


473 


in  establishing  arbitrary  government 
in  England  ^ 

James  Mitchell,  one  of  the  Cove* 
nanters,  attempts  to  assassinate  Arch- 
bishop Sharpe,  July  1 1.  By  accident 
be  wounds  Honeyman,  bishop  of 
Orkney. 

The  government  issues  an  "indul- 
gence,** in  virtue  of  which  many  of 
the  Scottish  ministers  conform  to  the 
episcopal  government  The  more  ve- 
hement, however,  refuse,  and  persist 
in  holding  field-meetings,  which  the 
troops  are  ordered  to  disperse. 

The  island  of  Bombay  granted  to  the 
£ast  India  Company.  They  are  allowed 
in  1677  to  establish  a  mint  there. 

A.D.  1669. 

The  duke  of  York  avows  his  con- 
version to  Romanism. 

The  parliament  meets  Oct  19.  The 
case  of  Skinner  being  revived,  die  dis- 
putes of  the  two  Houses  prevent  any 
business  being  transacted,  and  they 
are  prorogued  Dec.  11. 

Captain  John  Kempthome,  in  the 
**Mary  Rose,"  beats  off  seven  large 
Barbary  corsairs  in  the  Straits  of 
Gibraltar*,  Dec.  29. 

A.D.  1670. 

The  parliament  meets,  Feb.  14,  and 
sits  till  April  11. 

A  new  act  passed  against  seditious 
conventicles',  [22  Car.  II.  c.  i]. 

Mead  and  Penn  •,  two  quakers,  tried 


under  the  recent  Conventicle  Act,  are 
acquitted.  Sept  5 ;  the  jurors  are  fined, 
and  imprisoned,  as  are  the  quakers, 
for  alleged  contempt  of  court,  in  re- 
fusing to  uncover  their  heads  ". 

The  parliament  meets  Oct  24. 

An  attempt  is  made*  to  assassinate 
the  duke  of  Ormond,  in  London  ^ 
Dec.  6. 

The  Hudson's  Bay  Company  esta- 
blished by  charter.  Prince  Rupert 
being  its  ^eat  promoter.  (  x  -^a . .  ^ ; 

A.D.  1 67 1. 

An  act  passed  to  prevent  malicious 
wounding  and  maiming*,  [22  &  23 
Car.  II.  c.  i];  the  offence  is  declared 
a  capital  felony. 

A  quarrel  as  to  a  claim  by  the  Peers 
to  alter  money-bills  occasions  the  pre- 
mature prorogation  of  the  Houses, 
April  22. 

Colonel  Blood  attempts  to  carry  off 
the  regalia  firom  the  Tower  %  May  9. 

A.D.  1672. 

The  king,  probably  at  the  instiga- 
tion of  Lord  Ashley  ^  seizes  on  the 
bankers'  funds  in  the  Exchequer,  Jan.  2, 
and  thus  prepares  for  war. 

An  unsuccessful  attempt  is  made 
to  captiure  the  Dutch  Smyrna  fleet, 
March  3.  England  and  France  declare 
war  against  the  Dutch,  March  17. 

The '  king  issues  a  declaration  of 
indulgence  dispensing  with  the  laws 
against  nonconformity  %  Mar.  15. 


«  A  scandalotis  treaty,  for  these  purposes,  was 
signed  at  Dover,  May  aa,  1670. 

'  He  escaped  to  Holland,  out  retaming  to  Scot- 
land in  1674,  was  imprisoned  for  a  while,  tortured, 
and  at  length  executed  Jan.  x8,  1678. 

*  This  gallant  action  is  commemorated  by  a  pic- 
ture in  the  Painted  Hall  at  Greenwich,  with  the 
inscription, — 

"  Two  we  burnt,  and  two  we  sunk,  and  two  did 
rtm  away. 
And  one  we  brought  to  Leghorn  roads,  to  shew 
we'd  won  the  day." 

*  The  penalties  of  the  act  of  1664  were  reduced 
to  5s.  for  the  first,  and  zos.  for  every  future  offence. 
A  meeting  of  five  persons  constituted  the  offence : 
the  owner  of  any  house  suffering  a  conventicle  was 
to  y»y  £ao ;  the  preacher  was  to  pay  £20  or  ;C4o> 
and  if  he  was  not  able  to  pav,  or  had  fled,  the 
penalty  was  to  be  levied  on  his  hearers. 

"  Penn  was  the  son  of  Sir  William  Penn,  the 
admiral,  who  captured  Jamaica.  He  afterwards 
became  the  founder  of  the  settlement  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  a  confidential  agent  of  James  II.,  and 
was  in  consequence  exposed  to  much  odium  after 
the  Revolution.    He  died  in  17x8,  aged  74. 

■  The  presiding  judge  was  George  Jefferies. 
This  man,  whose  name  has  become  a  byword  for 
all  that  can  disgrace  the  judicial  character,  was 
bom  in  Denbighshire,  about  1640,  was  bred  to  the 
bar,  and  became  recorder  of  London.    In  the  dis- 


putes ^th  the  dty  he  jdned  the  court  party,  and 
he  was  promoted  to  the  office  of  chief  justice,  in 
z68^.  By  James  II.  he  was  made  lord^ehanceUor, 
in  Sept.  T685,  as  a  reward  for  his  exertions  in  pun- 
ishing the  adherents  of  the  duke  of  Monmouth. 
His  conduct  on  the  bench  had  long  been  distin- 
guished for  coarseness  :  but  in  his  "  campaign," 
as  the  \unfi  himself  called  it,  Jefferies  displayed 
such  atroaous  crueltv  as  rendered  him  the  object 
of  abhorrence.  On  the  flight  of  his  master  he  at- 
tempted to  flee  also,  but  was  taken  at  Wappinjg 
disguised  as  a  sailor,  Dec.  13,  and  being  with  diflo- 
culty  saved  from  summary  execution,  was  lodged 
in  the  Tower,  where  he  died,  April  x8,  z68o. 

J  The  leader  of  the  party  was  a  Colonel  Blood, 
an  Irish  adventurer,  who  soon  after  attempted  to 
steal  the  regalia  from  the  Tower  of  London. 

■  This  act  was  occasioned  by  an  outrageous 
attack  on  Sir  John  Coventry,  (Dec.  ax,  1670,)  by 
some  of  the  roval  guard,  in  consequence  of  an  ob- 
servation whicn  he  had  made  on  the  profligate  life 
of  the  king.  The  duke  of  Monmouth,  Charles' 
natural  son,  was  the  instigator  of  the  attack,  but 
he  escaped  punishment. 

*  Blood  was  pardoned  by  the  king,  and  even  re- 
ceived a  grant  of  lands  in  compensation  for  losses 
during  the  civil  war  :^  he  eventually  died  in  the 
King  s  Bench  Prison,  in  x68i. 

•»  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper,  who  was  soon  after- 
wards created  earl  of  Shaliesbury. 

•  This  declaration  was  known  to  be  issued  on  the 


474 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1672 — 1675. 


The  English  fleet  defeats  the  Dutch 
in  Southwold-bay,  May  28,  and  chases 
it  into  harbour**,  May  30. 

Louis  XIV.  overruns  great  part  of 
Holland,  having  with  him  a  body  of 
English  troops  under  the  duke  of  Mon- 
moudh 

The  stadtholdership  re-established 
in  Holland,  in  the  person  of  Wilh'am, 
prince  of  Orange  * ;  the  brothers  De 
Witty  his  great  oj^nents,  are  mur- 
dered by  the  populace,  Aug.  4. 

Sir  Edward  Sprague  severely  re- 
presses the  Barbary  pirates. 

The  earl  of  Shaftesbury  is  made 
lord-chancellor,  Nov.  17. 

A.D.  1673. 

The  parliament  meets,  Feb.  4.  They 
complain  of  the  king's  declaration  of 
indulgence,  which  he  at  length  con- 
sents to  withdraw,  May  8. 

The  Test  Act  [25  Car.  II.  c.  2] 
passed,  by  which  all  persons  holding 
office  are  obliged  to  take  the  sacra- 
ment according  to  the  mode  of  the 
English  Church,  and  also  to  subscribe 
a  declaration  against  transubstantia- 
tion.  The  duke  of  York,  Lord  Clif- 
ford, and  others,  in  consequence  re- 
sign their  posts. 

Prince  Rupert  takes  the  conmiand 
of  the  English  fleet,  in  place  of  the 
duke  of  York. 

The  Dutch  are  defeated  on  their 
own  coast,  May  28  and  June  4.    The 


English  blockade  the  numth  oi  the 
Maes,  when  they  are  attacked  by  the 
Dutch,  Aug.  II,  and  being  deserted 
by  the  French,  sufler  con^deiableloss', 
and  are  driven  off. 

The  parliament  adjourned.  Nor.  4. 

The  earl  of  Shaftesbury  is  deprived 
of  the  chancellorship  f,  Nov.  9.  He 
again  becomes  the  leader  of  the  op- 
position. 

The  island  of  St  Helena  is  zecap- 
tured  from  the  Dutch  \ 

A.D.  1674, 

The  psuiiament  meets,  Jan.  7. 

The  ministers  are  driven  from  office, 
by  votes  of  the  parliament.  Viscount 
Latimer  (Thomas  Osborne*,  after- 
wards earl  of  Danby)  becomes  chief 
minister. 

Peace  is  concluded  with  Holland^ 
Feb.  9.  A  lai^ge  sum  of  money  is  paid 
to  the  king  bv  the  Dutch,  and  the 
honour  of  the  flagJ  is  conceded. 

Shaftesbury  and  others  coxxmience 
intrigues  with  the  purpose  of  ex- 
cluding the  duke  of  York  from  the  suc- 
cession to  the  throne,  and  substituting 
the  duke  of  Monmouth. 

A.D.  1675. 

The  king,  by  the  advice  of  Danby, 
publishes  proclamations  for  putting  in 
force  the  laws  against  nonconformists. 

The  parliament  meets  April  13. 
Danby  is  threatened  with  impeach- 


advice  of  Clifford  and  Ashley,  and  as  one  was  an 
avowed  Romanist  and  the  other  an  infidel,  it  was 
justly  regarded  as  meant  rather  to  injure  the 
Church  than  to  serve  the  nonconformists. 

*  The  duke  of  York  commanded  the  English, 
who,  though  victors,  being  much  inferior  in  num- 
ber to  the  Dutch,  sufferMl  severely ;  the  eari  di 
Sandwich  perished,  with  many  others.  A  French 
squadron,  professedly  the  allies  of  the  English, 
stood  off,  and  took  no  part  in  the  action. 

•  It  had  been  in  abeyance  since  the  death  of  his 
fiuher  in  1650,  and  was  now  re-established  in  con- 
sequence of  the  alarm  excited  by  the  proeress  of  the 
French.  The  young  prince  (afkerwards  William  III. 
of  England)  was  successful  against  the  invaders,  who 
retired  predpiutely  before  the  close  of  the  next  year. 

r  Among  the  killed  was  Sir  Edwai4  Sprague,  who 
had  driven  the  Dutch  from  the  Thames  in  1667. 
Captain  Kempthome,  who  had  beeai  knig^ed  for 
his  gallantry  m  the  Mediterranean  (see  a.d.  1669), 
greatly  distinguished  himself,  and  was  in  conse- 
quence made  an  admiraL 

«  He  was  succeeded  by  Sir  Heneage  Finch  (after- 
wards earl  of  Nottingham),  who  retained  the  of&ce  | 
till  his  death,  Dec  z8,  i68a. 

^  It  had  been  taken  by  them  very  shortly  before. 

>  He  was  the  son  of  Sir  Edward  Osborne,  of 
Kiveton,  in  Yorkshire,  a  noted  royalisL  He  came 
early  to  court,  was  knighted,  made  a  peer,  (Vis- 
count Latimer  in  1673,  carl  of  Danby  in  1674,)  and 
when  Lord  Clifford  retired  in  consequence  of  the 


Test  Act,  succeeded  him  as  lord-treasoTB-.  His 
conduct  as  a  minister  was  honest  and  abfe;  be 
endeavoored  to  secure  the  Church  against  danger 
from  either  nonconforausts  or  Romanists,  and  he 
opposed  the  king's  disgrace(ul|treaties  with  France : 
but  he  was  driven  from  office  by  ilie  mtrigue^  if 
Shajftesbury,  and  was  only  saved  from  the  effects 
of  an  impeachment  by  a  dissolution  of  the  paxlia- 


AnnB  of  OBlxmie,  earl  of  Sanlqr. 
ment.  He  snflferedy  howeveit  a  five  yesn'  n 
ment  in  the  Tower  (1679— 16&^).  Uaaby  frvoomi 
the  des^s  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  was  create  < 
marqub  of  Caermaithen  and  duke  of  Leeds,  aai 
took  an  active  part  in  public  affairs  under  Wlfiu-i 
III.  He  died  July  a6,  1712. 
J  See  A.D.  1390,  X634. 


A.T>.  167s — 1678.] 


CHARLES   II. 


475 


ment  for  corruption  ^,  but  the  proceed- 
ing Hails. 

Conferences  for  peace  are  opened 
at  Nimeguen,  July. 

Many  English  vessels  are  captured 
by  the  French  on  the  charge  of  carry- 
ing Dutch  property,  on  which  war 
with  Fiance  is  loudly  demanded  \ 

A  quarrel  as  to  hearing  of  aj^als 
arises  between  the  two  Houses,  and  at 
length  the  parliament  is  prorogued 
(Nov,  22)  for  a  period  of  fifteen  months. 

The  London  coffee-houses,  are  closed 
by  royal  proclamation,  as  being  the 
resort  of  "disaffected  persons,  who 
spread  false,  malicious,  and  scanda- 
lous reports,  to  the  defamation  of  his 
majesty's  government,  and  the  dis- 
turbance of  the  quiet  of  the  realm," 
Dec  29.  This  step  is  much  cla- 
moured against,  and  the  proclamation 
is  withdrawn. 

A.D.  1676. 

The  king  concludes  a  secret  treaty 
with  Louis  XIV.,  by  which  he  secures 
a  laige  annual  pension  (probably  of 
;^ 1 00,000),  on  condition  of  entering 
into  no  engagements  with  foreign 
powers  without  the  consent  of  France, 
Feb.  17.  With  the  money  thus  pro- 
cured he  passes  the  time  in  idle 
luxury,  apparently  quite  regardless  of 
public  affairs. 

Sir  John  Narborough  represses  the 
piracies  of  the  Barbary  States  ". 

A.D.  1677. 
The  parliament  reassembles,  Feb.  1 5. 


The  duke  of  Buckingham,  Lords  Sa- 
lisbury, Shaftesbury,  and  Wharton, 
offend  the  House  of  Peers  by  con- 
tending that  the  long ,  prorogation 
amounted  to  a  dissolution  of  parlia- 
ment, and  are  committed  to  the 
Tower",  Feb.  17. 

The  better  observance  of  the  Lord's 
Day  provided  for  by  statute,  [29  Car. 
IL  C.7]. 

The  statutable  punishment  of  burn- 
ing for  heresy  **  alK>lished,  [c.  9]. 

Willian:!,  prince  of  Orange,  marries 
the  princess  Mary,  daughter  of  the 
duke  of  York,  Nov.  4. 

Archbishop  Sheldon  dies,  Nov.  9. 
He  is  succeeded  by  William  San- 
croft  i»,  dean  of  St.  Paul's. 

The  corporation  of  the  Sons  of  the 
Clergy  founded. 

A.D.  1678. 

The  king  forms  a  treaty  with  Hol- 
land, Jan.  26,  by  which  he  engages  to 
withdraw  the  English  auxiliaries  from 
the  French  army**. 

The  king  forms  another  secret  treaty 
with  France,  May  17,  and  in  conse- 
quence recalls  the  troops  which  he 
had,  as  a  threat  to  Louis,  recently  sent 
to  Flanders. 

The  peace  of  Nimeguen  is  con- 
cluded, under  the  mediation  of  the 
king,  Aug.  10,  which  establishes  a 
temporary  peace  between  France^ 
Spam,  and  Holland. 

Titus  Oates,  a  man  of  infamous 
character ',  informs  the  king  of  an  al- 


k  Tlie  xnofvcr  was  Lord  Russell,  executed  in  1683, 
as  ooDoeraed  in  the  Rye-house  Plot. 

1  A  petitioa,  {Hresented  by  certain  merchants  in 
Ai^nst,  1676,  stated  that  fifty-three  ships  had  been 
thus  seued  since  December,  1673. 

•  On  the  Z4th  January  the  boats  of  his  squad- 
ron, under  the  command  of  Cloudesley  Shovel 
(then  a  young  lieutenant),  burnt  four  large  ships 
of  war  in  the  harbour  of  Tripoli ;  he  afterwards 
cannonaded  the  town,  destroyed  their  naval  stores, 
and  obliged  them  to  a£T*ce  to  abstain  from  piracy. 
Soon  after  he  vidted  Algiers,  suid^  brought  tne  dey 
to  a  ihmlar  temporary  submission.  Two  years 
after  he  was  sinularly  employed,  and  either  cap- 
tured or  destroyed  almost  every  vessel  belonging 
to  the  Adelines. 

■  The  others  petitioned  for  their  release,  and 
obtaiited  it  in  June,  but  Shaftesbury,  who  had 
applied  to  the  courts  of  law,  was  confined  until 
February,  1678,  when  he  was  released  upon  beg- 
ging paraon  on  his  knees  in  the  House. 

«  See  A.D.  Z401. 

p  He  was  bom  at  Freangfield,  in  Suffolk,  in  z6x6, 
of  a  good  bwSij,  and  was  educated  at  Emmanuel 
CoIlMe,  Cambridge.  He  was  ejected  in  1649,  and 
travelled  abroad  until  the  Restoration,  when  he  was 
made  master  of  his  college,  dean  of  York,  then  of 


St.  Paul's,  and  alkerwards  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury. His  passive  resistance  in  this  high  post  to 
the  arbitrary  measures  of  James  II.  had  a  great 
effect  in  producing  the  expwsion  of  that  monarch, 
but  the  archbishop  having  once  sworn  allegiance 
to  him,  conscientiously  fdt  himself  unable  to  ac- 
knowledge William  and  Mary  as  his  successors, 
and  preferred  to  suffer  instead  the  deprivation  of 
his  office.  He  retired  to  a  small  property  at  his 
native  fdace,  and  died  there,  Nov.  34,  1693. 

«>  They  were  about  8,000  strong,  and  were  com- 
manded by  the  duke  of  Monmouth  :  John  Churdiill 
(afterwards  duke  of  Marlborough)  served  among 
them.  Louis  parted  with  them  unwillingly,  and 
bribed  Shaftesbury  and  others  to  complain  that 
they  were  brought  to  England  to  establish  arbitrary 
power.  In  consequence,  a  part  were  sent  to  Flan- 
ders to  assist  the  Spaniards,  but  matters  were  so 
arranged  they  never  came  in  contact  with  their 
former  assodates. 

'  He  was  bom  at  Oakham  about  x6ao,  hb  father 
being  then  incumbent  of  All  Saints,  Hastings.  He 
became  an  Anabaptist,  but  conformed  to  the  Church 
at  the  Restoration,  held  two  or  three  curacies,  and 
served  at  sea  as  a  chaplain.  ^  At  length  he  went 
abroad,  and  professed  conversion  to  Romanism,  but 
was  expelled  fjrom  the  English  collie  at  St.  Omcr, 


476 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1678,  1679. 


leged  Popish  Plot,  Aug.  13.  His  state- 
ments are  discredited  by  the  king  and 
his  council,  but  are  eagerly  adopted 
by  Shaftesbury  and  his  associates  *. 

Oates  swears  to  the  particulars  of. 
the  plot  before  Sir  Edmund  Berry  God- 
frey, a  magistrate,  who  is  shortly  after 
found  dead  (Oct.  15).  Godfrey  is  al- 
leged to  have  beefPhiurdered  by  the 
Romanists,  and  receives  a  public  fune- 
ral, Oct.  31. 

The  parliament  meets  Oct.  21.  A 
conmiittee  is  appointed  to  examine 
into  the  plot ;  they  report  themselves 
satisfied  as  to  its  existence,  and  nume- 
rous arrests  follow. 

The  excitement  occasioned  by  the 
.  statements  of  Oates  enables  Shaftes- 
bury and  his  party  to  procure  the  pass- 
ing of  an  act  "  for  the  more  effectual 
preserving  the  king's  person  and  gp- 
vemment  by  disabling  papists  from  sit- 
ting in  either  House  of  Parliament  *," 
[30  Car.  II.  Stat.  2,  c.  i]. 

The  earl  of  Powis  •,  lords  Stafford, 
Petre,  Arundel,  and  Belasyze,  Roman- 
ist peers,  are  committed  to  the  Tower, 
October'. 

Coleman  *,  the  duke  of  York's  secre- 
tary, is  condemned,  Nov.  27,  and  ex- 
ecuted Dec.  3.  Whitbread  and  four 
other  priests  are  tried  Dec.  17.  Three 
are  convicted',  and  are  executed  Jan. 
24,  1679. 

The  earl  of  Danby  is  impeached  by 
the  Commons,  Dec.  21,  but  the  pro- 
ceedings are  stopped  by  the  proroga- 


tion of  the  parliament,  Dec.  30,  wfaidi 
is  soon  after  (Jan.  24, 1679)  dissolved. 

A.D.  1679. 

Bedloe,  an  accomplice  of  Gates, 
gives  further  particulars  of  the  plot, 
and  endeavours  to  shew  that  the  queen 
is  concerned  in  it  Hill,  Green,  and 
Berry,  three  of  her  servants,  are  ex- 
ecuted as  the  murderers  of  Sir  Ed- 
mund Berry  Godfrey,  Feb.  21,  27. 

The  duke  of  York  goes  abroad, 
immediately  before  the  meeting  of 
the  new  parliament,  which  assembles 
March  6. 

The  king  grants  a  pardon  to  Danby, 
to  which  the  parliament  objects,  as 
"illegal  and  void,"  and  he  is  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower,  April  16. 

A  new  council,  containing  many 
members  of  the  country  party,  is 
formed,  of  which  the  earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury is  the  president,  April  ^o. 

An  act  passed  "for  the  better  se- 
curing the  liberty  of  the  subject,  and 
for  prevention  of  imprisonments  be- 
yond the  seas,"  [3 1  Car.  II .  c.  2].  This, 
the  invaluable  Habeas  Corpus  Act, 
was  the  only  important  measure  per- 
fected by  the  parliament.  A  bill  to 
exclude  the  duke  of  York  from  the 
succession  to  the  throne  was  brought 
forward,  but  was  frustrated  by  the  Sis- 
solution  of  the  parliament »,  May  27. 

The  Covenanters  in  the  west  of 
Scotland  manifest  a  disposition  to 
take  up  arms.    To  bridle  them,  large 


on  charees  of  immorality ;  he  had,  however,  gained 
a  knowledge  of  the  names  and  circumstances  of  the 
chief  Romanists  in  England,  whether  clerical  or 
lay,  which  he  speedily  turned  to  account  in  a  way 
that  cost  many  innocent  persons  their  lives. 

•  The  plot  IS  often  represented  as  a  pure  inven- 
tion on  the  part  of  Oates  and  his  associates,  but 
Dryden,  after  his  conversion  to  Romanism,  said 
more  accurately, 

"  Some  ^tnith  there  was,  but  dash'd  and  brew'd 
with  lies.'* 

Both  the  king  and  the  duke  of  York,  as  is  now  well 
known,  indt^lged  in  schemes  to  establish  Romanism 
and  arbitrary  power,  and  the  latter  especially  had 
intriguing  and  fanatic  pardsans,  whose  views  pro- 
bably went  far  beyond  his  own.  Charles  only 
acted  with  his  customary  duplicity  when  he  at- 
tempted to  turn  the  matter  into  ridicule,  by  saying 
that  "  he  was  accused  of  being  in  a  plot  against 
his  own  life.** 

»  The  intention  of  Shaftesbury  was  to  pave  the 
way  for  the  exclusion  of  the  duke  of  York  from  the 
throne ;  but  he  was  foiled,  as  **  Provided  always 
that  nothing  in  this  act  contained  shall  extend  to 
his  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  York"  is  written 
on  a  separate  schedule  to  the  original  act,  with  the 
word  *  Agreed  "  in  the  margin. 

"  WiUiam  Herbert,  Lord  Powis.  was  created  an 


earl  in  x666.  He  was  released  without  trial  irtm. 
the  Tower,  early  in  1684,  was  called  by  James  II. 
to  the  privy  council,  and  created  maxquis  of  Powis 
in  1687.  He  conducted  James's  queen  and  son  to 
France,  and  died  there,  outlawed,  in  1696.  He  had 
married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  the  marquis  of  Wor> 
cester,  and  left  an  only  son,  William,  who  reg^bied 
the  tide  of  Lord  Powis. 

*  According  to  the  Tower  Records,  Lord  Petre 
was  committed  on  October  26  ;  Lords  Aixmdel. 
Belasyze,  and  Stafford  on  October  31.  The  date 
of  the  committal  of  the  eari  does  not  appear,  the 
first  entry  regarding  him  beinp  on  Apnl  8,  1679. 
His  wife  also  was  a  prisoner  m  the  Tower  frws 
Nov.  4, 1679,  to  Lady-day,  z68o,  or  perhaps  kager, 
as  the  date  of  her  release  does  not  occur. 

*  This  man  had  been  employed  in  the  distributknt 
of  bribes  from  Louis  to  the  members  of  xaiUameat. 
and  he  had,  apparently  without  authonty,  written 
a  variety  of  letters  in  his  master's  name,  which  bore 
out  many  of  the  statements  of  Oates. 

y  Whitbread  and  Fenwick  were  acquitted,  but 
they  were  detained  in  custody,  again  tncd  the  next 
year,  and  executed. 

■  The  opposition  then  endeavoured  to  fvevail  en 
the  king  to  declare  the  duke  of  Monmouth  his 
successor,  but  their  designs  failed,  although  they 
bribed  his  mistress,  the  dudvcss  of  Portsmotith,  to 
advocate  it 


A.D.  i679j  1680.] 


CHARLES  II. 


477 


bodies  of  Highlanders  are  placed  at 
free  quarter  among  them%  who  are 
soon  withdrawn,  but  the  country  is 
continued  under  martial  law. 

Archbishop  Sharpe  is  murdered  at 
Magus-muir,  in  Fifeshire,  May  3 ;  the 
assassins  retire  towards  Glasgow.  Re- 
ceiving reinforcements,  they  appear  in 
arms  at  Rutherglen,  May  29,  and  de- 
feat a  small  body  of  cavalry  under 
Graham  of  Claverhouse  ^,  at  Drum- 
clog,  Jime  3*.  The  duke  of  Monmouth 
is  sent  against  them,  and  defeats  them 
at  Bothwell-bridge,  June  22.  Great 
numbers  of  prisoners  are  taken,  who 
are  leniently  treated.  Some  few  keep 
in  arms  under  Cameron  and  Cargill, 
two  of  their  preachers. 

The  prosecutions  regarding  the 
Popish  plot  are  stiU  carried  on. 
Whitbread  and  Fenwick  and  three 
other  Jesuits  are  condemned,  June  13, 
and  Langhome,  a  lawyer,  June  14. 
They  suffer,  June  20,  and  eight  priests 
are  executed  in  different  parts  of  the 
country*;  but  Sjr  George  Wakeman, 
the  queen's  physician,  and  three  Bene- 
dictine monks,  tried  July  18,  are  ac- 
quitted. 

The  parliament  adjourned,  July  10, 
and  shortly  after  dissolved. 

The  duke  of  York  returns,  is  well 
received,  and  the  duke  of  Monmouth 


banished.  The  duke  of  York  soon 
repairs  to  Scotland,  as  lord  high  com- 
missioner, and  Monmouth  is  recalled 
to  court 

Shaftesbury  is  removed  from  the 
presidency  of  the  council  In  revenge, 
by  his  means,  the  anniversary  of  Queen 
Elizabeth's  accession  (Nov.  17)  is  cele- 
brated with  extraordinary  demonstra- 
tions of  hostility  to  the  Romanists. 

Shaftesbury  and  his  friends  procure 
numerous  addresses  to  the  king,  pray- 
ing for  the  speedy  meeting  of  the  par- 
liament* ;  the  court  party  bring  forward 
other  addresses,  expressing  abhorrence 
of  this,  as  interfering  with  the  king's 
prerogative '.  The  two  parties  receive, 
m  consequence,  the  names  of  Addres- 
sers and  Abhorrers,  which  are  after- 
wards changed  for  Whig  and  Tory  '. 

A.D.  1680. 

The  duke  of  York  returns  from  Scot- 
land in  February.  He  is,  by  the  earl 
of  Shaftesbury  and  others,  presented 
at  the  Middlesex  sessions  as  a  Ro- 
mish recusant,  (June  26  and  Nov.  29). 

A  proclamation  issued  against  the 
publication  of  "  news-books  and  pam- 
phlets of  news"  without  licence,  May  12. 

Lord  Castlemaine  (Robert  Palmer) 
is  tried  for  high  treason,  but  ac- 
quitted S  June  23. 


•  This,  under  the  name  of  "  the  coming  of  the 
Highland  host,"  is  the  subject  of  srievous,  but 
evidently  exaggerated  complaint  in  Wodrow  and 
other  Scottish  writers. 

^  John  Graham,  afterwards  Viscount  Dundee, 
was  the  son  of  Sir  William  Graham,  and  a  kinsman 
of  Montrose,  whose  chivalrous  devotion  to  the  royal 
cause  he  avowed  his  determination  to  emulate.  He 
was  educated  at  St.  Andrews,  and  then  served  as 
a  volunteer  in  the  French  army :  next  he  joined 
the  horse-guards  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  and  he 

Eined  a  commission  by  his  daring  vafour  at  the 
ttle  of  Seneff  in  1674.  Returning  to  Scotland  he 
was  appointed  to  raise  and  command  an  indepen- 
dent troop  of  horse  against  the  insurgents,  and, 
irritated  by  his  defeat,  he  acted  with  so  much 
severity  that  their  writers. usually  style  him  "the 
bloody  Claverhouse."  He  was  afterwards  made 
sheriff  of  Wilton,  his  brother  David  being  asso- 
dated  with  him,  and  next  appointed  to  the  royal 
horse  guards ;  he  now  rose  rapidly  in  military 
rank,  and  in  1684  was  admitted,  though  with  some 
hesitation,  (on  account  of  his  wife  belonging  to  the 
"fanatic  family"  of  the  earl  of  Dundonald),  to 
the  Scottish  pnvy  council.  By  James  II.  he  was 
created  a  peer,  and  he  died  in  ms  cause. 

*  This  event  is  still  celebrated  by  an  annual  ser- 
mon on  the  battle-field. 

'  Four  also  died  in  prison,  one  of  them  from  injuries 
received  from  the  pursuivants  who  captured  him. 

*  The  king  was  exceedingly  incensed  at  these 
addresses,  looking  on  them  as  Uie  prelude  of  a  civil 
war,  which,  however,  he  was  quite  readv  to  meet. 

It  u  their  petitioning  has  enraged  him,"  says 
a  private  letter  of  the  time,  "  and  he  swears  by 
God,  they  may  knock  out  his  brains,  but  shall 


never  cut  off  his  head."  (Letter  of  Robert  Nelson 
to  Dr.  Mapletoft,  Dec.  xa,  1679.) 

f  A  literary  controversy  arose  out  of  this  matter, 
in  which  the  views  of  the  court  were  maintained 
chiefly  by  Sir  Roger  L'Estran^,  a  loyalist  who 
had  suffered  severely  in  the  civil  war,  while  those 
of  the  countiy  party  were  upheld  by  Gilbert  Burnet, 
the  author  of  several  important  though  much  criti- 
cised worics.  He  was  born  at  Edinburgh  in  1643,  had 
been  a  professor  in  the  university  of  Glasgow,  and 
a  popular  preacher,  but  had  quitted  Scotland  in  con- 
sequence of  a  quarrel  between  h»  patron,  the  duke 
of  Hamilton,  and  Lauderdale,  the  royal  commis- 
sioner. In  England  he  was  made  chaplain  to  the 
king,  and  afterwards  preacher  at  the  Rolls,  and 
was  for  a  while  a  court  figivourite,  but  forfeited  all 
by  a  great  parade  of  intimacy  with  Lord  Russell 
and  other  parties  to  the  Rye-house  ploL  He  in 
consequence  went  abroad,  where  he  found  a  pro- 
tector in  the  prince  of  Orange,  and,  according 
to  his  own  account,  bore  a  very  important  part  in 
the  intrigues  which  resulted  in  the  Revolution. 
Bumet  accompanied  the  prince  to  England,  and 
was  rewarded  with  the  see  of  Salisbury,  in  posses- 
sion of  which  he  died,  March  17,  X715,  after  a  life 
more  turbulent  than  became  his  function. 

«  These  well-known  names  were  originally  terms 
of  reproach  applied  to  the  Scottish  Covenanters  and 
the  Irish  freebooters. 

^  The  principal  witness  against  him  was  one 
Thomas  Uangerfield,  who  pretended  to  have  been 
employed  to  assassinate  the  king :  he  first  said  the 
Presbyterians  were  the  plotters,  then  the  Ro- 
manists. Some  papers  relating  to  the  matter  were 
found  concealed  in  a  meal-tub,  whence  the  name 
by  which  it  is  commonly  known. 


473 


THE  STCJARTS. 


[a.d.  1680,  l68l. 


Cameron  and  a  few  of  the  Cove- 
nanters formally  renounce  allegiance 
to  the  king.  They  are  shortly  after 
<lispersed,  when  Cameron  is  killed*, 
July  20. 

The  duke  of  York  returns  to  Scot- 
land. 

The  parliament  meets,  Oct  21,  and 
proceeds  with  severity  against  the  Ab- 
horrers. 

A  bill  to  exclude  the  duke  from  the 
succession  is  passed  by  the  Commons, 
Nov.  II,  but  is  rejected  by  the  peers, 
mainly  through  the  influence  of  the 
eari  of  Halifax  (George  Savile^). 

William,  Viscount  Stafford,  is  tried 
and  convicted  of  being  concerned  in 
the  popish  plot  (Nov.  30— Dec  7). 
He  is  executed  \  Dec.  29. 

The  East  India  Company  commence 
their  trade  with  China. 

A.D.  1 68 1. 

The  parliament  is  dissolved,  Jan.  18. 
By  the  king's  command,  a  new  parlia- 
ment meets  at  Oxford,  March  21.  The 
earl  of  Shaftesbury,  and  many  of  the 
leaders  of  the  country  party,  with  large 
bodies  of  followers,  attend  it  armed ". 
It  is  suddenly  dissolved,  without  trans- 
acting business,  March  28. 


The  king  justifies  his  dissolution  of 
the  parliament  by  a  declaration,  April 
8 ;  and  finding  it  well  received,  he  takes 
steps  against  the  popular  leaders. 

Captain  Morgan  Kempthome*  beats 
off  a  fleet  of  l^bary  corsairs,  bat  is 
killed  in  the  action.  May. 

Oliver  Plunket,  titular  archbishop  of 
Armagh,  is  executed  as  concerned  in 
the  popish  plot ",  July  i. 

The  earl  of  Shaftesbury  is  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower,  on  a  charge 
of  subornation  of  perjury ',  July  2. 
An  indictment  subsequently  piefened 
against  him  for  high  treason  is  re- 
jected  by  the  Middlesex  grand  jur)-, 
Nov.  24,  and  he  is  set  at  liberty. 

CargiU,  the  Cameronian  preacher, 
is  executed,  July  26. 

The  duke  of  York  holds  a  paiiia- 
ment  in  Scotland,  July,  August  A 
test  is  imposed,  binding  all  persons 
not  to  attempt  any  alteration  m  the 
government  in  Church  or  State.  It  is 
very  generally  taken,  but  the  earl  of 
Argyle  *<  objects.  He  is  summoned  be- 
fore the  council,  when  he  explains  the 
sense  in  which  he  is  willing  to  take 
it.  This  is  considered  as  **leasing- 
making',"  a  capital  offence  in  Scot- 
I  tish  law ;  he  is  imprisoned,  tried,  and 


^  CargiU,  another  preacher,  after  this  solemnly 
excommunicated  the  king  and  his  adherents.  He 
was  captured,  and  executed,  and  several  of  his 
followers  also  suffered,  but  the  greater  number 
were  transported  to^  America,  or  sent  to  serve  in 
a  Scottish  regiment  in  the  pav  of  the  king  of  Spain. 
The  sect,  however,  survived,  and  under  the  title 
of  Cameronians  were  very  active  in  Scotland 
against  the  Jacobites  after  the  Revolutioa.  The 
96th  regiment  of  Foot  was  fonaed  from  them,  and 
still  bears  their  name. 

^  He  was  the  son  of  a  Yorkshire  baronet,  and  was 
bom  in  1630.  In  x668  he  was  created  Viscount 
Hali£u,  earl  in  1679,  ^^^  man^uis  in  z68a ;  in  the 
same  year  he  was  made  lord  pnvy  seal,  and  he  re- 
mained in  office  for  a  short  time  after  the  accession 
of  James  II.  Halifax  was  a  man  of  talent,  but  of 
a  strangely  fickle  character,  whidi  led  him  to  join 
in  turn,  and  soon  after  foruke,  every  party  in  the 
state.  He  avowed  that  he  preferred  expediency 
to  conscience,  and  he  thus  gamed  the  name  of  the 
Trimmer,  which  he  profetted  to  consider  no  dis- 
grace. First  he  was  mainly  instrumental  in  defint- 
ing  the  Exclusion  Bill ;  then  he  endeavoured  to 
procure  the  recall  of  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  and 
next  he  laboured  successfully  to  drive  James  from 
the  throne.  Halifax  was  by  William  restored  to 
his  office  of  lord  privy  seal,  and  was  for  some  time 
apparently  at  the  head  of  affiurs,  but  the  Trimmer 
was  distrusted  by  both  Whigs  and  Tories,  and  he 
was  driven  into  retirement  in  less  than  a  year  after 
the  Revoluti<»i.    He  died  April  5, 160^. 

'  The  king  professed  his  belief  in  his  innocence, 
yet  did  not  venture  to  spare  his  life.  He,  however, 
mitinted  the  ordinary  sentence  of  treason  to  be- 
heading, and  the  sheriffs  and  others  had  the  bar- 
barity to  question  his  power  to  do  so :  Lord  William 
Russell  and  Henry  Cornish  (both  subsequently  exe- 
cuted) were  among  the  number. 


■  Among  them  was  one  Stephen  College,  wko 
was  called  by  his  party  "  the  Protestant  joiner.* 
He  had  long  Seen  known  as  a  vehement  mob  orator, 
and  he  pasted  as  the  inventor  of  a  '*  Protestant  flaii " 
to  beat  out  the  brains  of  papists.  He  now  made  him- 
self personally  obnoxious  to  the  long  as  die  repated 
author  of  coarse  rhymes,  which  were  sung  in  Charkss 
hearing  at  Oxfoni. 

*  HewasthesonorSirJohnKempdMraealicidT 
mentioned.    See  a.d.  16^.  1673. 

o  There  suffined  with  htm  one  Flt^utnis,  a  des- 
perate intriguer,  who  had  accused  various  peisocs 
and  even  the  duke  of  York,  of  a  deagn  to  kiB  the 
king ;  he  had,  however,  before  this  issaed  a  pmiih- 
let,  calling  on  all  true  Protestants  **  to  take  up  iisk 
against  their  polish  king,"*  and  for  this  be  was  om- 
demned  as  a  traitor. 

r  His  papers  had  been  seised,  and  be  was  so 
alarmed  tnereby  that  he  petitioned  to  be  allowed  to 
withdraw  to  the  American  plantations,  but  his  paja 
was  rejected.  Among  the  papers  was  the  piaa  of 
a  treasonable  confederacy,  which  much  reBemfakd 
the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant :  but  a  still  mare 
important  document  was  a  list  of  his  friends  sad 


opfwnents  in  every  shire,  drawn  up  alphatM 
and  classed  as  '*  worthy  men  "  and  "  men  woctoT 
("  of  hanging'*  was  understood),  which  enabled  the 
government  to  discover  many  nuse  friends  aod  oa- 
suspected  adversaries. 

«  Archibald  Campbell,  son  of  the  marquis  exe- 
cuted in  i66x. 

'  The  crown  lawyers  held  that  be  had  cndeavoored 
to  plant  discord  between  the  king  and  his  subjects, 
by  insinuating  that  an  oath  imposed  by  pariiamest 
could  need  explanation ;  that  he  had  defamed  the 
legislature  thereby ;  and  had  usniped  sovereici 
power  by  presuming  to  add  anythii^  of  hb  ova  t9 
an  act  of  pariiament. 


A.D.  i68i— 1683.] 


CHARLES   II. 


479 


convicted,  but  makes  his  escape  to 
Holland. 

Stephen  College  is  tried  at  Oxford 
Aug.  17.  He  is  found  guilty  of  ap- 
pearing in  arms  against  the  king 
during  the  Oxford  parliament,  and  is 
executed  Aug.  31. 

A.D.  1682. 

The  duke  of  York  visits  England. 
He  is  shipwrecked  on  his  voyage  back 
to  Scotland,  May  5,  and  returns  to 
England  in  June. 

Tlie  duke  of  Monmouth  makes  a 
progress  through  the  country,  with 
great  pomp,  which  gives  offence,  and 
he  is  held  to  bail 

The  king's  party  gain  a  decided 
ascendancy  in  the  city  of  London. 
Many  of  the  popular  party  are  pro- 
secuted for  riotous  conduct  and  libels, 
and  heavily  fined. 

The  earl  of  Shaftesbury  in  alarm 
flees  in  disguise  from  London,  Oct.  19. 
He  dies  in  Holland  Jan.  22,  1683. 

Francis  North,  Lord  Guilford,  ap- 
pointed lord-keeper*,  Dec.  20. 

Chelsea  Hospital  founded  for  in- 
valid soldiers  •. 

A.D.  1683. 
The  city  of  London  is  declared  to 
have  forfeited   its    charters,  in  con- 
sequence of  imposing  an  illegal  toll, 


and  libelling  the  king,  June  12.  The 
magistracy  is  remodelled,  but  the  fran- 
chises are  in  general  left  untouched  ■. 

A  plot,  termed  the  Rye-house  Plot, 
is  discovered.  The  earl  of  Essex 
(Arthur  Capel  *),  William  Lord  Russell 
(son  of  the  earl  of  Bedford),  Lord 
Howard  of  Eskrick^^,  Algernon  Syd- 
ney *,  and  others,  are  taken,  but  the 
duke  of  Monmouth  makes  his  escape. 
All  these  parties  seem  to  have  fully 
agreed  on  an  insurrection  in  England 
and  Scotland,  with  the  intention  of 
securing  the  succession  to  the  throne 
to  the  duke  of  Monmouth.  Some  of 
the  conspirators  had  also  a  design  to 
assassinate  the  king  and  the  duke  of 
York,  but  whether  with  or  without  the 
privity  of  the  others  is  uncertain  *.  The 
earl  of  Essex  was  found  dead  in  the 
Tower  July  1 3 ;  on  which  day  also  Lord 
Russell  was  tried  and  convicted  of 
treason  ^  He  was  executed  July  21  ; 
and  several  of  the  meaner  agents  suf- 
fered about  the  same  time. 

The  University  of  Oxford  publishes 
a  decree  (July  21)  asserting  the  neces- 
sity of  passive  obedience,  and  con- 
demning several  works  containing  con- 
trary propositions  to  be  burnt ", 

Tangier  is  dismantled,  and  the  gar- 
rison brought  to  England,  where  they 
are  kept  in  pay. 

Algernon  Sydney  being  convicted 


*  He  had  been  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  attained  celebrity  as  a  lawyer  on  uie 
Norfolk  circuit,  and  had  held  the  posts  of  solicitor 
and  attorney-general,  and  judge.  He  died  SepL  5, 
1685,  and  was  succeeded  by  Jeflferies. 

'  See  a  notice  of  Queen  Mary's  intended  founda- 
tioa  at  p.  393,  and  of  King  James'  theological  col- 
lege, at  p.  371. 

«  Much  the  same  course  was  taken  in  each  of  the 
next  five  years  against  various  obnoxious  corpora- 
tions. The  effect  of  the  change  generally  was  to 
confine  the  power  of  returning  members  of  parlia- 
ment to  the  mayors  and  aldermen,  who  were  the 
nominees  of  the  Crown. 

*  Son  of  Lord  Capel.  beheaded  in  X649.  He  had 
been  knd-Ucatenant  of  Ireland  from  1^73  to  1676, 
and  was  a  vehement  supporter  of  the  factious  pro- 
ceedmgs  of  Shaftesbury. 

y  Wuliam  Howard.  He  had  in  1674  been  en- 
gaged in  treasonable  designs,  bat  bad  earned  par- 
don by  betraying  his  associates;  he  acted  m  a 
similar  manner  on  this  occasion. 

*  He  was  dae  second  son  of  Robert  Sydney,  earl 
of  Leicester,  and  was  bom  in  16x7.  He  bore  a  part 
in  most  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Long  Parliament, 
but  though  named  as  one  of  the  kind's  judges  he 
did  not  attend  the  trial.  He  professed  the  sternest 
republicanism,  and  was  therefore  reearded  with 
jealousy  by  Cromwell ;  but  on  the  fall  of  the  pro- 
tectorate he  again  took  part  in  public  affairs,  and 
he  was  employed  on  an  embassy  to  the  north  of 
Europe  when  the  Restoration  took  place.  He  lived 
in  voiimtary  exile  until  the  year  1679,  when  he  was 
|}en&itted  to  return  to  England  on  a  general  promise 


of  peaceable  behaviour,  which  he  did  not  keep. 
Sydney  was  a  man  of  a  fierce,  unbending  temper, 
and  an  unbeliever;  he  was  also,  in  spite  of  his 
professed  republicanism,  a  pensioner  of  France. 
Though  proaibly  guilty,  he  was  convicted  by  unjus- 
tifiable means,  an  unpublished  writing  found  in  his 
desk  being  illegally  taken  as  the  second  witness  re- 
quired in  chaises  of  high  treason  ;  and  his  de- 
meanour before  the  brutal  Jefferies  was  firm  and 
dignified:  hence  he  is  usually,  though  most  erro- 
neously, re^rded  as  an  illustrious  sufferer  in  the 
cause  of  civil  and  religious  liberty. 

'  This  question  has  been  very  warmly  debated, 
especially  in  the  case  of  Lord  Russell,  but  there 
can  be  hardly  a  doubt  that  Sydney  was  an  assassin 
in  intention,  like  Rumbold  and  Ayloffe. 

^  Lord  Howard  of  Eskrick,  the  principal  witness 
against  him,  did  not  charge  him  with  assenting  to 
the  design  against  the  king's  life ;  and  his  attainder 
was  reversed  in  the  first  parliament  afker  the  Revo- 
lution. 

•  Twenty-seven  propositions  were  thus  authorita- 
tively condemned,  as  contrary  to  Holy  Scripture,  the 
decrees  of  councils,  the  writing  of  the  Fathers,  the 
faith  and  profession  of  the  primitive  Church :  ako  de- 
structive of  kingly  eovemment,  the  safety  of  the 
royad  person,  the  public  peace,  the  laws  of  nature, 
and  the  bonds  of  human  society.  Some  of  them 
were  taken  from  Romanist  writers  (as  Bcllarmine), 
some  from  Hobbcs,  Milton,  Baxter,  Owen,  Godwin, 
Buchanan,  Knox,  and  other  sectaries ;  and  two  were 
from  a  work  by  Whitby,  the  commentator  on  the 
New  Testament.  Whitby,  who  was  chaplain  to  the 
bishop  of  Salisbury,  made  a  public  retractation. 


480 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1683 — 1685, 


of  participation  in  the  plot,  Nov.  21,  | 
is  beheaded,  Dec.  7. 

The  duke  of  Monmouth  is  pardoned, 
and  returns  to  court.  He  was,  how- 
ever, obliged  to  make  a  confession  of 
his  offences,  which  he  afterwards  en- 
deavoured to  explain  away ;  the  king 
then  banished  him  from  his  presence, 
and  he  fled  to  Holland  early  in  the 
next  year. 

A.D.  1684. 

Mr.  Hampden  •*,  one  of  the  insurrec- 
tionary party,  is  convicted  of  a  mis- 
demeanour %  and  is  fined  jQ^jooo, 
Feb.  6. 

The  Rev.  Samuel  Johnson  is  heavily 
fined  and  imprisoned  for  writing  and 
publishing  "3,  very  scandalous  and  se- 
ditious book,  called  Julian  the  Apo- 
state'," Feb.  II. 

The  earls  of  Danby  and  Powys,  and 
lords  Arundel  and  Belasyze,  are  re- 
leased from  the  Tower,  on  bail', 
Feb.  12. 

Sir    Samuel   Bamardiston,   a  rich 


London  merchant,  is  fined  ;£io,ood 
for  ''scandalous  and  seditious  reflec- 
tions agrainst  the  government,*  April 
19.  Less  wealthy  parties,  for  simihr 
offences,  are  placed  in  the  pillory. 

Sir  Thomas  Armstrong  and  Hal- 
loway,  two  parties  to  the  Rye-house 
Plot,  are  seized  abroad  ^  sent  to  Eng- 
land^ and  executed.  May,  Tune. 

Titus  Oates,  convicted  of  libelling  the 
duke  of  York,  is  sentenced  to  an  enor- 
mous fine,  and  is  imprisoned  in  de- 
fault of  payment 

The  king  dispenses  with  the  Test 
Act,  and  restores  the  duke  of  York  to 
his  office  of  lord  high  admiral,  and 
his  seat  in  the  council 

The  marquis  of  Halifax  intrigues 
unsuccessfully  for  the  recall  of  the 
duke  of  Monmouth. 

A.D.  1685. 
The  king  dies  at  St  James's,  Feb.  6, 
having  been  previously  reconciled  to 
the  Church  of  Rome  *.     He  is  buried 
at  Westminster,  Feb.  14. 


Events  in  General  History. 


The  Stadtholdership  abolished   in 

Holland 1650 

The  Venetians  defeat  the  Turks  in 

the  Dardanelles  .        .        •     1655 

Ducal  Prussia  becomes  independent 

of  Poland 1656 

Peace    of  the    Pyrenees,    between 

France  and  Spain  .  .  .  1659 
Denmark  changed  from  a  limited  to 

an  absolute  monarchy  .         .     1660 

The  Turks  defeated  at  the  Raab  .  1664 
Louis    XIV.    seizes    the    Spanish 

Netherlands        ....     1667 


Candia  taken  by  the  Turks     .         •     1669 

Poland  invaded  by  the  Turks,  and 
forced  to  cede  several  pro- 
vinces       .....     1672 

The  Swedes  lose  most  of  their 
German  possessions    .        .         .     1677 

First  war  between  the  Russians  and 
the  Turks 167S 

Peace  of  Nimuegen        .        .         .     167S 

Absolute  power  established  in 
Sweden 1680 

Siege  of  Vienna  by  the  Turks         .     1683 


'  He  was  the  grandson  of  the  celebrated 
opponent  of  ship-money ;  was  a  man  of  indif- 
ferent character,  and  at  length  died  by  his  own 
band. 

*  The  duke  of  Monmouth  had  been  subooenaed 
to  give  evidence  a^nst  him,  but  fled  to  tne  con- 
tinent instead*  This  prevented  Hampden's  trial  for 
treason,  two  witnesses  being  necessary,  and  there 
being  no  writings  which  the  crown  lawyers  could 
turn  to  their  puipose,  as  they  had  recently  done 
nHth  Sydney. 

'  He  had  been  chaplain  to  Lord  Russell.  His 
book,  which  was  considered  as  a  libel  on  the 


duke  of  York,  was  ordered  to  be  burnt  by  the 
hangman. 

(  Lord  Petre,  committed  with  the  other  Roauatst 
lords  in  1678,  had  died  in  confinement  a  few  weeks 
before. 

■*  Armstrong  was  seized  in  Holland,  HaDotny 
in  the  West  Indies. 

'  This  was  done  by  a  Benedictine  monk,  Jobi 
Huddleston,  who  had  forwarded  Charies'  escape 
after  the  battle  of  Worcester,  and  had,  ever  since 
the  Restoration,  been  ib  consequence  excepted  by 
name  from  the  penalties  occasicxially  (' 
by  proclamation  against  Romish  I 


James  IL.  Ihmi  hlB  Great  Seal. 


JAMES  II. 


James,  the  second  surviving  son  of 
Charles  I.  and  Henrietta  Maria,  was 
bom  at  St  James's,  Oct.  15,  1633,  and 
was  immediately  created  duke  of  York. 
He  accompanied  his  father  during  the 
civil  war,  and  was  captured  by  Fairfax 
on  the  surrender  of  Oxford,  but  con- 
trived to  escape,  disguised  as  a  girl,  to 
Holland,  in  the  year  1648.  He  served 
with  reputation  in  both  the  French 
and  Spanish  armies,  and  was  ready  to 
take  the  command  of  a  force  for  the 
invasion  of  England  if  the  rising  of 
Sir  Geoi^e  Booth  and  others  in  1659 
had  been  successfid.  The  duke  re- 
turned to  England  with  his  brother  in 
1660,  and  having  a  great  aptitude  for 
sea  affairs,  he  acted  as  lord  high  ad- 
miral until,  having  become  a  Roman- 
ist, he  was  displaced  by  the  Test  Act 
in  1673.    The  popular  commotion  on 


the  Popish  plot  induced  him  to  re- 
tire abroad,  but  he  was  soon  recalled, 
arid  appointed  to  the  government  of 
Scotland,  which  he  adirunistered  with 
harshness.  His  enemies  in  England 
laboured  earnestly  to  exclude  him  from 
the  throne,  but  ineffectually,  and  he 
became  king  on  the  death  of  his  bro- 
ther, Feb.  6,  1685. 

James  conunenced  his  reign  with 
disclaiming  any  intention  of  inter- 
fering with  the  Church,  and  promising 
a  legal  course  of  government ;  but  his 
acts  were  not  in  accordance  with  his 
declarations,  and  his  opponents,  who 
in, the  last  years  of  his  brother's  reign 
had  found  an  asylimi  in  Holland,  at 
once  be^an  to  concert  measures  for 
an  invasion.  Accordingly  the  duke  of 
Monmouth  landed  in  England,  and 
the  earl  of  Argyle  in  Scotland,  but 


II 


4S2 


THE  STUARTS. 


both  failed,  and  the  attempt  of  the  for- 
mer especially  was  punished  with  ex-. 
treme  severity.  James  was  emboldened 
by  this  success  to  proceed  with  hasty 
steps  in  a  design  which  he  had  unhap- 
pily formed  of  restoring  Romanism'. 

He  had  at  the  conmiencement  of 
his  reign  made  arrangemenls  wsith 
that  view  in  Scotland  ^xM  iirHmtidy 
and  he  now  venturedt'to^«lstend:i!hem 
to  England.  He  j^aamedsL  power  of 
dispensing  with  :ilie  penal  laws,  dis- 
missed his  parUsment  ^kenit  shewed 
a  resolution  to^tippofle  him^  vdiausted 
every  effort  *co  gain  converts,  called 
such,  as  wdkas  'Romish/ecdesiastics, 
to  his  covBcils,  !.laboiinid  to  procure 
the  repealoof  the  Test  Ac^  .anl  for- 


bade the  controversial  sermons  which 
the  clergy,  justly  alarmed  at  his  pro- 
ceedings, felt  it  their  duty  to  ddivcr. 
This  injunction  was  disregarded,  and 
to  enforce  it  (in  defiance  a(  a  positive 
enactment  to  the  contrary*),  a  new 
court  of  Ecclesiastical  Commission 
vBB&^afitiDblifihed,  which  suspended  the 
.iaisdiap  .6{  CLmsdon^  from  his  office, 
nWH  .iiCrf fwariis  i^petpetrated  the  most 
'fflaQS'V'A^  injnsdceionviMth  Universities. 
The  I]^rch,  tfaroqi^rihese  harsh  and 
iUqgaliBeasures  of  Janns,  was  exposed 
to  a  seveze  trial  duiingliiis  reign,  bat 
faagpily^tfae  prelates  ^nec.  (with  some 
lew  excQiiBcms  that  .ate  :«asily  ac- 
Goanted  iot  ^)jeminently  fitted  for  their 
posts,  :auid  lAar   passive  isesistanci: 


•  He  retaiMdifor  a^time  in  0fl&ccritlie''iBBLrqiiut>f 
Halifax,  Lord^Kcchater  (hisbrotheniiK-law),  aad 


others  who  were  «slcaned  fiaeids  of  legal  gownn- 
ment,  but  it  was-Mon  fouildiduit  hiscooSdenos  was 

S'ven  to  men  oCap'very'iHfiemit  descriptiao.  Of 
ese,  the  moKt^rpionlBent  was  Robert  Spmser, 
«arl  of  Sunderland^. born  in'  1641,  and  son  of  the 
peer  killed  in  thar&st  fasttle  of  N«wbuiy.  He  had 
been  employed  b^XiatriesII.in  Tariooa  embassies, 
and  first  became  datiDBuisbed  in  parliament  by  op- 
posing the  ExclusioiiiHU ;  he-afbowards  favoured 
It,  but  being  of  a  supplcpiasiiMiiitlag  nature,  he  pro- 
cured a  reconciliation  lOth  tike  .duke  of  Yofk^  and, 
most  unhappily,  was  placed:  by^ldnKAt-theheaditt 
affairs  when  he  became  king.  rgeL-profawrrfiiwii 
self  a  convert  to  Romanism,  «iid:arBKLthe  most 
<lestructive  measures,  being  all  the^MMih  ,ini  iwiww 
known,  not  only  a  pensioner  of  France,*lnitnn:cDF< 
respondence  with  the  ministers  of  the  princeisfif 
Oran^ ;  who,  when  he  obtained  the  crown,  after  a 
short  mterval  of  apparent  disgrace  did  not  sample  to 
«mploy  him,  thou^n  the  action  was  most  uapopalar. 
Sunderland  died  m  1702,  leaving  a  character  of  al- 
most unparalleled  baseness.  Another  adviser  of  the 
king,  though  probably  a  mere  tool  of  Sundetland, 
was  Edward  Petre,  a  Jesuit ;  a  few  Romanist  peers 
were  also  called  to  nisoouacils,but  it  is  evident.from 
the  king's  own  acanmt  in  his  Memoirs,  that  their 
advice  was  more  modentc  than  'that  of  SukdedMid 
or  ftttre,'^hg'Were  nwro  pftlkioal  adirantaEers. 

>>  See  A.D.  x^z. 

<  Henry  Comoton,'  a  ymnqper  son  of  *Sp«aeer 
OnapMn,  earl^r  NinrdiaaH>con,  'Was  bom. in  1638. 
He 'Waseduoated.at  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
then  travelled  awhile,  and  on  the  RestocatJDn 
becasne  a  oometof  hone ;  but:lie  sobd  quitted  the 
military  life,. and  muaiad  his  studies.  In  x£6p 
he  was  made  a  canon  of  X^hrist  Chuidi,  Oxford, 
and  afterwards  master  of  the  faaspkal  of  St.  Cross, 
'Winchester.  He, .  howner,  did-  not  reade  .there, 
but  was  a  constant  attrndanf  atcoort,  and  was  en- 
trusted with  the  education,  of  the  princesses'  Mary 
and  Anne.  In  1674  Dr*.OonptaD  was  nade  hbkap 
-of  Obdbrd,  aadin  i67«hewaKtranafaitffd  toXiondon. 
He  now  incurred  the  lon^s  displeasure  bydedining 
ito  proceed  in  an  extiajndidal way  ■BaiastJ>r.  Sharp, 
■who  haddisxcgatded  tfaeroindordar^ipuistcoiitxo- 
"■versia]  aenmons.  '  The  Ushop  was  sw^Mnded  from 
the  exerdse  of  his  function,  and'  after*  a  tfane'  he 
joined  with  the  earl  of  Danby  and  otbers.  ia>  intitiBg 
the  prince  of  Oiange  to  EnglaBd.  Ihe  bishop  om- 
ducted  the  princess  Anne  to  join  the  prince,  and 
otherwise  exertedUmself  in  his  cause ;  he  also  as- 
'•aisled  at  the- oaranation  of -William  and  Mary,  and 
'Atvotucd  William's  views  for  a  comprehension  of 
•the  diatfnters,  expecting»  aa  his  enemies  said,*  to 


soared  to  the  anrhhidiopric  of  .C 
Smcroft  should  be  deprived  ;  bat,  ifonfch  was  h^ 
view,  he  was  disampoiattd.  .  Hi  liiaifrilllilc  fiiither 
part  in  public  attairs,.and  diad,^afiBiib;bolding  the 
see  of  London  thiity-eigh^yBais^  J^^/*  >7i3- 

<>  Crawe,  Spnt,  Caiawn^,  add  f  Parker,  aS 
avowed -pocitanavat  me  penod  ot-lbetr  lives,  are 
alluded  ta  IThe-flatawojat  on.tbelfEodesiasticaJ 
CrnnmiMiiMt ;  'afaeaaBat».iabeiirid  ao  procure  ad- 
dresses of  *i«a«*«*fcrt'ii^«-wL|jgygfT'  the  dcclasa- 
tion  of  indulgeoee  raifat.rtiindaBtTOqrpcd  the  pre- 
sidency of  MfgilahiuiiiiMwaJucfa  threatened  the 
property  of  cnnay.inaanaAMeoontzy,  aad  precipi- 
tated the  RevolDtJan. 

.  MMmmatrCrmommMkom  of  a  noUe  family  ia 
thenorth  ofTJwaiait  ^he  was  educated  at  LiiKcb 
XdUaKe^JQJdbtd^fiMrhich  he  became  rector  in  toSS. 
xwasuirxiisaBidc  dean  of  Chichester,  in  1671  Isshcp 
i6f<iifutJ,  and  in  1674  translated  to  Dailam.  He 
was  excepted  by  name  from  the  geneial  pardoa  b 
z6oo,  but  eventually  made  his  peace  with  the  asv 
mieis^andiwld  his  see  till  his  death,  Sepc  xS,  1722. 

TActma*  S/rut,  a  Devonshire  man,  bom  in  1636. 
and  educated  at  Wadham  College,  Oxibrd,  wrote 
a-peeu  on  the  death  of  Oliver  CxxMnwell,  ^t^r^^^z. 
him  to  Moses  and  his  son  to  Joshua.  At  the  Re- 
storation he  professed  to  study  sciencie,  thus  gaiaed 
Aivaarat  oocat/wasjnade.daa  of  WeaariaaaBria 
Z683,  aad. bishop  of  Rocbatterdn.x684.  .Hewsote 
an  account  of  the  RyMionse'  IHot,  and  1 
BrvDurwith  James,  MtatteK  *  ' 
and  .dediaedrto  act  on  theTI 
.aien  ;  and  Jxe  readily  took  the  new  oaths  to  WiOisB 
and  Mary.  'In-i^afaewanaksniato^casaDdyoa 
smpickm  6f intrigumaixr  fiiTmfTinfilai  ijil  laawii 
but^waa  soon  iclaased.  Sprafe.died^lfay  xt,  1713. 
with  the  character  of  an  migmt  wtiter,  tnta  weil^ 


xaaster,  was  -bonr  at .  Morthaaiptoii,  Siqit. 
He  was  brought  "pp-g  p<iTltan,  warimwdaf 
pariiaawntary  visuals  an  .Ooeea^aQMk^, 
and  became  vicar  af  Waillimnimw.  _Ibr 
great  Ipyalty  at  the  "RfituMiiuu,  hgv 
chapbia  to  Uie  duke  oPOisuLluv  an 
of  St. ftml's/dnphui do^^e. Upg^a 
I>urfaain,:and  dean  ofil^xm.  JaaBCSl 
bishop  of  Cheseer,  m  October,- S686;  -aad  faesa 
heartity  aBppoited:ill  ihn  kim^ii  a  mil  aaaiiair 
diat  he  foaried  to  maainbd]iBiuiia»aaad  so  loiaBl 
him  in  Trance.  £arl7inx689heaooaaBpBmed  uaes 
to  Ireland  ;  he  died  Ao»ahartly  After  fApnluX 
aad<was  buried  in  Christ-Cbareh,  DUUia.  A  jto- 
Ceased  opponent  (Burnet)  aUowa  that  he  was  "a 
man  of  ffood  capacity,  and  had  made  MOM 
■n  lenmiBflr  •*'  by^  ha4Kidi».that  **hp  was  a 


jasBB  n. 


48$ 


ewentuaUy  ]iTocured  for  tbe  nathm  re- 
lief from  his  xnisgovemment,  thoagii 
several  of  their  nimAer  IbBCame  emi- 
nent sufferers  far  coaBciem^  sake. 

The  kingindncedihe  jn4g^  to  g|^c 
a  decision  in  faawiir  lif  the  dispensing 
power,  and  he  fdlemed  Ihis  up  by 
forming  a  camp  ton  JtaunelDw  heath, 
the  officers  in  «diidh  meie'chiefly  Ro- 
manists, and  mdiae  nnos  was  openly 
said ;  he  also  puhhclyxeceived  an  en- 
voy from  the  j>Qpe,  .and  dismissed 
from  office  all  who  ventured  to  dis- 
approve of  his  proceedings.  He  had 
afaeady  published  a  Bedaration  for 
liberty  m  conscience,  and  sedidou^ 
coiirtedflie -Protestant  nonconfbtmists'; 
liut  they  in  general  nustntsted  him, 
and  declined  to  "fiir  ward  the  vBttoiafion 
of  Romanism  by  joinii^  in  his  attadk 
on  the  Church;  this  did  not  warn 
bim,  and  lie  nublislred  the  Dedara- 
tion  a  -aecond  iime,  adding  a  com- 
mand 'that  it  should  Ix  Mrd  in  nil 
churches.  A  humlt^  petition  against 
this  order,  presented  ^o  'him  *in  liis 
own  closet  oy  the  primate  and  six 
other  -prdates,  was  by  his  adviseis 
pronoimced  a  llbd,  end  ifae  bishops 
-were  seat  to  the  Tower,;  *fiiey  wene 
soon  idter  put  upon  their  trial,  and 
were  acquitted  Quae  30,  1688),  an 
event  wnioh  brouj^ht  'fiie  leiga  iff 
James  virtaally  to  a  dose. 

"Wilfiam,  prmce  of  Orange, 'the  *son- 
in-law  of  James,  liad  long  taken  a  livdy 


nttevcst  in  the  s£BhiR  of  Sng^and,  and 
had  watched  ^fiie  growing  ducententi^ 
whidi,  indeed,  he  is  by  some  wiheis 
accused  of  fomenting.  He  >had  put 
htmsdf  forward  as  fttc  'diampion  'clE 
ProtefltantiBm,  and  ttit  opponeat  tf 
the  gigantic  <sdiemeB  of 'conquest  "plan- 
ned by  *Louis  XIV.  of  Fiance  ;  and 
he  easily  persuaded  the  Stales  'Of 
Holland  to  sapfiy  him  with  a  foitae 
which  might  enable  him  to  psrocme 
for  tlie  peodle  of  Bn^land  tlrat  pro- 
tectifln  to  their  Tefifdian  .-and  HbortieB 
only  to  be  eiqiected'firam  a  free  parlia* 
meat,  and  dlso  to  secure  the  right 
of  liis  wife  to  the  flirene  in  case  'the 
king  should  die  -widiout  male  issue. 
A  son  was  bom  to  the  king  about 
the  'very  *time  of  the  acquittal  of  the 
bishops,  Isut  doiifots  were  expressed 
as  to  his  legitimacy,  and  dieprince 
lanOsd  in  England,  Nov.  5, 166B. 

The  Icing,  who  lad  neglected  'fhe 
warnings  given  him,  now  attempted 
to  retrace  his  steps.  He  reinstated 
fiidhop  ''Compton,  made  such  repara* 
tion  as  he  cotdd  to  the  Umverutiesy 
and  dismsBsed  Ins  most  'obnouous 
counsdlore  ;  but  "he  'could  not  regain 
the  confidence  tff  his  people.  lAis 
army  mdted  away,  and  tne  prince  ad» 
vanced  towards  Lcmdon ;  his  daughter 
file  Princess  Anne,  her 'husiiEmd  Prince 
George,  his  nephews  the  duke  of  Graf- 
ton mid  Xtnrd  Conibury,  and  his  'far 
vourite,  Lord  QnnrchiH  *,  alike  forsook 


and  scrvik,  onlaiid  boiitarauB  ;  aadlqrAe'gratt 
liberties  he  ■lliwiii  huaadf,  ke  iUl  uader  juuch 
mcanrial  of  the  worst  aott." 

Samml  Parkrr,  -aho  tX  a  puritan  llamily,  was 
bom  at  NuUkmimm,  in  1640L  His  fedwr  was  a 
lawyer,  aad  was  oae  of  .the  banmsx)f  the  Exchaqoer 
in  the  \aai  dxn  df  the  OMumonwealtii.  lie  was 
educated  atWatihan  OoUege,  Ooifofd,  where,  hsing 
coounittcd  tothrcavejof  a  fvahwtman  t\Mo^,'*'.kt 
did,"  Mays  Anthony  k  Wood,  ''^accardinf;  to  his 
former  breedsi^,  lead  a  'Strict  axal  religious  life, 
fiaisted.  pmyed,  with  other  ttudoats,  woridsr  to- 
gether^and  for  their  refiection  feeding  on  thin  broth, 
made  of  oatmeal  and  water  oidv,  uey  were  com- 
monly called  Gfutfttsn."  ^It 'the  TRoatonUion  he 
forsook  the  pmitan  .party,  and  made  himself  n- 
markable  for  Ids  bitter  attacks  on  them.  He  be- 
came chapkin  to  Archbishop  Saneroft,  prebendary 
and  archdeaoon  of  Cantenuiy,  and  eventually 
bishop  of  Ozfbn),  ami  a  ^vy  aumclltor ;  soon 
aftxr  which  be  was  fordbly  wtnidfd  into  the  dffice 
of  president  of  IHagrialrn.  He  died  March  *o, 
1688,  leaving  the  character  of  a  voluminous  and 
acute  writer,  but  a  dishonest  man.  Parker  was  suc- 
ceeded in  the  see  of  Oxford  by  Tnnoth^r  Hall,  an 
obscure  Lnaloner,  also  bred  a  prelbytenan,  whose 
only  dahn  to  the  kizig's  &Your  was  that  he  was 
one  oX  the  very  few  cteigy  who  read  his  DeCkxa- 
tion.  Hall  came  to  Oxford  in  October,  1688,  bat 
no  one  recognised'  his  authority,  and  he  died  poor 
.and  despised,  at  Hackney,  Ajonl  zo,  1690. 

'  '     ^      ....  *  rw  ^  Winston  Churchill, 


•  John  Churchill,  son  of  i 


a  <DoartahiaB  genWinnnm,  was  bom  JuBea4,  ^690^ 
and  when  -very  jmuag  was  faraught  to  oonrt,  whea 
he  became  page  to  the  duke  oT  York,  and  was 
&voux«d  aoui  piefeifed  by  him.  -He  aeon  received 
avommiauoa  mrtheiOnarck,  served  at  Tangier  and 
in  France,  aaoompaniedthe  duke  to  Scotland  and 
the  continent,  and  in  <68a  was,  at  his  solicitation* 
craated  a  Scottish  paoifltord  Eycmoiitli),  and  made 
ooloael  of  a  ragimeot  ot  the  Guards.  V^en  lanma 
became  kiqg  he  mised  him  to  the  dignity  of  Lord 
Churchill,  uid  -made  him  second  in  xommand  dT 
the  foDoe  empnyed  iigainat .  ttonuoiitk.  .He  'bad 
in  the  meandme  (x68ix)  manifid  Saxah  Jennings,  an 
attendant  on  the  Princess  Anne,  wbojpossessKd  un- 
bounded influence  over  her  mistaass,  and  he  had 
bflgnnlo.accumukUe  a  fortune,  an  object  whidi  he 
stttdily  pursued  through  a  long  life,  little  regarding, 
apparently,  any  other  consideration.  Hence  he  de- 
setted  his  hene£uBtor  at  the  meat  critical  moment, 
aad  ^apliod  ^'^f^w*  to  gain  the  iavour  of  die  near 
kiiq(,'butJiis  motiveB.weae'knownt  and  he  was  not 
trusted,  ihoiigh  he  wa&created  earl  of  Marlborough, 
aad  was'for  a  time  emj^oyed  both  inlialand  and  m 
Flaaderi.  on  account  of  his  great  military  talents. 
His  dealings  with  the  exiled  king  wore  diacoveied, 
and  he  was  thrown  into  the  Tower,  but  soon  re- 
leased. As.duke  and  dudiess  of  Marlborougfa*  he 
and  hiswife  were.m  effect  rulen  of  the  state  duiii^ 
the  greater  part  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  under 
which  period  some  further  account  of  their  cfaatae- 


iich  perv 
taaaooa 


conduct  will  be  found. 


I  12 


484 


THE  STUARTS. 


Mm ;  with  dif&culty  he  sent  his  aueen 
and  infant  son  to  France,  ana  en- 
deavoured to  follow  them,  (quitting 
Whitehall,  Dec.  11,  1688,  in  disguise. 
He  was,  however,  seized  near  Favers- 
ham,  and  brought  back  to  London, 
whence  in  a  few  days  he  was  removed 
under  a  guard  of  Dutch  soldiers  to 
Rochester,  and  was  then  allowed  to 
escape  to  France,  landing  at  Amble- 
teuse  on  Christmas-day. 

Louis  XIV.  received  him  with  kind- 
ness, and  engaged  warmly  in  his  quar- 
rel. He  mainly  suppUed  the  means 
for  an  attempt  which  James  made  to 
establish  himself  in  Ireland,  and  when 
this  failed  continued  a  liberal  pen- 
sion to  him  to  the  day  of  his  death, 
which  event  occurred  Sept.  6, 1701,  at 
St  Germain's ;  he  was  buried  in  the 
Benedictine  monastery  at  Paris. 

James,  while  duke  of  York,  married 
Anne  Hyde,  daughter  of  the  chan- 
cellor. Clarendon.  She  died,  a  con- 
vert to  Romanism,  March  31,  1671, 
having  borne  him  four  sons  and  two 
daughters  who  all  died  young,  and 
two  daughters,  Mary  and  Anne,  who 
both  ascended  the  throne.  In  1673  he 
married  Mary  Beatrice  d'Este,  sister  of 
the  duke  of  Modena ;  she  bore  him  a 
son  aind  four  daughters  who  died  young, 
and  one  son,  James  Francis  Edward, 
who  is  known  in  history  as  the  Old 
Pretender,  or,  more  courteously,  as  the 
Chevalier  de  St.  George.  The  queen, 
who  was  a  woman  of  gentle  and  pious 
disposition,  lived  in  comparative  po- 
verty, and  almost  monastic  seclusion, 
in  the  nunnery  of  ChaiUot  after  the 
death  of  her  husband,  and  expired, 
May  7,  1 7 18,  at  St  Germain's.  James 
left  also,  by  Miss  Churchill',  the  sister 
of  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  a  natural 
son,  James  duke  of  Berwick,  who 
served  with  much  distinction  in  the 
French  arm^,  and  was  killed  at  the 
siege  of  Phihpsburg  in  1734. 

James  employed  the  same  arms  and 


insignia  as  his  father  and  brother  had 
done. 


Aims  of  Jamea  n. 

The  conduct  of  this  king  has  been 
censured  by  all  parties,  and  it  appears 
undeniable  that  he  was  justly  excluded 
from  the  rule  that  he  had  so  abased  r. 
He  was  fond  of  arbitrary  power,  and 
being  naturally  of  a  stem  and  resolute 
temper,  he  was  too  ready  to  listen  to 
dishonest  advisers,  and  to  attempt  to 
compass  his  ends  by  violent  means; 
he  was  in  consequence  far  less  suc- 
cessful than  his  brother,  who  had  re^ 
lied  on  address  and  corruption.  Yet 
he  was  personally  a  better  man  than 
his  predecessor.  He  had  in  earlier 
life  displayed  courage  and  activity, 
and  was  even  laborious  in  his  atten- 
tion to  the  duties  of  the  high  offices 
that  he  filled  ^ ;  but  when  he  became 
king,  it  appeared  that  not  only  was 
his  temper  soured,  but  even  his  mind 
in  some  degree  affected  by  the  vexa- 
tions and  disappointments  that  he 
met  with.  His  private  life  was  vici- 
ous, though  less  openly  scandalous 
than  that  of  Charles;  but  he  is  al- 
lowed, even  by  his  enemies,  to  have 
been  a  kind  parent,  and  hence  not 
to  have  merited  the  treatment  he  met 
with  at  the  hands  of  his  daughters'. 
His  conversion  to  Romanism  is  often 
looked  on  as  the  cause  of  all  his  dif- 
ficulties, but  this  may  reasonably  be 
doubted ;  his  very  nature  seems  to 
have  been  tyrannical ;  and  he  is 
conceived  to  have  adopted  his  new 
creed  rather  from  political  than  firom 


'  She  also  bore  him  two  daughters,  of  whom  one 
died  a  nun,  and  the  other,  Henrietta,  married  Sir 
Henry  Walderrave,  afterwards  Loid  Waldegrave. 
Katherine  Sedley.  another  of  his  mistresses,  boro 
him  a  daughter,  who  married,  first,  James  Annesley, 
eari  of  Anglesev,  and  secondly,  John  Sheffield, 
duke  of  Buckingham. 

«  Many  of  the  Jacobites,  as  they  were  afterwards 
termed,  held  this  opinion,  and  would  willingly  have 
supported  a  regency ;  but  they  would  go  no  further, 
as  they  questioned  the  justice  of  excluding  the  son 
for  the  fault  of  the  parent. 

k  His  exertions  while  lord  high  admiral,  assisted 


by  the  indefatigable  Pepj^  the  secretary  of  th* 
navy,  raised  the  fleet  whidi  afterwards  won  t^ 


of  La  Hogue,  and  his  camp  at  Hoonskiw 
was  the  nursery  for  the  victorious  army  of  liCar? 
borough. 

*  It  has  been  alleged  in  thdr defence  tl>^»  the* 
father  had  an  intention  of  disuheritxn|(  cbea  i^ 
favour  of  a  Romanist  successor ;  tmt  there  is  everr 
reason  for  bdieving^  that  this  is  nntKii^  more  thaa 
a  nudignant  inventim  of  the  Dutch  envoys,  wK^ 
were  sent  by  William  of  Oiange  to  intrigue  «ith 
James's  diKontented  subjects. 


A.D.  1 68s.] 


JAMES  IT. 


485 


i^eligious  motives,  being  persuaded 
that  it  was  more  favourable  than  any 
other  to  the  rule  of  an  absolute 
monarch. 


A.D.  1685. 

James  succeeds  to  the  throne,  Feb.  6, 
and  is  crowned  April  23.  He  professes 
his  intention  to  defend  and  support 
the  Church  of  England,  and  to  ob- 
serve the  laws  ;  yet  he  goes  in  royal 
state  to  mass,  forms  a  secret  council 
of  Romanists  ^  opens  a  negotiation 
with  the  pope  (Innocent  XL),  and 
levies  taxes  by  his  own  authority. 

Many  Romanists,  and  some  Pro- 
testant nonconformists,  are  discharged 
from  prison  by  the  king's  order  *. 

The  duke  of  Ormond  is  deprived  of 
the  government  of  Ireland,  Feb.  24. 
After  a  time  the  office  of  lord  lieu- 
tenant is  given  to  the  earl  of  Cla- 
rendon", but  the  real  power  is  en- 
trusted to  Richard  Talbot",  created 
carl  of  TyrconneL 

The  Scottish  parliament  meets  April 
25.  It  passes  rigid  laws  against  the 
Covenanters,  who  are  at  the  same  time 
harassed  by  the  soldiery  under  Gra- 
ham of  Claverhouse  ". 

The  various  bodies  of  exiles  in  Hol- 
land resolve  on  the  invasion  of  both 
England  and  Scotland,  ApriL 

llie  triumph  of  the  government  in 
the  latter  years  of  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.  had  driven  men  of  very  different 
classes  to  seek  refuge  abroad ;  and 
when  they  met  to  concert  their  mea- 
sures they  found  that  they  agreed  in 


little  beside  their  hatred  to  the  English 
government  Unfortunately  for  them- 
selves, the  duke  of  Monmouth  and 
the  earl  of  Argyle  seemed  pointed 
out  by  their  rank  for  leaders,  though 
neither  of  them  possessed  the  strength 
of  mind  necessary  to  control  the  tur- 
bulent men  by  whom  they  were  sur- 
rounded ;  and  they  suffered  themselves, 
against  their  better  judgment,  to  be- 
come the  nominal  heads  of  expedi- 
tions, the  fate  of  which  was  hopeless 
from  the  very  beginning,  as  every  thing 
was  betrayed  by  a  spy'.  The  followers 
of  Monmouth,  though  there  were  seve- 
ral republicans  and  Rye-house  plotters 
among  them,  professed  a  wish  to  make 
him  king,  and  therefore  treated  him 
with  outward  deference,  which  he  ill 
repaid  by  being  one  of  the  first  to  flee 
from  the  field.  Argyle,  on  the  other 
hand,  was  denied  the  authority  ne- 
cessary to  the  commander  of  any  war- 
like expedition ;  he  was  controlled  in 
every  step  by  a  council  which  could 
never  come  to  a  decision;  and  he 
was  abandoned  to  his  fate,  when  a 
few  militia-men  appeared  in  arms 
against  him. 

Titus  Oates  is  convicted  of  perjury 
in  relation  to  the  Popish  plot,  May  9. 
He  is  fined,  degraded,  sentenced  to  be 
whipped  and  put  in  the  pillory,  and  to 
be  imprisoned  for  life'. 

The  parliament  meets  May  19.  It 
settles  tunnage  and  poundage  and 
other  duties  on  the  king  for  life,  [i 
Jac.  II.  c.  i]. 

The  earl  of  Danby,  and  the  Roman- 
ist lords  committed  to  the  Tower  on  the 


k  This  consisted  of  Petre,  the  Jesuit ;  Richard 
Talbot  and  Henry  Jennyn,  soon  after  created  earls 
of  Tyroonnel  and  Dover .-  Lords  Arundel  and 
Belasyxe,  and  the  earls  of  Castlemaine  and  Powis. 

1  Romanists  and  quakers  were  the  only  parties 
who  benefited  by  thu,  as  it  was  limited  to  those 
-who  were  confined  for  refusing  dae  oaths  of  alle- 
giance and  supremacy;  persons  imprisoned  for 
offences  against  the  Conventicle  Act,  or  for  relus- 
ing  to  pay  tithes,  were  not  released. 

"  Henry  Hyde,  the  eldest  son  of  the  diancellor. 
His  brother  Lawrence  was  earl  of  Rochester. 

■  He  was  a  younger  son  of  an  old  English  family 
of  the  Pale,  wnich  had  been  concerned  in  the  Irish 
rebellion;  but  he  had  joined  Charles  IL  while  in 
ejdle,  and  had  ever  since  been  a  dependant  on  the 
court.  Lord  Clarendon  gives  a  very  unfavourable 
character  of  him,  and  he  appears  to  have  been 
a  man  of  a  violent  nature,  rough  and  boisteroiu 
in  his  bdiaviour,  and  utterly  destitute  of  honour- 
able principle.  According  to  the  sutement  of 
Oates,  he  was  concerned  in  the  Popish  plot,  but 
he  esciped  prosecution ;  one  of  his  brothers  (Peter 
Talbot,  a  Jesuit,)  died  a  prisoner  on  a  similar 
charge,  in  1680. 


o  Many  of  the  stories  related  of  the  cruelty  of 
Claverhouse  mav  be  safely  regarded  as  monstrous 
exaggerations  ot  what  were  merely  the  military 
precautions  always  considered  necessary  in  a  hos- 
tile countrv.  The  Covenanters  were  in  communi- 
cation witn  the  exiles  in  Holland,  who  were 
avowedly  planning  an  invasion,  and  such  itine- 
rants as  "the  Christian  carrier,"  and  others  who 
are  said  to  have  been  shot  in  cold  blood,  were 
really,  and  justly,  executed  by  martial  law  as  spies 
and  traitors. 

p  This  is  believed  to  have  been  Robert  Ferguson, 
a  fugitive  presbyterian  minister,  who  was  per- 
petually urging  the  most  violent  measures  on  his 
companions,  and  venturing  into  the  most  dangerous 
situations,  but  who  always  escai>ed  without  narm, 
while  those  who  had  followed  his  counsel  died  in 
the  field  or  on  the  scaffold. 

«  The  whipping  was  inflicted  with  such  seventy, 
that  it  seemed  the  intention  to  flog  him  to  death. 
He,  however,  survived  it,  and  was  released  at  the 
Revolution ;  and  though  the  House  of  Lords,  bear- 
ing in  mind  his  infamous  character,  refused  to  re- 
verse the  judgment,  he  received  a  pension,  which 
he  enjoyed  until  hii  death,  in  1705. 


^d 


THB:  SnZARTS. 


[iux  1685. 


cbaige  of  Titus  Oates%  are  braugfat  to 
tfae  bar  of  the  House  of  Londa^.  and 
diflchaigi^^Ma^  19, 

BUchard  Baxter,  the  nonconfarmrar, 
is^lided,  May  3P,  for  seflectioiiB  on  tlie 
Church  containfid  inhis  Pazaphraseoic 
the  N«w  Testament.  He:  ia  sentssnced 
to  fine  and  knpriaoDiiient,  June-  29!^. 

DeoseKfield.  is  conyictni  of  libd, 
-asad  sentwnged^  to  sesere  pntiTOhinffnt'^ 
May  3a 

The  eaxi  of  Argyle?  saila  fram  Bail- 
Iaiid,^a9&2..  He  laiids  in  theOiime^ 
May  6^  audi  next  pcoceeds.  to  Lonr 
and  Cantftte^  but  ia  appoaixL  by*  the 
militia.  His  fol&iwnis  diapers^  and 
he  attoni^  ta  flee;  He  ia  captumd 
June  1.7,.  brought  into  Sdinbuxign.  June 
2D,  and  bdieaded  on  his  £oimar  sen*- 
tence",  June  30^. 

The  cuxke  of  Momnouifr  lisavss  Hoi^ 
land  widi  a  small  fisrce,  (Ibr  in.  aO^ 
but  with  equipments  for  an  amy;. 
He  lands  at  Lyme,  in  DacaBBtahirey 
June  II;  the  Devon  militia,  idue 
finnr  Axminster  before  hhm.     He.  ia 


joined  hy  the  cunumin  peoplrr,  and 
moves  en  tun  Taonton^  winag  hs  as- 
sumes d&e  tide  of  kin[^,  Jmie  aa  Tbt 
king's  troops  advance  against  him 
under  the  earl  of  Faversham  *. 

The  duke  attacks  the  royal  army  at 
Sedgmoor  (near  Bridgwater)  in  the 
nmming,  of  July  6 ;  on.  meeting  with 

a  nh^rh'^  h^  frii-gfllf ffy  ^iff  psrtiSBnS  and 

attempts  to  escape  to*  tiic  coast.  He 
is  capttunLin  Cianbans  Cbas^;  July  8, 
is.  brought  tO'  I^wdnn  July  1-3,  and  has 
(HI  dBe-same  day  an  infteEVVBr  vrith  the 
Idngiu  Haviog  been  attanitBd  riiotly 
after  his  landmg  [i  Jac.  fiL  c  2^],  he 
is  beheaded  on  Towep-hift  Jni^r  15.. 

Scvexemil&aty  rwrtfmi,  is  doB?  on 
the  iaauigentt%  by  Coloiui  Kiric^  and 
others.  A  spcraal*  conmnsaiou  ii  also 
issued  foD  tibse  triafc  of  ofllfi  iiftns^  ipiuch 
is  cainred.  oat  by  Jcflbnss  with  great 
baxbaa^^.. 

Jefieties  m  appointor  IfardKhaocd- 
kn^  SeptL28.. 

Sevml  persons  aar  convtcted  and 
executed  as  having  been  amconed 


>  See  A.D.  xfirff. 

*  Baxter  had  been  unprisoned  on  this  _ 
from  Feb.  a8.  When  he  appeared  to  plead  (fif ay 
xfi),  Jefieries  likened  him  to  Titbs  Oatfes,  who  was 
mn  in  the  pillory  bcffare  the  court,  and  exprencd 
a  wish  that  he  could  aend  him  to  bear  him  can*> 
nuiy.  On  the  trial  fefferies  displayed  the  same 
insolent  ooaraencsi ;  ne  silencad  the  counsd  with 
thteats  that "  he  would  set  a  mark  on  theaC  and  ad* 
dressed  the  prisoner  with,  "  Oh  Richaxd,  Richard, 
titou  ait  an  old  rogue  i  . . .  times  are  changed  now ; 
no  more  of  your  bmding  kings  in  chains  and^mbla 
in  fetters  of  iron !  "—an  allusion  to  a  favourite  text 
with  the  ianatic  preachers  during  the  Rebellion. 

(  He  had  been  a  witness  against  Lord  Casdfr 
naine  (see  aj>.  z68aj),  and  had  publidied,  under 
the  authority  of  parliament,  a  Particular  NairatiTe 
of  die  meal>tub  plot,  which  was  now  prononnced 
to  contain  many  defamatory  statements  concerning 
the  king  and  other  Romanists.  Dangerfield  was 
put  in  ue  pillory,  and  was  also  whipped.  On  his 
way  back  to  prison  he  waa  assaulted  oy  a  Romanist 
lawyer  named  Francis,  and  died  a.f«iRdayB  after. 
Fzands  waa  hangod  fiac  the  muBdmv. 

"  See  A.z>.  >6Bt. 

*  RimAold  and^  Avkfie,  two  of  the*  RyeJiowe 
plotters  who  were  in  hi*  conqiany,  warn  sdso  taken 
and  hangod.. 

7  Evdyn  sa^ps*  in.hia  Diaiy,  "  Moat  of  faia  party 
taere  Anahaprits,  and  poor  dotbworicers  of  the 
country,  no  gendcmen  of  account  being  come  in 
to  him. 

•  On  landing  atLyme  he  declared  his  (qjpoiaDts 
traitors,  ordarsd  the  taxes  to  be  levied  in  his  name, 
as  "  King  James  II.,"  and  offered  a  reward  for  the 

"hension  of  "  James,  duke  of  York,"  against 
[  be  made  tBe  monstrous  chaiges  of  having 
caused  the  fire  of  London,  procured  the  musder  of 
Sir  Edmund  Benry  Godtrey,  and  peiaoned  King 
Charles.^ 

•  LottisDuras,  marquis  of  BbuEupsefbrtyinFrance; 
he  had  mairied  Mary,  daughter  of  George  Sondes, 
eari  of  Faiwnham,  and  succeeded  him  in  the  eari.> 
dom  in  1677.    He  died  April  8,  1709. 

^  This  statute  is  one  of  the  briefest  on  record.  It 
xuns  thus :— "  Whereas  James,  duke  of  Monmouth, 


has  in  an  Hoalfle  i 
ia  now  in  open.  rebcOioD,.  Uarm^  wn  a«iiat  if>£ 
kinib  contmrv  to  the  duty  oC  bis  allegiance^  Be  it 
enacted  byme  King^nuBt  taeodlkaLW^atv.  by 
and  with  the  adWce  and  aammK  ct  the  Lords 
sjpiritnal  and  tamanl  and.  Comnwi  in  this  par- 
liament assembled^  and  by  the  authority  of  At 
same.  That  die  and  Jamea,  duke  of  ffinummtli, 
stand  and  be  muinsLied  aad-  attmiitwi  of  faipfa  ties- 
aoa.  and  thtt  he  suffer  pains  of  death,  and  ncur  aH 
forfeitures  as  a  traitor  oonvictfed  and  attainted  o 
high  tnaaon."  Xtwaa-pasaei  and  reoeifed  tbe 
rayal  assent  in  a  single  day  (June  xaX  oa  the 
strength  of  a  letter  from  Gregoiy  Aiford,  the  mayw 
of  Lyme,  aamouncing  the  landing  of  Muumoutfa  at 
tfaatpon^and  tbe  teacimmy  of  three  witaasa  who 
brou^t  the  letter,  and  were  sworn  to  the  truth  cf 
its  couteula  on  their  own  knovdedge. 

•  Percy  Kirk  had  kmg  served  at  Tanper.  and 
the  troops  under  his  order  were  mainljr  mm  that 
garrison.  His  services,  were  net  reqiiited  »  ^ 
sarirfa«tinn,.andhe  waa  one  of  the  finrto  join  the 
prince  of  Oranos. 

A  TJhe  oomraasskm,.  dated.  Aii»  a^  ids,  «« 
dincted  to  Jeflexiea  and.  finir  other  jufdgss.  They 
had'  a  large  military  escoi^  the  conniaad  of  vbicb, 
with  the  rank  of  heutenent  y  nwiel,  a 
James  himself  styled  tne 


Upweids  of  300  pe 
t  oases  in  a;  far  mhis 


L  weae  aold  aa.  slaves 


after 

to  the 


Ieff( 

*J«ff« 

were  executed,  (in 

their  trial) 

West  IndM_^ „         .. 

imipnoned  ;  others,  who  had  not  taken  arais,  ^ 
were  supposed  to  be  disaffected,  wore-iuiBcd  br 
heavy  fines.  One  of  these  waa  John  lloiiebiB.  tfac 
SOB  of  a  ridt  trader,  who  for  sediriwia  wosd*  •» 
sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  seven  gwn,  aadt) 
be  whipped  ycariy  in  eveiy  markei4owe  in  I^"*^ 
shire  Eighteen  in  nnmberX  He  pedtioacd  to  ^ 
hanged  instead,  and  falling  ill  of  the  snaO-poK,  tM 
whi|iping  was  remitted  for  a  large  bribe,  but  be 
was  imprisoned  until  the  Revoludoa.  He  vntt 
an  aooount  of  Jefienes'  proceedings  aJkd  Tat 
Bloody  Anise,  and  also  several  ydbameat  pnF* 
lets  on  political  questions.    He  died  ia  1907* 


JUOL  i6S$y  z6S6.] 


JAMES-  It; 


4&r 


is  the  RycrhonBe  Plot,  ^aong  them 
are  Henry  Cornish  (formerly  sheriff  of 
Xoodoa*),  who  sii&red  Oct..  20y- and 
TBWwfathtra-who  hscd  harboured.  roUft 
escaptdiromthft  battle  of  Sedgmaor-'. 

LoHiSr.  XIV.  reirokes  the  Edict,  oi 
Nanteaf , .  Oct  ie^  In  ooaaeqiieiRe^ 
xnany  French.  Proleatamfi^aeek  refage 

The  Maignn  oCTF>Mlii¥>  is..dcpptyqt 
of  office^  Oct..2ii 

The  pazUmnMot  i«afl6eoibles^I<l€nf ^  9/ 
Tlxe  king[  dauns  the  paivscc'  of.  keepLng: 
Romui  Caihcdic.  officers:  in.  hss  ser- 
vices:  conlrary  tO'  tbe.provisions^ofitbe 
Te5tJW;tJ*.  The  Hottses.<lisseiitfrom 
his  vieii^  and.aiet.disBiissadinia2igBr» 
Nor.  20U 

Lord  Grey,  an  accomplicR  of  .Moo* 
mouth,  receives- a  pardiui*,,NoYfc  12. 
He  is:  afierwuds-  emipiofod  as-  a  wit- 
nggssagiinrt  thfcyfowMBciaMgciatea.^ . 

Theeail  of Stamfinrd  (I}ioiib&  Greqr), 
Lord  Delameref(GeQige  HootbO>  Lord 
Gerard  of.  Brandon.  (Chaodes.- Gerard), 
Mr.  HarapdeDVandothers>,aie  pnse- 


coted  either  as-  concerned  in  the.Rye> 
house^plet^.oi'.ia  Monmonth'sj-dixstiion. 

Many  peisfitts  .profess  conreisionto 
RonamsoL.  Amen^' thrm  are- scene 
few  clergy  men";  to.  whom  the  kkag, 
gncDts  dispenaatioBS .  ailoimg  tham 
to  hold  braefiees-wkihotit  complyiBg 
with  the  requirements  of  tbet  Act;  w* 
Uniliwnuty '; . 

Tl]e'king:seelds>  tQ'pfiovuseftUcrre^ 
pieal  of  the  Test  Act^  by  apjillcatton 
to  the  Scottish  pariiajnent,  bat:  the 
iBoaattie^ia  coldly*  leeeiTed;  He^aiso 
issues  direcdoos'  in  Hngbcad.  for 
poeacfaers  toainlainrfronx.contsoaper^ 
sial  topics  ®,  March  5. 

Dn  John  dhavp',  reetov.  of  Si.  Giles,. 
London^ .  disobe7«L .  the:  order, .  aadi  hi& 
diocesan  J  (Henry  Comptoi!,.bidK>p.  of 
London,)  does  not  siienae:  him-  ae 
ovdered. 

The  jvdges^SBkmnly  affimr  the^disr 
pensing  poMcr  chdmedhy  theL-loc^gV 
jHae2j« 

The Leagieof  Augsbmg  is  fenned^ 
taxestntm  Louis  XIV.',  Julyv 

A^neir.  court  of  Ecclesiastical. Coi»^ 
mission*  is  erected  (July  14),  which 


•  See  A.D;  x68o. 

f  One  was  Alicia  Lisle,  widow  of  John*  liri^  thb 
pccndent  oC  tin  afbitnry  high.coiuti  of  jpsdce 
under  the  CommonweaHh.    See  p;'44^ 

s  See  A.D.  Z598. 

k  Hededntdtkic  tha.ooBdact  of  tkamiiitia  in 
the  late  insurrection  had  shewn,  that  they  were  not 
to  be  depended  on ;  he  had  therefore  been  oblwed 
to  enployTei^iartroopSy  and  having  been  benented 
by  the.  servioca  of  Ronauiiat  offioexs^.he  neiihcr 
conld  nor  w«uld  part  vnth  thonu 

1  Foodc  Gtfcy, .  Locd.  Gscy  of  Werkc*  waa  tho 
£:Ta3ui8MLof  the  Joid  GxtY  who  sat  in  the  rtvoln- 
tiooazy  Counci)  ol  State  ofi649.  He  w«a  a  waon 
pflitisaa  of  the  Eachisioa  Bill,  aadwaa  afaetwaada 
impasonedia  the  Tbwer;  bot.ha  nade  hia  ean^ 
by  brfting.  his  keq)erSr  and  joined  Meomooth  in 
Holland.  Having  eaaned  his  paidon  by  heniing 
witness  ag|iinst.hia  feHows,  he  was  released;  aad 
in  1695  h»  was  created  eari  of  Tankcrville.  He 
liad  iofw  bJoicHre  abandoned  his  wi£e.for  the  com- 
pany  ot  her  sister.  Lady  Henrietta  Berkeley,  aad 
he  dnd  without  legitiaiat»issiie  in  JTOC. 

^  Twor  man  of  .tne.  insaqgenta (Wade  aad  Good- 
enoQ^  who  had  been  captured*  eacned  their  paa-^^ 
<lon  in  a  similar  way ;  and  Ferguson  (see  p.  485)1 
■was  safieoed  to  esc^w.to  the  continent,  although 


to  .save  .appeasanoea  a  .rcwwd  waa  ofiEered  ibr  his 
1. ._  .  „  ^^^  ^  deacrmtion  of  him.  circulated, 
husC'*-"A  tall  lean,  maiv  dadbbaown 
Tiair,  jL  g;real-:RfamBar  noeev  thia>jaw«d»  heat  in  hia 
fice,  speaks  in  the  Scotch,  tone*  a  sharp.  ] ' 
cye^  stoopa  a  little  in  tha.shouldaai  na 
Muffling  gait  that  >  diffetsl  ram.  alft  nen^  vKars  his 
iwdwig  down  aknoet.ovcr  his  eyes  j   about  foity- 

4«artf»  ^%m  ffXa^^.^aap  'mmm^fwm  tilm 


fire  or  ibrty-six.yean  old. 

*  Stamfiord  w«s  rekaaei 

nient,  withoat  haviag  baea 


*  Stamfiord  w«s  released,  aftisr'a  Idn^  iamriaon* 

nent,  withoat  having  been  brought  tqtnal:  Geraad 

and  Hampden  were  conaioted  of  txeaiicm,  but  saved 


their  livea  by  pairinK:  heavy  bribes  to  JdSTc 

other  courtiers ;  De&mere  wast  tried  and  at 

*  John  Massey  and  Obadiah  Walker  are 


known  of  these  men.  The  former  was  made  deas 
of  Christ  Church  in  x686,  and  at  the  Revolntion  es- 
caped to  the  continent,  where  he  died  in  1716 ;  but 
the  latter,  who  had  beea  mastar  of  University  Col- 
lege from  1676,  was  anprehended,  and  though  he 
was  released  alkera  Idng-impriaonment,  was  ex- 
cepted byname  from  the  general  paedon  in- 1690; 
he  died  in  abject  poverty  in  1699.  Another  of  the 
converts  (Edward  Sclater,  incumbent  of  Putney) 
made,  a  UKmal  recantatioo  in  the  chniclL.o£!M. 
Manr<ia*the.Sa«oy,  Maysi  ^689^ 

■  Seexn463> 

"  At  the  time  that  these  dbscdona  wwn  issiiodp 
the  Romaaista  wane  eacourswed  to  pcint  iasgely  in 
favaurof  their  caeed.;  gxeat  favour .wa&aiaa  mani- 
fested to  the-vaiiaus  chsseaof  disaeatoesp  andPena^ 
the  quaker,  (see  A.i>.  1679)  waa  reoeiarad  at.  coott^ 
and  onplityed  cmr  confidential  miaskma*. 

P  He  was -bora  at  Ihndfbnl  in  Yorkshise»- and 
was  in  liSz  »adedea&o£lUcwich.  At  the  Revo- 
lution'he  wniappaiiiiril  daaa  of  Quitarbuty.and  in 
1691  he  was  vused  .to  thataBchbishopoc  ot*York. 
He-difid  Peb  2,  x/sa. 

<>  llus.-aaBeftonji.ieifl|iedaction-beaaghta8W>>>>t 
Sic  Edward  Haiea^ .%  Keotiah  baaaactond  atcen- 
vert  to  Romaniam,  fov  a  .peaaltyiiaoarred  by^ao^ 
ceptiag  a  nulitanr  romntand  witkoot  taking -the 
oath  prescribed  by  the  Test  Ast  He  pleadod 
a  dispensation,  which  the  jndgeaheU  to  be  lanr- 
fnl :  but  theic  judgment  -was  as  huitinl  to  thaldos 
aa  the  decision  in  favooiLof  fehip-naney  had-beearto 
his  father. 

'  This  league,  fommd  by.  the  eaartioaa  06'yfSi^ 
liam.  of  Orange,  was  at  fimtcoapoaed  onhr  of 'the 
princes  of  the  Empire  (inohiding  among  .them  the 
kings  lOf  Spain  and  Swedes),  but  the  States  «f  «ol- 
bad,  the  duke  of  Sayo^>  and  evcn.the  popo<lBno> 
cent  XI.)  eventnally  jomed  it.. 

•  It  .was  composed  of  seven  members,- ,vi&,  tbe 
lordfchancellor  (leeEeties),  whose  prssenoe  waa  ea» 
sential ;  the  archbishop  of  .Caatmury  (SaacroftX 
who  excused  himself  6x>m  attandmg;  tnel'  * 


Bbiflbops- 


488 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1686,  1687. 


summons  Bishop  Compton  for  con- 
tempt (Aug.  3),  and  eventually  sus- 
pends him  from  office,  Sept.  6. 

The  earl  of  Powis  (William  Her- 
bert), and  other  Romanist  peers,  and 
Father  Petre,  a  Jesuit,  are  made  privy 
councillors,  by  virtue  of  the  dispensing 
power,  July  I7» 

A  camp  is  formed  on  Hounslow 
Heath,  the  officers  of  which  are  gene- 
rally Romanists  ^  The  king  passes 
much  of  his  time  there. 

The  public  profession  of  Romanism 
is  restored  by  the  king's  order,  and 
sever^  bodies  of  monastics  settle  in 
London  ». 

Obadiah  Walker,  the  Master,  opens 
a  chapel  in  University  College,  Ox- 
ford, where  mass  is  first  publicly  cele- 
brated, Aug.  1$. 

The  Rev.  Samuel  Johnson*  is  con- 
victed of  publishing  an  address  to  the 
soldiers  at  the  camp,  which  is  pro- 
nounced libellous  and  seditious,  Nov. 
16 ;  he  is  degraded  from  the  priest- 
hood, placed  in  the  pillory,  and  pub- 
licly wnipped  through  London,  Nov. 
21. 

John  Massey,  a  Romanist,  is  in- 
stalled as  dean  of  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, Dec  29. 

A.D.  1687. 

The  king  publishes  declarations  for 
liberty   of  conscience    in    Scotland, 


Feb.  12,  and  in  England',  April  4 
and  27. 

The  earl  of  Clarendoil  is  recalled 
from  Ireland,  and  Tyrconnd  appointed 
lord-lieutenant  He  proceeds  with  the 
disarmament  of  the  Protestants,  in- 
creases the  army,  and  applies  for  per- 
mission to  hold  a  parliament  *. 

The  king,  finding  the  intrusion  of 
Massey  acquiesced  in,  follows  up  his 
attack  on  the  rights  of  the  Uni- 
versities. He  demands  from  Cam- 
bridge an  academical  degree  for  Al- 
ban  Francis,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
Feb.  7 ;  the  vice-chancellor  (John 
Peachell,  Master  of  Magdalen^;  de- 
clines compliance,  and  is  depriired  of 
his  office  by  the  Ecclesiastical  Com- 
mission, May  7. 

The  king  recommends  an  unquali- 
fied person  (Anthony  Farmer)  as  Pre- 
sident of  Magdalen  College,  Osford. 
The  fellows  decline  compliance,  and 
elect  Dr.  John  Hough  %  April  15 ;  thc\- 
are  sununoned  before  the  Ecclesias- 
tical Commission,  and  at  length  ex- 
pelled from  their  college,  Dec  la 

The  earl  of  Devonshire  (WiDiam 
Cavendish)  is  fined  £yopoo  for  as- 
saulting a  Colonel  Colepepper  in  the 
pi^ce^ 

The  camp  is  ^;ain  pitched  on 
Hounslow  Heath «,  June. 

The  king  dissolves  the  parliament, 
July  2,  trusting    to    corrupt   dealing 


of  Durham  and  Rochester  (Crewe  and  Sprat) ;  the 
lord-preudent  (Stinderhuid),  the  I<wd-treasurer  (Ro- 
chester\  and  the  chief-justice  of  the  King's  Bench 
(Sir  Edward  HerbeztX 

*  It  was  coDunanded  hy  the  earl  of  Faversham 
and  Lord  Dunharton  ((jcoige  Douglas),  who  had 
mass  cdebnted  in  their  tents.  There  were  about 
x3,ooo  troops  and  96  pieces  of  cannon. 

■  The  Benedictines  established  themselves  at  Sl 
James's,  the^  Au^stinians  in  Qerkenwell,  the 
Franciscans  in  Lincoln's-inn-fields,  and  the  Car- 
melites in  the  city.  New  chapels  were  built  at 
Whitehall  and  in  Bucklersbury.  and  the  Jesuiu 
opened  two  great  sdiools.  to  which  their  skill  in 
education  attracted  even  Frotestant  scholars. 

*  He  was  already  in  prison  for  his  "  Julian  the 
A|>ostate"  (see  a.d.  1684),  and  was  persuaded  to 
write  the  Address  bv  a  fellow-prisoner  (Hugh 
Speke)>  who  betrayed  him. 

7  The  indulgence  extended  both  to  dissenters  and 
Romanists,  and  was  received  with  Joy  by  the  more 
vehement  sectaries,  as  the  Anabaptists,  and  "  a  sort 
of  refined  ouaken,"  as  Evelyn  calb  them  (the 
Family  of  Love,  mentioned  at  p.  3^1) ;  but  the 
moderate  nonconformists  suspected  the  king's  in- 
tentions, and  sent  no  addresses  of  thanks. 

*  The  king  refused  to  allow  him  to  do  so,  having 
been  informed  that  his  dengn  was  eventually  to 
separate  Ireland  from  England.  Tyrconnd  main- 
tained that  his  purpose  was  to  secure  an  asylum 
for  the  king  and  ouier  Romanists  in  the  event  of 
a  succasfufrebeUion  in  (yreat  Britain. 

■  This  learned,  amiable,  and  munificent  man  was 


bom  in  1650,  and  received  bis  education  at  die  col- 
lege the  righu  of  whidi  he  so  ably  defended.  He 
found  a  patron  in  the  duke  of  Onnond,  and  went 
with  him  to  Ireland,  but  returning  lo  Oxford  he 
was  elected  president  of  Magdalen,  and  thou^  for 
a  time  kept  out  of  possession,  he  eventually  tri- 
umphed over  the^iU^al  power  whidi  had  ben  ex- 
erted against  him.  In  1090  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Oxford ;  in  1699  was  translated  to  Coventry  and 
Lichfield,  and  m  17x7  to  Worcester  having  de- 
clined the  primacy  on  the  death  of  ArdibBhco 
Tenison.  Bishop  Hough  died,  much  lamented. 
May  8, 1743. 

^  The  penaltv  was  not  enforrad,  but  he  was  ob- 
liged to  give  a  Dond  for  his  peaceaUe  behavkwr : 
the  judges  were  censured  and  the  bond  cancelled  at 
the  Revolution. 

•  This  camp  in  every  way  disappointed  the  ex- 
pectations of  James,  llie  commandei*  vied.  Eve- 
lyn says,  in  the  expense  and  magnificence  oi  their 
tents,  and  the  Londoners  resorted  thither  in  thon- 
sands ;  but  the  result  was,  that  by  freely  ouxiBC 
with  the  soldiers  they  rendered  them,  ia  general,  as 
discontented  with  his  measures  as  thev  Uieaielves 
were.  A  large  Romanist  chi^  was  built  of  wood 
in  the  camp,  the  timbers  of  which  were,  atber  the 
Revolution,  obtained  by  Dr.  Tenison,  (then  vicsr 
of  St.  Martin-in-the-Fieids,  and  eventually  ardi- 
bishop  of  (^terbury,)  and  by  him  used  in  the 
erection  of  a  new  churoi  in  his  large  parish  ;  it  is 
now  known  as  Trinity  Chapel,  in  Cooduit-etreet, 
Begent-street 


A^T>.  1687,  1688.] 


JAMES  IT. 


489 


Nvith  the  corporations',  to  have  a  new 
psj-liament  returned  more  favourable 
to  his  views. 

He  receives  the  papal  nuncio  (Fran- 
oisco  D'Adda)  in  public,  July  3  ;  when 
the  earl  of  Shrewsbury  (Charles  Tal- 
bot), Viscount  Lumley  (Richard  Lum- 
ley*),  Admiral  Herbert',  and  others 
resign  their  offices,  and  the  whole  con- 
duct of  affairs'  is  openly  committed 
to  the  earl  of  Sunderland  and  Father 
I^etre. 

The  king  makes  a  progress  through 
tlie  country  ftn  the  course  of  which  he 
visits  Oxford,  in  September),  and  se- 
dulously courts  the  dissenters.  Some 
present  addresses,  and  express  their 
concurrence  in  his  measures  ',  but  the 
majority,  distrustful  of  his  intentions, 
keep  aloof. 

A.D.  1688. 

The  king  again  issues  his  Declara- 
tion for  liberty  of  conscience,  April  25, 
ivhich  (May  4)  he  orders  the  clergy  to 
read  in  their  churches,  May  20  and  27. 

Archbishop  Sancroft  and  six  other 
bishops^  present  a  respectful  petition 
to  the  king,  praying  to  be  excused 
from  this  office,  May  18.  They  are 
examined  by  the  council  and  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower,  June  8. 

A  son  is  bom  to  the  king  \  June  10. 


The  bishops  are  brought  into  court 
to  plead,  and  are  admitted  to  bail, 
June  15.  They  are  tried  for  a  libel, 
June  29  and  30,  and  are  acquitted, 
which  event  is  celebrated  by  vehement 
rejoicings. 

The  prince  of  Orange  prepares  for 
the  invasion  of  England ^.  Louis  XIV. 
warns  the  king,  and  offers  him  assist- 
ance, Sept. 

The  prince  publishes  a  declaration 
to  the  people  of  England  (Sept.  30) 
of  his  design  to  come  to  their  assist- 
ance, for  the  purpose  of  securing  their 
religious  ana  civii  rights,  procuring 
the  holding  of  a  parliament,  and  in- 
vestigating the  birth  of  the  young 
prince. 

The  king  sends  for  the  bishops  and 
solicits  their  advice,  Oct  2.  They  re- 
commend a  legal  course  of  govern- 
ment, the  calling  of  a  parliament,  and 
his  own  return  to  the  communion  of 
the  Church. 

Riots  occur  in  London,  and  several 
of  the  Romanist  chapels  are  destroyed, 
Oct.  7. 

The  king,  in  alarm,  endeavours  to 
retrace  his  steps.  He  restores  many 
displaced  officers  * ;  re-grants  the  char- 
ter to  the  city  of  London  ;  dissolves 
the  Ecclesiastical  Commission  (Oct 
8) ;  reinstates  the  president  and  fel- 


*  The  diarten  of  most  corporations  had  been 
either  seized  or  surrendered  within  the  last  few 
years,  and  when  re^ranted,  such  alterations  were 
made  by  a  board  of  Regulators  as  promised  to  con- 
vert than  into  nomination  boroughs  for  the  crown. 

•  He  had  formerly  rendered  a  great  service  to 
She  kins  by  capturing  Monmouth. 

'  Arthur  Herbert,  son  of  Sir  Edward  Herbert, 
the  attonoey-general  of  Charies  I.,  was  an  officer  d 
<listingnishftrt  merit,  who  had  received  severe 
woun^  in  the  Dutdi  wars,  and  had  lost  an  eve  in 
combating  the  Barbtuv  pirates.  He  acted  tor  a 
while  as  governor  of  T^uigier,  and  successfully  de- 
fended it  against  a  powerful  army  of  Moors.  When 
that  fortress  was  dismantled  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  became  a  personal  favourite  of  James  I L . 
but  now  refusing  to  coimtenance  the  king's  illeffal 
measures,  he  fell  into  disgrace,  and  eventually 
found  it  expedient  to  retire  to  Holland.  In  x688 
he  commanded  the  van  of  the  prince  of  Orange's 
fleet,  and  on  the  settlement  ot  the  new  govern- 
ment was  appointed  first  commissioner  of  the  Ad- 
miralty, and  made  a  peer,  as  earl  of  Torrington. 
He  had  an  indecisive  skirmish  with  the  Frendi  in 
Baatry  Bay  in  May,  x68o,  and  in  i6sk>  was  defeated 
by  them  near  Beachy  Head.  Torrington  was  ac- 
cused of  sacrifidiig  the  Dutch  ships  in  this  action, 
and  though  acquitted  by  a  court-martial,  was  dis- 
missed the  tervioe.    He  died  in  retirement,  April 

13,  17X6. 

c  Among  dissenters  who  enjoyed  the  royal  favour 
was  M^illiam  Penn,  the  well-known  quaker  (see 
A.D.  x670l)  He  was  employed  in  various  n^otia- 
tions,  and  seemed  so  entu-ely  trusted,  that  he  was 
openly  accused  of  being  a  concealed  Romanist,  and 
en  the  king's  fall  he  had  much  difficulty  in  clearing 


himself  from  the  imputation.  The  accusations 
against  him  have  been  revived  of  late  years,  but  he 
has  been  vindicated  from  some  spednc  charges  by 
his  recent  biographer,  Mr.  Hepworth  Dixon ;  stiU 
enough  remains,  apparently  indUsputable,  to  leave 
an  u&vourable  impression  of  his  character.  Penn 
gave  as  one  reason  for  his  auesti<mable  conduct, 
gratitude  for  favours  bestowed  by  the  duke  of  York 
on  his  fiaher.  Admiral  Sir  William  Penn ;  but  as 
he  evinced  so  little  filial  piety  as  to  prefer  leaving 
that  fiaher's  house  to  abandoning^  hu  fancy  of  re- 
fusing "hat-worship,"  (other  pomts  the  veteran 
comxxiander  would  have  passed  over,  but  on  this 
his  notions  of  discipline  rendered  him  inflexible,) 
the  ^ea  may  be  safely  dismissed  as  idle. 

^  They  weie  William  Lloyd,  of  St.  Asaph  ;  Tho- 
mas Ken,  of  Bath  and  Wells ;  Sir  Jonathan  Tre- 
lawney,  of  Bristol;  John  Lake,  of  Chichester; 
Francis  Turner,  of  Ely ;  and  Thomas  White,  of 
Peterborough. 

'  Afterwauds  styled  by  his  partisans  James  IIL, 
but  mc»re  generally  known  as  the  Chevalier  de  St. 
George,  or  the  Old  Pretender ;  his  legitimacy  was 
fiercely  disputed  at  the  rime,  and  is  by  some  writers 
StiU  considered  doubtful. 

k  He  had  been  invited  to  do  so  by  a  paper  signed 
by  the  earls  of  Danby,  Devonshire,  and  Shrews- 
bury^ Lord  Lumley,  Bishop  Compton,  Henry  Syd- 
ney, and  Edward  Russell.  The  neat  promoter  of 
this  was  Russell,  a  cousin  of  Lord  Russell,  a  naval 
officer  who  had,  like  Herbert,  been  a  member  of 
the  household  of  the  duke  of  York,  but  had  with- 
drawn from  the  court  ever  since  the  fall  of  the 

I  The  bisiiop  of  London  had  been  already  re- 
instated, Sept.  30. 


490' 


THE  SXtTARTS. 


[JLD.  t68B^ 


lows  o£  Magdalen.  (Oct.  15),  and  re- 
moves FathcE  Fetrei  and  the  earl  06 
Sunderland,  fcom  tfaa  council'*,,  Oct; 
22'aiid.27,. 

After  some  dgHa^ftam  bad  weatfier; 
the  prince  of  Orange  sails  fnont  iM*- 
voetsluyS)  Oct^i^,.  mtendtng  to  kind 
in  Yorkshizs.  A  gaift  ofwimf  obligss 
hinL  to ■  return^  OcL  2z». 

He  sails  again,  Nov.  i.  IThs*  wind, 
detaining  tb»  long's-  fisBtt  in.  the 
Thamwr'v  ths  pnnce:  passes,  without 
lundiancs.  dovmt  tite  Channel  and*, 
lands  at  Haxbay^  Nov;.  5;. 

Ths.piancs:niBrchB9  to  Ezetexv  ^ok, 
8). whence  tfasilnahap  (TfanniBK  Lamp^ 
logfa)  flees  ta  thff  king'*' ;  yasBf-  flov- 
partisans  at  first  join  him  '. 

Fre^  dots  ocam  in*  London^  Mdv. 
ICQ  in.  consequence  of  which,  die  Ro^ 
manist  chapds  are  cfioaed. 

The  eaiis  of  Qanby  and'  Be  vonshize^ 
Lords''  Delamere,.  Lovelace^  and*  Lanv- 
ley,  and  others,  take  up  anna  in.  var 
rious  parts'  o£  the  kingdonu. 

An  associatioiT  is  fimnedi  among 
the  officers  of  the  king's  army,  and 
Lord  Canibucy,^  son.  of  the  earl  of 
Caiieadan)  deserts  to  die  prince,.  Nov: 
14. 

Thff  king  declares;  his  intention  of 
calling  a?  parliament^  Nci^  r6.  He 
dien  repairs  to  Salisbury,  to  join*  the 
main  body  of  his  army  ;  is  there  de- 


serted by  the?  duke  of  Giafton,  Lonl 
Churchill,  and  others  (Nov.  22),  and 
hastily  retiuns  to  London,  anwing^ 
Nov.  27. 

Prince  George  of  JDennnrib  jaats- 
the  prince^  Nov..  24* ;:  as  does  h»»iK&^ 
thsFrinoBSEAnne'it  Nov.  A 

THie  king-  pnbli^es-  a  proclaaialKiD' 
(Novii  jci)y  appointing  s  pariiament  to 
meet  Jbui.  15,  promisiilg  pBrdom  £ar 
alL  ofTsnaes^  ?i*id^  ^jin^tt'^g  oDimnB* 
sioners  to  proceed  to  the  princs-  of 
Qraaatge  ta>  bring'  abontr  an  i 
dadon*. 

The*  pnneet  adinncsi  tn^ 
foid^  wheos'  her  nndies'*  as «  _ 
with^  the^  cannmisBionen^  Dsc.  %  9. 
Each  army  was-  to  remaim  air  fatty 
miiesf^  distance  from  Londoii ;  all*  Bti^ 
manists  to  be  removed  from  oAier; 
and  the  Tower  and  Tilbury  Fort  placed 
in  the  hands  of  tfie  Londoners. 

The    Prottstauits    of 


close  tfaeic  gates;  agamst  Tyoecnnicfo 
forces,  Dec.  7 ;  those*  c£  Ennlskillen 
do  the  same,  ID^c  9k 

The  queen  and  hei  uiiantrsoii'ftfyi^pL 
from  Wliibdiaa'',  Dee.  m,  and  retus-to* 
France. 

The  ^^g  endbnFQuxs-  Ho  jdut  iTiffin;. 
leaving  Wkit^^afl'  for  dkat  pinrpoK;  in 
disguise,  on  the  momii^  of  Doc.  £t^ 
on  which  dayhi?  seign  is  h^li  tff  ter- 
minate 


*  StiAwulsnd  wui-sncoBflufed  as'SBcretBrv  bj^Sir 
Biohard'  GmUana,  aftsrwwdft-  oenbBcr  tQaoonint 
Sttottxnu. 

■  Ifc  wf»  aommainlad  by-  Gtai^e  L«gg«t  oari'  of 
Dlvtffiouth;  a  manoTboBour  and  oouiaga^  but  who 
had  reawm  to  apprehend  that  many  of  ms  captains 
Dvera  in  league  with  Herbext,  and  who  therefore 
could  hardly  have  imntured  to  engase,  had  the 
weather,  allowed,  which  it  did  not.  Ha  was  bom 
in  1647,  went  to  sea  under  Sir  Edward  Spiague,  in 
the  nrst  Dutch  war,  and  in  the  second  vnr  was 
mora  than  once  able  to  render  signal  servioe  to  the 
duke  of  York  and  Prinoe  Rupert  when  prrwd  by 
the  enemy;  He  was  afterwards  made  a*  mem- 
ber of  the  duke's  household,  and  was  erer  treated 
by  him  as  a  personal  friend.  He  held  the  high 
omces  of  governor  of  Portsmouth  and  master-gene- 
ral  of  the  ordnance,  and  in  z683  was  created  a  peer. 
On  the  flight  of  James  the  eaii  took  the  oatits  to 
WUliam  and  Mary^  conceiving  that  the  mainten- 
nnoe  of  the  liberties  of  Encland  demanded  it. 
Being-  a  blunt  seaman,  he  freely  expressed  his 
opinion  as  to  the  mismanagement  of  both  fleets  at, 
and  after,,  the  battle  off  Beachy  Head,  and  this, 
added  to  his  known  affection  for  his  old  master,  led 
to  his  committal  to  the  Tower  in  July,  x6f  r.  No 
ibrmal  chai]ge  wa»  exhibited  against  him,  and  it  ap* 
pears-oeitain  that  he  had  not  maintained  anycor- 
respendence  with  King  James  after  his  withdiawal 
litun  England,  yet  he  remained  in  oonfmement  till 
his  death,  Oct.  21,  1691.     He  has  been  bnrnded  as 


a  ttaitor  by  Bord  llba>nlliy»  bat  ffir  iiiiiiwf  Urns. 
been*  most  sattslhcCDniy  deataui  by  Tewreoca  to  aa*^- 
thentic  sources  ofinforamiioB  stniogely  cw'wiifiiiknif 
by  his  assailant;  in  a  '"Vindkadon  of  Gc0ig«;  fine 
Lord  Dartmouth,"  from  the  pen  of  Ml,  Atvdieridc 
Devon,  of  the  Public  Reeoid  OflfoK 

•  On  his  arrival  he  wea  tnmslatDd'tD  thraociB*- 
episcopal  see  of  Yoris,  whidt  had  baen  ^WManfctiw» 
years.  He  was  bom  in  Yarhshire;  in  1616,  wweria* 
cated  at  Queen's  Goilfege;  Qaford*  and  ^bsa-  tiiB 


tained  his  followsliip  by  taktii^  the  Covenant.  Om 
the  Restoiatioa'  he  was-  admitted  jnincipal  01  9t^ 
Alban's  Hall,  became  ardnieacon  oC  Lcmdoa  ^1 
dean  of  Rochester.  Vn  t&r6  he  was<>  1 
bishop  of  ExeCer,.and-  He  was  nowrnuide  ] 
yet  hereadilyioined  inihe  RevodutioB,  so 
Wtlliam*  and  Mkry,  in  the  abseaoa.  of  J 
Sancroft.     He  died  Mhy  5,  xtipt. 

F  rve  had.  been  expected  to  nuHl  ov  tta  < 
coast;  hence  his  ftienda  in  the-  wear  weve 
ready.  ^  ^^ 

1  She'tiweliedhuidbi  tlmyioluLiiau  ofcHe  1 
of  London,  who  had  once  beea  a- soldier.  ft<aD-Laai» 
don  to  Northamplon,  where  a*  part^  waa  in  amn 
for  the  prince. 

''  The  king  had  beionr  sent  tne  infant  prinee'io 
Portsmouth  for  embarkation,  but  the  step  we*  ic> 
sistod  by  the  auhniral^  the  eari'of  Pfcnmwiti%  vno 
wrote  a  manly  letter  to  Jamesi  pointiQc  ant  tfaa 
evil  offecta  of-.thc-meoaure. 


A.B;  l688.] 


ISITERRSGrNTTBiL 


49^ 


THE  INTERREGNUM, 


Tike  ffigfit  bf  King-  James  was  no 
sooner  known  tSian  riots  conmienced 
m  London ;  the  Romanist  diapels  were 
destXQjed,  the  obnoxious  ministers 
ivere  eagerly  sought  for*,  and  the 
hated  Je&nes  being  taken,  was  placed 
in  the  Tower,  where  he  was  soon  joined 
by  QbaAah  Walker.  A  small  body  of 
tJhe'peez&tWidt  the  marquis  of  Hal^ax 
at  their  head,  Associated  with  them- 
selves die  mayor  and  akieimen,  got 
possession  of  the  Tower,  and  sent 
a,  Jpapcr  to  die  prince  dedarmg  their 
aiuke»an  to  him.  in  his  design  to  pro- 
<nire  the  caQing  of  a  free  parliament ; 
the  ddzens  also  begged  him  to  march 
at  once  to  London^  and  complete  the 
-work  he  had  b^gim.  Meantime  the 
king  had  been  seized  at  FaTecsfaam, 
Dec  rZf,  and  news  of  tSsis  being 
brou^kt  to  the  peers^  he  was,  on  the 
motion  of  Lord  MxEtgacvej  honourably 
escorted  back  to  the  capital,  where 
he  was  received  (Dea  17);  strangely 
enough,^  with  evtry  mark  of  salris- 
iiaction. 

This  did  not  snit  the  viiews  of  the 
princess  chief  snpjKnters.  HaCfoc  at 
once  repaired  to  him  at  Henley,  and 
urged  him  to  come  to  LondDo.  He 
^d  SD»  having  first  sent  a  message 
wfaidi  alarmed  King  James  ^.  and  in- 
chxced  him  finally  (though  2^ainst  the 
advice  of  hxs  chief  adherents")  to 
quit  the  kingdom.  William  arrived 
at  Whitehall  Dec  rg,  with  6/x)o  of 
his  Dutch  troops ;  a  body  of  the 
peers  (about  seventy  in  number)  re- 
paired to  hiniyand  to  tfiese  he  added, 


as*  representatives'  of  the  peopie,  such 
members,  of  former  paniaments  as 
were  in  London,  the  mayor,  alder- 
men, and  fifty  cidxesfis.  This  assem- 
bly at  first  incfined  to  ofier  him 
the  crown,  but  ICng  James  Irad  still 
fiiends  among  the  peers,  and  the  re- 
sult of  their  ddiberatnms  was  a  re- 
quest that  die  prince  would  call  a  Con- 
vention; to  meet  Jan.  22,  1689,  ^"^ 
settle  the  affairs'  of  tise  natioif,  and 
that  he  would  in  the  mean  fTnyy  pR^>- 
vide  for  the  public  security. 

In  Scotland  tfie  overthrow  of  the 
royal  authority  was  morerapidL  James 
haid,  ou  the  apprehension  of  ixrvasRin, 
wididrawn  the  regiments  which  had 
kept  the  Covenanters  in  subjection, 
and  the  latter  at  once  proclaimed  the 
prince  of  Orange  king",  m  Gtasgavf, 
and  ofter  places  in  the  west,  and 
gratified  their  imiate  hatred  of  the 
clergy  by  diving"  them  from  tfhexr 
homes  with  every  circumstance  of 
insult  and  cnzdty''.  They  soon  after 
repaired  in  tumnftuasry  baiub  fa-  Edh^- 
burgh,  idimdered  and'  burnt  die  houses 
of  parties  obnoxious  to  thenir  and  co- 
erced the  Council  of  Sfafr,  so  that  its 
Romamst  members  and  the  bishops 
fiiund  it  essential  to  dieir  safety  to 
withdraw*  The  remainder  of  &e 
council  entered  into  the  popular  views, 
and  many  leading  men  repaired  to 
London,  where,  on  Jsxl.  ro,  '689^  they 
addressed  themsdves  to  Wiffiam,  re- 
cmesting  him  to  summon  a  meetmg  of 
the  Scottish  estates  for  March  14,  and 
to  administer  the  government  in  the 
mtsmn*. 


*  Sanderiadaad  PetMcscapad^ai^fiil  di& papal 
BDiicio  and  Bnhop  Outimght. 

*  Tkm  ■UMiijife  wa»  a  coiamd  tw  iwrhrhaw  from 
Whifrhail^  whacb  faadjustbean  oociipnd  by  a  puty 
€f  the  Dtttsh,  uadcr  Count  Solmflw  Jamoizetired 
•»  Uarhrmnr,  and  th<ace  a»  Fnooi. 

*  The  matL  wcgtat  in  adrans  xba.  bolder  and 
iriatr  cooiao  d  wmaining  ^mbs  toe  noted  Gtaham 
of  daveriioiue,  who  bad  recenliy  (Nov.  la,  x6B8) 
been  cwtrril  l^aoount  Deoidee,  and  hod  ^nst  ar- 
swed  nv  Eq^and  widi  Huu  Soottbh  Rgineals. 
He  mam  cffesed  Id  laiic  tfaeur  amiber  at  onee  to 

I  to  attack  the  Xkinb. 


but  James  could  not  be  induced  to 
■  Seme  of  tbni 


,  thougb  mortal 

.     to  acknowledgn  William 

be  had  not  taken  the  Covenant;  tbeya 
the  Fii 


King  Jesus." 


OTf  wm 


ta  the  Fifth 
So  king  but 


J  See  JSotK.  p.  499. 

«  The  duet  aoenci  of  WiSiun  in  tboe  tamaoc- 
dona  weoe  tbe  Balryxnplies,  failier  and  son,  both, 
men  of  rmininir  abilities,  but  fiiitMew  ami  cruel. 
Sa-,puneswasbaniin  x6t9».and«erFcd  in  tftearmy 
inbis  youth,  but  he  soon  fivsookthe  sword Ibr  the 
pn,.and  became  a  judge  under  CromwelL  At 
Wesroratinn  he  made  his  peace,  was  appointed 
to  the  pnvT  council,  and  for  ten  years  neld  the 
high,  post  ot  president  of  the  Court  of  Session.  In 
i6la  De  dedsued  himself  unwillxng  longer  to  sanc- 
tion die  Strang  measures  taken  agaxnat  tbe  Covc< 
nanters  and  retired  to  Holland,  and  by  fuliemeut 
prafiHsions  of  sorrow  for  the  part  he  had  acted,  in- 
gratiaCod  himseS  with  the  exiles  there.  He  for- 
warded dke  ccpiipment  of  Aivyle's  caroeditnm,  but 
he  would  not  embark  himsdxm  it.   MiomHiile  his 

nons  of  the 

grant  of  the  estates 

thaL  bis  fiuhet  had  focfeiacd,  and  also  receitsd  the 


L  Sir  John,  also  a  law^,  by 
St  anient  loyalty,  obtamed  a  { 


49« 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  i683. 


Ireland  still  remained  in  the  obedi- 
ence of  King  James,  for  his  lieutenant, 
the  earl  of  Tyrconnel,  was  at  the  head 
of  a  force  which  seemed  to  render  any 
rising  against  him  hopeless.  The  scat- 
tered Protestants  of  the  south  and  west 
had  been  generally  disarmed ;  in  the 
north  they  were  too  compact  a  body 
to  be  thus  dealt  with.  Tyrconnel,  how- 
ever, made  a  false  step,  by  withdraw- 
ing the  garrison  from  the  walled  town 
of  Londonderry ;  when  he  attempted 
to  re-occupy  it,  the  gates  were  closed 
(Dec.  7),  and  the  inhabitants,  who 
were  almost  exclusively  Protestant,  re- 
solved to  stand  on  their  defence.  One 
rallying  point  was  thus  afforded  to  the 
opponents  of  James,  and  they  soon 
found  another  at  EnniskiUen  %  whither 
the  Protestant  fugitives  from  Con- 
naught  and  Munster  repaired.  The 
attempts  of  James  and  his  generals 
to  reduce  these  towns  signally  failed  *», 
but  the  contest  was  maintained  in 
other  quarters,  and  it  required  a  san 
guinary  war  of  nearly  three  years*  dura- 
tion to  bring  Ireland  under  the  rule  of 
William  and  Mary. 

The  English  Convention  met  on  the 
day  named,  but  there  was  not  found 
in  it  the  unanimity  which  its  proposers 
had  expected.  The  majority  of  the 
Conmions  was  resolved  to  bestow  the 
crown  on  William  of  Orange,  but  it 
was  not  until  January  28  that  they 
succeeded  in  passing  the  two  funda- 
mental votes,— I.  "That  the  throne 
was  vacant ; "  and  2,  that  "  The  rule 
of  a  Romish  prince  had  been  seen  by 
experience  to  be  inconsistent  with  the 
safety  and  welfare  of  the  Protestant 
religion."     The .  peers  agreed  to  the 


second  resolution  unanimously,  bat 
very  many  of  them  opposed  the  first  % 
conceiving  themselves  bound  in  ho- 
nour and  conscience  to  maintain  the 
rights  of  the  prince  to  whom  they 
had  sworn  allegiance,  while  they  were 
ready  to  provide  against  his  future 
misgovemment  Conferences  followed 
between  the  two  Houses,  and,  as  a 
compromise,  a  regency  was  proposed ; 
but  the  prince  gave  it  to  be  understood 
that  he  would  not  accept  the  office  of 
regent  He  was  in  military  possession 
of  the  capital,  and  nothing  apparendy 
remained  but  to  offer  him  the  crowoy 
in  order  to  prevent  his  seizing  it  hv 
force**.  Fresh  conferences  foUoweo, 
and  at  last  it  was  determined  to  tender 
the  throne  to  Williani  and  his  wife 
jointly;  but,  warned  by  the  evils 
that  the  restoration  of  Charies  II. 
without  any  security  for  a  legal  course 
of  government  liad  occasioned,  a  re- 
capitulation of  grievances  endured 
from  King  James,  and  a  formal  ena> 
meration  and  demand  of  the  ancient 
rights  and  liberties  of  the  nation,  was 
made  the  condition  of  the  offer,  and 
the  monarchy  was  thus  established  on 
a  parliamentary  basis. 

The  tender  was  accordingly  made^ 
in  the  name  of  the  Convention,  by  the 
marquis  of  Halifax ;  it  was  accepted, 
and  William  and  Mary  became  *' kmg 
and  queen  of  England,  France,  and 
Ireland,"  Feb.  13,  1689.  The  Scottish 
estates,  which  met  a  month  later,  also 
declarol  the  throne  vacant,  voted  Ro- 
manists incapable  of  royalty,  abolished 
episcopacy,  made  a  claim  of  rights, 
and  bestowed  the  crown,  on  certain 
conditions,  on  William  and  Mary,  who 


office  of  advocate-general,  which  Sir  George  Mac- 
kenrie  had  been  ooliged  to  abandon.  Sir  James 
accompanied  the  prince  to  England,  and  Sir  John 
at  once  came  over  to  the  same  side.  The  father 
soon  re-obtained  his  presidentship,  and  was  created 
Viscount  Stair ;  he  oied  Nov.  95^  1695.  His  wife 
(Margaret  Ross)  had  such  an  evil  reputation,  that 
she  was  commonly  known  as  the  Witch  of  Endor, 
and  a  tragic  inddent  in  the  history  of  her  family, 
directly  traceable  to  her  pride  and  cruelty,  forms 
the  subject  of  Scott's  novel,  "  The  Bride  of  Lam- 
mermmr."  The  son,  who  was  known  as  the  Mas- 
ter of  Stair,  was  made  lord-justidar  and  secretary 
of  state,  and  he  ordinarily  beus  the  whole  infamy 
of  having  contrived  the  atrocity  known  as  the  mas- 
sacre otGlencoe.  He  was  some  years  after  de- 
prived of  office  in  oonsetiuence,  but  was  not  other- 
wise punished  ;  indeed,  in  1703  he  was  created  an 
earl,  and  was  an  influential  party  in  bringing  about 
the  Union ;  but  he  died  suddenly,  before  that  mat- 
ter was  fully  arranged.  Tan.  8,  1707. 

•  Londonderry  stands  at  the  nead  of  Lough 
Fovle,  is  the  extreme  north-west  of  Ireland.  En- 
niakaUen  occupies  a  small  islaad  between  the  upper 


and  the  lower  Lough  Erne ;  it  is  about  sxty  e 

south  of  Londonderry,  and  not  more  than  half 
that  distance  from  Sligo,  where  King  James  bad 
a  strong  garrison. 

^  The  defence  of  Londonderrv,  which  was  aban- 
doned by  its  governor,  Colonel  LMndy,  was  1 
conducted  by  George  Walker,  an  aged  deq 

of  the  ndghbouring  town  of  Donoaramocc.     

the  siege  was  raised  he  came  to  England^  was  re- 
ceived with  hi^h  honour,  and  nromiaed  a  bohopric. 
He  accompanied  William  to  Ireland,  and.  muii« 
imprudently  in  the  fight,  was  killed  at  l^  bnxtie 
of  the  Boyne. 

"  Foremost  amonff  these  were  the  two  nncles  of 
Marv,  the  earls  of  Cbrendon  and  Rochester  (Henry 
and  Lawrence  Hyde),  and  the  eari  of  Nottingham 
(Daniel  Finch),  who  afterwards  became  Williaa's 
secretary  of  state. 

^  The  imprudent  Burnet  aflterwards  avowed  this 
in  a  pastoral  letter,  speaking  of  William  and  Mary 
as  "^conquerors."  xhe  parliamenc  affected  great 
indignation,  and  ordered  his  letter  to  be  burnt,  bat 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  he  merely  uttered  wlatt 
many  others  thought 


RABBLING  THE  MINISTERS. 


493 


^were  proclaimed  sovereigns,  April  ii. 
They  in  person  accepted  the  trust 
from  commissioners  deputed  for  the 
purpose,  May  ii,  1689,  and  took  an 


oath  after  the  Scottish  fashion  to  ob- 
serve and  keep  every  article  of  the 
compact. 


NOTE. 
'Rabbling  the  Ministers." 


Such  is  the  term  by  which  the  treatment 
of  the  clergy,  more  especially  in  the  west 
of  Scotland,  is  known,  the  particulars  of 
-which  have  been  in  many  instances  nar- 
rated mider  the  hands  of  the  sufferers 
themselves  in  "The  Case  of  the  present 
Afflicted  Clergy  in  Scotland  truly  stated," 
published  in  London  in  1690.  Several 
pamphlets  were  issued  in  reply,  but  as 
they  oppose  to  the  specific  statements  of 
the  clergy  only  general  denials  and  sweep- 
ing ch^i^es  of  ignorance  and  scandalous 
life,  they  are  entitled  to  little  attention, 
and  may  be  safely  classed  along  with 
White's  "  Century  «." 

These  barbarous  proceedings  were  com- 
menced in  almost  every  parish  on  the  night 
of  Christmas-day,  1688.  Where  the  rioters 
conducted  themselves  with  least  violence, 
they  forbade  the  clergy  any  longer  to  offi- 
ciate, tore  their  gowns,  and  burnt  the  ser- 
vice-books, and  ordered  them  to  quit  their 
houses  within  a  week  or  ten  days.  But  it 
vras  seldom  that  they  were  so  moderate. 
In  general  they  were  turned  out  at  once, 
(Robert  Finnie,  of  Cathcart,  his  wife  and 
family,  thought  themselves  happy  to  be 
allow^  to  renudn  in  their  own  stable,) 
their  goods  plundered  or  destroyed,  and 
themselves  beaten,  or  wounded,  or  threat- 
ened with  death.  Some  were  dragged 
from  their  homes  by  mobs  of  fiinous 
women,  and  almost  torn  to  pieces;  Mr. 
Brown,  of  Kells,  was  dragged  from  his 
bed  in  the  middle  of  a  winter's  night, 
carried  to  the  market-cross  at  Newtown, 
and  left  there,  tied  to  a  cart ;  and  Robert 
Bell,  the  minister  of  Kihnamock,  relates 
that  he  himself  was  seized  by  an  armed 
party,  carried  by  force  to  the  market-cross, 
the  Conmion  Prayer-book  burnt  before 
him,  and  his  gown  cut  from  him  with  their 
swords ;  they  also  tried  to  extort  a  promise 
that  he  would  not  attempt  to  preach  any 
more,  but  on  his  refusal  at  last  contemp- 
tuously dismissed  him  as  "  an  ignorant  and 
malignant  priest."  I 

Events  in  General  History. 


A.D. 

Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes .     1685 
The  Turks  defeated,  and  lose  great 

part  of  Hungary         .        .        .     1686 
League    of  Augsburg,    to    resist 


From  "A  just  and  true  Account  how 
sadly  the  regular  Ministers  within  the 
presbytery  of  Ayr  have  been  treated  since 
Christmas  last,"  we  learn  that — 

"Upon  Christmas-day  about  90  armed  men 
forced  the  minister  of  Cumnock  out  of  his  chamber 
into  the  church-yard,  where  they  discharged  him 
to  preach  any  more  there  under  the  highest  peril ; 
they  took  upon  them  to  command  him  to^  remove 
from  his  manse,  or  dwelling-house,  and  his  glebe, 
and  not  to  uplift  his  stipend  thenceforth  ;  after 
which  they  rent  his  gown  in  pieces  over  his  head. 
They  made  a  preCsice  to  their  discourse  to  this  pur- 
pose ;  that  this  they  did  not  as  statesmen,  nor  as 
churchmen^  but  by  violence,  and  in  a  military  way 
of  reformation. " 

**  In  this  manner,  in  the  same  place,  and  at  the 
same  time,  used  they  the  minister  of  Authinleck, 
who  dwdleth  in  Cumnock. 

"  From  Cumnock  the  aforesaid  day  they  marched 
to  Mauchline,  and  missing  the  minister,  were  rude 
beyond  expression  to  his  wife,  and  finding  the 
English  Liturgy  burnt  it  as  a  superstitious  and 
popish  book :  thereafter  they  went  to  the  church- 
yard, where  they  publicly  discharged  the  minister 
from  his  office  and  interest  there. 

**  Upon  the  ajth  of  December  the  more  consider- 
able part  of  the  foresaid  number  went  to  Gabston, 
where  they  apprehended  the  minister,  and  taking 
him  out  (»  his  house  into  the  churchyard,  they  rent 
his  cloak,  missing  his  gown,  and  thereafter  forced 
him  to  wade  up  and  down  through  the  water  of 
Irvine  for  a  considerable  time  in  a  severe  frost." 

This  account  is  verified  by  the  signatures 
of  Francis  Fordyce,  the  minister  of  Cum- 
nock, and  two  others,  and  it  may  serve  as 
a  fair  example  of  the  trei^tment  of  the 
clergy  in  Scotland  at  the  commencement 
of  the  Revolution.  After  a  time  the 
government  professed  to  take  all  the  clergy 
under  its  protection  who  were  vdlling  to 
pray  for  the  new  rulers,  but  its  authority 
m  this  matter  was  openly  denied,  and 
scarce  a  single  one  of  them  was  allowed 
to  retain  his  living.  Episcopacy  was  for- 
mally abolished,  the  bishoos  revenues  se- 
questered' (Sept.  19,  1689),  and  even- 
tually the  Church  was  reduced,  in  the 
view  of  the  Scottish  law,  to  the  condition 
of  a  nonconformist  body,  to  which  tolera- 
tion was  but  grudgingly  extended. 


A.D. 

1686 


Louis  XIV 

The  Moiea  conouered  by  the  Vene- 
tians ;  the  Sultan  deposed  .        .     1687 

Louis  XIV.  ravages  the  Palatinate  ;    1688 


•  See  p.  392. 

f  A  curious  act  of  the  Scottish  Parliament  occurs, 
as  late  as  July  xa,  1695,  which  allows  of  military 
awiitancc  bdng  gnnteo  to  "  Archibald,  late  bishop 


of  the  Isles,"  for  recovering  arrears  of  rents  in  his 
late  diocese,  such,  it  would  seem,  having  been 
leased  to  John  Graham  of  Dougalstoun. 


^OlBflm «dllba7. Irom their  enot  8oaL 


WJXJJEAM  AND  MARY. 


William  of  Orange  was'&e  nephew, 
and  Mary  his  wife  the  daughter,  of 
James  II.,  to  whose  throne  they  were 
called  by  the  vote  of  the  Convention 
Parliament  in  1689. 

William,  the  son  of  Mary  daughter 
of  Charles  I.,  was  bom  at  tthe  E^gue, 
Nov.  4,  i6|o,-eight  days  after  the  death 
of  his  fa^er,  William  II.,  staddiolder 
of  the  United  Fiovinces.  This  office 
had  been  so  long  held  by  the  ^Orange 
family  that  it  seemed  almost  heredi- 
tary, but  the  republican  party,  beaded 
by  John  de  Witt,  took  ihe  advantage 
offered  by  the  death  t>f  William  II., 
resumed  the  government,  and  even 
boimd  themselves  by  treaty  with  Crom- 
well not  to  allow  the  stadtholderate  to 
be  exercised  by  any  j>erson  connected 
with  the  exiled  English  royal  fEonily. 
They  adhered  to  this  engagement  for 
almost  twenty  years,  but  at  length  dis- 
astrous wars  with  both  England  and 


Fiance  bmight  t&eir  xoimtiy  to  the 
very  -verge  tif  Tuin.  The  unsnccessfiil 
republicans  now  became  impopular, 
and  the  -partisans  of  i3k  house  d 
Orange  successfiflly  represented  •flic 
re-establishment  df  the  :staddiQldeiate 
as  the  cmly  means  of  safie^  -Ac- 
cordingly the  jyou^g  prance,  mbo  was 
believ^  lo  possess  v^nr,and  ahilitj, 
end  was  now  in  his  22nd  year,  was 
tumultaously  placed  in  the  office  d 
Stadtfaolder  trt  'Hodhmd  and  Zealand, 
(July,  1672;)  *  the  tether  provinces  saon 
after  chose  him  as  their  liead, 'and  1^ 
expectations  formed  df  liim  -wen,  in 
part  at  least,  promptly  Tcalixefl.  He 
took  his  measures  so  well  that  the 
French  were  at  once  checked  in  their 
career  trf  conquest,  and  «  ^^  Jc^ 
lowing  year  ^ey^were  za6r^  driven 
out  of  the  country.  They  were,  tow- 
ever,  still  dangerous  fees,  and  Waiiam 
henceforth  devoted  every  bculty  of 


•  The  De  Witts  QxAn  imd  Cornelius) 
torn  to  pieocs  by  the  frantic  Oruige  party 


'were  at  once 


thrown  into  pdao^y'aBdfdiflgf  we  w^ 


WILEUm  AKD  'MARY. 


W5 


lia6y^and  mindto'tiie^ta^  of  reducing 
the  'oveigTDwn  ^power  'iff  Ijovas  MV. 
to  dimBnaioiis  ^uonipatible  "wiih  the 
saSsty  of  his  oiei^iboiirs ;  a  task  in 
which  he  %ad  little  wccess,  %ut  the 
poptilanty  '^nicuifid  by  'the  attempt 
enaUlsd  'hini  'to  sscnnre  a  "fliroBEe  ^Fsr 
himfldf. 

In  fi6f/y  WiUiam  luaQrihnl  cflie  prin- 
cess Mary,  danghta-  of  the  diike  xjf 
Yolk,  and  as  ehe  >waB  »tfae  ^presumptive 
hfiir  no  the  'throne  'Of  Xsngland  his 
weight  in  ihe  ''sffifaiis  "of  BElun^  was 
thereby  greatly  increased.  Though 
oilly'the  servant  '^df  a  'republic,  his  ac- 
tivity and  seal  -were  "Such  that  he  -was 
the  veal  *head  of  the  Augsburg  league 
of  «n^8rars,*popes, -and  hings^,  and 
he  mana^sd  'hiB  >praBeodings  bo  pru- 
dently, that  he  was  on  friendly  terms 
Mnth  the  Roman  Catholic  powers,  with- 
out in  anyrmannsr  iPoifeitiii^ttfae  cha- 
xadar  asafifaed  .to  the  oarlur  prinses 
of  his  House,  of  a  ^strenuous  champion 
iff  Protestantism.  Hence,  when  the 
nusgovuruuisnt  of  his  "father-in-^w, 
JanEBB  II.,  tecame  amboarable,  Wil- 
liam .was  .inKited,  Jby  m,  small  pazty 
Of  ardent  l^igs,  tto  assist  in  pre- 
serving the  jcivil  and  .religious  lifaer- 
ties  (uf  die  nation.  :He  uccardingly 
caneto  England^widi  nilset  and  army 
in  JRovsmlKr,  j68B;;  James  ifled  be- 
fore him,  and  'the  oroyal  power,  ^us 
abandoned,  was  by  a  Convention  be- 
atowtd  on  the  ^pvinae  and  prinmeBS 
of 'Orange,  upon  certain  .ispertfi  pri  jcon- 
dilums,  £eb.  J3, 11689. 


William  Aus  became  king  df  Eng- 
land 'widront  bloodshed.;  Scotland 
submitted  iOmost  as  ^readily,  and  Ire- 
land •was  Tedneed  after  a  desperate 
stmgj^e^  but  ^his  concern  ;in  'his  new 
states  'ceaed  r^s  -soon  as  'he  found  fhis 
establishment  :in  them  secure ;  lience- 
fbrth  ihey  served  merely  as  aids  in  >his 
grand  design  df  hunibling  &ance.  He 
passed  a  large  part  t>f  ^eadh  ^ear  on 
the  cotttinentj^ometimes  crossing  over 
so  'eai'ly^that  his  life  was  -endangered 
by  ^the  rigour  of  the  xwea&er^,  and 
only  returning  to  draw  -  vaM  .sums  Hfrom 
the  'people  to  support  his  ambitious 
views,  m  "which  PMey  were  Taut  re- 
motely interested.  TJnder  nhese  cir- 
cumstances, it  .is  no  'wonder  that  Wil- 
liam ?oon  became  impopular,'and  some 
of  the  more  unscrupulous  of  his  oppo- 
nents laid  plans  of  assassination ;  out 
James  acted  .as  unwEelyjos  ever,  and 
by  .shewing  Ihatihe  was 'Willing  :to  owe 
his  restomtionjto  foreign  troops  Trtther 
than  to  any  .amendment  hi  >his  son- 
duct, 'he  conxpelled  £highuid,'innn  the 
most  obvious  princi|Jle  of  self-preserva- 
tion, to  ^retain  William  on  .the  throne, 
thou]^  he  was  dktrusted  and  disliked 
hy  Sie  most  influential  men  of  all 
parties.  The  'Whigs  had  .made  him 
king,  but  -whsn  it  suited  his  purpose 
he  employed  the  Tories'*,  giving  no 
confidence,  'faomcver,  to  either-;  on  'the 
contrary,  he  shewed  that  he  thnnglif 
some  lew  'foreigners  whom  he  had 
brought  nver  with  him  'iiis  onlytnisty 
adherents. 


snip  TBI 

co'lmd, 


■  ^is  ^royaise  ^Crsm  ^Giareimg  to  'HoDond,  in 
laooaffy,  i<59t.  «as  pBtiiculaHy  'pexitons.  jftfbn- 
bcng'tasKd  dboot  for  five  dsK^  at  soa,  wlmi  his 
^TBKCiiQd.ftii&'Dtitch  ooBSt  it'SoniRd'BinxMsible 
owing 'to  *tiie  iee  aad  the -fog.  ^Willisin, 
hemtiwer,  «tqgiped'iiito  m  open  boat,  and  -readied 
the  ihorCf  iMit  ouy  after  eiulilesn  noma  exposure, 
aad  attiteimmiBent  nsk  m'hea^frotea  to  deadi. 
Bc:<iffl9eiwards  nade  his  fuyiKwi  somevdiat  later  m 
tite  -year,  but  stUl  so  earlylfaat  he  was  often  de- 
tabnd  some  daysiat  flaiigate,  -whidi  he  ireaerally 
jmeA  as^his  poet  of  embaliBatiDn,  hafbre  he  could 
fwt  toaea. 

^  Thus  *the'eaf1  dr'NiatBngfaam  'fDaniel  Vht^^ 
me  atuetaiy  of  state,  Ihmby  ipraideDt  of  the 
jol,  and  naJSktx  lord  imry  seal :  Godolphin 

at  iAxt  head  of  tiie  treasnr^,  and  Rochester 

aweittdofiy  xceeinredihe  fiiamyshiyoflretaad. 

•  The  prindnB]  nan  among  them  -was  IVilliam 
BcttdBck.  who  had  lopg  been  afaYoured  attendant 
cn^theimnce,  and  uuumtmd  taient  faodi  as  a  ne- 
ntiator  aad  a  aoUier.  He  was  exeated  earl  of 
■Partlaad,  and  reeeived  'Banykwe  pw^ls,  but  one 
otravagBBt  gift  of  groat  port  of  a  wdsh  oouoty 
was  likened  to  the  snmt  of 'Cornwall  to  Oaveston 
fay  Edward  11.,  and  provoked  so  much  discontent 
Chat  William  was  obliged  to  revoke  it.    Ponhmd 


was  'impeached  fer  ^his  shore  'in  toe  'notuttKk 
Treatiss.  but  esoqKd-paxurinnent ;  IHce'tiie  rest  of 
his  .conntxymen  he  withdxow  to  iHolhiBd  joa  :tfae 


taOB  Iff  Bmtlnak.  Mfi  -USatttaA. 

death  of  IK^niam,  and  helms  TO*fittflier  ouuieaiou 
wittt  English  histofy.  He  died  in  1709,  mid  was 
succeed^  by  his  son  Hoivy,  who  was  in  xjtS 

created  duke  of  Portland.  

Arnold  Joost  van  Kepjtel,  another  "pajB^  ^mrs 
created  earl  of  Albemarle  in  1696 ;  from  his  grace- 
ful and  conciliatory  manners  he  was  &r  less  un- 
IKvpukr  dan  Bentinok,  who  uniaitvd  his  moster^a 


496 


THE  STUARTS. 


Almost  the  whole  of  William's  reign 
was  passed  in  war,  in  which  he  took 
an  active,  though  by  no  means  a  suc- 
cessful, part.  He  gained  the  Battle  of 
the  Boyne,  and  he  took  the  strong 
fortress  of  Namur,  but  he  was  defeated 
at  Steenkirke  and  at  Landen,  while  he 
possessed  the  crown  of  England,  as  he 
nad  years  before  been  at  Seneif  and  at 
CasseL  He,  however,  exhibited  great 
skill  in  preventing  his  opponents  from 
reaping  any  striking  advantage  from 
theu:  victories,  and  in  1697  he  was 
acknowledged  as  king  by  the  proud 
Louis  XIV.'  William  next  engaged 
in  negotiations,  and  effected  Partition 
Treaties  as  to  the  future  disposal  of 
the  Spanish  monarchy',  which  he 
feared  would  fall  imder  the  power  of 


France.  Louis  pretended  to  acquiesce 
in  these  arrangements,  but  managed 
to  set  them  aside ;  and  by  owning  the 
son  of  James  II.  as  king,  he  brought 
on  a  fresh  war,  on  which  William  was 
about  to  enter  with  his  accustomed 
ardour,  when  he  met  with  a  fall  from 
his  horse,  which  caused  his  death, 
March  8,  1702.  He  was  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  April  12. 

William  married,  Nov.  4, 1677,  Mary, 
who  reigned  jointly  with  him.  She  was 
bom  April  30,  1662,  and  died  without 
issue,  Dec  28,  1694.  She  is  ordinarily 
spoken  of  as  eminently  pious  and  vir- 
tuous, and  her  conduct  towards  her 
father,  wanting  as  it  was  in  filial  duty, 
and  even  ordinary  decency  \  is  sought 
to  be  excused  by  supposmg  that  she 


resexved  and  austere  demeanour.  Albemarle  served 
with  credit  under  Marlborough,  particularly  at  the 
battle  of  Oudenarde ;  was  employed  in  various  ne- 
gotiations by  the  States,  and  died  in  1718. 

William  Henry  Zuleistein,  the  son  of  a  natural 
son  of  the  stadtholder  Henry  Frederic,  was  created 
eaji  of  Rochford  in  1695.  He  bore  a  less  prominent 
part  in  public  affairs  than  either  Bentinck  or  Keppel, 
and  died  in  1708. 

Another  fovourite  was  Henry  Nassau  d'Auver- 
querque,  son  of  William's  master  of  the  robes,  who 
was  a  natural  son  of  the  stadtholder  Maurice.  He 
sained  much  credit  for  gallantly  succouring  the 
EnsUsh  regiments  when  hardly  pressed  at  Steen- 
kirke, and  was  in  16^  created  <aai  of  Grantham. 
He  long  survived  his  fcUow-favourities,  dying  in 

The  unpopularity  of  these  courtiers  extended 
also  to  some  military  men,  under  whom  the  English 
army  was  placed,  and  who  monopolised  its  ho- 
nours and  lulvantages,  to  the  prejudice  of  Marl- 
boroujsh  and  other  brave  and  aspiring  officers. 
Tlie  first  of  them  was  Frederic  Armand  de  Schom- 
berg,  a  soldier  of  fortune  who  had  in  tiun  served 
the  States,  the  French,  and  the  Portuguese,  and 
had  established  the  indei^dence  of  the  latter  by 
the  victory  of  Estremoc,  m  1663.  He  returned  to 
the  Frendi  service,  and  was  made  a  marshal  of 
France  in  1675,  but  being  a  Protestant,  he  was 
obliged  to  quit  the  coimtry  on  the  revocation  of  the 
Edict  of  Nantes.  He  then  entered  the  service  of 
the  elector  of  Brandenburg,  and  next  accompanied 
William  of  Orange  to  England.  He  was  sent  to 
Ireland  in  1689,  and  mamtained  his  oost  there 
under  many  disadvantages,  but  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  the  Boyne.  July  i,  1690.  He  had  re- 
ceived the  title  of^duKe  of  Schomberg,  and  his  son 
Meinhard,  also  a  military  man,  was  created  earl  of 
Bangor  and  duke  of  Leinster;  he  died  in  1719. 
A  youneer  brother,  Charies,  who  was  the  second 
dxike  of  Schomberg,  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Marsigiia^  in  x69a. 

Two  otner  of  WiHiam'smilitary  companions  were 
ennobled.  Godert  de  Ginkell  was  created  earl  of 
Athlone,  on  his  capture  of  that  strong  post ;  he 
died  in  1703.  Henry  de  Massue,  marquis  of  Ru- 
vigny,  a  Protestant  refugee,  was  created  earl  of 
G^way:  he  bore  a  considerable  j;nrt  in  the  Spanish 
war  in  the  next  reign,  and  died  m  17x9. 

'  Louis  usually  styled  him  only  "  my  little  cousin, 
the  prince.** 

>  Charies  II.  of  Spain  being  in  infirm  health, 
and  childless,  several  claimants  of  the  succession 
arose.    The  emperor  (Leopold  I.)  had  a  daim 


as  descended  ifrom  Philip  III.,  and  also  from 
Juana  of  Castile :  the  dauphin  and  the  dectoral 
prince  of  Bavaria  were  sons  of  the  sisten  of 
Charles.  William  succeeded  in  fonning  a  treaty 
which  gave  the  crown  of  Spain  to  the  prince  o( 
Bavaria,  Naples  and  Sicily  to  France,  and  the 
Milanese  to  the  emperor :  this  scheme  being  fius- 
trated  by  the  death  of  the  Bavarian  prince,  he  then 
formed  a  second  treaty,  giving  the  chief  inherit- 
ance to  the  archduke  Quiries.  the  son  of  Leopold. 
The  king  of  Spain,  naturally  indignant  at  this 
partition  of  his  dominions  without  his  consent, 
broke  all  the  measures  of  the  confederates  by  be- 
queathing his  states  to  Philip  duke  of  Ax^joo,  the 
grandson  of  Louis,  and  the  latter  deliberi^ely  re- 
pudiated his  engagemenU,  and  acc^>ted  the  gift. 

^  The  dudiess  of  Mariborough  grres  an  ^rr-rw^^m/f 
of  her  behaviour  on  coming  to  WhitehaH,  whidi 
many  writers  have  chosen  to  consider  as  a  mexe 
effusion  of  spite  ;  yet  it  is  borne  out  in  all  ^^*»"ftfit 
particulars  by  the  following  passage  from  the  Diary 
of  Evelyn  (Feb.  si.  1689) :  a  man  whose  r4»ynvrttT 
for  prolnty  cannot  be  shiaucen : — 

*'lt  was  believed  that  both,  especially  the  prin- 
cess, would  have  shewed  some  seeming  reluctanoe 
at  least,  of  assuming  her  Other's  crown,  and  nade 
some  apology,  testifying  her  r^:ret  that  be  shooU 
by  his  mismanagement  necessitate  the  natioo  feo  so 
extraordinary  a  proceeding,  which  would  have 
shewed  very  handsomely  to  the  world,  and  accord- 
ing to  the  character  given  of  her  piety  ;  coosooaaC 
also  to  her  husband  s  first  declaration^  that  tliere 
was  no  intenti<Mi  of  deposing  the  kins,  bat  of  aac- 
couring  the  nati<Mi:  but  nothing  of  all  this  ap- 
peared. She  came  into  Whitehall  langhn^  aad 
jolly,  as  to  a  wedding,  so  as  to  seem  qxiite  tra»»- 
poited.  She  rose  early  the  next  mommg,  and  ia 
her  undress,  as  it  was  reputed,  before  her  wosaea 
were  up,  went  about  from  room  to  room  to  aee  the 
convemence  of  Whitehall ;  lay  in  the  same  bed  aad 
apvtment  where  the  late  queen  lay,  and  vithia 
a  night  or  two  sate  down  to  play  at  banet,  as  tke 
queen  her  predecessor  used  to  do.    She 

upon  and  talked  to  every  body,  so  that  no  c ^ 

seemed  to  have  taken  place  at  court  since  her  last 
going  away,  save  that  infinite  crowds  of  people 
came  to  see  her,  and  that  she  went  to  oor  pmyera. 
This  carriage  was  censured  by  many.  She  aeens 
to  be  of  a  good  tuiture,  and  that  she  takes  norhiag 
to  heart:  whilst  the  prince  her  husband  has  a 
thou^tful  countenance,  is  wonderful  serioos  and 
silent,  and  seems  to  treat  all  penons  alike  grawly, 
and  to  be  very  intent  on  affairs :  Holkod,  Ltlaadi 
and  Fiance  calling  ht  his  care.** 


WILLIABI  and  MARY. 


497 


acted  against  her  own  inclination,  in 
support  of  the  ambitions  views  of  her 
husband*. 

Though  William  took  little  interest 
in  the  affairs  of  England  for  its  own 
sake,  his  reign  is  a  very  important  era. 
The  great  principle  which  had  pre- 
vailed in  Saxon  times,  that  king^  are 
the  ministers,  not  the  masters  of  the 
people',  was  solemnly  asserted ;  most 
of  the  matters  for  which  the  Long 
Parliament  had  taken  up  arms  against 
Charles  I.  were  conceded ;  and  the  ad- 
vocates of  the  Revolution  have  boasted 
that  a  strictly  legal  course  of  govern- 
ment was  then  first  introduced^,  the 
press  relieved  from  a  censorship,  and 
the  real  power  of  the  State  entrusted 
to  ministers  chosen  by  the  people.  But 
this  picture  has  many  heavv  draw- 
backs. England  was  then  also  first 
involved  in  a  web  of  continental  poli- 
tics, from  which  she  has  never  since 
been  able  to  get  free,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  the  enormous  expenses  of 
William's  wars,  the  National  Debt  was 
introduced  ^  Privateering,  so  near 
akin  to  piracy,  was  sanctioned  by 
parliament;  and  the  like  authority, 
after  raising  money  by  lotteries,  im- 
provident annuities,  and  other  ruinous 
means,  found  them  all  insufficient,  and 
resorted  to  the  mode  of  burdening 
posterity  known  as  the  funding  sys- 
tem *.  Thousands  of  English  soldiers 
perished  from  neglect  and  disease  in 
Ireland,  thousands  more  wefe  lost  in 


the  wanton  battles  and  terrible  defeats 
of  Steenkirke  and  Landen;  and  the 
merchants  suffered  severely  from  the 
French  navy,  which  certainly  was  not 
ruined  by  the  battle  of  La  Hogue, 
though  by  that  victory  an  invasion 
of  England  was  prevented.  The  rising 
trade  of  Scotland  was  checked  by  the 
unworthy  jealousy  of  the  English  and 
Dutch,  who  in  the  matter  of  the  Afri- 
can Company  united  to  oppress  a 
weaker  neighbour ;  Ireland  saw  a  re- 
newal of  tne  confiscations  and  iron 
rule  of  Cromwell,  and  the  enactment 
of  laws  which  pressed  with  extreme 
severity  on  the  great  body  of  the 
people;  and  even  Wales  found  a 
cause  of  well-grounded  indignation 
at  the  lavish  bestowal  of  lordships 
and  manors  that  had  belonged  to  its 
last  native  prince  **  on  a  foreign  fa- 
vourite, Wilham  Bentinck, 
William  and  Mary  each  employed 


ImiB  of  William  and  Karr. 

the   same   arms  and   supporters    as 
James  IL  had  done,  but  William  dis- 


I  Some  St  least  of  her  contemporaries  did  not 
tegard  thb  as  a  valid  defence.  The  nonjurors  very 
geaeraDy  looked  on  her  early  death  as  a  judgment : 
and  one  divine,  whose  name  has  not  been  pre- 
served, preached  a  sermon  on  the  occasion,  the 
tenor  oT which  will  be  readily  gathered  from  its 
text :  "  Go,  see  now  this  cursed  woman,  and  bury 
her,  for  die  is  a  king's  daughter,"  (a  Kings  ix.  34). 

J  Seep.  73. 

k  It  is  true  that  such  a  plan  of  government  was 
prdessedly  introduced,  but  it  was  never  adhered 
to  when  inconvenient  to  the  new  rulers  ;  nor  could 
this  be  expected,  as  many  of  them  had  borne  a 
part  in  the  worst  acu  of  Charles  and  James.  The 
Bunisters  and  leading  men  on  all  sides  (as  the  duke 
of  Leeds — the  Danby  of  former  reigns — and  Sir 
John  Trevor,  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons), took  bribes,  though  it  must  be  owned  that 
sach  conduct  was  now  openly  censured ;  others  re- 
ceived extravagant  grants,  particularly  of  the  Irish 
forfeited  estates ;  and  the  most  enormous  frauds 
were  discovered  by  the  investigation  into  the  public 
accoonts  (see  A.D.  x6qoX  Nor  was  the  administra- 
tion of  justice  free  from  grievous  blots :  printing 
seditious  works  was  punished  as  high  treason ;  and 
every  principle  of  law  was  violated  by  the  pariia- 
mentary  attainder  of  Sir  John  Fenwick,  and  the 
perpetual  inqnisonment  of  Bemardi  and  others, 
•Saxnst  whom  nothing  cotUd  be  legally  proved. 

K 


>  The  National  Debt  is  sometimes  ascribed  to 
an  earlier  period,  but  this  is  incorrect ;  money 
had  indeed  been  often  borrowed  by  former  kings, 
but  it  was  not  until  after  the  Revolution  that 
this  was  done  without  at  least  an  avowed  inten- 
tion of  repaymenL 

"  The  greatest  evil  of  this  system  u  the  kind  of 
legal  sanction  that  it  has  given  to  stockjobbing, 
time  bargains,  and  bubble  companies,  frauds  whi» 
have  done  more  damage  to  the  moral  and  material 
prosperity  of  the  country  than  all  the  feudal  bur- 
dens and  illegal  exactions  of  earlier  days,  or  the 
mere  cost  in  money  of  all  the  wars  since  the  Revo- 
lution. 

■  The  revenues  of  these  estates,  valued  at  a6»ooo 
a-year,  had  been  hitherto  applied  to  the  sunport  of 
the  courts  of  justice,  and  these  the  people  were 
unwilling  to  see  closed  for  want  of  funds,  the  rent 
reserved  to  the  crown  being  but  68.  8d.,  or  de- 
pendent on  the  caprice  of  a  subject.  Robert  Price 
(afterwards  a  Baron  of  the  Excheciuer)  spoke  with 
much  bitterness  on  the  subject  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  and  was  successful  in  procuring  an 
address  against  the  gift  *'  The  grant,"  he  said, 
*'  was  of  a  large  extent,  being  five  parts  in  six  of 
a  whole  county,  which  was  too  great  a  power  for 
any  foreign  subject  to  have,  and  the  people  of 
the  country  were  too  great  to  be  subject  to  any 
foreigner. ''^ 


498 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1689. 


played  his  paternal  amis  of  Nassau 
(Azure,  seme  of  biUets,  a  lion  rampant, 
or)  on  an  escutcheon  surtout^  as  an 
elected  king.  During  the  life  of  Mary, 
their  arms,  with  and  without  Nassau, 
appear  impaled,  to  denote  their  joint 
sovereignty. 

Like  most  other  great  characters  in 
history,  William  has  had  extravagant 
panegyrists  and  vehement  detractors, 
without  accepting  all  the  views  of 
either  party,  it  must  be  confessed  that 
he  possessed,  great  talents,  dauntless 
<:ourage,  and  a  resolute  will,  to  which 
most  ofhis  contemporaries  were  obliged 
to  bend ;  it  is  also  true  that  his  energy 
and  perseverance  were  astonishing, 
and  such  as  enabled  him  to  triumph 
over  the  most  adverse  circumstances. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  must  be  allowed 
that  his  ambition  was  as  boundless  as 
that  of  the  French  king  against  whom 
he  armed  Europe  ;  and  he  was  clearly 
deficient  in  honourable  principle,  or 
he  would  not  have  sacrinced  without 
scruple  the  French  Protestants  in  re- 
turn for  the  acknowledgement  of  his 
own  title  of  king  by  Louts*  'His  man- 
ners were  cold  and  repulsive ;  he  ne- 
glected his  wife  for  vicious  society " ; 
regarded  his  sister-in-law  the  Princess 
Anne  and  her  friends  with  jealous  dis- 
like, and  habitually  shunned  the  so- 
ciety of  his  new  subjects  ;  but  a  more 
grievous  charge  is,  that  he  unneces- 


sarily fought  battles',  where  the  ob^ 
probable  restdt  was  a  carnage  that 
would  have  appalled  any  one  not  at- 
teriy  careless  of  human  life.  It  was 
probably  this  innate  hard-heaitedness 
that  led  him,  on  the  plausible  misre- 
presentation of  the  detestable  Master 
of  Stair,  to  sanction  the  massacre  of 
Glencoe,  an  enormity  which  has  left 
a  stain  on  WiiUam's  memory,  that 
neither  time  nor  the  services  that  he 
was  providentially  die  tnstninient  of 
rendoing  to  these  Idngdonsy  can  ever 
effiMC.  

A.D.  1689. 

Wifliam  and  Mary  accept  the  Dc^ 
claiation  of  Right,  and  are  thereupon 
received  as  sovereigns,  Feb.  13^  Tlicy 
are  crowned  April  1 1,  when  Cempton, 
bi^op  of  London,  offioftates  as  the  suf- 
fragan of  Sancroft '. 

The  Convention  declared  a  parya- 
ment,  Feb.  13,  [i  Gul  &  Mar.  c.  i] ;  it 
continues  to  sit  till  Aug.  ao. 

A  new  coronation  oath  devised* 
[c.  6],  and  fresh  oaths  instead  of  those 
of  allegiance  and  supremacy  %  [c-  8]. 

The  great  seal  is  placed  in  commis- 
sion, March  4  ;  the  commissioners  are 
Sir  John  Maynard',  Anthony  Keck, 
and  William  Rawlinson.  Several  new 
judges  are  Appointed,  and  the  chief- 
justiceship  bestowed  on  Sir  John  H6Lt\ 

The  oaths  being  tendered  to  San- 


•  His  mistress,  Elizabeth  ViHiers,  was  created 
countess  of  Orkney,  and  had  a  grant  of  9^,000  acres 
of  land  in  Ireland,  which  had  been  the  private 
estate  of  King  James. 

p  In  three  of  the  battles  alluded  to  (Seneff,  Casscl, 
and  Steenkirke),  he  attempted  to  surprise  the 
French,  though  advantageously  posted,  with  such 
inferior  numbers,  that  he  had  no  prospect  of  suc- 
cess, and  consequently  suffered  terrible  loss. 

4  The  legnal  years  of  William  and  Mary  are 
computed  from  uiis  day,  but  after  the  death  of 
Mary  the  regnal  years  of  William  arc  dated  from 
Dec.  38, 169^ 

'  Burnet,  just  appointed  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
preached  the  coronation  sermon,  taking  as  his  text 
a  Sam.  xxiiL  x^ 

•  The  oath  tormerly  administered  was  framed, 
this ftUtute says,  "in  doubtful  words  and  expres- 
•aions  with  relation  to  ancient  laws  and  constitu- 
tions nowt  unknown  ;**  the  new  oath  expressly  binds 
the  soverei^  to  rule  according  to  the  statutes 
agreed  on  m  parliament ;  to  cause  law  and  Justice 
to  be  executed  in  mercy ;  to  maintain  the  **  Protes- 
tant reformed  religion  established  by  law,"  and  to 
preserve  to  the  clergy  all  rights  and  privileges  law- 
fully appertaining  to  them  or  to  their  churches. 

*  These  new  oaths  were  to  be  taken  by  every 
one  before  Aug.  1. 1689  {or  sooner,  if  so  directed  by 
the  privy  counciljL  under  pain  of  suspension,  and, 
after  six  months^  deprivation,  for  ecclc<^i;<<<tical  per- 
sons ;  fine,  imprisonment,  and  ultimately  ihe  penal- 
ties of  recusancy,  for  laymen  ;  both  being  rendered 
incapable  of  any  office  or  employment.    The  de- 


claration against  taking  anns  by  the  king's  anAD- 
rity  against  his  person  or  officers,  (see  p.  463,)  was 
no  longer  to  be  required.  Many  penons  took  the 
oaths  only  in  what  was  termed  "a  soft  sense,"  by 
which  they  meant  that  they  rendered  obedience  ia 
return  fof  protection,  but  expressed  no  opinioa  in 
favour  of  the  legality  of  the  new  gowenunenL 
Others  absolutely  refused  the  oaths,  and  were 
hence  termed  Nonjurors.    See  Note,  p.  505. 

•>  He  was  bom  m  Devonshire  ia  i6oa,  was  eda- 
cated  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  studied  the  hm, 
and  became  a  member  of  every  parSameot  Aot 
met  for  half  a  century,  as  well  as  a  lajr  assessor  of 
the  Assembly  of  Divines.  He  was  a  cmef  manager 
of  the  prosecutions  against  the  earl  of  Straffbfd  m 
Archbishop  Laud,  and  near  forty  years  after  be 
acted  a  similar  part  again^  Lord  Stafibrd.  Thoi^ 
he  had  been  actively  employed  in  the  high  courts  of 
justice  under  the  Commorrwealth,  Maptard  made 
his  peace  at  the  Restoration,  was  knighted,  sad 
oflfered  a  judgeship,  but  this  he  declined,  findias 
his  practice  at  the  bar  more  profitable,  and  he  ac- 
cumulated a  great  fortune.  In  May,  tdoo,  he  n- 
signed  his  commissionership,  and  died  Oct.  9.  ia 
the  same  year.  In  the  Both  year  of  his  age. 

*  He  was  bom  nt  Thame,  in  Oxfordshitv,  b 
1649,  and  was  educated  at  Oriel  College.  He  be- 
came eminent  at  the  bar,  was  appointed  recorder  of 
London,  and  sat  tn  the  Convention  Parliamest 
His  firm  and  upright  conduct  as  chief-justice  ga^e 
much  satisfaction,  and  he  was  offered  the  chancel- 
lorship on  the  dismissal  of  Lord  Somen,  but  de- 
clined to  accept  it    He  died  in  1709^ 


A.D.  1689.] 


WILUAH  ASID  MARY. 


49!r 


croft  an4  the  other  prelates,  are  re* 
fused  by  him  and  by  seven  more'', 
March  5.  The  dissentients  are  soon 
after  suspended  from  office*. 

The  Scottish  regiments  in  England 
are  ordered  to  embark  for  Holland, 
early  in  March.  They  resent  this  as  a 
manifestly  illegal  order,  and  one  regi- 
ment^ conmiences  ks  return  to  Scot- 
land. They  are  pursued  by  Dutch  horse 
and  foot,  and  obliged  to  sunrender  ■. 

The  first  Mutiny  Act  is  in  conse- 
quence passed,  [c.  5]. 

The  sum  of  ^600^000  voted  to  the 
Dutch  for  the  expenses  of  William's 
expedition  \ 

*' Papists  and  reputed  papists'*  or- 
dered to  remove  at  least  ten  miles 
frc»m  London,  on  pain  of  being  treated 
as  "  popish  recusants  convict  v  [c*  9J 

King  James  lands  at  Kinsale,  with 
about   lyZOo  adherents,  and  a  small 


body  of  French  troops,  March  14. 
He  enters  Dublin,  March  24,  increases 
his  force  ^,  and  forms  the  siege  of 
Londonderry,  April  20. 

The  remodelling  of  the  army  is 
entrusted  to  Lord  Churchill.  He  is 
soon  after  created  earl  of  Marlborough 
(April  9),  and  is  sent  .with  several 
English  regiments  to  Flanders  '. 

The  Scottish  Convention  meets, 
March  14.  The  bishop  of  Edinburgh 
(Alexander  Rose)  prays  for  King  James, 
and  the  rest  ^f  the  prelates  declare 
their  adhesion  to  him. 

The  duke  of  Gordon*,  who  holds 
Edinburgh  Castle  for  James,  is  voted 
a  traitor,  March  14.  Viscount  Dun- 
dee zealously  defends  the  royal  cause, 
and  is  menaced  with  assassination '. 

Troops  from  England  arrive  in  Scot- 
land, and  form  the  siege  of  Edinburgh 
Castle,  March  25. 


*  They  were  Thomas  Ken,  of  Bath  and  Wells  : 
John  Lake,  of  Chichester;  Francis  Turner,  of 
£ly;  Robert  Frarapton,  of  Gloucester;  William 
Lloyd,  of  Norwich:  Thomas  White,  of  Peter- 
boroueh  ;  and  William  Thomas,  of  Worcester. 

*■  They  remained  in  posseaaion  of  their  palaces, 
but  their  revenues  were  withhdd,  and  were  paid 
into  the  privy  purse  of  the  king. 

y  Now  the  Royal  Scots  regiment  of  foot.  Schom- 
berg.  a  French  Protestant  refugee,  had  been  ap- 
pointed their  colonel,  which  gave  them  offence,  as 
in  their  former  dbtin|fuished  service  under  the 
great  Gustavna,  and  nace,  ^cj  had  always  been 
commanded  by  a  Scotsman.  Their  conduct  has 
been  unwarrantably  styled  treasonable,  it  being 
ff.rg^ottcn  that  it  belonged  solely  to  the  parlia- 
ment of  Scotland  to  dispose  of  their  services,  and 
that  that  body  had  not  yet  assembled. 

«  They  intrenched  themselves  in  the  fens  of  Lin- 
colnshire, but  being  outnumbered  four  to  one,  this 
did  not  avail  them.  They  were  not  merely  dis- 
armed, but,  by  William's  spedaJ  order  (which  still 
exists  in  the  War  Office),  both  officers  and  men 
were  "tied  together  in  such  nunbens  as  mig^t  be 
At,"  brought  thus  to  London  and  then  shipped 
off"  to  pensh  in  the  war  on  the  Continent.  This 
ignominious  treatment  of  some  of  the  best  blood 
of  Scotland  was  deeply  resented  theie,  even  by 
partisans  of  the  Revolution. 

•  This  sum  was  hastily  voted  under  tiie  alann 
produced  by  the  march  of  the  Scots ;  it  was  after- 
wards much  censured. 

«»  See  A,D.  1581,  1593,  1606.  The  penalties  of 
this  act  were  not  to  apply  to  tradesmen  settled  in 
London  who  should  give  in  their  names  before  Aug. 
I,  1689,  to  merchant  strangers,  or  to  the  sworn 
?.ervams  of  the  queen  dowager  (Katharine  of  Bra* 
ganza),  or  the  servants  of  ambasBadors. 

c  Among  other  expedients  he  set  up  it  mint,  in 
which  brass  money  was  coined,  which  was  intended 
to  pasa  for  half>crowns,  shillmgs,  and  sixpences. 
The  weight  of  metal  employed  was  379,724  lbs., 
and  the  nominal  value  of  the  pieces  little  short  of 

;^I, 500,000. 

<*  He  served  at  their  head  with  sudi  distin^shed 
skill  and  gallantry  as  to  earn  the  jealous  dislike  of 
the  Prince  of  Waldeck,  the  (German  general  under 
whom  he  was  placed.  In  1600  he  was  employed  for 
a  brief  period  in  Ireland,  where  he  captured  Cork 
and  Kinsale,  and  in  1691  he  served  in  Flanders 


under  William  himself.  Early  in  the  next  year  he 
was  suddenly  deprived  of  his  employments,  and 
soon  after  sent  to  the  Tower,  but  he  was  speedily 
released,  an  Association  in  £&vour  of  King  James 
which  he  was  said  to  have  signed  being  proved  to 
be  a  forgery.  It  is  certain  that  he  held  a  cor- 
respondence with  the  exiled  king,  but  so  did  al- 
most every  public  man  at  the  time,  scarce  one  of 
them  seeming  to  have  any  faith  in  the  stability  of 
William's  government :  Lord  Macauby,  however, 
has  chosen  to  depict  the  earl  as  pre-eminently 


Inni  tf  tla  6vl  Of  Modtamu^. 

guilty  in  this  matter,  an  assertion  entirely  at  vail- 
ance  with  fact.  . 

•  George  Crordon,  the  grandson  of  the  marauis  of 
Huntley  beheaded  in  1640,  (see  p.  443)-  He  was 
bom  in  1651,  had  served  in  the  armies  of  both 
Louis  XlV.  and  William  of  Orange,  and  was 
created  a  duke  in  1684.  He  went  soon  after  the 
surrender  of  Edinburgh  Castk  to  France,  but 
being  coldly  received  he  returned  to  Great  Britan, 
and  lived  quietly,  though  more  than  once  impn- 
soned  as  a  suspected  person,  until  his  death,  m 
1716.  His  family,  however,  kept  up  a  correspond- 
ence with  the  Stuarts,  and  one  of  his  sons  (Lord 
Lewis  Gordon,  once  a  naval  lieutenanO  was  an 
active  supporter  of  Prince  Charles  Edward  in 


r  He  had  recently  arrived  from  England,  s 
panied  by  about  60  troopers  of  his  own  regiment. 
With  these  he  soon  retired  northward,  erected  the 
standard  of  King  James,  was  joined  by  many  of 
the  Highland  dans,  and  in  the  summer  totaUy 
defeated  the  forces  sent  against  him ;  he,  howcfVMW 
fell  in  the  action,  July  27,  1689. 


Kk2 


Soo 


THE  STUARTS. 


[A.D.  16S9. 


The  Nonsuch  frigate  captures  two 
French  ships  of  superior  force,  off 
Guernsey,  March  25  ». 

Dundee,  with  a  small  body  of  ad- 
herents, retires  to  Stirling,  where  he 
summons  a  parliament.  Troops  are 
sent  against  him,  under  General 
Mackay,  when  he  removes  into  Loch- 
aber,  and  gains  possession  of  the  castle 
of  Blair  AthoL 

The  Scottish  Convention  expels  the 
bishops  and  abolishes  episcopacy^. 
A  committee  of  government  is  formed, 
on  whose  report  the  throne  is  declared 
vacant,  a  Claim  of  Right  drawn  up, 
and  William  and  Mary  proclaimed, 
April  II. 

Acts  passed  in  England  for  the  tem- 
porary imprisonment  of  suspected  per- 
sons, [cc.  2  (April  17  *),  7  (May  25),  19 
(Oct  23)]. 

The  hearth-money  tax  repealed  J, 
[c.  10]. 

The  court  of  the  Council  of  Wales 
abolished,  [c.  27]. 

The  English  fleet,  under  Admiral 
Herbert,  has  an  indecisive  action  with 
the  French  ships  in  Bantry  Bay, 
May  I. 

Sir  Robert  Wright  and  other  judges 
are  censured  by  the  House  of  Lords 
for  theu:  conduct  in  the  case  of  the 
earl  of  Devonshire  *",  May  6, 

War  is  declared  against  Frande, 
May  7. 

King  James's  parliament  meets  in 
Dublin,  May  7.  It  repeals  the  Acts  of 
Settlement  and  Explanation*,  attaints 
the  adherents  of  William,  vests  the 
estates  of  absentees  in  King  James, 
asserts  the  l^slative  independence 
of  Ireland,  and  passes  an  act  for  the 
encouragement  of  trade  and  naviga- 
tion". 

King  James  issues  a  Declaration, 
dated  May  8,  calling  on  the  people 


to  join  him;  circulating  it  is  voted 
treason  by  the  English  parliament. 

Sir  John  Fenwick  sent  to  the  Tower, 
May  13. 

The  Toleration  Act  [c.  18]  passed. 
May  24. 

This  act,  "  for  exempting  their  Ma- 
jesties' Protestant  subjects  dissenting 
frotn  the  Church  of  England  from  the 
penalties  of  certain  laws,**  is  framed 
on  the  plea  that  **  some  ease  to  scru- 
pulous consciences  in  the  exercise  of 
religion"  may  unite  all  Protestants  in 
interest  and  affection.  It  accordiiigly 
exempts  persons  who  take  the  new 
oaths  of  allegiance  and  supremacy, 
and  also  make  the  declaration  against 
popery  required  by  the  act  of  1678% 
from  the  penalties  incurred  by  absent- 
ing themselves  from  church,  and  hold- 
ing unlawful  conventicles*;  it  also 
allows  the  quakers  to  substitute  an 
affirmation  tor  an  oath  in  certain 
cases ;  but  it  does  not  relax  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Corporation  and  Test 
Acts',  and  those  who  deny  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity  are  excluded  from 
its  benefits.  It  exacts  a  declaration  of 
approbation  of  the  Thirty-nine  Articles 
(with  the  exception  of  some  clauses) 
from  all  preachers,  and  provides  that 
all  assemblies  for  religious  worship 
shall  be  held  with  open  doors. 

Ecclesiastical  presentations  taken 
from  Romanists,  and  vested  in  the 
Universities,  [c.  26]. 

An  act  passed  K)r  the  relief  of  the 
Protestant  clergy,  expelled  from  Ire- 
land [c.  30],  by  which  they  were  al- 
lowed to  hold  benefices  in  England 
until  they  could  return  to  Ireland. 

All  trade  and  commerce  with  France 
prohibited  *»,  [c.  34]. 

The  earls  of  Peterborough  (Henry 
Mordaunt),  Salisbury  (James  CecO), 
and  Castlemaine  (Roger  Palmer),  Sir 


€  The  captain  and  the  master  of  the  Nonsuch 
were  killed  early  in  the  action,  but  the  boatswain 
(Robert  Sirocodc)  took  the  command,  and  cap- 
tured his  opponents.  This  battle  spnins  from 
a  casual  misunderstanding,  England  and  France 
being  still  nominally  at  peace. 

^  See  Appendix,  No.  VI. 

»  These  acts  are  said  to  be  passed  "for  the  $e- 
cunng  the  peace  of  the  kingdom  in  this  time  of  im- 
minent danger  against  the  attempts  and  traitorous 
conspiracies  of  evil-disposed  penons. "  Parties  com- 
mitted by  the  Privy  Council  on  suspicion  of  high 
treason  or  treasonable  practices  were  not  to  be  ad- 
mitted to  bail,  but  no  member  of  parliament  was  to 
be  thus  dealt  with  without  the  consent  of  the  House 
to  which  he  belonged. 


J  "To  gratify  the  people."  says  Evdyn,  "tlie 
hearth-tax  was  remitted  for  ever ;  but  what  wai 
intended  to  supply  it,  besides  present  great  tBxa 
on  land,  is  not  named." 

*  See  p.  488.  «Secp.*67. 

■  These  acts  were  afterwards  declared  null  and 
void  by  the  Eziglish  nu-liament,  and  thenlbiv  tbey 
do  not  appear  in  the  Irish  Statute-book. 

■  30  Car.  II.  Stat  a,  c.  i. 

•  See  A.D.  1593. 

P  See  A.D.  iMx,  1673. 

4  By  an  act  of  the  foUowing  year  [a  GuL  ft  lifar. 
sess.  a,  c.  9],  French  brandy  was  prohibited  to  be 
used,  and  encouragement  was  offered  to  tKe  distil- 
lation of  brandy  and  other  spirits  from  com. 


A.D.  1689.] 


WILUAM  AND  MARY. 


SOI 


£dward  Hales  and  Obadiali  Walker, 
sent  to  the  Tower  %  May  30. 

Titus  Oates  is  pardoned,  and  has 
a  pension  of  ;£50o  a-year  granted  to 
him,  June  6.  , 

Dundee  maintains  himself  and  his 
followers  in  Lochaber.  In  July  he 
receives  a  small  reinforcement  from 
Ireland,  when  he  attacks  General 
Mackay  in  the  pass  of  Killiecrankie 
(near  Blair  Athol),  and  totally  defeats 
him",  July  27.  Dundee,  however,  is 
mortally  wounded  in  the  action  S  his 
followers  disperse,  and  the  HighJand 
clans  (with  some  exceptions)  lay  down 
their  arms. 

Colonel  Kirk  raises  the  siege  of 
Londonderry",  July  30.  The  Ennis- 
killeners  defeat  the  Irish  at  Newtown 
Butler,  on  the  same  day. 

Marshal  Schomberg  is  sent  to  Ire- 
land. He  reduces  Carrickfergus,  in 
August,  but  his  troops  being  Si  sup- 
plied, through  the  dishonesty  of  the 
commissaries',  suffer  great  losses  from 
sickness  and  privation. 

The  parliament  reassembles,  Oct  25. 
Its  chief  business  was  to  pass  an  act 
[i  Gul.  &  Mar.  sess.  2,  c.  2],  *'  declaring 
the  rights  and  liberties  of  the  subject, 
and  settling  the  succession  of  the 
crown.** 

This  celebrated  statute  is  in  effect 
the  same  as  the  Dedaration  of  Rights 
which  accompanied  the  tender  of  the 
throne  to  William  of  Orange  and  Mary 
his  wife^    It  condemns  as  illegal,  the 


making  or  dispensing  with  laws,  the 
levying  of  money,  or  the  keeping  up 
a  standing  army  in  time  of  peace,  with- 
out the  authonty  of  parliament ;  ex- 
cessive bail,  excessive  fines,  and  cruel 
or  imusual  punishments;  also  the 
erection  of  Uie  Ecclesiastical  Com- 
mission, or  any  similar  court  It  de- 
clares grants  and  promises  of  fines 
and  forfeitures  of  particular  persons, 
before  conviction,  void;  damis  the 
right  of  keeping  arms  for  Protestants ; 
free  election  to,  and  freedom  of  speech 
in,  parliament ;  the  due  impanelment 
and  return  of  jurors ;  and  frequent 
parliaments,  **  for  redress  of  all  g^riev- 
ances,  and  for  the  amending,  strength- 
ening, and  preserving  of  the  laws." 
The  Lords  and  Commons  ''claim  de- 
mand, and  insist  upon  all  and  singular 
the  premises  as  their  undoubted  nghts 
and  liberties;  and  that  no  declara- 
tions, judgments,  doings,  or  proceed- 
ings to  the  prejudice  of  the  people  in 
any  of  the  said  premises  ought  in  any 
vrise  to  be  drawn  hereafter  into  con- 
sequence or  example."  The  act  then 
settles  the  crown  on  William  and 
Mary,  with  remainder  to  the  heirs  of 
the  latter,  in  default  of  which  to  the 
Princess  Anne  and  her  heirs,  and  in 
case  of  their  failure  to  the  heirs  of 
William  by  any  subsequent  marriage. 

The  proceedings  of  King  James's 
Irish  parliament  are  dedaxed  void. 


'-■& 


e  earl  of  Peterborough,  Sir  Ed- 


'  Walker  had  been  sent  to  the  Tower  late  in  the 
(ireoeding  year,  but  releaBed  on  baiL  Why  he  and 
the  others  were  now  imprisoned  does  not  appear ; 
It  was  probably  on  some  groundless  suspiaon,  as 
they  were  set  at  liberty  soon  after,  but  were  again 
arrested  before  the  end  of  the  year.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  Castlemaine  and  Hales,  they  were  all 
recent  conrerts  to  Romanism. 

•  The  re^iular  troops  were  seized  with  a  panic, 
and  fled  disgracefully  before  the  Highlanders,  as 
they  afterwards  did  at  Sheriffmuir  and  at  Preston- 
pans  ;  one  re^pment  alone  (Hastings',  now  the  13th 
Foot)  retired  m  good  order. 

*  Dundee  w^  shot  through  his  buff-coat  as  he 
raised  his  arm  and  cheered  on  his  men  to  victory. 
The  hopes  of  the  Jacobites  fell  with.  him.  As  be- 
fore remarked,  he  u  represented  in  the  most  odious 
colours  by  many  Scottish  writers,  but  to  their  in- 
vectives may  m  opposed  the  glowing  panegyric 
of  Pitcaizne,  thus  rendered  uom  the  Latin  by 
Dryden: — 

"  Oh  I  k&st  and  besi  of  Scots,  who  didst  maintain 
Thy  country's  freedom  from  a  foreign  reign, 
New  people  fill  the  land  now  thou  art  gone. 
New  gods  the  temples,  and  new  kings  tae  thront. 
Scotland  and  thou  did  in  each  other  lire, 
Thou  wouldst  not  her,  nor  coidd  she  tibee  stirWvt. 
Farewell,  thou  living,  did  support  the  state. 
And  couldst  not  fail,  but  by  thy  country's  fate." 


Dundee  had  married  Jean  Cochrane,  the  grand- 
daughter of  the  first  earl  of  Dundooald,  and  left  an 
infant  son,  who  died  shortly  after.  David  Graham 
(see  p.  477),  who  was  with  his  brother  at  Killie- 
crankie, succeeded  to  the  title,  was  outlawe<!L  retired 
to  France,  and  died  there  in  1700 ;  his  nepnew  and 
his  grand-nephew  were  concerned  in  the  risings  of 
17x5  and  x^^5,  and  the  latter  died,  in  1759,  a  captain 
in  a  Scottisn  regiment  in  the  service  of  France. 
Another  Scottish  noble  who  fisught  at  Killiecrankie 
was  the  earl  of  Dunfermline  (James  Seton) ;  he  es- 
caped to  France,  and  died  there,  outlawed,  in  16^. 

I)  The  inhabitants  were  suffering  the  extremity 
of  (amine,  when  a  boom  which  had  been  thrown 
across  the  river  by  the  beaegers  was  broken,  and 
two  merchant-ships  laden  with  provisions,  escorted 
by  a  man-of-war,  made  thdr  way  to  the  quay, 
llie  Irish  army  retreated  in  the  night  of  July  31, 
after  lonng  Jas  has  been  estimated,  8,000  men  before 
the  walls ;  the  garrison  lost  about  half  as  many. 
Colonel  Kirk  had  lain  in  the  bay  for  six  weeks,  and 
was  much  censured  for  not  having  attempted  the 
relief  of  the  town  before. 

«  Tlie  chief  man  was  one  Henry  Shales,  who 
had  been  oommissary-genenl  to  Kins^  James,  and 
he  was  suspected  of  an  intention  to  rum  the  army, 
as  well  as  enrich  himself.  The  House  of  Com- 
mons presented  an  address  against  him,  and  he 
was  dismissed. 

J  See  pp.  49a,  498- 


503 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1689,  T690. 


ward  Hales,  and  Obadiah  Walker,  are 
committed  to  the  Tower  Oct  26,  and 
the  earl  ai  Salisbury-  Oct  28,  as  Ro- 
mish recnants. 

The  earl  of  Castleitiaine  is  also  com- 
mitted as  guilty  of  treason  for  endea- 
vouring to  reconcile  the  kingdom  to 
the  Church  of  Rome',  Oct  28. 

A  comaiission  is  issued  to  Lamp- 
lugh^  archbiahoD  of  York,  nine  bishops, 
and  twenty  qmer  divines,  directing 
them  to  review  Ae  Liturgy,  Nov.  30^ 
These  commissioners  had  sevc^ 
aoeeting^  and  agreed  on  a  number 
of  alterations  (inclining  to  the  views 
of  the  Puritan  objectors  of  the  time 
of  Elizabeth)  in  the  various  services  ; 
but  their  recommendations  were^  re- 
fected by  the  Convocation  \ 

The  East  India  Company  begin  to 
aim  at  military  power  in  India;  they 
build  Fort  St  David,  near  Madras*". 

A.D.  169a 

The  Whigs  ^pose  io  tiie  House 
jf  Commons  vindictive  clauses  in  a 
>ill  for  restoring  the  charters  seized 
ir  surrendered  in  the  late  reigns. 
They  are  defeated  on  a  di<rision> 
an:  xo ;  but  carry  an  instractSon  to 
.he  committee  to  make  a  list  of  per- 
ions  to  be  esocepted  from  a  proposed 
3ill  of  Indemnity,  Jan.  21. 

The  parliament  is  prorogued,  Jan.  27, 
ind  is  soon  after  dissolved. 

A   new:  parliament   is   chosen,   in 


which  the  Tories  gieatly  outnumber 
the  Whigs. 

The  duke  of  Lanzun  arrives  in  Ire- 
land with  a  body  of  French  troops  to 
assist  King  James. 

The  parliament  meets  March  30, 
and  sits  till  May  23.  Sir  John  Trevor 
is  chosen  Speaker. 

William  and  Mary  again  acknow- 
ledged as  king  and  queen,  and  the 
legality  of  the*  late  pariiament  affirmed, 
[2  Gul.  and  Mar.  &  i]. 

A  giant  of  ;£2o^ooo  a-year  is  setded 
by  the-  pariiament  on  the  Princess 
Anne%[c.3]. 

The  king  appointed  to  have  the  sole 
administration  of  the  government  whi]c 
in  England,  but  the  queen  to  rule  in 
his  absence,  [c.  6]. 

The  au{?  wetrranto  proceedings  a- 
gainst  the  city  of  London'  made  void. 
[c.  8]. 

The  Whigs  successively  introduce 
two  bills  to  punJsh  severely  all  who 
raayi  decline  to  abjure  Kin^  Janes «. 
They  are  defeated,  and  at  length 
(May  2(^  an  Act  of  Pardon  and  In- 
demnity'  is  passed,  [c.  10]. 

The  great  seal  is  connnitted  to  a 
fiesh  bc^y  of  commissioners.  Sir  John 
Trevor',  Sir  William  Rawlinson,  and 
Sir  George  Hutchins,  May  15. 

William  leaves  LxMidon  for  Irdand, 
June  4.  He  lands  at  Carrickfergus, 
June  14,  and  advatices  southward, 
reaching  Dundalk  June  27.  King 
James  marches  from  DuUin,  Jane  16, 


■  In  Mfay>  1690^  they  were  all  set  at  liberty,  ap* 
pttnentlr  in  viitue  of  the  eeneeal  pardon  dien  i»> 
wedy  enough  Casdemaine,  Halet^  and  Walker  were 
by  name  eicoepted  from  it. 

>  Evdyn's  rsmadc  on  this  deaerrea  to  be  quoted : 
*'  This  is  dkought  to  have  been  driven  on  by  the 
Prcsbyteciana^  our  ncwsoveniorB.  God  in  mercy 
icnd  us  help,  and  diraot  Ore  counsels  to  His  glory. 
Old  nod  o£  His  Church  J*  Dr.  Tillotaon,  who 
was  mvourable  to  die  ooraprdiension  of  die  dis- 
mutetip  was  proposed  as  prolocutor  ofthe  Convo- 
cation, but  thqr  chose  instead  Dr.  Jane,  the  author 
if  the  Oxford  Decree  of  1683,  a  man  who  had  ever 
steadiW  adliesad  to  the  Church,  and  he  was  now 
a  diiel  instramant  in  the  rejecdon  of  the  intended 
alterations. 

^  They  had  pnrciiaaed  the  vilbge  of  Madraa- 
oatnam  as  early  as  ia  1643,  but  had  not  ventured  to 
ortify  it»  lest  they  should  give  umbmge  to  the 
tadves.  The  bolder  course  which  they  now  took 
vas  at  the  counsel  of  Sir  Jonah  Child,  whohadlong 
•een  the  governor  of  the  eompMuiy.  A  rival  asso- 
ciation iwas  formed  about  this  timet  and  to  prevent 
t  obtaining  a-  legal  establiriimeot  vast  sums  were 
sjcpended  in  bribet  toconrders  and  others  by  Child 
uid  his  assodates.    See  A.D.  1695. 

*  This  was  in  addition  to  asumof  gfido^oooyearly, 
■estowed  on  her  at  her  maxxiage. 

*  See  A.D.  1685. 

*  The  first  bill  proposed  that  all  ofBct-holders 


findnding  the  cfexgy)  ahonid  be  ebUged  toabjurv 
King^  James,  on  pain  of  dcprivadoo,  and,  stilt 
more  harshly,  that  any  maguKmte  migfat  tt  his. 
discretion  tender  the  oadi  to  any  person  not  holj- 
ing  office,  yAim  by  declining  it  should  become  liable 
to  perpetual  imprisonment ;  the  seoond  measure 
substituted  double  taxes  and  loas  of  the  electoral 
franchise.  Such  vindicdve  legislation  shews  hov 
truly  illiberal  the  great  adhereBte  of  the  Rewrfntion 
were.  WiUiam>  ttougfa  of  a  harsh  nature,  was  too 
much  of  a  statesman  to  lend  himself  to  procMiIinss 
which  would  probably  have  brought  sdMut  a  ncrw 
revolution,  and  he  deserves  the  credit  of  piocurxcs 
the  passing  instead  of  a  bill  of  Indemnity,  dogged 
with  no  unreasonable  ntnaber  of  exceptions. 

'  Beside  the  few  stfll  surviving  r^ddes,  fkirty- 
one  persons  were  excepted  by  name  from  its  bene- 
iitk  Among  them  were  the  marqua  of  Powis : 
the  earb  of  Castlemaine,  Himtinjsdon,  MeUbn. 
and  Sunderland :  the  bbhops  or  Dufam  asi 
St.  David's ;  Lord  Dover  and  the  late  JeSetic^ : 
Lord  Thomas  Howard,  Sir  Edward  Hales,  Edward 
Petre,  and  Obadiah  Walker.  Several  of  these  were 
in  France,  and  those  who  were  in  England  wers 
given  to  understand  that  diey  wonld  not  be  mc- 
MSted  if  they  remained  quiet. 

c  He  was  deprived  of  tno  Speaker  ship  and  ex- 
pelled  the  House  for  bribery,  in  i^jiSt  hut  was 
allowed  to  retain  his  judicial  office  oiTM aster  of 
the  Rolls  until  his  death,  which  occurred  is  1717. 


**  \  4^' 


A.D-  1690,  1 69 1.] 


WILLIAM  AND  MARY. 


503 


and  encamps  on  the  river  Boyne, 
above  Drogheda. 

The  En^ish  and  Dutch  fleets  are 
defeated  off  Beachy  Head  by  the 
French,  June  30^  and  obi^d  €0  seek 
belter  in  the  Thames. 

The  French  fleet  has  the  command 
of  the  Channel  \  A  lajidmg^  is-  effected 
la  Sussex,  and  Teigiiroouth  is  after- 
wards burnt,  July  23.  A  host  of  volun- 
teers marches  tosafds  the  coast,  and 
the  French  soon-  withdraw  >  vithout 
fighting,  but  iihe  allied  fleet  does  not 
return  to  the  Donvns  till  Oct.  S. 

The  earl  of  Clarendon  and  Sir  John 
Femrick  released  from)  the  Tower, 
Aug,  15. 

King  James's  army  is  dekaaaed  at 
the  Boyne*,  July  i.  He. flees  to  Dub- 
Jo^  and  shor%aftisr  embarkaat  Water- 
ford  for  France; 

William  eaters  Dublin,  July  6^  aitd 
dien  marches  to  the  south  of  Irdand^ 
while  Jasae^s  partB8an&  rethe^owards 
Che  west. 

William  ezptnxes  Waterford,  July  2$, 
and  besieges  Limerick  from  Aug.  8  to 
Aug.  30,  when  he  is  obliged  to  raise 


the  siege.  He  returns  to  England, 
Sept.  6. 

The  carl  of  Marlborough  takes  the 
command  in  Ireland.  He  captures 
Cork^  Sept  28,  and  ICmsale,  Oct.  5, 
and  Aen  returns  to  England  K 

Tyrcotmdf  King  James's  lieutenant,, 
retires  to  France,  leaving  his  civil 
authority  to  a  council,  and  his  military 
power  to  the  duke  of  Berwick",  but 
the  real  he&d  of  the  Irish  is  now 
Sarsfield*. 

The  parliament  reassembles  Oct.  2,. 
and  sits  till  Jan.  5, 1691. 

Commissioners  appointed  to  audit 
and  control  the  public  accounts'*,  [2 
Gul.  &  Mar.  sess.  2,  c.  11]. 

The  earl  of  Torrington  is  trfed  by 
a  court-martial  for  his  behaviour  in 
the  action  off  Beachy  Head^  He  is 
acquitted,^  Dec.  lo,  but  William  dis- 
mbses  him  from  the  service. 

M^am  goes  to  Ho&and,  Jan.  z6,  to- 
attend  a  congiess  at  the  Hague,  to 
concert  measures  against  France  *>. 
He  returns  to  England,  April  13. 


k  One  Godfrey  Cross,  an  tnnteper  c<  Lydd, 
■msA.  alterwards  cscecatad  for  faoldinc  intercoorse 
with  them. 

'  Hia  amy  was  aboiife  30»oa»  strong,  of  which 
xo^ooo  were  rrsach  foot  and  Irish  horse,  who  bore 
thebruaCoftheMiion:  tkerest  were  in^naed  and 
UL^mdfUaned  Iiiah  foot^  who  fled  almost  without 
a.  Mow.  M^Uiam  had  36,000^  of  whom  one  half 
vere  Eogiiah  as  Scotch  (tnchidiag  a  otron^  body  of 
tht  defenders  of  Londoodeny  and  EmiiskiUen) ; 
the  rest  were  a  horde  of  nwroenaries^  consisting  of 
FnnchHiwuenolai  Dutch,  Danes^  Bcandenburgers. 
and  even  nalanders.  James  lost  1,500  men,  and 
^UnUinm  but  500;  among  diem  were  Schomberg, 
and  Walker,  who  had  just  been  named  a  bishop. 

k  The  duke  of  Grafton  (Henrv  Fitiroy,  a  natural 
son  of  Charles  IL)  was  moaally  wounded  in  the 
asoBiill,  and  died  OcL  9.  He  had  been  brought  up 
aa  the  sea,  but  was  alas  eokmel  of  a  raiment  of 
tlie  fDOt-aoaida,  with  iriiich  he  secure*  Tilbury 
Fort  for  vt^liam;  he  served  with  distinguished 
gaUaatry  at  the  battk  of  Beachy  Head,  and  had 
aocoa^panied  Mariboiocgh.  ta  Ireland  as  a  to- 


>  His  campaign  lasted  only  about  a  month.  The 
oommaod  in  Iiekuid  was  then  given  to  Gtnkell, 
who  maintained  through  the  winter  a  desultory  war 
sntb  the  dispened  parties  of  the  Irish. 

•■  The  natural  son  of  King  James. 

»  Patrick  SarsilckL  was  the  son  of -a  gentleman  of 
the  Eaglishupale  who  was  so  fortunate  as  to  regain 
his  estates,  which  had  been  seized  by  the  parlia^ 
meataninns.  Sarsfield  had  served  wiui  hish  repu- 
abroad.  He  fouf^t  ^lantl]^  at  the  battle  of 
by  an  adroit  surprise  of  William's 


of 


die  Boyne,  and 

aitiUery  conpellel  him  to  abandon  the 

I.iaMridc.    When  that  citv  afterwards 

to  GtnkeU^   Sarsfield  (who  had  by  James  been 

created  carl  of  Locan)  repaired  to  Fzanoe,  and  was 

kiUed  at  the  battle  of  Landen,  in  169?.    His  widow 

<a  granddaughter  of  the  maiquis  of  Qanrickarde 

arho  defended  Galway  against  the  parliament, — see 


p.  448)  afttaratdM'iaanied  James  Fitxrjames,  duke 
of  Berwick. 

•  The  oersons  named  in  the  act  am  Sir  Robert 
Rich,  Sir  Thomas  Clarges,  Paul  Foley,  Cokmel 
Robert  Austen.  Sir  Matwew  Andrews,  Sir  Benja- 
min Newland.  Sir  Samuel  Baniardifiton(see  p.  480), 
Sir  Peter  Colleton,  and  Robert  Harley.  Any  five 
of  them  were  empowered  to  make  a  searching  ex- 
amination as  to  the  **  many  |p«at  revenues,  sums 
of  money  and  provisions"  which  had  been  raised  or 
gxaated  since  Nov.  5,  z688,  for  carrying  on  the 
war  :  they  were  to  inquire  on  oath  as  to  any  jpen- 
sions  payable  to  members  of  parliament  out  of  the 
revenue,  and  to  take  an  account  of  the  crown  lands 
and  other  branches  of  the  revenue,  of  prizes  made 
durine  the  war,  and  of  public  stores  of  every  de- 
scription. They  were  to  have^Csoo  eadi  for  their 
labour,  and  their  commission  was  to  last  but  one 
year.  The  commissioners  discovered  many^  most 
scandalous  frauds  and  embezzlements,  and  it  was 
found  necessary  to  reaprpoint  them  the  next  year, 
[4  Gul.  &  Mar.  c,  ii].  Special commissionen  were 
thus  appointed  year  by  year  until  1785,  when  a 
permanent  Board  of  Public  Accounts  was  esta- 
blished by  Mr.  KtL 

F  He  was  accused  of  having, "  throngh  treachery 
or  cowardice,  misbehaved  in  his  office,  drawn  dis- 
honour  on  the  Britbh  nation,  and  sacrificed  our* 
good  allies,  the  Dutch.**  He  defended  himself 
with  spirit :  shewed  that  he  had  been  obliged,  by 
positive  orders  issued  without  due  consideration  by 
the  ministnr,  to  fight  a  greatly  superior  force  (the 
French  had  8a  ships  agamst  his  56),  and  that  the 
Dutch  had  been  destroyed  by  their  own  rashness. 
He  concluded  by  saying  that  his  conduct  had  saved 
the  English  fleet,  and  that  he  hoped  an  English 
court-martial  would  not  sacrifice  him  to^  Dutch 
resentments.  His  reasons  appeared  condusive,  and 
his  acquittal  gave  general  .<«tisfactu>nto  the  nation,, 
though  it  was  very  distasteful  to  William  and  bis- 
foreign  councillors. 

4  It  was  agreed  that  an  anny  of  ss3,ooo  me»* 


*S04 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1691. 


Viscount  Preston  (Richard Graham') 
and  Mr.  Ashton  are  convicted  of  trea- 
sonable correspondence  with  France. 
Mr.  Ashton  is  executed,  Jan.  2S,  but  the 
viscount  is  eventually  pardoned". 

A  bill  for  giving  counsel  to  persons 
accused  of  treason  is  passed  by  the 
Commons,  but  in  consec^uence  of  a 
Quarrel  with  the  Peers  it  is  aban- 
doned '. 

The  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and 
the  bishops  of  Bath  and  Wells, 
Ely,  Gloucester,  Norvrach,  and  Peter- 
borough, still  refusing  to  take  the 
oaths  to  the  new  government,  steps 
are  taken  to  fill  their  sees. 

Tyrconnel  returns  to  Ireland  in  the 
spring,  but  dies  shortly  after,  at  Lim- 
erick. He  is  soon  followed  by  St  Ruth, 
a  Frendi  officer,  who  undertakes  to 
reorganize  the  Irish  forces. 


John  Tillotson',  dean  of  St  Paul's, 
is  nominated  to  the  see  of  Canterbury, 
April  22,  and  consecrated  May  3 1 .  The 
other  sees  are  filled  up  shortly  after". 

The  nonjuring  clergy  are  accused  of 


correspondence  with  France,  and  ol 
havinjg  invited  the  recent  attempt  at 
invasion.  The  primate  and  the  five 
bishops  solemnly  deny  the  chaise  '. 

William  again  goes  to  the  Continent 
in  May,  attended  by  MailborouglL  He 
returns  Oct  19,  after  a  campaign  of 
little  importance. 

General  Ginkell  effects  the  reduc- 
tion of  Irelamd.  He  takes  Baltimoie, 
June  8,  and  captures  AtUone,  after 
a  short  siege,  June  30;  defeats  and 
kills  St  RuSi,  the  French  general,  at 
Aghrim,  July  12,  and  captures  Gal- 
way,  July  21. 

A  truce  concluded  between  the  go- 
vernment and  the  Jacobite  leaders  in 
Scotland,  June  30.  It  was  to  extend 
to  October  i. 

The  earl  of  Dartmouth  is  committed 
to  the  Tower,  July  31.     He  dies  a 

Prisoner,  Oct  21,  without  having  been 
rought  to  trial*. 

MiUtary  execution  is  threatened  by 
proclamation,  in  August,  against  aU 
the  clans   in  the  Highlands,  unless 


should  be  raised,  by  England,  Holland,  the  Em- 
peror and  the  German  states,  Spain,  Savoy,  Sweden, 
Denmark,  and  Poland,  to  obtau  redress  from  Louis 
for  numerous  acts  of  injustice  offered  by  him  to 
each ;  so  Inany  active  enemies  had  hb  long  course 
of  ambition  and  perfidy  called  up. 

'  Formerly  secretary  of  sUte  in  succession  to 
Sunderland.    See  a.d.  z688. 

*  He  was  suspected  of  having  saved  himself  by 
some  important  disclosures,  for  which  he  was  se- 
verely censured  by  his  party ;  he  retired  into  Uie 
country,  and  died  soon  uter. 

*  The  Peers  demanded  that  any  one  of  their 
number  accused  of  treason  should  oe  tried  by  the 
whole  House,  and  not,  as  was  often  done,  fay  a  cer- 
tain number  named  by  the  crown ;  the  Commons 
refused  to  concur,  alleging  that  the  privileges  of 
the  peerage  were  too  extensive  already.  This  par- 
ticularly alluded  to  a  recent  trial,  where  Lord 
Mohun,  a  profligate  young  man,  though  cleariy 
guilty  of  a  deliberate  murder,  had  escajjwd  pimish- 


■  He  was  bom  in  1630  at  Sowerby,  in  Yorkshire, 
and  was  educated  under  puritanicsd  instructors  at 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  but  he  readily  complied 
with  the  Act  of  Uniformity,  and  though  still  a 
young  man,  was  soon  after  appointed  preacher  at 
Lincoln's  Inn.  In  1679  he  obtained  the  deanery 
of  Canterbury,  but  inclined  to  Ae  Whig  party, 
and  attended  Lord  Russell  on  the  scaffold.  At 
the  Revolution  he  obtained  the  confidential  post 
of  clerk  of  the  closet,  and  he  was  now,  against  his 
own  wish,  as  he  asserted,  raised  to  die  primacy. 
He  held  that  eminent  office  but  a  short  time,  dying 
Nov.  aa,  x6oa.^  Tillotson  was  a  poj^lar  preacher, 
but  some  of  nis  contemporaries  pomted  out  pas- 
sages in  his  sermons  in  which  he  indicated  rather 
than  advanced  opinions  bearing  a  close  resemblance 
to  the  impious  speculations  of  Hobbes  and  other 
unbelievers. 

*  Simon  Patrick,  dean  of  Peterborough,  and  Ed- 
ward Stillinfffleet,  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  had  been 
consecrated  bishops  of  Chichester  and  Worcester, 
^Jct;  »3»  1689.  Bishop  Patrick  was  now  translated 
to  Ely,  July  *,  1691 ;  Edward  Fowler,  John  Hooie, 


.■^ 


and  Richard  Cumberland  were  consecrated,  Julys* 
as  bishops  of  Gloucester^  Norwidi,  and  Peter- 
borough :  and  Richard  Kidder,  as  bishop  of  Btfik 
andWells.  Aug.  30. 

7  The  charge  was  made  in  a  pamphlet  cutillcd 
A  Modest  Enquinr  into  the  Causes  of  the  preseat 
Disasters  of  Engumd,  in  which  they  were,  under 
the  name  of  "  the  Lambeth  holy  dnb^"  pointed  out 
as  fit  objects  for  popular  vengeance.  The  threat- 
ened prelates  in  r^y  publi^ied  a  paper,  whidi 
concluded  by  saying  that  "  as  the  Lord  luid  taught 
them  to  return  good  for  evil,  the  unknown  aixtaor 
of  the  pamohlet  having  endeavoured  to  raiae  in  dte 
whole  English  nation  such  a  fttry  as  might  end  in 
De-Witting  them — a  bloodv  word,  but  too  well 
understood— (see  a.d.  x67aX  they  lecommeoded 
him  to  the  Divine  mercy,  numbly  beseechiqg  God 
to  forgive  him.    And  as  they  had,  not  F 

either  actually   or  in  ftill  preparation    ._ 

hazarded  all  they  had  in  tne  worid  in  opposing 
popery  and  arbitrary  power  in  England,  so  they 
diould,  by  God's  grace,  with  greater  zeal,  again 
sacrifice  all  they  had,  and  thdr  very  lives  loo»  if 
God  should  be  pleased  to  call  them  thereto,  to 
prevent  popery  and  the  arbitrary  power  of  FVuce 
from  cominj^  upon  them'and  prevaiHog  over  then, 
the  persecuuon  of  their  Protestant  brethren  there 
beins  firesh  in  their  memories." 

*  He  was  charged  with  having  ditdmed  the 
weak  points  of  Portsmouth  (where  he  had  kng 
been  governor)  to  the  French,  but  he  was  able  to 
appeal  to  the  members  of  the  ptvry  council  as  to 
whether  he  was  likdy  to  do  this,  having  in  tibe  pre- 
ceding reigns  been  conspicuous  for  his  dislike  to 
*'  the  French  faction,"  in  which,  as  he  said,  *'  he 
had  not  a  nngle  friend,  man  or  v^man."  His  real 
offence,  beside  being  grateful  for  benefits  received 
from  King  James,  seems  to  have  been,  that,  as  an 
(^cperienced  seaman,  he  had  spoken  i"  '  ' 


the  conduct  of  both  the  English  and  Dutdi  1 

rals  at  the  battle  of  Beachy  Head,  and  that  an  idea 
of  again  employing  him  had  been  entertained  by 
William,  which  was  distasteful  to  some  of  the  r  ~ 
bers  of  the  govenuaent 


A.I>.  169I.] 


WILLIAM  AND  MARY. 


505 


they  lay  down  their  aims  and  take  the 
oath  of  allegiance,  on  or  before  Dec.  31. 
Ginkell  besieges  Limerick,  Aug.  25. 
It  surrenders  on  favourable  articles, 
ivhich  are  but  partially  observed', 
Oct.  3. 


The  parliament  meets  Oct.  22,  and 
sits  till  Feb.  24, 1692. 

An  act  passed  imposing  new  oaths 
for  Ireland,  [3  Gul.  &  Mar.  c.  2] ;  and 
another  ^^nst  corresponding  with 
enemies*,  [c,  13], 


NOTE. 
The  Nonjurors. 


The  primate  Sancroft  and  seven  other 
bishops  having  declined  to  take  the  new 
oaths  imposed  at  the  Revolution,  were 
suspended  from  office ;  two  of  them  died 
beloie  any  £Etfther  steps  were  taken  against 
them,  but  the  rest  suffered  deprivation. 
Such  was  also  the  case  with  the  following 
di^ified  clergymen, — 

Dennis  Grenville,  archdeacon  and  dean 
of  Durham ; 

George  Hickes,  dean  of  Worcester ; 

Rob^  Tutt,  subdean  of  Salisbniy ; 

Samnel  Benson,  archdeacon  of  Hereford ; 

Thomas  Brown,  archdeacon  of  Derby ; 

Samnel  Crowbrogh,  archdeacon  of  Not- 
tingham; 

Thomas  Turner,  archdeacon  of  Essex ; 

Thomas  Wagstaffe,  chancellor  of  lidi- 
field; 

beside  many  graduates  in  both  Univer- 
sities, and  parochial  incumbents,  amonnt- 
izig  sdtogether  to  at  least  40a  They  had 
also  a  following  of  laymen,  some  of  them 
persons  of  influence,  as  the  "  pious  Robert 
Nelson,"  Mr.  Cheny  of  Shottesbrooke,  and 
Henry  Dodwell,  the  Camden  Professor; 
and  hence  a  recognised  body,  termed  Non- 
jurors, arose,  not  very  numerous,  it  is  true, 
but  comprising  men  of  eminent  virtues  and 
talents,  who  readily  sacrificed  all  their 
prospects,  by  a  conscientious  adherence  to 
what  they  felt  to  be  their  duty.  They  were 
not  esteemed  as  they  deserved  by  their 
exiled  king,  yet  they  remained 

"Trae  as  the  dial  to  the  son, 
Although  it  be  not  shined  upon." 

Some  account  has  been  already  given  of 


Archbishop  Sancroft  *.  Bishop  Ken,  bom 
at  Berkhampstead  in  1635,  and  educated 
at  New  Colleee,  Oxford,  was  a  celebrated 
preacher,  and  among  other  offices  once 
held  that  of  chapl2n  to  Mary,  when 
princess  of  Orange.  He  lived  in  retire- 
ment, greatly  esteemed  for  his  many  vir- 
tues, £clined  an  offer  made  by  Queen 
Anne  of  restoration  to  his  see,  and  died  in 
171 1.  Bishop  Turner,  also  educated  at 
New  College,  was  a  man  of  a  more  active 
turn  than  Ken,  and  being  accused  of  in- 
triguing against  William  and  Mary,  he  was 
obliged  to  withdraw  to  France.  Being, 
like  other  Protestants,  treated  unkindly  by 
King  James,  he  at  length  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  died  in  HerObrdshire,  in  170a 

The  other  deprived  prelates  were  al- 
lowed to  remain  undisturbed  in  the  poverty 
which  they  had  willingly  embraced  for  con- 
science' sake;  that  is  to  say,  they  were 
not  harassed  by  the  law,  but  they  were 
exposed  to  the  bitterest  attacks  from  party 
wnters,  some  of  whom  spoke  of  them  as 
"  the  seven  stars  of  the  churches,  which  had 
now  turned  dark  lanterns  ;*'  and  one,  more 
virulent  than  the  rest,  pointed  them  out, 
under  the  style  of  "the  Lambeth  holy 
club,''  as  fit  objects  of  "De- Witting*/' 
Bishop  White  died  in  1698,  Bishop  Framp- 
ton  in  1708,  and  Bishop  Lloyd  in  1 7 10. 

Bishop  Ken  declined  to  take  any  part  in 
the  consecration  of  any  prospective  succes- 
sors to  the  deprived  prelates,  but  this  was 
not  the  view  of  his  brethren,  and  accord- 
ingly Dean  Hickes  and  Dr.  Wagstaffe  were 
by  them  consecrated  suffragan  bishops  of 
Thetford   and   Ipswich.     In  after  years 


•  Such  of  the  Irish  as  chose  were  allowed  to 
retire  to  France,  a  permission  of  which  thousands 
availed  themselves,  and  thus  was  formed  the  cele- 
brated Irish  Brigade,  which  bore  so  conspicuous 
a  part  in  the  wars  of  Louis  XIV.  and  XV.  To 
those  who  remained  was  guaranteed  an  entire  am- 
nesty, permission  to  keep  arms,  and  to  exercise  any 
4ibcnd  profession  which  they  had  already  followed, 
and  such  religious  liberty  as  they  had  enjoyed  in 
the  time  of  Charles  II.  The  English  parliament 
respected  this  agreement,  as  the  Irish  had  per- 
formed their  part,  and  by  giving  up  all  their  strong 
posts  ha4  allowed  a  large  body  of  troops  to  be  sent 


to  reinforce  the  army  in  Flanders ;  but  the  Irish 
parliament  maintained  that  Ginkell  and  the  lords- 
justices  had  exceeded  their  poweiSj  and  in  1695 
passed  an  act  explaining  the  sense  m  which  they 
would  have  the  treaty  understood,  which  was  mr 
less  favourable  than  what  the  other  party  alleged 
to  be  its  true  meaning. 

b  By  this  act,  going  to  Frante,  or  sending  aims 
thither,  was  declared  treason ;  and  parties  already 
there  were  forbidden  to  return  without  licence,  on 
pain  of  imprisonment. 

•  See  A.D.  1677. 

*  See  A.D.  X079. 


So6 


THB  STUiKRTS. 


[a-ix  1692, 


Hickes,  calliag  to  his  aid  two  Scottish  non- 
juring  prelates,  gave  the  title  of  bishop  to 
Jecemy  Collier^  which  was  also  held  by 
Gandy^  Taylor  and  Bedford,  who  continued 
the  priesthood,  and  the  Nomurors  remained 
a  distiact  communion  imtil  the  beginning 
of  the  present  century. 

Dean  Hickes  and  Jeremy  Collier  were 
men  of  independent  spirit,  profound  learn* 
ing,  and  r^  piety,  and  they  have  left 
b^ind  them  many  valuable  works,  those 
of  Collier  being  principally  controversial, 
while  those  of  Hickes  are  chiefly  in  rela- 
tion to  the  languages  and  antiquities  of 
Northern  Europe. 

Two  other  nonjuion,  endneat  lor  their 
literary  labours  and  dieiv  blaoncftcas  lives, 
mav  be  mentioned :  John  Ketti«well,  the 
mthor  of  "  Christian!^  a  Doetrior  of  the 
Cross,"  and  ^The  Uoty  of  AUegiaace 
settled  upon  its  true  gionnds,"  in  answer 
to  the  pubtioatians>  of  Sherlock  and  other 
compliers ;  and  Chgu4es  Leslie,  so»  of  the 
hishop  of  Closer,  i«h»  went  to  tlie  court 


of  James  Edwaxd,  and  remained  there 
many  years  in  the  vain  hope  of  efiedii^ 
his  conversion.  At  Ieag!th»  in  h»  Totb 
yetur,  he  wished  to  retnm  to  die  in  h& 
native  country,  the  government  of  Geei^ 
I.  kindly  refused  to  listen  to  a  notice  ia- 
vidiously  given,  and  Leslie  reacdied  Iiv- 
land  unmolested,  where  he  soon  after 
breathed  his  last,  April  13,  1722,  esteemed 
as  one  of  the  most  learned  men  of  his  2tg^ 
but  still  better  known  for  his  exemp^rv 
piety,  his  innocent  cheerfulness,  his  humUe^ 
mindedness  and  sunplicity  of  heart. 

Many  writers  of  both  their  own  and 
more  modem  times  have  depicted  the  Nca- 
jcoors  m  odious  ootonrs,  bcoA  no  ooobt 
theie  were  some  among  tlient^nio  oesefved 
this;  but  the  great  body,  when  dAsriy 
judged,  must  occupy  a  madi  higiia^  place 
than  the  turbulent  BoneC,  6ie  vnrilhring 
Sheriock,  or  the  treacheioas  ChaicftSl, 
Russell,  and  others^  who  drove  anray  their 
old  master,  and  yet  wete  wahiAM.  to  tbeir 


AD.  1692. 

The  earl  of  Marlborough  is  suddenly 
dismissed  from  all  his  employments, 
Jan.  la 

The  Macdonalds  of  CAemcoc  are 
surprised,  and  wbldj  of  dwm  mur- 
dcKd  in  cold  Uood,  by  the  po»live 
order  of  William  •,  Feb.  13. 

A  poll-tax'  is  voted  for  "Ae  vigorous 
carrymg  on  the  war  against  France," 
[c.  6J.  The  enlargement  of  the  docks 
at  Portsmouth  is  ordered,  and  those 
at  Plymouth  are  commenced. 

WUliam  goes  to  Holland,  Mardi  5. 
He  returns  Oct  i8. 

One  Robert  Young  forges  an  asso- 


ciation in  &¥Our  of  King  James  in  the 
name  of  die  earl  of  Maiiborough  and 
others.  They  are  in  consequence  ap- 
prdiendcd,  but  are  soon  rdeaacd*. 

Louis  XIV.  preparer  a  large  fleet  to 
cover  an  invasion  of  England.  It  is 
attacked  by  the  English  and  Dutch, 
near  Cape  La  Hogue,  and  defeased  \ 
May  19. 

The  parliam^t  meets  May  24. 

An  act  passed  for  the  encourageiBent 
of  privateer^  [4  GuL  &  Mar.  c.  25). 

An  expedition  is  fitted  out  against 
the  coast  of  France^  G^ly^  August,) 
but  it  returns  witiboot  haTing*  cfiided 
anything  \ 


•  See  Note,  p.  507: 

'  It  amonnted  to  ;£xo  ftaily  for  the  h^faest,  and 
to  41.  for  tlie  lowest ;  a  sunilar  tax  was  iaiposed  in 
the  next  year,  but  in  i6g^  the  plan  of  bcurowine 
moner  for  extntordinary  expenses  was  stibscitated, 
and  tne  National  Debt  was  thus  begun. 

t  Young  was  a  man  of  infiunoas  chazacter,  who 
profiessed  to  be  in  holy  orden ;  he  was  eventually 
hanged  for  coining. 

^  Many  of  the  French  ships  escaped  through 
a  dangerous  channel  called  the  KaceotAlderaey,  to 
Si.  Malo,  othen  found  safety  at  Cherbourg ;  but 
sixteen  large  shine,  and  many  tianspeits,  were  de- 
stn>3Fed  on  the  beach  at  Cape  La  Hooue,  on  the 
a4th  of  May,  by  fireships,  in  sight  of  King  James 
and  his  army. 

^  The  intention  was  to  reduce  St.  Malo,  a  noted 
port  for  privateers,  which  did  great  damage  to  the 
English  and  Dutch  commerce,  but  it  was  found 
unassailable.  This  matter  caused  a  ouarrel  between 
the  earl  of  Nottingham  (Daniel  Pinch),  who  was 
secretary  of  state,  and  virtually  at  the  head  of  the 
Admiralty,  and  Admiral  Russell,  which  eventually 
caused  the  btter  to  withdraw  for  a  while  fhun  the 


seivice.    It  was  then  su^iected, 
to  be  true,  that  Russell  was  ' 
ence  with  King  James,  still 


m  secret  coiies^iaod- 


Ann  of  BizMa,  Mrl  of  Qfted. 

for  doubting  that  he  had  done  his  best  to  desticpr 
the  French  fleet  at  La  Hogue.  and  his  nmoval  w*;. 
an  unpopular  measure,  btt  Will 


JV.D.  1692.] 


THE  GtEKCDE  MASSACRE. 


sor 


William/  in  attempting  to  raiste  the 
siege  of  Namur,  is  defeated  at  Steen- 
Idrke',  by  Luxembourg,  Aug.  3. 

The  duke  of  Savoy  (Victor  Ama- 
deus  11.)  invades  the  south  of  France, 
in  August  The  French  Pirotestants 
axe  inTited  tn  join  him,  on  the  strength 
of  a  declaration  that  the  allies  will 
proctu-e  the  re-establishment  of  the 
Edict  of  Nantes**. 

The  Irish  parliament  meets,  Oct.  5. 
It  passes  ''an  act  for  recognition  of 
their  majesties'  undoubted  right  to  the 
crown  of  Ireland,"  [4  GuL  &  Mar.  c.  i,] 
and  another  act  to  encourage  the  set- 
tlement of  Protestant  strangers  \  [c.  2]. 

The  parliament  meets  Nov.  4,  and 
^ts  tin  Harch  14,  1693. 


The  merchants  compUdn,  by  xieti- 
tion,  of  the  ravages  of  the  French 
privateers.  This  gives  occasion  for 
inquiry  into  the  conduct '  of  the  war 
both  by  sea  and  land.  The  Com- 
mons take  the  part  of  Admiral  Rus- 
sell, while  the  Peers  support  the  earl 
of  Nottingham.  The  favour  shewn 
by  WiUiam.  to  foreign  ofiicers  is  much 
commented  on,  but  no  aheratios  is 
made  by  him. 

A  bill  for  regulating'  trials  by  trea- 
son, by  giving  to  the  accused  parties 
the  benefit  erf*  a  counsel  and  a  copy 
of  their  indictment,  is  brought  into 
the  House  of  Commons,  but  is  not 
at  present  carried "'. 


NOTE. 
The  Gxjsnooe  Massacre. 


GiXHCOB  is  a  mountain-pass  of  Aigyle- 
shire,  near  the  shore  of  Locn  Leven,  Which 
wa«  inhabited  by  a  party  of  the  Mac- 
donakls,  who»  as  lying  detached  from  the 
great  body  c^  their  dan,  and  environed 
by  the  Campbells,  had  received,  whether 
justly  or  unjustly,  the  diameter  of  greater 
lawlessness  than  the  rest  of  the  High- 
landers; it  is  -certafU  that  they  were  pretty 
constantly  at  war  with  the  earis  of  Argyle 
and  Breadalbone^  the  heads  of  the  Camp* 
bel]fi»  and  the  influence  of  those  two  noble- 
men was^  shortly  after  the  Revolution,  used 
without  scruple  for  their  destruction. 

In  1690  a  sdneme  was  devised  of  bribing 
the  Highlanders  who  had  supported  Dun- 
dee to  lay  down  their  arms,  and  the  distri- 
bution of  the  money,  amounting  to  ;f  12,000, 
was  entrusted  to  John  Cam^ell,  earl  oif 


Breadalbane.  The  negociations  spread 
over  much  of  the  next  year,  and  the  earl 
succeeded  with  many  of  the  dans,  but  ap- 
parently he  did  not  wish  to  succeed  with 
Mac  Ian  Macdonald,  the  chief  of  Glencoe  ; 
on  the  contrary,  he  daimed  Macdonald's 
share  of  the  subsidy  as  a  compensation  for 
injuries  which  he  alleged  he  had  sustained, 
drove  him  with  insult  from  an  assembly  of 
the  chiefs,  and  so  alarmed  him  with  threats 
of  vengeance,  that  the  oM  man  could  not 
venture  to  disarm.  Meanwhile  the  Scot- 
tish government  published  a  proclamation 
threatening  military  execution  on  all  who 
did  not  lay  down  their  arms  and  take  an 
oath  of  submission  before  the  end  of  the 
year ;  one  by  one  the  various  clans  came 
in,  and  Macdonald,  finding  himself  alone» 
at  length  repaired  on  the  31st  day  of  De- 


parting with  Nottingham.  In  1694  Russell  was 
again  employed,  and  in  1697  he  was  cicated  a  peer 
(earl  of  Olrtaird),  bnt  in  Z701  he  was,  in  common 
with  Somers  and  others,  censured  for  his  conduct 
in  regard  to  the  Partition  Treaties,  his  accounts  as 
paymaster  of  the  nary  were  disputed,  and  he  was 
charged  with  coonivinff  at  the  proceedmgs  of  Kidd, 
a  notorious  pirate.  He  was  acquitted  of  these 
charges  without  investigation,  as  the  Commons, 
through  a  (H^ute  with  the  Peers,  refused  to  bring 
forward  their  evidence :  and  he  was  first  lord  of  the 
Admiralty  in  the  reign  of  Anne,  and  also  that  of 
George  1.,  hut  took  no  prominent  part  in  public 
aiTairs.    He  died  in.  1799. 

J  Some  newly  raised  English  regiments  were 
poshed  forward  against  the  Frei^  household 
troops,  and  being,  tnrough  the  jealousy  of  Count 
Sohnes.  under  whose  orders  they  were  placed,  not 
properlysupported,  they  suffered  terrible  loss.  Gene- 
ral Afadcay.  who  was  defeated  by  Dundee  at  Kil- 
liecxankie  (see  a.d.  Z689),  was  among  the  slain. 
The  conduct  of  Solmes,  who  was  charged  with  say- 
ing to  his  (Sennans,  *'Let  us  see  how  the  bull- 


dogs can  fight,"  was  severely  commented  on  when 
the  parliament  met,  and  the  courtiers  had  much 
difficulty  in  preventing  an  address  for  hb  removal 
from  the  service  being  presented. 

k  See  A.D.  1598,  1685.  The  Protestants  knew 
the  bigoted  character  of  the  duke  too  well  to  listen 
to  his  promises.  Large  numbers  of  them,  however, 
fought  in  William's  armies  on  the  strength  of  a 
similar  declaration,  but  he  abandoned  their  cause 
without  scruple  at  Ryswick,  m  order  to  orocure 
the  recognition  of  his  kinely  title  by  Louis  XIV. 

1  Such  persons,  on  making  a  declaration  against 
transubstantiatiou,  and  condemning  the  invocation 
of  saints  and  the  sacrifice  of  the  mass  as  supersti. 
tious  and  idolatrous,  were  to  be  allowed  to  exercise 
their  trades  in  any  corporation,  to  be  taken  as  na- 
tural-bom subjects,  exempted  for  seven  years  from 
payment  of  excise,  and  allowed  to  worsmp  accord- 
mg  to  the  forms  of  any  foreign  reformed  Cjiurch. 

»  It  was  abandoned  by  its  promoters  in  conse- 
quence of  a  resolution  carried,  after  much  debate,, 
in  the  House,  that  it  should  not  come  into  opera^ 
tion  during  the  continuance  of  the  war. 


So8 


THE  STUARTS. 


cember,  1691,  to  Fort  William,  and  of- 
fered his  submission,  but  the  governor 
(CoL  Hill)  not  being  a  magistrate,  could 
not  accept  it ;  he,  however,  gave  the  chief 
a  letter  to  the  sheriff  at  Inveraiy,  and  the 
latter  administered  the  oath  on  the  6th  of 
Januaxy,  1692,  when  Macdonald  returned 
to  his  home,  conceiving  himself  in  safety. 

His  ruin,  however,  was  at  hand.  Sir 
John  Dalrymple,  (known  as  the  Master  of 
Stair,)  who  was  the  secretary  for  Scotland 
in  attendance  on  William,  had  strongly 
opposed  the  plan  of  bribing  the  High- 
landers, alleging  that  lead  and  steel  would 
be  more  effectiud  than  silver  and  gold  in 
reducing  them,  and  had  indeed,  with  a 
degree  of  wickedness  which  seems  quite  un- 
accountable, planned  a  wholesale  massacre 
of  the  race".  He  was  disappointed  by 
their  submission,  which  was  at  first  sup- 
posed to  be  geneml,  but  he  soon  learned 
with  joy  that  the  Macdonalds  had  ex- 
ceeded the  prescribed  time,  and  he  re- 
solved that  they  should  suffer  for  all  the 
rest  Whether  or  not  he  concealed  the 
fact  of  their  submission,  he  certainly  ob- 
tained from  William  an  order  which  can 
only  be  read  with  horror,  and  which  the 
admirers  of  that  prince  vainly  seek  to  pal- 
liate by  supposing  that  he  signed  it  with- 
out perusii]^  it.     It  runs  thus  : — 

'*  William  R.— As  for  Mac  Ian  of  Glencoe  and 
that  tribe,  if  they  can  be  well  distinguished  from 
the  rest  of  the  Highlanders,  it  will  be  proper,  for 
the  vindication  of  public  justice,  to  extirpate  that 
set  of  thieves.— W.  R.  •" 

Dalry]m)le  sent  this  order  to  Scotland 
to  Sir  Thomas  Livingstone,  the  com- 
mander-in-chief, accompanied  by  direc- 
tions which,  if  they  had  been  fully  car- 
ried out,  would  have  ensured  the  destruc- 
tion of  every  creature  in  the  district  of 
Glencoe.  A  body  of  the  earl  of  Argyle's 
regiment  P  was  to  march  from  Fort  Wil- 
liam, and  quarter  themselves,  apparently 
as  friends,  in  the  valley;  two  stronger 
parties  were  to  follow  at  the  interval  of 
some  days,  and  occupy  every  outlet ;  and, 
on  a  day  fixed  before-hand,  every  man 
nnder  70  was  to  be  butchered  in  cold 
blood,  the  women  and  children  being  ex- 
pected to  perish  from  the  severity  of  the 


season.  Lest  there  should  be  any  repug- 
nance to  execute  such  orders,  either  £rcm 
humanity  or  fear  of  the  consequeooes,  Dsl< 
rymple  wrote : — 

"  I  assure  you  your  pemtn  shall  be  full  eaoai^ 
and  I  hope  the  soldiers  wUl  not  trouble  the  nvcn- 
ment  with  prisoners."  ..."  The  winter  is  m  only 
season  in  which  we  are  sure  the  Highlandess  c»- 
not  escape  us,  nor  carry  their  witcs^  bavns,  sad 
cattle  to  the  mountains.  It  is  the  oaty  time  tktf 
they  cannot  escape  you,  for  human  ccnstitiitiaBs 
cannot  endure  to  be  long  out  of  house. . .  This  is 
the  proper  season  to  maul  them  in  the  cold  kof 
nights.        J 

And  he  wound  up  his  detestable  letta 
with — 

"  Better  not  meddle  with  them,  tban  DOt  todoit 
to  purpose,  to  cut  off  that  nest  of  robbers,  who  are 
fidlen  m  the  mercy  of  the  law." 

To  carry  out  Stair's  directions,  a  body 
of  120  men  marched  into  Glencoe^  Feh  i, 
1692,  under  the  command  of  a  Ci^>tiitt 
Campbell,  of  Glenlyon,  who  had  a  niece 
mamed  to  one  of  the  sons  of  the  old  chief 
of  the  Macdonalds,  and  who  thus  readily 
persuaded  them  that  he  came  with  a 
friendly  intent  He  and  his  men  were 
received  with  all  the  welcome  that  the 
Highlanders  could  give  them,  the  officers 
passin?  much  of  their  time  in  drinking  and 
card-playing  with  the  old  chie^  and  the 
men  scattered  in  parties  over  the  valley. 
Campbell  went  to  live  with  another  Mac- 
donald, but  paid  every  day  a  visit  to  his 
niece  and  her  husband,  turning  his  journeys 
to  account  by  attentively  surveying  the  state 
of  all  the  passes  by  which  attempt  at  escape 
might  be  made.  He  duly  comnmnicated 
his  observations  to  Lieut -CoL  Hamilton, 
who  had  the  conunand  of  the  whole  paxty, 
and  bv  him,  5  o'clock  in  the  morning  of 
Saturday,  February  13,  was  at  length  ap- 
pointed for  the  butchery. 

In  announcing  the  time  to  Major  Dnn- 
canson,  his  second  in  conunand,  Hamiltoa 
said,  *'  The  orders  are  that  none  be  spared 
from  70^  of  the  sword,  nor  the  government 
troubled  with  prisoners;"  and  DuncansoD 
accordingly  wrote  thus  to  CampbeK^ 

*'  Balacholis,  Feb.  xs,  1693. 
"  Sis,~You  are  hereby  ordered  to  faU  upon  die 
rebels,  the  Macdonalds  of  Glencoe,  and  put  d  to 
the  sword  under  70.    You  are  10  have  especial  cut 


■  Jjord  Macaulay,  thoueh  a  thorough-going  ad- 
mirer of  the  "  men  of  the  Revolution/'  can  scarcely 
venture  to  defend  him.  He  says,  "  To  what  cause 
are  we  to  ascribe  so  strange  an  antipathy?  This 
question  perplexed  the  Master's  contemporaries : 
and  any  answer  which  may  now  be  cfiered  ought 
to  be  offered  with  diffidence.  The  most  pn>bsS>le 
conjecture  is,  that  he  was  actuated  by  an  inor- 
dinate, an  unscrupulous,  a  remorseless  seal  for 
what  seemed  to  him  to  be  the  interest  of  the  state. 
This  explanation  may  startle  those  who  have  not 
considered  how  large  a  proportion  of  the  blackest 
crimes  recorded  in  history  is  to  be  ascribed  to  ill- 
regulated  public  spirit.    We  daily  see  men  do  for 


their  party,  for  their  sect,  for  their  coontiy,  kt 
their  utvourite  schemes  of  political  and  local  re- 
form, what  they  would  not  do  to  enrich  or  to 
avenge  themselves.  "4Hist.  EngUnd,  voL  iv.  p.  19& 
*  It  is  very  much  against  the  su^KMitioD  mat 
William  did  not  read  this  brief  order,  that  it  besn 
hb  signature  both  at  the  beginning  and  at  the  end : 
a  fact  to  which  Dalrymple  pointedly  called  the  at- 
tention of  Sir  Thomas  Xivuagstone,  when  he  fcr> 


warded  the  paper,  saying.  "  T  send  you  the  kioK's 
instructions,  tu/er  and  stAseribed ijf  ktmsd/." 

P  The  Campbells  and  the  Macdonalds  wtie  ht- 
reditary  enemies ;  hence  the  choice  of  the  fonncr 
as  the  executioners  of  the  meditated  butchery. 


THE  GLEKCOB.  MASSACRE. 


509 


that  the  old  fox  and  his  sons  do  on  no  account  es- 
catpe  your  hands.  You  are  to  secure  all  the  avenues, 
U&at  no  man  escai>e.  This  you  are  to  put  in  execu- 
tion at  5  o'clock  in  the  moroin^  precisely,  and  by 
that  tune,  or  very  shortly  after  it.  III  strive  to  be 
At  you  with  a  stronger  party ;  if  I  do  not  come  to 
you  at  5,  you  are  not  to  tarry  for  me,  but  to  fah  on. 
'Ilus  is  by  the  king's  special  command,  for  the  good 
and  safety  of  the  country,  that  these  miscreants 
may  be  cut  off,  root  and  raanch.  See  that  this  be 
put  in  execution  without  fear  or  fitvour,  else  yoa 
may  eacpect  to  be  treated  as  not  true  to  the  king 
ana  government,  nor  a  man  fit  to  carry  commission 
in  the  lunflfs  service.  Expecting  you  will  not  fsil 
in  the  fuUulin^  hereof,  as  you  love  yourself,  I  sub- 
scribe these  with  my  hand, 

"  For  their  Migesties'  service, 

**  ROBEKT  DUMCANSON. 

"To  Capt.  Robert  Campbell  of  Glenlyon.*' 

At  the  appointed  hour  Campbell  com- 
menced the  dreadful  work  by  the  murder 
of  his  host «  and  family,  including  a  child 
of  eight  years  old,  who  was  but<£ered  by 
a  Captain  Drummond.     At  the  same  hour 
his  lieutenant,  Lindsay,  roused  up  the  old 
chief  and  shot  him ;  and  a  seijeant,  named 
Barbour,   also   shot   his  host   and  seven 
others,  while  seated  unsuspiciously  round 
their  hearth.     Thus  taken  oy  surprise,  re- 
sistance was  impossible,  and  men,  women, 
and  children  fled  before  the  murderers ; 
their  chance  of  escape,  however,  would 
have  been  very  small,  had  not  Hamilton 
and  Duncanson  happily  miscalculated  the 
distance,  and  so  arrived  several  hours  too 
late  to  stop  the  passes.     As  it  was,  the 
chief^  and  at  least  sixty  others,  were  thus 
butchered',  and  fully  as  many  more,  prin- 
dpally  women  and  children,  perish^  of 
cold  and  hunger  ampng  tlve  mountains ; 
but  the  two  sons  of  the  chief,  and  150 
men  beside,  saved  themselves  by  flight 
When  the  fresh  detachments  arrived,  at  9 
in  the  morning,  the  cottages  were  all  b^t, 
the  cattle  driven  oiT,  and  the  vale  was  then 
abandoned. 

The  news  of  this  atrocity  was  carried  to 
King  James  in  France  almost  immediately, 
and  in  the  course  of  the  ensuing  summer  it 
was  diffused  over  England  by  some  of  the 
perpetrators,  who,  when  quartered  near 
London,  openly  told  the  story  of  their 
crime".     The  government,  however,  af- 


fected to  disbelieve  the  tale,  and  it  was 
not  until  after  a  lapse  of  three  years  (May 
23,  1695,)  t^t  a  commission  to  "inanire 
into  the  slaughter  of  Glencoe"  was  reluct- 
antly granted,  just  in  time  to  prevent  the 
institution  of  an  independent  inquiry  by 
the  Scottish  parliament  The  commis- 
sioners reported  a  part  of  the  result  of 
their  investigation,  June  10,  and  in  con- 
sequence Breadalbane  was  committed  to 
custody  on  a  charge  of  treason.  On  the 
20th  the  report  was  announced  to  be 
finished,  but  the  lord  commissioner  (the 
Marquis  of  Tweeddale)  wished  to  with- 
hold it  on  the  plea  of  first  presenting  it  to 
William,  who  was  on  the  continent  The 
parliament,  however,  whose  session  was 
near  its  close,  was  not  to  be  thus  foiled, 
and,  as  the  Roll  states,  "  several  members 
insisting''  on  its  production,  he  laid  the 
paper  More  the  House  on  the  24th. 

The  report  was  examined  by  the  House 
clause  by  clause,  when  the  facts  above 
stated  were  found  fiilly  established,  and 
an  address  was  voted  to  William,  which, 
beside  praying  for  compensation  and  fu- 
ture protection  for  the  sufferers  *,  concluded 
thus:— 

"This  being  the  state  of  the  whole  matter  as  it 
lies  before  as,  and  which,  together  with  the  report 
transmitted  to  your  Majesty  by  the  commission 
(and  which  we  saw  verified),  gives  full  light  to  it» 
we  humbly  beg  that,  considenng  that  the  Master 
of  Stair's  excess  in  his  letters  against  the  Glencoe 
men  has  been  the  original  cause  of  this  unhappy 
business,  and  hath  given  occasion,  in  a  great  mea- 
sure, to  so  extraordinary  an  execution,  by  the 
warm  directions  he  gives  about  doing  it  by  way  of 
surprise,  and  considertfig  the  high  sUtion  and  trust 
he  IS  in,  and  that  he  is  absent,  we  do  therefore  beg 
that  your  Majesty  will  give  such  orders  about  him 
for  the  vindication  of  your  government  as  you  in 
your  royal  wisdom  shaA  thiiuc  fit. 

"And  likewise,  considering  that  the  acton  have 
barbarously  kUled  men  under  trust,  we  humbly  de- 
sire your  Majesty  would  be  pleased  to  send  the 
actors  home",  and  to  give  orders  to  your  advocate 
to  prosecute  them  according  to  law,  there  renuun- 
ing  nothing  else  to  be  done  for  the  ful^  vindication 
of  your  government  of  so  foul  and  scandalous  an 
aspersion  as  it  has  lien  under  upon  this  occasion." 

William  did  not  attend  to  any  of  these 
recommendations.  All  that  he  did  was  to 
allow  the  Master  of  Stair  to  retire  from  an 


«  Macdooald  of  Acfaatriechatan,  although  he  had 
made  submission,  and  had  been  formally  received 
into  protection  some  months  before. 

'  An  account  published  soon  after  says,  *'  fifty 
men,  six  women,  and  nine  children"  were  shot 

■  A  letter  giving  some  poiticulaxs  had  been  %mt- 
ten  from  Edmburgh,  on  April  ao,  1693,  to  a  person 
m  London,  and,  according  to  a  reprint  of  that  letter 
in  1695,  the  *'  gentleman  to  whom  it  was  sent, 
[Charles  Leslie,  the  nonjuror]  did  on  Thursday, 
June  30,  1699,  when  the  Lord  Argyle's  regiment 
was  quartered  at  Brentford,  so  thiwer,  and  had 
tins  story  of  the  massacre  of  Glenooe  from  the  very 
men  who  were  the  actors  in  it:  Glenlyon  and 
Drummond  [the  murderer  of  the  child]  were  both 
there.  The  Highlander  who  told  him  the  story, 
expressing  the  guilt  which  was  visible  in  Glenlyon, 
laid,  "(Hencoe  hangs  about  Glenlyon  night  and 


:tion,  pre- 


day— you  may  see  him  in  his  face." 

*  This  was  in  consequence  of  a 
sented,  Julv  8,  by  John  Macdonald  ot  ijiencoe, 
"for  himself,  and  in  name  of  Alexander  Macdo- 
nald, of  Achatriechatan,  and  the  poor  remhant 
left  of  that  family,"  which,  among  other  things, 
stated  that  "  the  poor  petitioners  were  most  raven- 
ously plundered  of  all  that  was  necessary  for  the 
sustenution  of  their  lives ;  and  beside  all  their 
clothes,  money,  houses,  and  plenishing,  all  burned, 
destroyed,  or  taken  away,  the  scrfdiexs  did  drive  no 
fiewer  than  500  horses,  1,400  or  1,500  cows,  and 
manymore  sheep  and  goats." 

•  These  were  Lieut. -Col.  Hamilton,  Major  Dun- 
canson, Capt.  Campbell  of  Glenlyon,  Capt.  Drum- 
mond, Lieut.  Lindsay,  Ensign  Lundy,  and  Ser- 
jeant Barbour. 


Sio 


THE  STUAm^S. 


[a.d.  169^ 


office  which  the  public  indignation  ren- 
dered it  impossible  for  him.  to  hold. 
Breadalbane  was  set  at  liberty  without 
trial;  no  proceedings  were  taken  against 
Haimltoa  and  the  others ;  and  the  con- 
clusion aeoms  thenfois  unavoidable,  that 


Stair  did  not  really  go  beyond  WilCaiD's 
intentions  in  plaiming  the  masnae  of 
Giencoe,  although  the  parliament  of  Soot- 
land  had  the  complaisanoe  to  lay  the 
blame  only  on  the  j&iBisteb 


A.D.  1693, 

Sunderland  is  received  act  court,  and 
advises  William  to  give  his  confidence 
to  the  Whigs,  as  most  favourable  to 
his  views  of  continental  politics*. 

A  Pastoral  Letter  by  Bishop  Burnet, 
in  which  he  represented  William  and 
Mary  as  possessing  the  throne  in  right 
of  conquest,  is  condemned  by  the 
Commons,  and  ordered  to  be  burnt, 
Jan.  23. 

Annuities  are  panted,  at  the  rate 
of  10  per  cent.,  to  raise  the  sum  of 
;£ 1, 000,000  for  the  e3q)enses  of  the 
■war,  [4  GuL  &  Mar.  c.  3]. 

William  refuses  his  assent  to  a  hill 
for  triennial  parliaments,  March  14. 

The  parliament  meets  March  20. 

Sir  John  Sosners  '  is  appointed  lord- 
keeper^  March  23. 


WiUlam  goes  to  Holland,  Mardii  31 ; 
he  returns  Oct.  29. 

The  Scottish  parliament  meets, 
April  18.  It  imposes  fines  of  j£20o, 
;^6oo,  or  ;f  1,200  Scots  (;Ci6.  13s.  4d., 
£SOf  ;£ioo)j  on  absent  i^resentatives 
of  burghs  and  counties,  and  peers, 
and  orders  fresh  elections  of  thie  two 
former.  It  also  passes  an  act  requir- 
ing all  Church  ministers  to  take  the 
oath  of  allegiance  on  pain  of  depa- 
vation. 

William  Andoton,  a  printer,  is  ex- 
ecuted as  a  traitor,  for  having  jirinted 
''  two  madiciotis,  scandalous  axiid  trai- 
torous  libels  *,"  June  16. 

The  English  and  Dutch  merchant 
fleet,  under  the  convoy  of  Sir  George 
Rooke',  is  attacked  by  Tourvillc  near 
Lagos,  and  suffers  severe  loss,  Jime  17. 


'  The  Tories  held  <hat  England  should  not  inter- 
fere in  the  quarrds  of  the  Continent,  bnt  should 
trust  to  her  navy  and  her  militia,  and  dispense  with 
a  8tandin|^  army ;  the  Whigs  held  it  most  prudent 
to  maintain  a  arge  army,  with  which  to  help  the 
Germans  and  the  Dutdi,  and  thus  prevent  the 
triumi^  of  Louis,  who,  if  successful  against  them, 
would,  they  maintained,  next  attempt  the  invasion 
of  Eneland. 

7  He  was  bom  at  Worcester  about  1651,  his 
father,  a  lawyer,  being  then  a  parliamentary  colo- 
nel He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford. 
:  studied  the  law,  became  eminent  as  a  pleader,  and 
having  been  one  of  the  counsel  for  the  seven  bishops, 
he  was  named  a  member  of  the  Convention  Parfia- 
ment,  and  had  an  active  part  in  drawing  up  the 
Declaration  of  Right.  He  was  appointed  solicitor- 
general,  then  attorney-general,  next  lord-keeper, 
and  lord-chancellor  and  a  peer  (Lord  Somers)  in 
Z697.  He  was  impeached  ior  his  share  in  the  con- 
clusion of  the  Partition  Treaties,  and  though  ac- 
•quitted,  the  feeling  of  the  House  of  Commons  was 
so  strong  against  Jiira  that  he  was  removed  from 
office.  He  again  joined  the  ministry  under  Queen 
Anae,  and  exerted  iiimadf  to  forward  the  Union  widi 
Scotland.  Lord  Somers  died  April  26, 1716,  leav- 
ing the  character  of  a  great  constitutionsLl  lawyer 
and  a  genenous  natron  of  Uterature  (the  publication 
of  Rymer's  Foeaera  was  greatly  ^nnaoted  by  him), 
but  sabgect  to  grave  imputations  m  \m  private  life. 

■  They  were  entitled  *'  Remailcs  en  the  present 
Confisdoacy  and  the  late  JRevolutiaa,"  and  "A 
Frem^  Conquest  neither  de^rable  nor  practicable,'' 
icmWil"  -   - 


■  and  in  them  William  was  accused  of  many  monstrous 
enormities,  but  how  this  amounted  to  high  treason 
is  not  easy  to  peroeive  ;  the  judges,  however,  pro- 
nounced It  so,  and  refused  to  allow  the  prisoner 

•counsel  on  the  point  of  law,  acting  thus  like  the 
Commonwealth  judges  to  John  Lilbume,  and  more 
iiatihly  than  even  J  eflferies  himself ;  a  convincing 


proof  that  the  praises  often  bestowed  on  the  boich 
immediately  after  the  Revolution  are  andeserv«L 

•  He  was  bom  in  2650,  of  a  good  Kentndi  foSy. 
entered  the  navy  against  the  wish  of  Ins  parea^. 
and  was  captain  of  a  man-of-war  at  the  time  of  the 
Retfolntion.  It  was  during  the  next  fifteen  yeass 
that  he  performed  the  exploits  «^udi  hav<ejnT> 
cured  him  the  Dq;mtabon  of  one  of  the.fii«lof  Kof- 
lish  seamen.  Rooke  was  empkyyad  to  relieve  Lon- 
donderry, in  X689,  which  he  accomplished,  and  thus 
gave  the  first  check  to  the  amy  of  King  James, 
and  in  1696,  hv  bnnmiga  harpt  nmibcr  of  the 
French  fleet  at  La  Hogue,  he  icndei ad  the  long  s 
restoration  impossible ;  for  this  seTricc  be  was 
knighted.  In  the  following  year  he  shewed  so 
mudi  skill  and  ooarage  in  saving  a  large  part  of  the 
Smyrna  fleet  Crom  a  vastly  superior  ftonch  £»roe, 
that  he  was  called  to  the  Admiralty  boaud,  and  he 
remained  there  ibr  some  years,  althoiigh  as  a  nem- 
ber  of  parfiament  he  freely  expressed  his  disappro- 
bation of  many  of  the  measures  of  the  govommenL 
In  the  year  1700  Rooke  was  sent  as  aa  armed  vat>- 
diafeor  to  the  Bahic,  when  he  cstaUsflrad  peace  be- 
tween Deamaric  and  Sweden,  and  on  the  accesnos 
of  Queen.  Anne  he  was  appointed  vice-Adniital  of 
England.  He  soon  sailed  with  a  powerful  fleet. 
with  which  he  atucked  the  French  and  Spanish 
fleet  at  Vigo,  and  gained  an  nmnense  Heasnre.  In 
1704  he  captured  the  strong  fortress  of  Gibfaltar« 
and  shortly  after  falling  in  with  the  FiciKh  fletf 
which  had  sailed  for  its  relief,  engaged  it  off  Ma- 
laga, and  chased  it  into  Tottlon  ;  the  FrenA,  hov- 
ever,  suffered  less  in  this  action  tium  hi  suae 
others,  and  claumed  the  victory:  a  dbaooar  was 
raised  against  Sir  George,,  as  if  he  had  not  dose 
his  utmost,  and  he  was  removed  from  his  com- 
mand. He  retired  contentedly  into  fvivate  life, 
and  died  Jan.  2^,  1709,  rq^retted  as  a  brave  aaJ 
skilful  sailor,  a  kind  master,  and  am  1 


A.D.  i693»  1694.] 


WILLIAM  AND  MARY. 


5" 


William  is  defeated  by  Luxembourg 
at  Landen^  July  19. 

A  new  chastei'  granted  to  the  East 
India  Company,  Oct  7. 

The  East  India  Company  had  been 
greatly  favoured  by  King  James,  and 
its  leading  men  were  still  considered 
as  his    partisans.      Partly  from   this 
cause,  but  more  from  the  enormous 
pro6ts  which  it  was  known  to  derive 
from  its  trade  %  a   rival   association 
sprang  up  about  the  time  of  the  Re- 
volution, and  was  encouraged  by  the 
parliament,  which  more  thiji  once  ap- 
pUed  to  William  to  dissolve  the  old 
company.   It  was  found,  however,  that 
this  OQuld  not  legally  be  done  without 
giving  a  three  years'  notice,  and  in  the 
meanwhile.  Sir  Josiah  Child  ^,  and  his 
Idnsman  Sir  Thomas  Cooke,  who  suo- 
ceeded  him  as  governor  of  the  com- 
pany, distributed  such  vast  bribes  that 
they  instead  obtained  a  new  charter ; 
but  they  were  eventually  outbid  by 
their  rivals,  who  in   1698  were  also 
incorporatedL    In  1702  an  agreement 
for  the  union  of  the  two  belies  was 
come  to,  whence  arose  the  well-known 
appellation  of  the  great  corporation, 
**the  United  Company  of  Merchants 
of  England  trading  to  the  East  In- 
dies." 


Commodore  Benbow  *  bombards  St. 
Malo,  in  November ', 

The  parliament  meets,  Nov.  7,  and 
sits  till  April  25,  1694. 

The  Commons  complain  of  the  loss 
i  sustained  at  sea,  and  vote  that  the 
fleet  has  been  "treacherously  mis- 
managed.'' In  consequence  Admiral 
Russell  is  soon  again  called  to  the 
chief  command,  and  Nottingham  re- 
tires from  office. 

The  Commons  complain  of  the  re- 
cent charter  to  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, and  pass  a  vote  affirming  the 
right  of  all  Englishmen  to  trade  to 
any  part  of  the  world,  imless  prohi* 
bited  by  act  of  parliament. 

The  bill  for  regulating  trials  for 
treason  is  again  introduced  by  the 
Peers,  but  dropped  before  it  can  reach 
the  Commons. 

Bills  for  holding  triennial  pariia*- 
ments  and  for  naturalizing  roreign 
Protestants  are  introduced  in  the  Com- 
mons, but  negatived. 

A  bill  for  excluding  placemen  from 
parliament  is  passed  by  both  Houses, 
but  William  refuses  his  assent. 

A.D.  1694. 

Many  schemes  are  devised  to  meet 

the  extraordinary  expenses  of  the  war. 


^  This  is  1>y  French  writers  often  called  the  battle 
of  Kecrwinden.  WilUam  was  forced  to  abandon 
a  sttgnff  camp  which  he  had  formed  at  that  village, 
vith  a  kss  of  xa,ooomen.  The  hated  Count  Solmes 
(see  A.D.  x69s)  and  the  gallant  Sarsfield  (see  AJ>. 
1690)  were  bou  mortally  wounded. 

•  Evehrn  notes  in  his  Diar^'  (Doc.  x8,  1683).  "  I 
sold  my  East  India  adventure  of  £aso  prindiMil  for 
£7S0f  after  1  had  been  in  that  company  twenty-6vc 
years,  bong  extraordinary  advantageous,  by  the 

'  UiSUiDe  the  majority  of  die  rich  London  mer- 
chants. Child  had  supported  the  measures  of  the 
court  during  the  two  preceding  reigns,  and  he  had 
thus  ^ned  the  rojral  patronage  for  the  company, 
of  iriuch  Tames  II.  became  a  member.  "  I  went," 
says  £veW  March  x6,  X684,  "  to  see  Sir  Josiah 
Child's  prodigious  cost  In  planting  walnut-trees 
about  htt  seat  Tat  Wanstead],  and  making  fish- 
ponds, many  miles  in  circuit,  m  Epping  forest  in 
a  bazxen  spot,  as  oftentimes  these  sudaenor  moneyed 
men  seat  themadves.  He,  from  a  merchant's  ^>- 
preatice,  and  management  of  t&e  East  India  Com- 
l^of^  stock,  being  arrived  to  an  estate,  'tis  said,  of 
Xaoo,ooo.  He  lately  married  his  daughter  to  the 
«jaest  son  of  the  DuKe  of  Beaufort  (late  marquis  of 
"<wcester),  with  jC5o,ooo  portaonal  present,  and 
prions  expectataoM."  Child  lived  several  years 
after  his  retirement  from  the  direction  of  the  com- 
pany, and  died  possessed  of  enormous  wealth,  in 
^699. 

'  John  Benbow  was  the  son  of  a  royalist  colonel 
vrho  foMjit  beside  Charles  II.  at  Worcester,  and 
^  the  Restoration  obtained  a  small  office  in  the 

Aowcr,  where  he  was  recognised  by  the  king,  who 
pronused  to  provide  better  for  him,  but  the  old 


man,  overjoyed,  died  almost  on  the  spot.  Yoaag 
Benbow  entered  the  merchant  service,  and  at  length 
became  the  owner  of  a  vessel,  which  he  called  the 
Benbow  frigate,  in  which  he  traded  to  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  on  one  occasion  so  gallantly  beat 
off  a  Barbary  corsair  that  James  II.  made  him  cap- 
tain of  a  man-of-war.  After  the  Revolution,  at  the 
request  of  Uie  London  merchants,  to  whom  his  for- 
mer occupation  had  made  him  well  known,  he  was 
chiefly  employed  in  the  Channel,  where  he  pro- 
tected the  English  commerce  against  the  Frendi 
privateers,  and  also  conducted  attacks  on  St.  Malo, 
Calais,  Dunkirk,  and  other  of  their  strongholds.  In 
X699  he  was  despatched  to  the  West  Indies,  but  was 
soon  recalled  to  blockade  Dunkirk.  In  X70X  he 
was  again  sent  to  the  West  Indies,  and  he  was  there 
mortally  wounded  in  action,  almost  unsupported, 
with  a  French  fleet,  Aug.  34.  1702,  and  died  at 
Jamaica  the  4th  of  November  following. 

'  This  was  the  second  attack  on  the  place,  and 
the  design  was  to  utteriy  destroy  it.  The  bom^ 
bardment  was  carried  on  tor  four  days  (Nov.  i6t(> 
ao),  on  the  last  of  which  a  new  kind  of  fire-ship* 
styled  an  "  infernal  machine,**  was  sent  in.  It  had 
on  board  xoo  barrels  of  powder  and  440  cases  of 
shot,  beside  a  vast  quantity  of  pitdi  and  other  com- 
bustibles. Though  the  vessel  ran  on  a  rock  some 
distance  from  its  intended  place,  when  it  exploded, 
it  threw  down  the  sea  wall,  unroofed  most  of  the 
houses,  and  shattered  every  window  for  more  than 
a  league  inland.  "  This  manner  of  destructive  ' 
war,"  Evelyn  remarks,  "was  begun  by  the  Frendli, 
is  exceedingly  ruinous,  especially  falling  on  me 
poorer  people,  and  does  not  seem  to  tend  to  make 
a  more  speedy  end  of  the  war,  but  rather  to  r 
perate,  and  incite  to  revenge." 


S" 


THE  STUA^ITS. 


[a.d.  1694. 


Beside  the  land-tax,  which 'was  reim- 

Sosed  at  4s.  in  the  £.  [}  &  6  GuL  & 
[ar.  c.  i\  and  a  poll-tax  [c  14],  stamp- 
duties  were  revived*  [c.  21],  the  hack- 
ney coaches  of  London  were  taxed 
Sc  22],  and  ;£  1,000,000  was  raised 
)y  a  lottery  [c  7]  ;  but  as  money  was 
still  wanting,  ;£i,20o,ooo  more  was  ob- 
tained by  granting  peculiar  privileges 
to  a  body  of  merchants  who  undertook 
to  furnish  it  \  [c.  20]. 

Complaints  are  made  of  corrupt 
means  having  been  used  to  procure 
the  charter  to  the  East  India  Com- 
pany. In  consequence,  a  conditional 
indemnity  is  granted  to  Sir  Thomas 
Cooke,  the  chairman,  [5  &  6  Gul.  & 
Mar.  c.  15],  but  as  he  does  not  make 
the  required  disclosures,  he,  and  Sir 
Bazill  Firebrace,  Charles  Bates,  and 
James  Craggs,  directors,  are  impri- 
soned, and  disabled  from  alienating 
their  estates,  [c.  19]. 

William  goes  to  Holland,  May  6. 
He  takes  the  field  against  Luxembourg, 
but  no  important  event  occurs,  and 
he  at  length  returns  to  England,  Nov.  9. 

A  fleet  of  French  merchantmen  and 
their  convoy  destroyed  in  Conquet 
bay.  May  la 

An  unsuccessful  attack  is  made  on 
Brest,  in  June  K 


Dieppe  and  Havre  ar*  bombarded, 
July  12,  16,  18. 

Admiral  Russell  blockades  the 
French  fleet  in  the  harbour  of  Toa- 
lon,  and  thus  destroys  their  fonner 
superiority  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Colonel  John  Parker,  imprisoned  on 
a  charge  of  plotting  against  the  life 
of  William,  escapes  from  the  Tower  S 
Aug.  II. 

Dunkirk  and  Calais  are  bombarded, 
and  assailed  by  infernal  machines,  bat 
with  little  success*,  September. 

Several  gentlemen  are  tried  at  Man- 
chester on  a  charge  of  high  treason, 
but  are  acouitted*,  October. 

The  parliament  meets  Nov.  12,  and 
sits  till  May  3, 1695.  The  Place  Bill 
is  negatived  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  3iat  for  the  regulation  of  trials  for 
treason,  in  the  Lords ;  but  the  trien- 
nial Bill  at  length  becomes  law  %  [6  k 
7  GuL  &  Mar.  c.  2]. 

Duties  granted  on  births,  marriages 
and  burials,  [c.  6].  By  the  same  aa 
special  taxes  were  laid  on  bachelors 
and  widowers. 

Tillotson,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
dies,  Nov.  22.  He  is  succeeded  by 
Thomas  Tenison  ®,  bishop  of  Lincoln. 

Queen  Mary  dies,  Dec.  28.  She  is 
buned  at  Westminster,  March  5, 1695. 


ff  They  had  been  first  imposed  in  1671,  by  the 
statute  aa  &  23  Car.  II.  c.  9,  which  had  been  suf- 
fered to  expire. 

^  Thus  originated  the  Bank  of  England,  which 
also  received  a  royal  charter,  July  97, 1694.  The 
scheme  was  originated  by  Mmliam  Paterson,  a 
Scotchman  of  versatile  talent,  who  had  paired 
many  years  abroad,  and  who  afterwards  became 
con»icuous  as  the  deviser  of  the  Scottish  African 
and  Indian  Company.  The  charter  was  originally 
for  eleven  years  only,  but  it  has  been  renewed  seve- 
ral times  smce  :  the  capital  lent  to  the  government 
has  increased  to  ;Cz4, 553*000,  but  the  mterest  has 
been  reduced  from  8  per  cent,  its  original  amount, 
to  3  per  cent.,  its  present  rate. 

>  The  intended  attack  became  known  to  the 
French,  and  Vauban  was  employed  in  strengthen- 
ing the  fortifications.  The  place  was,  in  conse- 
quence, found  unassailable  by  the  ships,  and  Gene- 
nd  Talmash,  who  attempted  to  land  with  a  body  of 
troops  in  boats,  lost  near  x,aoo  of  his  men,  and  was 
himself  mortally  wounded. 

k  He  had  been  committed  May  as. 

*  These  machines  were  the  invention  of  a  Dntdi 
tQgineer,  named  Meesters.  As  their  expense  was 
enormous,  their  fiolure  caused  great  dissatisfaction, 
and  added  to  die  dislike  with  which  the  Dutdi 
were  now  genenlly  regarded. 

■  An  investigation  into  this  matter  took  place  in 
the  House  of  (Emmons,  and,  although  the  case  had 
broken  down  in  open  court,  a  puty  majority  disre- 
garded this,  and  passed  a  resolutioa  afflrmmg  that 
^'  there  had  been  a  dangerous  conspiracy,"  though 
legal  evidence  of  it  had  not  been  produoed.    l^e 


truth  is  now  known  to  be,  that  a  band  of  sfitt 
concocted  the  charge,  and  wUlst  precendiag  t» 
seek  evidence  in  support  of  it,  ptondened  the  hmta 
of  the  prisoners  of  plate  and  other  valuaUes.  These 
wretches  were  in  the  pay  of  John  Trendurd  ssfl 
Aaron  Smith,  the  secretary  of  state  and  the  soli- 
citor of  the  treasury,  themsdves  men  of  iii&iiott» 
chamcter  (Smith  had  stood  in  the  piDoryX  whose 
employment  brought  much  merited  dugna  ca 
William's  government. 

■  It  bears  the  title  of  "an  Act  for  the  fittqu^ 
calling  and  meeting  of  Parliaments,"  and  provided 
that  tne  parliament  then  sitting  should  be  bnufht 
to  a  ckjse  on  or  before  xst  Nov.  1696,  bat  the  tine 
was  anticipated  above  a  year. 

•  He  was  bom  in  1636,  at  Cottenham,  id  Casi; 
bridgeshire,  |md  was  educated  at  Corpus  Cfarisn 
College,  Cambridge.  He  at  first  studied  physic* 
but  aftenrards  became  vicar  of  St.  Msitia-iii^d»> 
Fields,  London,  where  he  distin^^uishcd  hinsdf  da 
onlv  by  writings  against  Romanism,  which  sre  sdl 
highly  esteemed,  but  by  his  exenqtlary  i»etf  w 
b^evolence.  In  2689  he  was  made  aichdeacooo^ 
London,  and  eariy  in  xfos  he  was  ooBseoated 
bishop  of  Linoohi.  He  cued  Dec.  14,  1715- .  'y^ 
care  m  procuring  an  additional  plaoeot  worship  iff 
his  parishioners  of  St.  Martin  has  been  »^'p{F 
menboned  (see  a.d.  X687X  and  for  their  beocfit  he 
founded  a  valuable  library,  which  was  sold  hf  vir- 
tue of  an  Act  of  Parliament  in  x86x,  and  the  pro- 
ceeds ordered  to  be  applied  to  middle-dbsi  ednci- 
tional  purposes.  Evdyn  says  of  him,  "I  m*^ 
knew  a  man  of  a  more  umversal  and  gcBO^ 
spirit,  with  so  much  modesty,  prudence,  sna  piety. 


WlUlAm  m.,  from  his  Great  Seal. 
WILLIAM  III. 


A.D.  1694. 
William,  in  accordance  with  the 
provision  of  the  Declaration  of  Rights  ', 
retains  possession  of  the  throne,  De- 


Arms  of  WilUam  m. 

cember  28  \  Some  desperate  Jacob- 
ites ^most  immediately  begin  to  plot 
against  his  life. 

A.D.  1695. 

The  Commons  inquire  into  the  con- 
duct of  Tracy  Pauncefort  and  other 


agents  and  contractors  for  the  army. 
Pauncefort  is  committed  to  the  Tower, 
Feb.  12,  and  Colonel  Hastings,  their 
associate,  is  cashiered. 

James  Craggs,  a  clothing  contrac- 
tor %  refusing  to  be  examined  on  oath, 
or  to  produce  his  books,  is  committed 
to  Newgate,  March  7. 

The  Speaker,  Sir  John  Trevor,  con- 
fesses to  having  received  a  bribe  from 
the  city  of  London,  to  forward  a  bill 
relating  to  their  orphan  funds  ;  he  is 
expelled  the  House,  March  18.  Paul 
Foley,  a  noted  Whig,  succeeds  him. 

The  committee  of  inquiry  into  the 
conduct  of  the  East  India  Company 
report  that  Sir  Thomas  Cooke  and 
Francis  Tyssen  (the  governor  and  de- 
puty governor)  have  expended  £S7,402 
in  bribes  for  the  renewal  of  the  charter. 

The  Conmions  take  steps  to  im- 
peach Cooke,  when  the  duke  of  Leeds* 
defends    him.     The   Commons    then 


•  See  A. D.  X689. 

•  The  seventh  and  each  subsequent  year  of  his 
reign  is  reckoned  to  commence  from  this  day. 

•  The  East  India  director  already  mentioned. 


*  Thomas  Osborne,  formerly  known  as  earl  of 
Danby  and  marquis  of  Cacrmarthen.  He  had 
been  advanced  to  th^  dukedom,  May  6,  1694. 


Ll 


5'4 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1695. 


charge  the  duke  with  comiptioa;  and 
he  makes  a  speech  in  his  own  justifi- 
cation, April  27.  They  propose  to  im- 
peach 'him,  when  tihe  session  is  sud- 
denly prorogued,  May  3. 

The  censorsiiip  of  the  press  is  aban- 
doned, the  last  act  passed  to  restrain 
unlicensed  printing  [4  GuL  &  Mar. 
c.  24]  being  suffered  to  expire. 

A  plot  against  William  is  devised, 
early  inf  May.  The  earl  of  Aylesbujy 
<Thomiis  Bruce),  Lord  Montgomery, 
Sir  John  Friend,  Sir  William  Perkins, 
Sir  John  Fenwick,  Chamock*,  Porter, 
Cook,  poodman,  and  others,  are  en- 
gaged i»  it ;  and  Chamock  is  dis- 
patched to  France  to  procure  the  sanc- 
tion of  King  James '. 

The  Scottish  parliament  meets,  May 
9,  1695,  tiader  the  presidency  of  the 


aacquis  of  Tweeddale  (John  Hay). 
An  ajct  is  passed  for  the  administration 
of  the  law  in  the  Highlands,  empower- 
ing the  appointment  of  itinerant  jus- 
ticiaries and  reviving  the  laws  against 
clanship '.  By  anndier  act  severe  penal- 
ties are  denounced  against  blasphemy^ 

The  Company  of  Scotland  trading 
to  Africa  and  the  Indies  is  formed '. 

The  Scottish  parliMnent  inquires 
into  the  massacre  of  Glencoe.  It  fully 
establishes  the  guilt  of  the  earl  of 
Breadalbane,  the  Master  of  Stair, 
and  several  other  parties ;  makes  a 
formal  report  of  the  same  (June  24), 
and  prays  William  to  -vindicate  has 
own  character  by  punishing  them ;  but 
nothing  is  done. 

William  goes  to  BaOand,  May  12. 
He  returns  Oct  10. 


IRELAND. 


William  left  the  govermnent  of  such 
parts  of  Ireland  as  he  had  subdued  in 
the  hands  of  lords  justices  J  (SepL  4, 
1 690),  and  in  the  following  year  named 
one  of  them,  Viscount  Sydney,  lord- 
lieutenant  ;  but  it  was  not  imtil  the  rest 
of  the  country  had  been  brought  into 
subjection  by  Ginkell,  that  the  lieu- 


tenant passed  over,  and  held  a  parlia- 
ment in  Dublin.  This  body  did  little 
moxe  than  pass  an  act  recognising 
the  tide  of  William  and  Mary,  and 
shew  its  disposition  to  retaliate  on  the 
nadvesy  when  it  was  suddenly  pro- 
rogued by  Sydney,  who  letumea  to 
England,  and  was  succeeded  by  lords 


*  He  liad  belonged  to  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
^nd  was  one'  of  the  very  few  of  its  fellows  who 
acqiiiesood  in  K|qg  James's  arbttcary  proceedings 
there. 

f  James  evidently  sanctioned  the  enterxnise ;  it 
as  to  be  hoped»'Didy  to  the  extent  of  an  ovothrow 
of  WlUianTs  govenuaent.  The  same  is  probably 
true  of  many  of  the  others ;  but  some  few  rufiians 
'  had  a  design  of  murder,  and  when  detected  they 
saved  their  lives  by  ascribing  thdr  own  atrocious 
-scheme  to  others. 

ff  In  1633.  in  consequence  of  various  enormities, 

the  nsttte  McGrigor  was  prohibited  to  be  used  ; 

the  act  was  rescinded  in  x66i,  but  the  prohibition 

was  now  revived.    In  1605  one  Evan  McGrigor, 

a  merchant  in  Edinburgh,  on  his  petition  to  the 

■  Scottish  pariiunent,  was  allowed  to  retain  the  name 

^<n  his  aUegation  .that  changing  it  would  be  ore- 

judicial  to  ms  aSaini ;  but  he  was  not  allowed  to 

'  transmit  it  to  his  ohildten,  for  whom,  being  obliged 

•  Ao  select  another  appeUation,  he  took  the  name  of 

Evan  son. 

k  This  aot  ordains  that  "  whoever  hereafter  shall 

.'in  tfaeir  wxitiiqi  or  discourse  deny,  impugn,  or 

,  •quarrel,  argue  or  reason  against  the  being  of  God, 

or  any  of iSc  ]hersons  of  the  blessed  Trinity,  or  the 

'authority  fif  the  Holy  Scriptures  of  the  Old  and 

New  Testaments^  or  the  providence  of  God  in  the 

goverament^of  the  world,  shall  for  the  first  fault  be 

pumfihed  witfc  imprisonment  ay  and  while  they 

sivepnblicaadBfiBiction  in  sackcloth  totheoongrc- 

t^ation  within  which  the  scandal  was  committed. 

And  for  the  second  fault,  the  delinquent  shall  be 

fined  ina  jaaht  vnhwdrent  of  his  real  estate,  and  the 

twentiethtport  of  his  five  personal  estate,  (the  equal 

half  ofwlucl)>fines  are  to  be  applied  to  the  use  ot  the 

poor  of  that  parish  within  which  the  crime  shall 

Iiappen  to  be  committed,  and  the  other  half  to  the 


party  informer,)  besides  his  being  imprisoned  ay 
and  while  he  make  again  satisbctioa  «/  smfr^ 
And  for  the  third  fault  he  shall  be  punished  by 
death  as  an  obstinate  blasphemer.'  An  act  of 
older  date  made  it  a  capital  crime  to  revile  the 
Supreme  Being,  and  this  was  not  considered  as 
superseded,  as  a  young  divinity  student,  Thcsnas 
Aikenhead,  suffered  tiMer  it  at  Leith,  January  8, 

^  This  was  by  an  act  of  tbe  Scottish  parfiaraat, 
of  June,  1695.  In  cxmsequenoe,  a  roral  charter  t» 
carry  out  its  objects  of  trade  and  colonization  was 
granted,  for  ten  years,  to  John,  Lord  BclhavcB, 
and  twentv  others,  principally  merchants  of  Edin- 
burgh or  London.  Its  prrviteges  were  beltered  to 
conflict  with  the  interests  alike  of  the  Enf^h  and 
the  Dutch  merchants,  and  in  consequents  0^  their 
perseverin|^  opposition  the  scheme  heramr  an  utter 
failure.    See  Note,  p.  5zp. 

J  One  of  these  was  Sir  Thomas  Coningstiy,  of 
Hampton,  in  Herefordshire,  who  was  eventaally 
removed  firom  office  for  notorious  coTruptt<»i.  An 
investigation  of  his  conduct  took  pUuae  in  die  Eng- 
lish paniament,  buthe  escaped  unpunished,  thimi^ 
the  most  scandalous  partisanship,  although  it  w^ 

E roved  that  he  had  had  a  nuin,  named  Gafney. 
ung  by  the  provost-marshal  in  Dublin,  not  only 
without  trial,  but  even  without  a  written  war- 
rant In  i>arUament  he  was  the  fieice  <^>pooeBi 
of  the  Tories  in  general,  but  more  espeoalty  cf 
Harley,  who  was  his  neighbour  in  tiie  ooandy. 
and  of'^whosc  popularity  he  was  jealous.  After  t^ 
death  of  Anne,  Coningsby  took  a  leading  part  m 
impeaching  Harley,  and  was  made  an  Eqglisfa  peer 

(Eari  Conmgsby).    He  was  a  man  ofir' 

character,  ever  at  open  war  with  all  t 
and  he  died  very  little  regretted,  in  1709. 


A.D.  i695>  1696.] 


WILLIAM  in. 


SI5 


justices  ;  under  which  fonn  the  govern- 
ment was  very  harshly  administered 
for  several  years. 

A  parliament  was  at  length  assem- 
bled (Aug.  27,  1695),  under  the  lord- 
deputy,  Henry,  Lord  CapeL     It  was 
vehemently  hostile  to  the  Romanists, 
and  it  at  once  proceeded  to  enact  most 
severe  laws   against  them.     By  one 
statute   all   the   legislation    of  King 
James'  parliament  was  declared  void, 
and  its  records  ordered  to  be  destroyed, 
(7  GuL  III.  c.  3).    By  other  statutes, 
the  English  and   Irish  acts  against 
foreign  education  were  directed  to  be 
enforced,  and  Romanist  schoolmasters 
were  forbidden  to  teach  more  than  the 
children  of  one  fEunily,  under  penalty 
of  fine  and  imprisonment,  (c.  4)  ;  aU  { 
Romanists  w^ere  to  be  disanned,  ^*  not-  j 
withstanding  any  licence  granted,"  ex- ! 
cept  those  comprised  in  the  capitula-  > 
tions  of  Limerick  and  Galway"*,  (c.  5) ;' 


the  inhabitants  of  each  barony  were 
made  responsible  for  all  damage  done 
by  '^robbers,  rapparees,  and  tories'^ 
on  the  Protestant  ''good  subjects," 
(c.  21) ;  and  a  poll-tax  was  imposed, 
ranging  from  ^50  to  ix.,  from  which 
Protestant  refugees,  of&cers  and  sol- 
diers on  service,  and  the  defenders  of 
Londonderry  and  Enniskillen,  were 
exempt,  as  weze  also  .beggars ;  but 
which  was  doubled  on  badielors,  and 
on  all  except  women  and  those  taxed  at 
IS.  only,  who  did  not  take  the  new  oath 
of  allegiance. 

In  the  succeeding  sessions  a  variety 
of  other  acts  were  passed  of  a  highly 
penal  character'.  They  were  indeed 
too  severe  to  be  generally  enforced; 
but  the  mere  fact  of  their  enactment 
marks  the  complete  triumph  of  die 
one  party,  and  the  utter  humiliation  of 
the  other. 


Wilham  forms  the  siege  of  Namur, 
]uly  2.  It  is  gallantly  defended  by 
Boufflers. 

ViUeroy  takes  Dixmude,  and  detains 
the  garrison,  in  breach  of  the  articles 
of  surrender.  He  also  bombards  Brus- 
sels (Aug.  13 — 15),  both  in  avowed  re- 
taliation for  the  attacks  on  the  French 
seaports". 

The  town  of  Namur  surrenders, 
Aug.  4.  The  citadel  is  besieged,  Aug. 
12.  An  attempt  is  made  to  storm  it, 
which  is  repulsed  with  great  slaughter, 
Aug.  30,  but  it  surrenders  ",  Sept.  i. 

William  returns  to  England,  Oct. 
10;  and  the  parli^nent  is  dissolved, 
Oct.  II. 

William  visits  Oxford,  Nov.  10.  He 
is  received  coldly  by  the  heads  of  the 
University,  and  leaves  hastily. 

The  new  parliament  assembles  Nov. 
22,  and  sits  till  April  27, 1696.  It  con- 
tains a  decided  majority  of  Whigs,  and 
Paul  Foley  is  chosen  Speaker. 

A.D.  1696. 
An  act  passed  "for  regulating  of 


trials  in  cases  of  treason  and  mis- 
prision of  treason,''  [7  &  8  GuL  II L 
c  3],  Jan.  21. 

This  most  important  statute,  which 
was  only  passed  after  a  long  parlia- 
mentaiy  conflict^,  provides  that  par- 
ties accused  of  treason,  or  misprision 
of  treason,  shall  be  furnished  with 
a  copy  of  their  indictment,  but  not  the 
names  of  the  witnesses,  for  a  fee  not 
exceeding  5^. ;  they  are  to  have  coun- 
sel learned  in  the  law  assigned  them ; 
a  copy  of  the  panel  of  jurors,  and  pro- 
cess to  compd  the  attendance  of  wit- 
nesses. The  prosecution  is  to  be  com- 
menced witmn  three  years  of  the 
alleged  treason ' ;  two  witnesses  are 
necessary,  "  either  both  of  them  to  the 
same  overt  act,  or  one  of  them  to  one 
and  another  of  them  to  another  overt 
act  of  the  same  treason,"  one  witness 
to  one  head  or  kind  of  treason,  and 
another  to  another  head  or  kind  of 
treason  alleged  in  one  bill  of  indict- 
ment, not  being  sufficient ;  and  on  the 
trial,  no  evidence  is  to  be  produced  of 
any  overt  act  not  mentioned  in  the 


If  noblemen  or  gentlemen,  these  might  keep 
^  sjword,  a  case  of  pistols,  and  a  gun  eaich,  "  for 
(tefence  or  fowling  ;"  but  the  capitulations  were 
«/i!»tasteiuI  to  the  parliament,  and  were  interpreted 
ill  a  very  limited,  if  not  a  positively  imjust  sense, 
oee  A,D.  1697. 
[>  Sec  A.D.  1694. 
"  Hie  governor,  Bouffien,  was  seixed  as  he  was 


marching  out,  by  ozder  of  William*  and  kept  as 
a  hofitose  for  the  release  of  the  garrison  of  Dix- 
mude ;  but  he  was  soon  set  at  liberty. 


•  See  pp.  504,  507,  S«,  5«a. .  _  ^ 

p  The  limitation  of  prosecution  was  not  to  apfuy 
to  any  attempt  at  assassinating  William; 


b  to  apply 
:  and  the 

act  was  declared  not  to  extend  to  coiners  or  cotmter' 

ieiters  of  the  great  seal. 


Ll2 


5i6 


THE  STUARTS. 


[JLD.  l6^:. 


indictment.  For  the  trial  of  peers,  all 
peers  having  a  right  to  sit  and  vote  are 
to  be  summoned.  The  act  was  to  come 
into  force  March  25,  16^. 

An  act  passed  for  improving  the 
coinage  [7  &  8  GuL  III.  c.  i],  the  sum 
of  ;£ 1, 200,000  being  raised  by  a  house- 
duty  to  defray  the  expense  of  with- 
drawing the  clipped  com '. 

The  commons  remonstrate  against 
a  grant  of  the  lordship  of  Denbigh  and 
other  tnanors  to  the  earl  of  Portland', 
and  the  patent  is  ultimately  cancelled. 

The  Sovereign  of  the  Seas,  a  large  man 
of  war  built  in  1637  with  the  ship-money, 
accidentally  burnt  at  Chatham,  Feb.  2. 

Injunctions  for  Church  unity  issued, 
Feb.  3. 

A  plot  to  kill  William,  near  Tum- 
ham-green,  is  disclosed  to  the  govern- 
ment, Feb.  14. 

It  seems  certain  that  some  despe- 
rate ruffians  had  formed  designs  against 
the  life  of  William,  and  hence  diis  is 
usually  known  as  the  Assassination 
Plot ;  but,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Rye- 
house  plot",  man)r  persons  of  consi- 
deration were  implicated,  whose  object 
was  merely  to  overthrow  the  govern- 
ment, not  to  conunit  a  foul  assassina- 
tion ;  in  this  limited  sense.  King  James 
seems  to  have  been  cognisant  of  it 

King  James  comes  to  Calais,  Feb. 
18,  to  be  ready  for  an  invasion  in  case 
of  the  success  of  his  adherents*.  The 
fleet,  under  Admiral  Russell,  threatens 
the  coast  of  France,  and  prevents  the 
embarkation  of  troops. 

Chamock,  Rookwood,  and  several 
other  of  the  Assassination  plotters, 
apprehended,  Feb.  24. 

An  Association,  binding  the  sub- 
scribers to  preserve  Wilfiam,  or  to 
avenge  his  death,  is  proposed,  Feb.  27, 
and  is  very  generally  signed. 


An  act  [7  &  8  Gul.  III.  c.  27]  cr- 
bodying  the  Association  for  the  sec-.- 
rity  of  William's  person  and  go\-er- 
ment  is  hastily  passed,  and  the  signi; 
of  the  Association  rendered  imperar*. 
on  the  holder  of  any  civil  or  miliur 
employment". 

The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  suspendec 
[c.  II]. 

The  affirmation  of  <juakers  allovc: 
to  be  received  in  certam  cases  insta. 
of  an  oath,  [c.  34]. 

Calais  is  bombarded  by  Conmiodsr. 
Benbow,  who  is  wounded,  March. 

Several  of  the  parties  to  the  Assa^ 
sination  Plot  are  tried.  Chamock. 
King,  and  Keys  are  convicted  Marc'; 
II,  executed,  March  18.  Sir  Jofci 
Friend  and  Sir  William  Perkins  2r? 
convicted,  March  24'  ;  they  are  o- 
amined  in  prison,  but  refusing  to  mak-, 
any  disclosures,  are  executed,  April  x 
Jeremy  Collier,  a  nonjuring  divine,  puV 
licly  absolves  them  on  the  scaffold*. 

William  refuses  his  assent  to  a  b:\ 
for  regulating  parliamentary  elections. 
April  10. 

Rookwood,  Lowick,  and  Cranboun 
are  condemned  as  concerned  in  the 
Assassination  Plot,  April  21  (though 
defended  by  Sir  Bartholomew  Showc. 
in  virtue  of  the  new  act  concenuE; 
treasons),  and  executed,  April  29.  Cook 
and  Knightly  are  also  con\'icted,  be: 
Knightly  is  pardoned  and  Cook  ba£- 
ished  ^ 

William  goes  to  Holland,  May  7. 
and  heads  his  army,  but  no  operatisn 
of  importance  takes  place. 

Sir  John  Fenwick  is  seized  in  da 
guise,  and  under  the  assumed  name  of 
Thomas  Ward,  at  New  Ronmey,  Jus. 
1 1.  He  is  sent  to  the  Tower,  June  u\ 
and  kept  there  without  being  brou^h: 
to  trial. 


<i  This  improvement  had  long  been  needed. 
Evelyn  remarks  in  his  Diary  ^une,  1694),  "  Many 
executed  at  London  for  clippmg  money,  now  done 
to  that  intolerable  extent,  that  there  was  hardly 
any  money  that  was  worth  above  half  the  nominal 
value." 

'  See  p.  497.  ■  See  A.D.  1683. 

t  See  A.D.  1695. 

"  The  lord-keeper  Someis  removed  from  the  com- 
mission of  the  i>eaoe  all  the  masistrates  who  neg- 
lected to  sign  it;  a  step  whi<m  was  afterwards 
severely  censured  by  tne  House  of  Commons. 
A  similar  document  was  signed  by  the  parliament 
of  Ireland,  Dec.  a,  2697. 

*  Their  trial  was  hurried  forward  with  indecent 
precipitation,  in  order,  apparently,  to  deprive  them 
oi  any  advantage  that  tney  might  have  derived 
from  the  assistance  of  counsel,  which  they  would 
have  been  entitled  to  on  the  following  day  (March 
•5)*  when  the  new  act  came  into  fiaroe. 


«  He  mras  assisted  by  two  other  cleig>UKJi  <C>-- 
and  Snatt).  The  archbishop  of  Canlierfaury  jo: 
several  other  bishops  censured  their  coodoct, ."  ' 
bills  of  indictment  were  found  against  them.  C' 
lier concealed  himself, and  was  in  oonseqtaeacs  -s:- 
lawed  ;  Snatt  and  Cook  were  imprisoned  for  a.  ns-:. 
but  the  prosecution  was  eventually  abandaeed. 

y  According  to  the  account  of  Brioe  Kair.  acz 
of  the  plotters  who  saved  his  life  bv  ooo^nsaoc.  '•^ 
notorious  Ferguson  (see  a.d.  1685)  was  oooxefD-. 
in  this  plot.  Blair  says  in  hb  depodtioii  CHzr^" 
17,  x6q6)  that  "  he  heard  Feigusoo  say  he  thackcJ 
uod  ne  had  grace  and  time  to  r^>ent  of  the  «'^ 
lanies  he  had  committed  against  Kmg  CbaHes  2  v 
Kmg  James,"  and  as  a  proof  of  his  repentaace  !>« 
induced  Sir  John  Friend,  a  wealthy  London  hn^tz. 
to  advance  money ;  Fersuson  was  in  constqi^a^ 
committed  to  Newgate,  out  was  sooa  set  at  bberr 
again.  Friend,  like  many  others,  having  lost  ha  Lis 
by  listening  to  him. 


LD.  1696,   1697.] 


WILLIAM   III. 


517 


The  first  stone  of  Greenwich  Hos- 
)ital  laid  »,  June  30. 

Louis  XIV.  detaches  the  duke  of 
Savoy  from  the  alliance,  and  then  inti- 
nates  his  desire  for  peace. 
William  returns  to  England,  Oct  8. 
The  parliament  meets  Oct.  20,  and 
sits  till  April  16,  1697. 

The  chief  business  of  the  session 
was     the     extra-judicial    proceeding 
against  Sir  John  Fenwick.    He  had 
been  long  known  as  an  opponent  of 
the  government,  and  he  had  been  im- 
prisoned for  more  than  a  year  soon 
after  the  accession  of  William  and 
Mary.     He  was  indicted  in   March, 
1696,  as  concerned  in  the  Assassina- 
tion Plot,  but  was  not  apprehended 
until  June.    The  law  now  required  two 
witnesses,  and  as  one  (Cardell  Good- 
man), who  had  given  evidence  against 
him  before  the  privy  council,  had  ab- 
sconded, no  trial  coiild  be  had.    A  bill 
of  attainder  was  therefore  brought  in 
against  him,  which,  after  fierce  de- 
bates, was  eventually  carried  by  a  ma- 
jority of  thirty-three  in  the  Commons, 
but  of  only  seven  in  the  Lords,  Jan.  1 1, 
1697,  [8  &  9  Gul.  III.  c.  4].    It  recited 
the  charge  of  attempting  the  life  of 
William,  and  endeavouring  to  prociu^ 
foreign  aid,  "of  which  treasons,"  it  au- 
thoritatively declared,  "the  said  Sir 
John  Fenwick  is  guilty;"  and  he  "is 
hereby  convicted  and  attainted  of  high 
treason,  and  shall  suffer  the  pains  of 
death,  and    incur   all    forfeitures    as 
a  person  convicted  of  high  treason." 
Sir  George  Barclay  and  ten  other  per- 
sons, who  had  escaped  capture,  were 
also  attainted,  in  case  they  did  not 


surrender  for  trial  before  March  25, 
1697;  and  John  Bemardi  and  five 
other  prisoners  in  Newgate  were  to  be 
confined  until  Jan.  i,  1097  ■. 

A.D.  1697. 

The  privilege  of  security  from  arrest 
enjoyed  by  the  Savoy,  Whitefriars,  the 
Mint,  and  other  so-called  sanctuaries, 
abolished,  [8  &  9  Gul.  III.  c.  27]. 

Sir  John  Fenwick  is  executed  ^ 
Jan.  28. 

The  Bank  of  England  lends  a  sum 
of  ;£ 1, 00 1,17 1  lOf.  to  the  government, 
and  obtains  an  extension  of  its  char- 
ter to  Aug.  I,  1711,  [8  &  9  Gul.  III. 
c.  20]. 

A  revival  of  the  licencing  of  the 
press  is  attempted,  but  is  defeated  by 
a  vote  of  the  House  of  Conunons% 
April  I. 

Sir  John  Somers  is  created  a  peer 
(Lord  Somers),  and  made  lord-chan- 
cellor, April  22.  Several  others  of  the 
Whig  party  receive  higher  titles,  and 
Sunderland  is  made  chamberlain,  and 
one  of  the  lords  justices  during  Wil- 
liam's absence  from  England. 

William  goes  to  Holland,  April  24, 
but  no  military  operations  are  under- 
taken. 
^  Negotiations  for  peace  are  opened 
at  Ryswick,  May  9.  In  September 
and  October  treaties  are  concluded, 
by  which  Louis  relinquishes  most  of 
his  conquests,  and  acknowledges  Wil- 
liam as  king.  William,  on  his  part, 
abandons  the  cause  of  the  French 
Protestants  •*. 

The  Czar  Peter  comes  to  England'. 


■  The  intention  of  convertincr  the  old  royal  palace 
of  Greenwich  into  an  hospital  for  wounded  seamen 
had  been  announced  almost  immediateW  after  the 
battle  of  La  Hog^e,  but  it  was  not  till  May  5, 1695, 
that  the  first  meeting  of  the  commissioners  ai>- 
pointed  for  that  purpose  took  place.  The  origi- 
pation  of  the  plan  seems  to  belong  to  Mary,  and 
Its  executbn  to  William,  who  designed  it  to  serve 
as  a  monument  to  her  memory. 

*  This  imprisonment  was  continued  to  Jan.  x, 
16985  by  a  second  act  [9  Gul.  III.  c.  4],  and  by 
a  third,  in  1698.  [xo  GuT  III.  c  19,]  during  plea- 
«ue.  The  act  for  their  detention  was  renewed  as 
a  matter  of  course  at  the  accession  of  each  new 
nionarch,  and  one  of  their  number,  Bemardi.  sur- 
vived tUl  the  time  of  George  II.  He  died  in  New- 
gate. Sept  so,  X736,  aged  to.  _ 

'He  was  attendecFon  the  scaffold  by  Thomas 
"bite,  the  deprived  bishop  of  Peterborough. 

*  A.  paragraph  appeued  in  one  of  the  newly- 
«tabU$hed  newspapers  (the  "  Flying  Post."  edited 
by  John  Salisbury),  which  affected  the  credit  of  the 
excbequer-bills  issued  by  the  government.  A  bill 
was  m  oonaequcnce  brought  m,  prohibitbg  the 


publication  of  news  without  the  licence  of  the 
secretary  of  state  (as  had  been  done  under  the  Com- 
monwealth—see A.D.  X655),  but  it  was  rejected  on 
the  second  reading. 

*  See  A.D.  x69a,  X707. 

•  "  Having  a  mind  to  see  the  buildmg  of  ships, 
the  Car  hired  Mr.  Evelyn's  house  at  Says  Court, 
Deptford,  and  xemained  there  nearly  three  months. 
Mr.  Evelyn's  servant  gives  him  the  following  ac- 
count of  his  tenant :— "  There  is  a  house  full  of 
people,  and  right  nasty.  The  car  lies  next  your 
library,  and  dmes  in  the  parlour  next  vour  study. 
He  dines  at  xo  o'clock  and  6  at  night,  is  very 
seldom  at  home  a  whole  day,  very  often  in  the 
King's  Yard,  or  by  water,  dressed  in  several  dresses, 
rr-v-*!.: —  :-  — t^^^A  .»,—  tUU  «lav   the  bcst 

tertj 

wards  vTsi'tSTlus  iiouse  and  grounds,  and  found  the 


The  king  is  expected  there  this  day;  the  best 
parlour  is  pretty  clean  for  him  to  be  entertained 
m.  The  king  pays  for  all  he  has."  Evelyn  after- 
wards  visited  his  house  and  grounds,  and  found  the 
damage  done  greater  than  even  by  a  former  un- 
civil tenant,"  Admiral  Benbow.  On  the  certificate 
of  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  the  clerk  of  the  works, 
and  the  royal  gardener,  Axso  was  allowed  him  tor 
repairs  from  the  Treasury. 


Si8 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1697,  1698. 


IRELAND. 


The  Irish  parliament  meets,  in  Octo- 
l)er.  It  continues  its  course  of  penal 
legislation. 

(i.)  Romanist  ecclesiastics  were  or- 
dered to  leave  Ireland  before  May  i, 
1698,  and  if  they  returned  they  were 
to  be  executed  as  traitors,  [9  Gul.  III. 
c  I*] ;  Romanists  and  Protestants  were 
forbidden  to  intermarry  [c.  3],  the  Pro- 
testant husband  being  considered  a 
'' popish  recusant,^  and  as  such  dis- 
abled from  any  office  of  trust  or  public 
employment,  unless  his  wife  were  con- 
verted within  a  year ;  persons  who  had 
borne  arms  against  tne  government, 
and  had  left  Ireland,  were  forbidden 
to  return  without  licence',  imder  the 
penalties  of  treason  ;  the  royal  power 
of  reversing  attainders  was  restrained, 
so  as  to  prevent  more  than  the  lives  of 


the  attainted  being  spared ;  and  those 
who  had  died  in  arms  before  the  sin- 
render  of  Limerick  were,  on  tfie  in- 
quest of  twdve  men,  liable  to  be  pro- 
nounced traitors,  and  the  possessions 
of  their  heirs  confiscated,  [c  5]. 

(2.)  The  articles  of  the  surrender  of 
Limerick  were  confirmed  [c.  2]  in  2 
strange  fashion ;  that  is,  '*  so  much 
of  them  as  may  consist  with  the  safety 
and  welfJEU^  of  the  kingdom.*  This 
act  limits  the  benefit  of  the  articles 
to  the  persons  who  had  b^n  actn- 
ally  in  arms  against  William,  altfaougb 
it  was  notorious  that  those  parties, 
when  surrendering  their  strong  posts, 
did  so  on  the  understanding  that  the 
favourable  conditions  that  Aey  ob- 
tained were  to  be  extended  to  all  didr 
countrymen. 


St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  London,  is 
opened  for  divine  service  on  occasion 
of  the  thanksgiving  for  the  peace  of 
Ryswick*,  Dea  2. 

The  parliament  meets  Dte.  6,  and 
sits  tiU  July  5, 1698. 

Corresponding  with  *  the  late  king, 
James,"  and  his  adherents  declared 


e  disbanding 


treason,  [9  Gul.  III.  c.  i]. 
The  Commons  vote  th( 
of  the  army,  Dec.  1 1 

A.D.  1698. 

The  subscribers  of  a  loan  of 
jC2,ooo,ooo  are  incorporated  as  a  rival 
East  India  Company*,  [9  GuL  III. 
c.  44].  A  charter  is  in  consequence 
granted  to  them,  with  very  ample 
powers,  Sept.  5. 

The  parliament  is  dissolved,  July  7. 

William  goes  to  Holland,  July  2a 
Secret  negotiations  are  carried  on  by 
him  with  Louis  XIV.  for  the  eventual 
partition  of  the  Spanish  monarchy. 


The  first  Scottish  expedition  for 
Darien  leaves  Leith,  July  26. 

The  earl  of  Marlborough  is  again 
received  into  favour,  and  is  appointed 
governor  to  the  young  duke  of  Glou- 
cester, the  son  of  the  princess  Anne. 

A  return  is  made  to  the  Irish  parlia- 
ment, Oct  19,  which  shews  that  thirty- 
two  peers  stood  outlawed  at  that  date, 
beside  others,  whose  titles,  having  been 
bestowed  by  King  James  since  his  ab- 
dication, were  not  recognised. 

Romanist  solicitors  stated  to  be  "  com  - 
mon  disturbers,"  and  as  such  forbidden 
to  practise,  unless  they  make  certain 
oaths  and  declarations,  and  bring  up 
their  children  as  Protestants,  [10  Gul. 
III.  c.  13]. 

The  new  parliament  meets  Dec.  6, 
and  sits  till  May  4,  1699  ;  Sir  Thomas 
Littleton  is  chosen  Speaker.  It  presses 
for  the  disbanding  of  the  army,  whirii 
William  is  very  unwilling  to  ac- 
cede to. 

Societies  for  the  reformation  of  maa- 


*  By  this  act,  intemient  in  ruined  abbeys,  no 
longer  used  for  divine  service,  was  forbidden.  This 
wanton  attack  on  the  feelings  of  the  old  native 
families  could  not  be  carried  out,  although  the 
enactment  was  not  repealed  until  1824  (5  Geo.  IV. 
c  95],  and  the  practice  prevails  to  this  day. 


K  If  licence  were  wanted,  the  parties  were  r> 
enter  into  a  bond  of  ^loo  to  pay  4ar.  yearly  to  thi 
bishop  of  the  diocese,  for  the  support  of  scnxxls. 

>>  That  is,  a  portion  was  temporarily  opened 
The  building  was  not  completed  until  1719^ 

^  See  A.D.  1689,  1693, 1695. 


A.I>.  1698.] 


THE  DARIXN  SETTLEMENT. 


SI9 


nets  founded ;  as  also  the  Society  for 
Promoting  Christian  Knowledge,  and 
the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the 
Go^>eL  in  Foreign  Parts  \ 


The  East  India  Company  purchase 
two  small  villages  in  Bengal,  and  erect 
a  fort'  on  the  Hooghly. 


NOTE. 
The  Dakien  Settlejient. 


In  1693  the  Scottish  paErliament  gare  its 
sanction  to  the  fomuition  of  a  company  to 
trade  to  the  Indies  and  Africa,  and  Wil- 
liana  Paterson,  the  originator  of  the  Bank 
of  Kngtand,  threw  Umself  with  .ardonr 
into  the  project.  He  had  passed  several 
years  in  the  West  Indies  and  America'", 
and  from  his  personal  observation  he  de- 
vised a  magnificent  scheme  of  commerce 
and  coloniation,  which  if  it  had  been  car- 
ried out  would  have  given  altogether  a  new 
aspect  to  some  of  the  most  important  re- 
gions of  the  globe  :  it  failed,  however,  and 
beside  entailmg  misery  and  ruin  on  thou- 
sands m  his  native  country  of  Scotland,  left 
there  a  deep  dislike  of  William's  person 
and  government,  which  has  not  altogether 
died  out  even  at  the  present  day. 

The  design  was  to  found  a  settlement  in 
Darien,  on  the  coast  of  Mexico,  in  about 
nine  degrees  north  latitude,  and  seventy- 
eight  degrees  west  longitude,  a  tract  of 
country  thus  glowingly  described  in  a  ^^  pro- 
posal" which  Paterson  circulated  through 
Scotland,  and  also  wherever  Scotsmen 
were  established,  about  the  year  1694 : — 

"Damn  lin  between  the  golden  icgiooe  of 
Mexico  and  Peru ;  it  is  within  six  weeks*  sail  of 
Europe,  India  and  China  ;  it  is  in  the  heart  of  the 
West  Indies,  close  to  the  rising  colonies  of  North 
The  expense  and  danger  of  navigation 


»  Jaxaakf  the  Spice  Islands,  and  aU  the  Eastern 
ond,  will  be  lessened  one-half;  the  consumption 
of  European  commodities  and  manufactures  will 
soon  be  doubled.  Trade  will  inovaae  trade ;  money 
will  beget  monef ;  and  the  tiading  worid  will  need 
no  more  to  want  work  for  its  hands,  but  hands  for 
its  work."  .... 

**  Darien  possesses  great  tracts  of  country  as  yet 
undaimed  by  any  Europeans.  The  Indians,  original 
praprietors  of  the  soil,  will  welcome  to  their  fertile 
shores  the  honest,  honourable  settler.    Their  soil  is 


rich  to  a  fault,  pmdncihy  apuuUiJtuurfy  the  most 
detidoos  finita,  and  requuing  the  hand  of  labour  to 
chasten  rather  than  to  stimulate  its  capabilities. 
There  aystal  rivers  sparkle  over  sands  of  gold ; 
there  the  traveller  m^  wander  for  days  under 
a  natural  canopy  formed  by  the  lirnit'laden  branches 
of  trees,  whose  wood  is  of  inestuoaUe  value.  Tike  ' 
venr  waters  abound  in  wealth ;  innumerable  shoal» 
of  fish  disport  themselves  among^  coral  rodcs,  and 
the  bottom  of  the  sea  is  strewn  with  pearis.  From, 
the  first  dawn  of  creation  this  enchanted  land  has 
Iain  secluded  firom  mortal  eyes ;  to  the  present 
generation,  to  Scottish  enterprise  it  is  now  re> 
vealed  :  let  us  enter  and  take  possession  of  the  pro- 
mised land.  Theie  a  new  cii^,  a  new  Edinburgh, 
shall  arise  :  the  Alexandria  of  old,  which  was  seated 
on  a  barren  isthmus,  and  grew  suddenly  into  pro- 
digious wealth  and  power,  by  the  mere  commerce 
of  Arabia  and  Ind,  shall  soon  yield  in  fame  to  the 
Emporium  of  the  World." 

To  carry  into  effect  these  mighty  objects^ 
a  joint  stock  of  ;f90O,ooo  was  proposed 
to  be  raised,  being  ;^200,ooo  in  Holland 
and  Hamburg,  jf  300,000  in  England,  and 
;f400,ooo  in  Scotland,  and  this  last  sum, 
though  estimated  at  full  half  the  mon^  in 
the  country,  was  speedily  raised  by  contri- 
butions from  every  cUiss' — "  a  proof,"  says 
a  writer  of  the  time,  "that  Scotland  was 
neither  so  poor  nor  so  disunited  as  other 
nations  imagined  ;**  the  Scots  indeed  em- 
braced the  scheme  with  an  ardour  which 
proved  ruinous.  A  royal  charter  was  ob- 
tained, in  addition  to  an  act  of  the  Scottish 
Parliament,  and  everything  promised  welU 
when  the  English  and  Dutch  merchants 
took  the  alarm,  being  unwilling  to  have 
such  active  competitors  for  the  commerce 
of  the  East  as  the  Scots  were  likely  to  be- 
come, and  they  prevented  the  subscription- 
Usts  in  their  respective  countries  from  being 
filled  up,  William's  government  lending  itself 
to  their  views  in  a  discreditable  manner. 


^  A  corporation  "  for  the  promoting  and  propa- 
gating the  Gospel  of  Tesus  Christ  in  New  Eng- 
hmd,  was  esublished  Sy  an  act  of  parliament  under 
the  Commonwealth  (can.  js  of  16^),  which  was 
allowed  to  exist  after  the  Restoration,  and  num- 
bered among  its  pjatrons  the  Hon.  Robert  Boyle. 
The  societies  mentioned  in  the  text,  however,  were 
mainly  the  result  of  the  unwearied  labour  of  Dr. 
Thomas  Bray,  (bom  in  Shronshire,  1656,  edu- 
cated at  Hart-hall,  Oxford,  and  died  <730j)  a  man 
of  indefatigable  energy,  unbounded  chanty,  and 
exemplary  ufe.  Beside  passing  over  to  Maryland 
to  establish  the  Church  there,  he  laboured  at  home 
to  prepare  missionaries  for  the  colonies,  gave  great 
heq>  m  the  establishment  of  parish  libraries  and 
chanty  schools,  and  was  one  of  the  earliest  of  the 
benevolent  men  who  have  devoted  iheir  attention  to 
alleviate  the  condition  of  debtors  and  other  prisoners. 


1  This  was  named  Fort  William :  the  vallagea. 
are  now  lost  in  the  site  of  Calctuta,  the  capftalof 
British  India. 

"  What  were  his  oecnpations  diete  was  warmlv 
debated :  his  friends  asserted  that  he  was  a  mis- 
sionary, his  opponents  made  him  a  buccaneer  and 
a  slave-trader.  He  was  the  son  of  a  tenant  former 
in  Dumfiies-shixe.  was  bom  at  Skipmyre  in  1658, 
and  died  in  London  in  January,  1719.  From  the 
number  of  legacies  in  his  will  he  would  appear  to 
have  been  in  easy  drcumstances.  and  not  to  have 
died  in  poverty,  as  is  usually  said. 

■  The  subscriptions  ranged  from  A3,ooo  to  Aioo. 
Nearly  40  of  the  nobility  and  baronetage  appear  in 
the  list,  as  well  as  the  Society  of  Advocates,  seve- 
ral merchant  companies,  and  the  ccrporations  ot 
Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  &c. 


520 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a,d.  1699. 


Though  their  means  were  thus  reduced 
to  less  than  one-half,  Paterson  and  his 
friends  determined  to  persevere.  Three 
stout  ships  and  two  tenders  left  Leith  amid 
general  rejoicings,  July  26,  1698,  convey- 
m^,  beside  women  and  children  and  the 
ships'  crews,  a  body  of  1,200  men,  mostly 
soldiers  just  disbanded  on  the  conclusion  of 
the  peace  of  R3rswick,  and  including  at 
least  300  gentlemen.  They  took  with 
them  50  pieces  of  cannon,  and  a  large  sup- 
ply of  warlike  stores  ;  but,  expecting  to  be 
well  received  by  the  English  colonists, 
their  store  of  provisions  was  far  more 
scanty  than  it  should  have  been.  On  No- 
vember 3  they  arrived,  though  with  the 
loss  of  several  of  their  number  from  sick- 
ness, at  their  destination.  This  was  a  point 
of  land  still  called  Punta  Escoces,  about 
twenty  miles  north-west  of  Cape  Tiburon, 
They  named  the  country  New  Caledonia ; 
and  whilst  Paterson  and  a  few  more  visited 
the  interior,  and  established  friendly  rela- 
tions with  the  natives,  the  stores  were 
landed,  and  a  small  fort,  styled  Fort  St 
Andrew,  erected.  Under  the  powers  of 
their  charter  a  council  of  government  was 
established,  which  (Dec.  28,  1698)  pro- 
claimed freedom  of  trade  and  of  religion, 
''so  that  the  Sabbath  be  not  unhallowed," 
nor  the  Trinity  denied.  A  parliament  was 
also  assembled,  which  held  two  sessions, 
and  enacted  a  number  of  statutes  to  regu- 
late civil  and  criminal  proceedings.  Dis- 
sensions, however,  soon  arose,  and  fever 
broke  out,  which  caused  many  deaths,  and 
incapacitated  Paterson  for  government. 
Famine  next  appeared,  as  in  their  eager 
search  for  gold  no  one  could  be  induced  to 
cultivate  the  land,  and  the  English  colonies 
were  forbidden  to  trade  with  them,  even 
for  food.  A  supply  vessel  sent  from  Scot- 
land was  lost  on  &e  voyage,  but  as  they 
knew  nothing  of  its  despatch,  they  con- 
ceived themselves  abandoned,  and  at  last 
in  June,  1699,  they  forsook  their  colony 
after  only  a  seven  months'  stav,  and  at- 
tempted to  make  their  way  back  to  Scot- 
land Paterson  was  one  who  succeeded  in 
so  doing,  but  he  found  on  his  arrival  that 
the  English  government  had  taken  very 
efiectttalstei>s  to  ruin  the  project. 

Availing  itself  of  complaints  from  the 
Spaniards,  that  the  settlement  was  an  in- 
fraction of  the  peace  recently  concluded  at 
Ryswick,  orders  were  issued,  very  soon  after 
the  sailing  of  the  first  expedition,  to  Uie 
governors  of  the  various  West  Indian  and 
American  plantations  to  circulate  procla- 
mations against  any  intercourse  with  it,  the 


government  "not  being  acquainted  with 
die  intentions  and  designs  of  the  Soots  in 
Darien."  The  council  of  the  company, 
however,  sent  a  fresh  expedition,  of  two 
ships  and  300  men,  in  May,  1699,  and 
a  still  larger  one,  of  five  vessels  and  1,300 
men,  in  the  following  September ;  making 
a  total  of  nearly  3,000  soldiers.  The  first 
expedition  arrived  only  a  fortnight  after  the 
colony  had  been  abandoned,  and  they  en- 
deavoured to  re-establish  it ;  bat  one  of 
the  vessels  was  accidentally  burnt  in  the 
harbour,  and  the  other  sailed  away  to  Ja- 
maica. In  November  the  second  expedi- 
tion arrived,  but  this  only  made  matten 
worse,  by  bringing  a  greater  body  of  dis- 
contented men  together.  Rival  leaders 
claimed  authority,  mutinies  and  execotions 
followed,  and  at  length,  in  Febmazy,  1700^ 
a  Spanish  force  made  its  appearance^  and 
summoned  the  colonists  to  surrender  at  dis- 
cretion. 

Though  fever-stricken  and  starving,  the 
Scots  prepared  for  resistance,  and  the 
Spaniards  did  not  venture  to  attack  tbem ; 
th^,  instead,  blockaded  the  settlement, 
which  through  famine  was  surrendered  to 
them  on  the  30th  of  March.  On  the  iith 
of  April,  all  that  remained  of  the  adven- 
turers embarked  in  seven  small  vessels,  and 
finally  abandoned  the  enterprise.  They 
were  so  feeble  when  they  left  Darien,  that 
the  Spaniards  were  obliged  to  wdgfa  their 
anchors  for  them  ;  they  were  becalmed  on 
the  coast,  and  harshly  treated  at  Jamaica ; 
and  it  was  only  after  Uie  loss  of  nearly  half 
their  number  that  they  reached  New  York ; 
how  many  eventually  came  back  to  Scot- 
land is  unknown ;  a  contemporaiy  account 
says  but  thirty. 

William  had  before  this  (Nov.  2,  1699), 
when  apprised  of  the  ruin  of  the  settlement, 
in  consequence  of  his  orders,  professed  to 
"very  much  regret  the  loss  sustained,"  but 
he  made  no  offer  of  compensation.  The 
matter,  however,  was  warmly  debated  by 
the  commissioners  for  the  union  in  the 
next  reign,  and  the  sum  of ;f  398,085  os,  tod. 
was  in  coiisequence  voted  to  the  sofferers 
out  of  the  ''equivalent  monevs;"  seven 
years  later  (July  10^  1713)1  the  sum  of 
JG  18,241  lOf.  loid'  was  also  voted  to  the 

{}rojector  Paterson,  "for  his  sufferings  and 
osses  in  coimection  with  the  African  and 
Indian  Comi>any  of  Scotland,"  but  the  bUl 
was  rejected  in  the  House  of  Lords.  The 
sum  was  again  voted  to  him  shortly  after 
the  accession  of  George  I.,  but  it  does  not 
appear  that  it  was  ever  paid. 


A.D.  1699. 
J'^hn  Archdale,  a  quaker,  chosen 
member  for  Chipping  Wycombe,  de- 


clines to  take  the  oaths.    His  dectioii 
is  declared  void,  Jan.  6. 
The  act  for  disbanding  the  army  is 


A.D.  16999  lyo^O 


WILLIAM   III. 


521 


passed,  Feb.  1.  William  sends  a  mes- 
sage to  the  Commons,  March  18,  ex- 
pressing his  wish  to  retain  his  Dutch 
guards.  The  Commons  refuse,  and 
advise  him  to  "trust  to  his  people," 
March  24. 

The  old  East  India  Company  peti- 
tion againstthe  charter  recently  gra9ted 
to  their  rivals. 

Admiral  Benbow  is  sent  to  the  West 
Indies.  He  obtains  from  the  Spani- 
ards restitution  of  several  English  ves- 
sels seized  by  them  in  retal^tion  for 
the  settlement  of  Darien. 

The  Commons  vote  that  the  for- 
feited estates  in  Ireland  ought  to  be 
applied  to  the  use  of  the  public.  They 
also  complain  of  lavish  grants  made  of 
them**,  which  WiUiam  defends. 

The  forfeited  estates  in  Ireland  or- 
dered to  be  sold',  [11  GuL  III.  c.  2]. 

An  act  passed  "for  further  prevent- 
ing the  growth  of  Popery,"  [c.  4].  By 
this  act  Romanists  refusing  the  pre- 
scribed oaths  were  disabled  from  any 
office,  and  their  lands  forfeited  during 
their  lives  to  their  Protestant  next  of 
kin.  ;£ioo  reward  was  offered  for  the 
apprehension  of  Romanist  priests,  and 
they,  for  either  saying  mass  or  keeping 
school,  were  rendered  liable  to  per- 
petual imprisonment. 

An  act  passed  for  the  suppression  of 
piracy,  [c.  7].  This  statute  was  directed 
against  the  buccaneers,  whose  depre- 
dations were  very  formidable,  and  it 
enacted  that  such  offenders  might  be 
tried  abroad  *>. 

William  goes  to  Holland,  May  31. 
He  engages  in  secret  schemes  for  the 
partition  of  the  Spanish  monarchy. 

William  Kidd,  an  officer  of  the  naVy, 
is  sent  to  act  against  the  pirates  in  the 
East  Indies.  The  chancellor  (Lord 
Somers)  grants   him   a   commission 


with  extraordinary  powers',  which 
Kidd  abuses. 

The  Scottish  parliament  meets  July 
19,  under  the  presidency  of  the  earl  of 
Marchmont  (Patrick  Home).  The 
Indian  and  African  Company  com* 
plains  of  injuries  received  from  the 
English  government  and  merchants, 
and  the  parliament  espouses  its  cause. 

William  returns  to  England,  Oct.  18. 

The  parliament  meets  Nov.  16,  and 
sits  till  April  11,  1700. 

The  Peers  present  an  address  (in 
which  the  Commons  refuse  to  join) 
against  the  Scottish  settlement  of  Da- 
rien, as  "inconsistent  with  the  good  of 
the  kingdouL"  William  advises  them 
to  abandon  their  jealousies,  and  re- 
commends union  with  Scotland. 

A  commission  of  six  prelates'  ap- 
pointed by  William  to  advise  him  as 
to  the  bestowal  of  the  Church  patron- 
age of  the  Crown. 

A.D.  1700. 

A  clergyman,  (William  Stephens, 
rector  of  Sutton,  Surrey,)  who  in 
his  sermon  on  the  30th  January  re- 
commends the  abandonment  of  that 
commemoration ',  is  censured  by  the 
House  of  Commons. 

A  proclamation  is  issued  by  the  go- 
vernment in  Scotland,  (March  25,) 
strongly  condemning  the  "disorderly 
petitioning"  concerning  the  Darien 
settlement. 

An  address  against  Lord-chancellor 
Somers  is  proposed,  but  negatived; 
another  address  praying  for  the  re- 
moval of  foreign  councillors  (except 
Prince  George  of  Denmark)  is  carried. 
April  10.  The  parliament  is  adjourned 
the  next  day,  to  hinder  its  presenta- 
tion, but  Somers  is  dismissed  from 
office",  April  17. 


"  The  Commons'  Report,  dated  Dec.  is,  1609,  1 
numerates  no  less  than  76  such  grants  wnter  the 
battle  of  the  Boyne.  Eight  of  these  giants  amounted 
to  533,630  acres  (about  the  area  of  the  county  of  | 
Notdagham),  and  seven  of  them  were  made  to 
^^i^uliam's  foreign  favourites  ;  the  other  (of  95,649  1 
acres)  was  to  hts  mistress,  Elizabeth  Villiers,  who 
was  created  countess  of  Orkney. 

f  Thqr  were  valued  at  ;Ci.699.343  X4X.  All  the 
mata  that  had  been  made  were  declared  void,  but 
nt  ""^  ^^^  received  them  were  allowed  to  keep 
aJl  they  bad  drawn  from  them  in  the  way  of  rent  or 
oy  the  aale  of  timber  and  minerals. 

«  By  the  law  as  then  existing,  based  on  the  sta- 
tutes 27  Hen.  VIII.  c.  4,  and  38  Hen.  VIII.  c  15 
we  A.D.  153^,  persons  committing  offences  on  the 
ftjgh  acas  were  to  be  brought  to  England  for  trial. 
ue  expense  and  difficulty  of  which  prevented  any 


effectual  check  bdng  imposed  on  them. 

'  The  chanceUor  gave  ;^50o  towards  fittin/i;  out 
Kidd,  as  did  several  other  great  men ;  and  it  was 
said  that  they  expected  to  share  in  his  prises. 
Kidd  turned  pirate  himself,  and  thus  brought  much 
odium  on  his  patrons. 

•  These  were  ArchbishopsTenison  and  Sharp,  and 
Bishops  Burnet,  Lloyd,  Fatrick,  and  Sdllingfleet. 

«  The  special  services  for  January  w.  May  99, 
and  Nov.  5  remained  in  use  until  1858 ;  m  conse- 

Suence  of  a  Parliamentary  address,  they  were  or- 
ered  to  be  discontinued,  by  royal  warrant,  dated 
Jan.  17,  1859.  , .     , . 

■  His  opponento  retaliated  on  him  ms  partisan 
conduct  to  the  magistrates  who  did  not  sign  the 
Assodation  (see  a.d.  1696),  and  struck  lus  name  out 
of  the  commission  of  the  peace,  even  for  his  nativo 
county  (Worcester^  where  he  had  large  estates. 


S22 


THE  STUASTS. 


[A.D.  xyoo^  1701* 


Sir  Nathan  Wright,  a  lawyer  of  little 
eminence,  is  appointed  lord-ke^>er, 
May  21. 

The  Scottish  parliament  meets, 
May  21,  when  the  treatment  of  the 
Darien  company  is  again  brought  for- 
ward 

William  goes  to  Holland  in  July. 
Heretums  in  October. 

The  duke  of  Gloucester  (the  heir- 
presumptive,  according  to  the  par- 
liamentary settlement)  dies,  July  30, 
when  new  measures  become  necessary 
for  securing  the  Protestant  succession, 
but  are  not  immediately  taken. 

Sir  George  Rooke  is  sent  to  the  Bal- 
tic, ^ere  he  bombards  Copenha^nen, 
and  compels  the  Danes  to  make  peace 
with  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden. 

Two  treaties  are  signed  (one  in 
March,  the  other  in  October,)  between 
England,  France,  the  Empire,  Hol- 
land, and  smaller  states,  to  settle  the 
Spanish  succession  \  Louis,  though 
aftecting  to  acquiesce,  prevails  on  the 
king  of  Spain  to  set  the  arrangement 
aside,  and  prepares  to  seize  on  tiie 
whole  inheritance. 

Charles  II.  erf"  Spain  dies,  Oct  21, 
having  shortly  before  by  will  nomi- 
nated Philip,  duke  of  Anjou  (the  grand- 
son of  Louis  XIV.)  his  successor. 

The  earl  of  Rochester  and  others 
of  the  Tory  party  become  ministers, 
Dec  12. 


1701, 

The  emperor  (Leopold  I.)  takes  up 
arms  against  the  French  in  Italy,  and 
the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession 
begins.  The  Dutch  daim  assistance 
from  England,  according  to  the  treaty 
of  peace  of  1678  '. 

The  parliament  -meets  Feb.  S,  and 
sits  till  June  24.  Robert  Harley*  is 
chosen  Speaker. 

An  act  passed  to  preserve  the  library 
of  Sir  Robert  Cotton  for  the  use  of  the 
public,  [12  &  13  GuL  III.  c.  7]. 

Fierce  debates  occur  on  the  Pitites- 
tant  succession.  The  PartitSon  Trea- 
ties are  censured  as  '^prgudicial  to 
the  interests  of  Ae  Protestant  refi- 
gion  f  inquiry  is  made  into  tbc  cir- 
cumstances of  their  conclusion,  and 
the  Commons  resolve  to  impeadi  their 
advisers. 

The  earl  of  Portland  and  Lord 
Somers  are  aecordin^y  impeaded, 
April  I.  The  Lords  piesent  an  ad- 
dress to  William  in  their  fovour. 

The  Commons  are  highly  dispieued, 
and  resolve  to  impeach  die  eari  of 
Orford  and  the  earl  of  Halifax*. 

Portland,  Somers,  Orford  and  Hafi* 
fax  were  all  accused  of  taking  SSegai 
steps  to  forward  the  Partition  Trea- 
ties, and  heavy  accusations  were  also 
brought  forward  against  diem  individn- 
ally,  regarding  other  matters.  Someis 
was  charged  with  passing 


«  These  treaties  were  concluded  in  a  hasty,  irre- 
gular way,  and  William's  ministers  were  in  the  next 
year  impeached  for  their  share  in  the  business. 

7  'Vhe  French,  under  the  name  of  auxiliaries  of 
the  Spaniards,  had  got  possession  of  the  strong 
towns  in  the  Spanish  Netherlands,  whidxhad  been 
fortified  as  a  barrier  for  the  States. 

■  He  belonged  to  an  old  Herefordshire  fiunily, 
but  was  bom  m  London,  in  z66x.  With  his  lather, 
Sir  Edward  Harleyt  a  vehement  ommnent  of  the 
court,  and  who  had  been  imprisoned  on  suspicion 
of  favouring  Monmouth's  rebellion,  he  raised  a  body 
of  horse,  and  took  possession  of  Worcester  for  the 
Prince  of  Orange  at  the  commencement  of  the  rc- 


Anns  of  Haila7i  eeri  of  Oxford* 

'ToIutioD.   He  became  a  member  of  parliament,  and 
shewed  much  bitterness  against  the  Tories,  but 


afterwards  joined  their  party.  He  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  of  public  accounts  (see  p.  503^  and 
he  held  the  post  of  Speaker  for  leveral  yean*  as 
well  as  being  appointed  secretary  of  state,  and  one 
of  the  commissioners  for  the  urnon  whh  SmHanrf 
When  the  Whie  miaistry  wem  disphntd,  m  r^to, 
Harley  was  made  a  conmisstooer  <m  the  treasmy, 
and  in  the  next  year  he  was  created  a  peer,  as  eari 
of  Oxford  :  he  was  also  appointed  lord  lunsiim, 
and  he  held  the  post,  thot^h  not  without  many 
contentions  with  his  rival,  Bolingbroke,  until  a  few 
days  before  the  queen's  death.  In  1715  Iw  was 
impeached  for  his  share  in  negotiating  the  peace  of 
Utrecht,  being  denounced  with  especial  vehcnsesKe 
and  personal  hate  by  his  old  oppoiieDt,  Coatnnby . 
After  a  two  years'  imprisonment,  he  was  brou^tto 
trial  at  his  own  urgent  request,  when  he  was  ac- 
quitted. He  died  in  1724.  The  introductioa  of 
lotteries  as  a  source  of  revenue  is  ascribed  to  him. 
His  son  Edward,  who  succeeded  him,  was  the  col- 
lector of  the  invaluable  stores  of  MSS.  now  de- 
Sisited  in  the  British  Museum,  and  known  as  dtB 
arlcian  Collection. 

■  George  Savile,  marquis  of  Halifiut,  (Sad  in 
1695,  and  his  son  William  in  ijoo.  In  the  latbs- 
year  the  title  of  eari  of  Hahfiuc  was  gtvcn  to 
Charles  Montagu,  a  kinsman  of  the  eari  of  Man- 
chester, who  was  a  commissioner  of  die  tmsoiy, 
and  had  displayed  much  skill  in  dewdag  the  ways 
and  means  for  William's  wan.  fie  ««s  a  nan  of 
great  talent,  but  little  integrity,  and  now  ictind 
mto  private  life.    He  died  in  17x5. 


-A,I).  170I.] 


WILLIAM  IIL 


525 


able  grants,  particularly  of  the  Irish  for- 
feited estates,  and  with  taking  such 
himself;  making  illegal  orders,  and 
causing  ruinous  delays  in  Chancery ; 
and  granting  the  commission  to  Wil- 
liam Kidd,  '*a  person  of  evil  fame  and 
reputation  V  Portiand  was  accused  of 
receiving  extravagant  grants ;  as  was 
Halifax,  who  was  also  charged  with 
being  in  debt  to  the  Irish  exchequer, 
dilapidating  the  royal  forests,  and  pro- 
curing his  brother  (Christopher  Mon- 
tagu) to  be  appointed  auditor,  who  had 
passed  his  fraudulent  accounts.  Orford 
iwas  accused  of  encouraging  Kidd,  the 
pirate,  and  as  guilty  of  breach  of  trust 
and  gross  corruption  in  his  office. 
From  what  we  now  know  of  these 
men,  it  is  probable  that  there  was 
much  truth  in  all  this,  but  the  quarrels 
of  the  two  Houses  prevented  anything 
like  a  complete  examination  of  the 
matter.  ^ . 

A  petition  is  presented  to  the  Com- 
monis,  imploring  them  "to  drop  their 
disputes,  have  regard  to  the  voice  of 
the  people,  and  change  their  loyal  ad- 
dresses into  bills  of  supply,"  May  8. 

This,  well  known  as  the  Kentish 
Petition,  had  been  agreed  to  at  the 
assizes  at  Maidstone,  April  29 ;  it  was 
signed  by  a  great  body  of  freeholders, 
the  grand  jury,  twenty  magistrates, 
and  many  deputy  lieutenants.  The 
House,  however,  refused  to  listen  to 
its  prayer,  and  committed  William 
Colepeper  and  four  other  genUemen% 
who  presented  it,  to  prison. 

This  stretch  of  power  was  resented 
by  the  appearance  of  a  memorial, 
which  denied  the  right  of  the  Com- 
mons to  override  the  law  of  the  land, 
charged  them,  under  fifteen  distinct 
heads,  with  tyranny  and  oppression, 
and  asserted,  "Whatever  power  is 
above  law  is  burdensome  and  tyran- 
nical, and  may  be  reduced  by  ex- 
trajudicial methods."  It  concluded : 
"  Thus,  gentlemen,  you  have  your  duty 
laid  before  you,  which  'tis  hoped  you 
will  think  of;  but  if  you  continue  to 
neglect  it,  you  may  expect  to  be  treated 
according  to  the  resentments  of  an 
injured  nation ;  for  Englishmen  are  no 
more  to  be  slaves  to  parliaments  than 


to  kings.  Our  name  is  Legion,  and 
we  are  many."  The  Commons  vote 
this  "  scandalous,  insolent,  and  sediti- 
ous,'' and  complain  of  ''tJie  attempts 
of  ill-disposed  persons  to  raise  tumidts 
and  seditions." 

Kidd,  the  pirate,  and  three  of  his 
companions,  are  hanged**.  May  23. 

Marlborough  is  appointed  com- 
mander-in-chief in  Holland,  June  i. 

Act  passed  to  settle  the  Protestant 
Succession,  [12  &  13  Gul.  III.  c.  2]. 
The  Princess  Anne  was  to  succeed 
William,  and  if  she  should  die  without 
heirs,  the  heirs  of  William  were  to  suc- 
ceed ;  on  failure  of  these,  the  Electress 
Sophia,  duchess  dowager  of  Hanover*, 
was  to  be  called  to  the  throne ;  it  being 
an  indispensable  condition  in  each 
case  that  the  party  should  be  a  Pro- 
testant. 

Quarrels  ensue  between  the  twa 
Houses  as  to  the  time  and  mode  of 
trial  of  Lord  Somers.  The  Commons 
refuse  to  appear  at  the  day  appointed, 
June  17,  and  Somers  is  consequently 
acquitted. 

The  Commons  draw  up  a  protest 
(June  20),  asserting  that  there  has  been 
a  denial  of  justice  in  the  "  pretended 
trial  of  John  Lord  Somers,''  and  that 
the  conduct  of  the  Peers  in  regard 
thereto  is  "  an  attempt  to  overturn  the 
right  of  impeachments  lodged  in  the 
House  of  Commons  by  the  ancient 
constitution  of  the  kingdom." 

The  earl  of  Orford  is  also  acquitted, 
June  23.  To  prevent  a  threatened  re- 
monstrance, the  parliament  is  dissolved 
next  day. 

Benbow  is  employed  to  blockade 
Dunkirk,  a  war  with  France  and  Spain 
being  expected. 

William  goes  to  Holland,  June  31- 
He  visits  the  frontier  garrisons,  and 
forms  fresh  alliances  against  France. 

Behbow  sails  with  a  squadron  to  the 
West  Indies,  to  induce  the  Spanish 
governors  to  disown  King  Philip. 
The  French  send  three  stronger  fleets 
against  him,  and  he  is  obliged  to  retire 
to  Jamaica. 

King  James  dies,  Sept.  6.  His  son 
James  Edward  is  acknowledged  as 
king  by  Louis  XIV.,  on  which  the 


^  See  A.D.  i6og^ 

«  Thomas  Colepeper,  J[t]stinian  Champneys,  Wil- 
liam  HamiltoD,  and  Daiod  Polhill.  They  remained 
in  confinement  until  the  dissolution  of  the  parlia- 
incnt,  in  June. 


*  They  were  convicted  of  piracy  and  mutdcr 
committed  on  the  coast  of  Malabar. 

•  She  was  a  grand-daughter  of  Tames  I.  by  his- 
daughter  Elizabeth,  queen  of  Bohemia,  and  was- 
now  in  her  72nd  year. 


S24 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1701,  1702. 


English  ambassador  (Charles  Mon- 
tagu, earl  of  Manchester)  is  recalled. 

William  returns  to  England,  in  ill 
health,  in  November. 

A  new  parliament  is  summoned, 
which  meets  Dec.  30,  and  sits  till 
May  25,  1702.  Robert  Harley  is  again 
chosen  Speaker. 

A.D.  1702. 

Addresses  are  presented  from  the 
city  of  London  and  other  places,  urg- 
ing further  provision  for  the  Protestant 
succession,  and  war  with  France. 

The  Conmions  resolve  that  no  peace 
shall  be  made  with  France  until  repa- 
ration be  given  for  the  acknowledge- 
ment of  James  Edward. 

The  "  pretended  prince  of  Wales " 
is  attainted  of  high  treason,  [13  &  14 
Gul.III.  c.3]. 


William  falls  from  his  horse,  and 
breaks  his  collar-bone,  Feb.  21. 

The  Conmions  s^^ain  commit  Cole- 
peper,  and  pass  resolutions  in  answer 
to  the  Kentish  Petition  and  Legion, 
Feb.  26. 

Act  passed  "  for  securing  the  succes- 
sion to  the  crown  in  the  Protestant 
line"[i3&i4GuLin.  c6].  All  peers, 
members  of  parliament  and  office- 
holders to  take  an  oath  to  support  the 
Protestant  succession,  as  settled  in 
1 701 ;  the  penalty  of  neglect  or  refusal, 
forfeiture  of  any  office,  and  a  fine  of 

WUliam  grants  a  commission  to  as- 
sent to  certain  bills,  but  has  a  stamp 
for  his  name,  by  which  he  himself 
gives  the  assent  to  the  bill  for  the  Pro- 
testant succession. 

William  dies  at  Kensington,  March 8. 
He  is  buried  at  Westminster,  April  12. 


Events  in  General  History. 


The  Turks  recover  Belgrade  . 
Battle  of  Salankemen ;  the  Turks 

defeated 

France  invaded  by  the  duke  of  Savoy 
The  Turks  gain  great  successes  in 

Hungary 

Azof  ta3cen  b^  the  Russians    . 
Peace  of  Carlowitz 


A.D. 
1690 

I69I 
1692 

1695 
1696 
1699 


War  begins  between  Charles  XII. 

of  Sweden  and  Peter  the  Great 

of  Russia 1700 

War   of  the    Spanish    Succession 

commences  .  •  .  •  1 701 
Prussia  declared  a  kingdom  .  .  1 701 
Revolt  of  the  Camisards  in  Lan- 

guedoc      .        .        .        •        .     1702 


Anne,  from  liar  Great  Seal. 


ANNE. 


Anne,  the  second  daughter  of  James, 
duke  of  York,  by  his  wife  Anne  Hyde, 
was  bom  at  St.  James's  Feb.  6,  1665. 
Her  education  was  entrusted  to  Dr. 
Henry  Compton,  (subsequently  bishop 
of  Oxford  and  of  London),  and  she 
was  by  him  so  firmly  grounded  in  the 
principles  of  Protestantism,  that  all  at- 
tempts were  vain  to  induce  her  to  fol- 
low the  unhappy  course  of  her  parents, 
in  conforming  to  Romanism.  Whilst 
still  very  young  her  hand  was  sought 
by  George  Louis,  electoral  prince  of 
Hanover  (ultimately  her  successor  on 
the  English  throne  as  George  I.),  but 
she  married  (July  28,  1683)  Prince 
George  of  Denmark,  brother  of  Chris- 


tian v.,  by  whom  she  became  the  mo- 
ther of  several  children,  but  left  no 
surviving  issue. 

Anne,  when  a  mere  child,  formed 
a  vehement  attachment  to  one  of  her 
attendants,  a  young  girl*,  whose  proud, 
impetuous  temper  was  altogether  dif- 
ferent from  her  own,  and  this  circum- 
stance in  a  great  measure  determined 
the  events  of  her  after  life.  The  ser- 
vant became  in  reality  the  mistress, 
and  marrying  a  man  as  ambitious  and 
unscrupulous  as  herself,  the  pair  in- 
duced the  princess  to  forsake  her  fa- 
ther in  his  distress,  and  thus,  as  far  as 
she  had  the  power,  to  precipitate  the 
Revolution.    The  Marlboroughs,  how- 


■  Sarah  Teimings,  bora  in  x66o,  the  daughter  of 
a  Hertfonuhire  eentleman.  In  x68i  she  married 
Colonel  Churchill,  and  she  was  a  most  efficient  as- 
sistant to  him  in  his  rise  to  rank  and  power.  Hence 
she  has  by  many  writers  to  whom  he  is  obnoxious 
been  stigmatized  in  coarse  terms,  and  this  is  espe- 
cially the  case  in  Lord  Macaulay's  History  of  Eng- 
land* where  the  worst  possible  interpretation  is 
umfonnly  put  upon  every  action  of  their  lives,  and 


lanf^age  is  held  respecting  both,  which  is  not  war- 
ranted by  the  facts.  It  must  be  confessed  that 
they  pursued  their  own  ends  with  too  great  earaest- 
ness,  but  the  historian  is  lost  in  the  partisan,  when 
Marlborough  is  described  as  *'a  murderer,''  and 
his  wife  said  to  be  "  such  a*liar,  that  she  is  only 
to  be  believed  when  she  testifies  something  to  her 
own  discredit." 


526 


THE  STUARTS. 


ever,  conceived  their  services  insuffi- 
ciently valued  by  the  new  rulers,  and, 
for  their  own  ends,  they  fomented  quar- 
rels between  the  princess  and  her' 
sister,  and  fonned  a  '^  Pnncess's  party," 
which  seriously  embarrassed  the  go- 
vernment of* William  II L 

Anne  became  queen,  March  ^  1702, 
and  as  Maiibarough  was  ambiticras  of 
military  glory,  the  war  which  William 
had  commenced  was  vigorously  prose- 
cuted until  the  proud  Louis  XIV.  was 
•constrained  to  sue  for  peace.  The  war 
had  been  marked  by  the  great  victories 
of  Blenheim,  Ramillies  and  Oude- 
narde;  it  had  made  Marlborough  a 
duke,  and  had  given  him  a  princely 
estate ;  he  had  no  wish  to  forego  the 
further  enormous  gains  which  its  con- 
tinuance might  produce  ^  and  Louis's 
proposals  were  peremptorily  rejected. 
But  the  downfaU  of  the  Madboroughs 
was  near  at  hand,  and  when  it  oc- 
curred it  changed  the  aspect  of  affairs 
in  Europe. 

After  a  thirty  years'  rule  the  imperi- 
ous duchess  was  supplanted  by  a  wait- 
ing-woman (Mrs.  Masham),  and  on 
the  fall  of  their  patron  the  Whig  mi- 
nistry were  driven  from  office.  They 
were  replaced  by  Harley  and  other 
Tories.  These  men,  intent  on  for- 
warding the  queen's  views  with  re- 
gard to  the  succession,  made  a  hasty 
and  inglorious  peace,  by  which  they 
abandoned  their  allies,  and  allowed 
the  Spanish  crown  to  become  the  prize 
of  the  arts  (and  apparently  the  bribes) 
of  Louis.  They  then  entered  into  in- 
trigues for  the  purpose  of  setting  aside 
the  Protestant  succession  as  marked 
out  by  the  Act  of  Settlement  %  but 
their  measures  were  retarded  by  dis- 
sensions among  themselves,  and  were 
at  last  frustrated   by  the  somewhat 


sudden  death  of  the  queen,  Aug.  i, 
1714,  which  brought  to  a  close  the  rule 
of  the  House  of  Stuart. 

Though  much  the  greater  part  of 
Anne's  reign  was  pas^  in  war,  and 
party  feeling  was  indulged  to  an  extra- 
vagant extent)  a  time  and  opportunity 
was  found  to  ameliorate  the  condition 
of  tlie  Chiu-ch,  by  restoring,  for  the 
augmentation  of  poor  livings,  a  portion 
of  its  goods,  forcibly  torn  away  at  the 
period  of  the  Refonnation ;  literature 
was  adorned  by  many  distinguished 
names,  so  that  the  period  has  been 
flatteringly  termed  the  Augustan  age  ; 
and  the  Union  with  Scotland^  which 
the  wisest  statesmen  had  desired  for 
the  preceding  century,  wras  accom- 
plished ;  a  measure,  it  must  be  con- 
fessed, not  pofmlar  widi  the  bulk  of 
either  nation  at  the  time,  but  firom 
which  both  haiFe  subsequently  derived 
many,  and  lasting  adsrantages. 

Anne  maniod  Prince  George  of 
Denmark,  a  man  of  coarse  habits  and 
of  little  influence,  who  died  October  28, 
1706.  Their  db^klren  were  four  daugh- 
ters and  one  son  who  died  in  infancy, 
and  one  child,  William,  bom  July  24, 
1689,  who  was  created  Duke  of  Glou- 
cester, by  William  III.,  his  godfather, 
and  of  whom  great  hopes  were  enter- 
tained *  ;  but  he  died  shortly  after  his 
twelfth  birthday  (July  30,  1700),  and 
his  death  gave  occasion  to  a  new  set- 
tlement of  the  crown. 

In  the  early  part  of  Anne's  reign  the 
royal  arms  were  the  same  as  those  of 
her  father,  but  the  motto  was  ''  semper 
EADEM."  The  union  with  Scotland 
occasioned  a  change  of  armorial  bear- 
ings; and  they  then  appeared,  Eng- 
land and  Scotland  impaled,  in  the  first 
and  fourth  quarter ;  France  in  the  se- 
cond ;  and  Ireland  in  the  third.    On 


*>  Evehm,  incidentally  mentioning  MarIborous:h 
in  .  his  Diary,  appends  the  significant  ^  rcmanc, 
•'  Note,  this  was  the  lord  who  was  entirely  ad- 
vanced by  King  James,  and  was  the  first  who  be- 
trayed and  forsook  his  master."  Such  glaring  in- 
gratitude has  naturally  provoked  much  severe 
remark,  but  Marlborough  has  been  censured  even 
more  heavily  than  he  deserved.  His  whole  career 
shewed  that  the  love  of  wealth  had  a  much  greater 
influence  than  it  should  have  had  on  a  man  of  such 
commanding  genius,  yet  it  is  certain  that  his  faults 
and  failings  have  been  exaggerated  with  malignant 
inj^enuity,  and  particularly  that  the  charges  of  pe- 
culation brought  against  nim  in  17x1  were  mere 
political  manoeuvres  of  unscrupulous  adversaries. 
It  is  painful  to  think  that  a  man  who  was  himself 
most  placable  when  oflfended.  and  lenient  to  delin- 
quents (as  in  the  case  of  Stephens — sec  a.d.  1707), 
iliould  be  pursued;  even  beyond  the  grave,  as  the 


vilest  of  criminals,  and  wont  of  all,  that  die  heavi- 
est charges  should  be  again  brought  forward  at  the 
present  day,  although  the  very  slender  foundations 
on  which  they  rest  nave  been  oonchuivdy  shew-n 
long  ago. 

•  See  A.D.  X701. 

'  The  earl  of  Marlborough  -was  appointed  his 
governor,  with  a  flattering  speech  maa  William, 
who  did  not  often  indulge  in  compliments :  "  My 
lord,  make  him  but  what  you  are,  and  tav  nephew 
will  be  aU  I  wish  to  see  him."  To  meet  \nilian's 
views  a  military  taste  was  sedulously  fostered  in 
the  child  ;  a  corps  of  bovs  was  raised  for  him,  who 
were  drilled  and  armed,  and  mounted  guard  at 
his  quarters,  Campden-house,  Kensington,  and  be 
passed  the  g^reater  part  of  his  time  in  "  playing  at 
soldiers  "  with  them.  But  he  proved  to  be  weak 
alike  in  mind  and  body,  and  the  expectatifios  in- 
dulged in  were  doomed  to  disappointment. 


A.D.  1702.] 


ANNE. 


527 


the  great  seal  prepai-ed  in  liie  year  of 
the  Union  we  have  England  and  Scot- 


Azmi  of  Ame,  MiDn  tbe  IT&lon. 

land  only,  and  a  new  badge,  the  rose 
.and  the  thistle  Goojomed* 


Anne  was,  daring  her  lifetime  and 
long  after,  popularly  known  as  the 
"  good  Queen  Anne,"  and  she  appears 
to  have  had  kindness  of  heart  entitling 
her  to  the  appellation.  Unwisely  giv- 
ing way  to  the  ascendency  of  the  play- 
fellow of  her  childhood,  she  was  led 
to  take  part  against  her  fether,  and  to 
quarrel  on  a  matter  of  money  with  her 
sister ;  but  her  heart  evidently  yearned 
for  her  brother,  and  she  would  wUlingly 
have  secured  his  succession  to  Uie 
throne  after  her  death,  thou^  not  pos- 
sessing the  self-denial  to  resign  it  in 
his  favour.  Her  conduct  as  a  wife  and 
a  mother  was  exemplary  ;  her  court 


Anns  and  Badge  of  Anne,  after  tin  Ukdoo. 


-was  at  once  el^;ant,  refined,  and  vir- 
tuous ;  her  charities  were  munificent ; 
and  her  reign  has  this  happy  distinc- 
tion from  all  preceding  ones,  that  in  it 
no  arm  was  raised  against  the  sove- 
reign", and  no  subject's  blood  was 
shed  for  treason '. 


A.D.  1702. 


Anne  succeeds  to  the  throne,  March 
S.     She  is  crowned,  April  23. 

The  parliament  in  being  at  the 
queen^s  accession  sits  till  May  25. 


The  (jueen  in  her  first  speech  to 
the  parhament  recommends  to  them 
the  imion  of  England  and  Scotland, 
March  11. 

An  act  passed  for  the  support  of  the 
royal  household',  [i  Ann.  c.  i]. 

The  queen  empowered  to  appoint 
commissioners  to  treat  for  union  be- 
tween England  and  Scotland,  [c.  8]. 

Bemardi  and  five  others  continued 
in  prison  during  the  queen's  pleasure  ^^ 
[c.  23]. 

Jews  obliged  to  maintam  and  pro- 
vide for  any  of  their  children  who  may 
become  Protestants,  [c.  24]. 


•  In  1703  Simon  Frascr  (afterwards  Lord  Lovat, 
and  a  desperate  tntriruer)  professed  to  disclose  a 
plan  for  the  invasion  of  Scotland,  and  in  i7o8  James 
Tkhrard  landed  there,  hut  he  was  oblij^ed  to  retire 
without  striking  a  Mow.  Two  persons  were  ar- 
rested in  consequence  of  Fraser  s  information,  of 
-whom  one  died  in  prison  before  he  could  be  brought 
to  trial,  hut  the  other  was  pardoned. 

'  One  William  Gregg,  it  is  true,  was  executed 
for  what  was  legally  styled  treason,  but  his  offence 
in  reality  was  that  of  a  needy  public  servant  who 
betrayed  state  secrets  for  money,  and  had  nothing 
of  the  personal  dislike  to  the  sovereien  or  her  mea- 
•sures  usually  found  in  the  traitor.  He  was  a  derl: 
TTi  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state,  and  he  abused 
his  trust,  by  inclosing  information  for  the  French 


ministry  in  the  letters  of  Marshal  Tallard.  then 
a  prisoner  in  England,  whidi  in  the  course  of  busi- 
ness passed  through  his  hands  for  examination 
and  sealing. 

«  This  granted  the  same  simis  as  had  been  en- 
joyed byjWilliam,  but  the  queen  in  living  her  as- 
sent to  It,  declared  that  while  her  subjects  remained 
under  such  heavy  burdens  she  would  straiten  her- 
self in  her  own  expenses,  and  would  devote  ;Ckoo,ooo 
a-year  out  of  her  own  revenue  towards  the  public 
service. 

ti  See  A.D.  1696.  One  of  the  number,  James 
Counter,  was  after  a  while  released,  but  the  rest  re- 
mained m  custody  during  the  whole  of  the  queen's 
reign. 


S«8 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1702. 


An  act  passed  for  the  relief  of  insol- 
vent debtors*,  [c.  19]. 

The  earl  of  Marlborough  is  sent  to 
Holland  as  ambassador,  in  order  to 
concert  measures  for  "the  preserva- 
tion of  the  common  liberty  of  Europe, 
and  for  reducing  the  power  of  France 
within  due  bounds."  He  has  an  au- 
dience of  the  States,  March  31,  and 
a  vigorous  prosecution  of  the  war  is 
resolved  on. 

The  earl  of  Nottingham  is  appointed 
secretary  of  state  and  Lord  Godol- 
phin  ^  treasurer. 

War  proclaimed  against  France  and 
Spain,  May  4. 

The  earl  of  Marlborough  is  declared 
captain-general  of  the  land  forces,  and 
Pnnce  George  of  Denmark  lord  high 
admiral,  May  21. 

Marlborough  is  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  allied  armies ;  he 
speedily  drives  the  French  out  of 
Venloo  and  Ruremond. 

Sir  John  Munden  fails  to  intercept 
a  French  fleet  bound  for  the  West 


Indies  as  an  escort  to  the  Spanish  gal- 
leons, and  is  cashiered  ^ 

A  combined  English  and  Dutch 
fleet,  with  land  troops  on  board,  is 
sent  to  the  Spanish  coast,  under  Sir 
George  Rooke  and  the  duke  of  Or- 
mond"".  Cadiz  is  unsuccessfully  at- 
tacked, Aug.  15. 

The  union  of  the  rival  East  India 
Companies  provided  for  by  an  award 
drawn  up  by  the  lord  treasurer  (Godol- 
phin)  July  22.  They  were  each  al- 
lowed seven  years  to  wind  up  their 
aflairs. 

Admiral  Benbow  falls  in  with  the 
French  fleet  (missed  by  Munden)  near 
St.  Martha,  Aug.  19.  It  retires  before 
him,  and  he  pursues  it  for  five  days, 
but  not  being  properly  supported  by 
his  captains,  he  is  unable  to  effect 
anything,  and  is  himself  mortally 
wounded',  Aug.  24. 

A  fleet  of  Spanish  galleons  <>  is  cap- 
tured or  destroyed  in  the  harbour  of 
Vigo,  by  Sir  George  Rooke,  Oct.  12. 

The  parliament  meets  Oct.  20,  and 


*  No  person  was  to  be  disdiarged  unless  he  had 
been  in  prison  six  months,  nor,  if  under  40  years  of 
age,  unless  he  was  willing  to  serve  as  a  soldier  or 
sailor.  There  is  another  act  on  the  same  subject 
[a  &  3  Ann.  c.  xo],  which  allowed  a  person  to  be 
dischsuged  without  personal  service  if  ne  could  find 
a  substitute. 

^  Svdnev  Godolphin  rose  from  the  post  of  page 
to  a  lordship  of  the  treasury  under  Charles  If., 
and,  fit>m  his  valuable  business  habits,  he  became 
indispensable  to  the  new  and  inexperienced  men 
brought  forward  by  the  revolution.  He  was,  per- 
haps m  consequence,  greatly  dbliked  and  distrusted 
by  them,  but  retained  office  until  accused  by  Sir 
John  Fenwick  of  correspondence  with  the  court  of 
SL  Germain's,  which  obliged  him  to  retire.  He 
was  now,  by  the  influence  of  Marlborough,  placed 
at  the  head  of  the  treasury,  and  he  gave  his  cordial 
aid  in  support  of  Marlborough's  views,  to  whom, 
indeed,  he  was  considered  so  essential,  that  one  of 
the  first  steps  afterwards  uken  to  derange  the 
plans  and  stop  the  career  of  the  great  general  was 
the  dismissal  of  Godolphin,  which  Haney  accom- 
plished in  the  year  X710.  Godolphin  was  very  in- 
strumental in  procuring  the  ^rant  of  the  first-fruits 
for  the  Church,  and  also  in  bringing  about  the  union 
with  Scotland.  The  buildbg  of  Greenwich  Hos- 
pital likewise  was  much  forwarded  by  him ;  Evelyn 
remarks,  that  while  all  the  great  men  were  profuse 
of  promises,  Godolphin  was  the  first  who  gave 
money  towards  it.    He  died  in  xyxa. 

>  He  had  formerly  shewn  himself  a  brave  and 
active  officer,  and  was  declared  by  the  court  mar- 
tial that  tried  him  to  have  behaved  with  great  zeal 
and  diligence,  yet  he  was,  like  the  earl  of  Torring- 
ton,  sacrificed  to  political  animosity  (see  A.D.  169(9. 
He  died  in  retirement  in  17x8. 

■  He  was  the  grandson  of  the  great  duke,  so 
long  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and  twice  held  that 
office  himself.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  join  the 
prince  of  Orange,  afterwards  attended  him  in  his 
campsugns  in  Ireland  and  Flanders,  and  was  se- 
verely wounded  at  Landen.  His  reputation  as 
a  soldier,  however,  was  not  high,  but  he  was  ap- 
pointed in  17x2  to  succeed  the  great  Marlborougn, 


the  design  being  that  nothing  of  importaace  should 
be  attemi>ted.  ^  Ormond  was  rewarded  for  this  trea- 
cherous inactivity  with  the  wardcnshsp  of  the 
Cinque  Ports,  but  on  the  accession  of  Geoige  I.  be 
was  impeached,  and  having  withdmwn  to  France 
was  attainted,  and  his  estates,  valued  at  more  thas 
;C3o,ooo  per  azmum,  confiscated  ;  his  brother,  how- 
ever, was  allowed  to  repurchase  them.  The  doke 
resided  chiefly  at  Avigrnon,  the  court  of  Jane^  Ed- 
ward, living  on  a  pension  from  Uie  crown  of  Spain. 
and  dying  Nov.  xo,  X7A5,  his  remains  were  brought 
to  England,  and  buried  in  his  fiunily  vault  in  West- 
minster Abbey. 

■  Benbow  had  but  seven  ship&  whOe  the  French 
had  fifteen  ;  this  alarmed  four  of  his  captains,  w}» 
positively  refused  to  join  in  the  action.  The  admi- 
ral followed  with  two  vessels  onl^,  and  whca  he 
outsailed  these,  having  come  up  with  the  steiiii»c»t 
French  ship,  (Aug.  34,)  he  made  duve  attempts 
in  person  to  carry  it  by  boarding,  aad  was  de^e- 
rately  wounded  in  the  arm  and  the  face ;  soon  amf 
hb  nght  leg  was  shattered  by  a  chain  shot,  but 
having  had  his  wounds  drc^ed,  he  insisted  ca 
being  again  carried  on  deck,  and  lay  there  ia  his 
cot,  directing  the  action,  until  the  whole  French 
fleet  bore  up,  rescued  his  opponent,  and  reduced 
his  own  ship  to  a  mere  wreck,  by  distant  firing,  bat 
did  not  attempt  to  board  it.  Benbow  was  oov 
obliged  to  retire  to  Jamaica,  where  he  died,  a« 
much  perhaps  of  rage  and  grief  as  of  his  wounds 
Nov.  4,  1709.  Of  the  captains  who  deserted  him. 
Thomas  Hudson  died  before  he  could  be  bought 
to  trial ;  John  Constable  was  cashiered,  by  sesience 
of  court  martial ;  and  Richard  Kirkby  and  Cooper 
Wade  were  shot  at  Plymouth,  April  16,  X703. 

o  This  was  the  fleet  which  Benbow  had  sought  to 
capture.  Several  of  the  vessels,  with  their  treasure 
on  board,  still  remain  at  the  bottom  of  the  harbour, 
but  would  probably  long  ago  have  been  raised,  H 
the  Spanish  government  would  have  consented  O 

S've  a  liberal  share  to  companies  set  on  foot  is 
ngland  for  the  purpose.  A  "  Vigo  venture  "  »a« 
formed  only  as  lately  as  1869,  but  its  pronoten 
could  not  obtain  what  they  considered  saitatilt 
tenns,  and  therefore  abandoned  the  prqject 


-A.-x>.  1702,  1703.] 


ANNB. 


529 


sits  till  Feb.  27, 1703.  Robert  Harley 
is  chosen  Speaker. 

"Violent  debates  occur  in  the  convo- 
ca^tion,  and  the  terms  High  Church 
SLTxd  Low  Church  come  into  use,  mainly 
SLs  distmguishing  the  opponents  and 
tlie  favourers  of  a  comprehension  of 
dissenters.  Dr.  Atterbury  '  is  a  lead- 
ing man  among  the  former. 

A  land-tax  granted  for  carrying  on 
tlie  war  against  France  and  Spain  % 
ti  Ann,  Stat  2,  c.  i]. 

Money  raised  by  the  sale  of  annui- 
ties payable  at  the  Exchequer  to  sup- 
port the  war',  [c.  5} 

Marlborough  captures  Liege,  Oct  23. 

Marlborough  returns  to  England", 
is  thanked  in  parliament,  and  created 
a,  duke. 

The  Protestants  of  the  south  of 
France  take  up  arms,  and  receive  suc- 
cours from  England  and  Holland. 

A.D.  1703. 

The  Scottish  parliament  meets.  May 
6.  An  attempt  is  made  to  procure 
a  leg^  toleration  of  the  episcopalians, 
but  it  is  defeated.  Andrew  Fletcher 
of  Saltoun*  brings  forward  a  Bill  of 
Security,  proposing  to  limit  the  royal 
authority  to  very  narrow  bounds,  which 
is  dropped ;  but  no  supplies  are  granted, 
and  the  parliament,  after  a  most  tu- 
multuous sitting,  is  adjourned 


The  Irish  parliament  passes  a  law 
making  it  treason  to  impeach  the  Pro- 
testant succession,  [2  Ann.  c  5] ;  also 
an  act  for  the  naturalization  of  foreign 
Protestants,  [c.  14].  It  adds  to  the 
severity  of  me  existing  laws  against 
Romanists,  by  new  statutes  [cc.  3, 6, 7], 
one  of  which  directs  the  Romanist 
clergy  to  register  themselves,  on  pain 
of  banishment,  and  the  pen^ties  of 
treason  if  they  return,  [c.  7]. 

The  Methuen  treaty  concluded  with 
Portugal  *,  May  6. 

Marlborough  captures  Bonn,  Huy, 
Limbuig,  and  other  places.  On  the 
other  hand  the  French  cross  the 
Rhine,  defeat  the  imperialists  at  Hoch- 
stadt  and  at  Spires,  and  capture  Augs- 
burg. 

Charles,  an  Austrian  archduke, 
assumes  the  title  of  Charles  III. 
of  Spain,  Sept  12.  He  is  assisted 
by  the  English,  Dutch,  and  Portu- 
guese. 

The  queen,  by  letters  patent,  of 
Nov.  3,  restores  the  first-fruits  and 
tenths  to  the  Church. 

The  parliament  meets  Nov.  9,  and 
sits  till  April  3, 1704. 

A  tempest,  known  as  the  Great 
Storm,  ravages  the  coast  of  England, 
from  Nov.  26  to  Dec.  i,  and  does  enor- 
mous damage  \ 

A  quarrel  occurs  between  the  two 


V  Frauds  Atterbury  was  bom  near  Newport 
Paisnell  in  1663,  was  edticated  at  Christ  Churdi, 
Oxford,  and  was  one  of  the  court  chaplains  to 
William  III.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
di^mtes  r^arding  the  rights  of  Convocation,  was 
in  17x3  jpraerrea  finom  the  deanery  of  Carliue  to 
that  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing^ yeur  was  made  bishop  of  Rochester  and  dean  of 
Westminster.  He  was  a  warm  partisan  of  the 
Stuarts,  and  was  in  consequence  sent  to  the  Tower 
in  jna.  In  the  next  jrear,  legal  evidence  not  bdng 
fbrtncoming,  he  was  banished  by  a  special  ac.  of 
parliament  and  went  to  France,  being,  as  he  con- 
ceived, bebmved  by  Bolingbroke,  who  returned  to 
England  at  the  very  same  time.  Bishop  Atterbury 
died  in  Prance  in  1733,  but  his  body  was  brought 
to  England  and  buried  in  Westnunster  Abbey. 
He  b  now  generally  considered  to  have  been  very 
banhly  tr»ted  for  his  political  opinions,  and  not 
for  any  treasonable  acts,  and  it  is  certain  that  he 
was  an  eb)quent  preacher,  an  elegant  poet,  and 
most  amiable  and  exemplair  in  private  life. 

4  This  tax  was  estimatecf  to  produce  jCXf979b93x 
191.  id. 

'  Natural-bora  subjects  were  to  be  allowed  to 
advance  £67^630,  and  were  to  receive  for  it  annui- 
ties at  the  rate  of  ;Cz4  for  every  ;^3xo  paid,  for 
a  period  of  89  years,  a  most  improvident  arrange- 
ment. 

"  On  his  voyage  down  the  Maese  towards  the 
Hague  he  was  stopped  (Nov.  4,)  by  a  straggling 
partv  from  the  French  garrison  at  Gueldres,  but 
coolly  producing  an  old  passport  which  had  been 
formerly  granted  to  his  brother,  he  was  allowed  to 
proceet^  uunigh  his  escort  was  captured. 


*  He  was  the  son  of  a  Scottish  knight,  was  bora 
in  1653,  and  was  early  left  an  orphan.  His  tutor,  Gil- 
bert Burnet,  inspired  him  with  an  idea  of  imitating 
the  great  republicans  of  antiquity,  and  he  thus  took 
so  active  a  ^art  in  opposition  to  the  government, 
that  while  still  a  very  young  man  he  was  obliged  to 
retire  to  Holland,  and  his  estate  was  confiscated. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  active  of  the  refugees,  and 
accompanied  Monmouth  in  his  invasion,  but  was 
obliged  to  withdraw  in  a  few  days,  havmg  killed 
one  of  his  associates  in  a  quarrel.  Fletcher  then 
served  in  Hungary  against  the  Turks,  and  having 
recovered  his  estate  in  consequence  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, he  became  an  active  member  of  the  Scottish 
ParUament,  where  he  forwarded  the  Darien 
supported  die  Hanoverian  succession,  and 
the  Union  with  vehemence  near  alan  to 
He  carried  his  adnuration  of  antiquity  so  fiur  as  to 
propose,  in  his  "Disoounes  on  PuUic  Affairs,"  re- 
ducing all  beggars  to  slavery.  All  accounts  agree 
in  representing  him  as  a  manfof  intolerably  proud, 
fierce,  and  unrelenting  temper,  and  he  died  little 
r^retted  in  17x6. 

»  The  Portuguese  had  in  1701  made  a  treaty 
with  Louis  XIV.  to  support  his  views  upon  Spain, 
but  they  were  now  induced  by  the  concession  oif 
various  commercial  privileges  to  join  the  allies. 

*  Twelve  ships  and  1,500  men  of  the  royal  navy 
were  lost,  beside  very  many  merchant  vessels. 
Bishop  Kidder  and  his  wife  were  killed  by  the  fall 
of  a  part  of  the  episcopal  palace  at  Wells ;  several 
of  the  colleges  at  Cambridge  received  great  in- 
jury :  and  the  lightning  destroyed  much  agricultu- 
ral produce. 


Mm 


53© 


THE  STUARTS. 


[A.D.  1703,   1704. 


Houses  as  to  an  alleged  plot  for  the 
invasion  of  Scotland  ^ 

Another  quarrel  arises  between  the 
Lords  and  Commons  concerning  a  dis- 
puted election,  which  endures  until 
the  prorogation  of  parliament*. 

The  Scottish  Order  of  the  Thistle  is 
7e-cstaUisbed  %  Dec  31. 


A.D.  1704. 

The  earl  of  Nottingham  retires  finom 
the  ministry.  Harley  becomes  secre- 
tary of  state,  and  St  John*  and  Howe* 
take  office. 

The  queen's  gift  for  the  angmenta* 
tion  of  the  maintenance  of  the  poor 
clergy  confirmed  *,  [2  &  3  Ann.  c.  20]. 


7  Lord  Lovat  (Simon  Fraser)  accuacd  the  duke 
of  Athol  (John  Murray)  and  othen  of  a  secret  cor- 
respondenoe  with  the  Court  at  Sc  Gennains.  The 
Peers,  headed  by  Lord  Somers,  invetfKated  the 
matter,  and  indirectly  charged  the  earl  of  Notting- 
ham, me  secretary  of  state,  with  coaoealiBg  the 
real  fecta  of  th«  case :  the  Commoos  then  dcdaral 
that  such  investigations  belonged  only  to  their 
House  ;  and  the  Scottish  Parliament  afterwards 
^xpiened  itsdf  injwed  that  a  matter  reladng  to 
Scadand  had  been  discussed  elsewhere.  In  coose- 
-quence  of  these  disputes,  no  one  was  punished,  and 
Lovat  persisted  for  many  years  in  a  course  of 
-violence  and  intrigne,  bclraving  all  parties^  and 
sanaing  money  auke  from  the  Jacobites  and  the 
Hanoverians.  At  length,  at  the  age  of  80,  he  was 
'brought  under  the  law.  He  was  beheaded  on 
Tower-hill,  April  9, 1749,  asserting,  in  a  Latin  quo- 
tation, his  gratification  at  "  dying  for  his  country," 
^nd  maintaining  an  appearance  of  philosophic  com> 
posure  hardly  to  be  expected  htm  a  maa  whose 
life  had  been  so  deeply  stained  with  crime. 

■  Party  leeline  ran  very  high  at  Aylesbury,  and 
the  returning  officers  of  that  town  refused  to  re- 
<:erf«  the  votes  of  sevetal  of  the  burgesses.  One 
Ashby  obtained  a  verdict  against  them  for  this, 
-which,  though  set  aside  by  the  court  of  Queen's 
Bench,  was  affirmed  by  die  House  of  Lords,  and 
•n  consequence  five  other  persons  brou^t  similar 
actions.  The  Commons  declared  that  the  c^pi- 
2anee  of  disputed  elections  belonged  oidy  to  tneir 
House,  committed  the  complainants  and  their 
agents  to  Newgate,  and  held  angry  conferences 
^with  the  Lords  ;  the  latter  passed  resolutions  oon- 
<lemning  these  proceedings,  both  Houses  also  ad- 
•dresBcd^  the  queen,  and  she  was  at  length  obliged 
to  trmrinatr  the  dispute  by  proroguing  the  psmia- 
meat.  The  Commons,  however,  were  victorious, 
and  have  ever  since  acted  on  the  right  then  claimed  ; 
but  in  1868  they  delegated  their  power  of  inquiry 
3to  certain  judges,  who  report  to  the  House. 

•  This  «rdcs  i»  fchninnsly  said  to  have  been 


founded  by  Achaius,  in  die  eigfatii 
commemoration  of  a  victory  gamed 
of  Northumbria.      It 


01  r^onnumona.  it  was  vevived  m  z5#o  or 
Tames  V.,  and  in  1687  by  James  VII.  (IT.  oTEng- 
land),  but  had  in  eadi  case  been  ■ufleted  to  idl 


into  disuse. 

^  Henry  St  John,  bom  at  Battexaea  in  1673, 
was  educated  at  Christ  Churdi  C6llege»  Oxioni. 
He  had  for  some  time  been  an  active  —  "-^tt  of 
Paztiainent,  and  he  now  became  — ^Tliify  of  war. 
but  resigned  the  post  ear^  in  1708.    On  t&e  db- 


x:oIlar  and  Badge  of  the  (Mer  of  tlie  Thistle. 


Anns  of  St.  loSntt  VlnoBnt 


missal  of  the  WUg  minia67  St  Tofan  cwne  mtn 
office  with  Harley.  and  he  was  0  xya  created 
yisoount  Bolingbroke.  He  entered  into  the  queen's 
views  with  regard  to  the  succession  of  her  bro- 
ther, but  the  plan  was  frustrated,  maiaiy  owa^ 
to  fayis  rivalry  with  Harley,  and  soon  after  the  ac- 
cession of  George  L  he  fled,  disguised  as  a  vakc, 
to  France,  when  he  was  attainted.  BbGngbroke 
now  became  secretary  to  James  Edward,  but  v» 
distrusted  by  him.  and  having  made  his  peace  wkh 
the  government,  he  was  allowed  to  rctnm  to  Eng- 
land ui  1733.  He  en^loyed  himseif  witfa  literai&re 
for  awhile,  and  also  busied  himself  in  fenKBting 
the  diffierences  between  George  II.  and  his  wo, 
Frederic  prince  of  Wales.  Imparient  of  his  ex- 
clusion from  public  life,  he  again  withdrew  b> 
France,  but  he  returned  to  Engbuid  in  1744,  aad 
died  at  his  native  place,  in  1751,  leaving  the  cha- 
racter of  an  elegant  writer,  but  equally  weB  kaova 
as  an  unbeliever,  a  dishonest  poltddan,  and  a  maa 
of  detestable  private  character. 

«  John  Howe,  a  Nottinghamshire  man,  desonbed 
by  Evelyn  as  *'  little  better  than  a  macfanan,"  had 
been  an  officer  of  the  household  in  the  preceding 
rden,  but  had  been  dismissed,  and  expressed  Ima- 
selfin  the  House  of  Commons  with  so  much  bitter- 
ness against  the  Dutch,  the  Partition  Treaties,  sad 
a  standing  army,  that  Wilfiam  regarded  hisi  is 
a  oersonaT  enemy.  He  was  now  made  payaiaster 
of  the  forces,  and  retained  the  office  unbl  x^ 
when  he  was  displaced  by  Walpole.  He  dial  in 
X73X.  Havinff  changjed  more  than  once  from  Wfa^ 
to  Tory  and  from  l^ry  to  Whig,  antf  always  en^ 
plovinf  vehement  language  agamst  the  party  be 
had  left,  Howe  bears  a  bs^  character,  but  it  u  tc 
his  credit  that  he  originated  the  system  ofpeaa 
nent  half-pay  to  disbanded  officers  :  before  his  tiae. 
when  a  war  was  ended  they  were  cast  off  midmi 
anv  provision. 

'  The  preamble  of  this  act,,  which  *—*MWi^  tk 
corporation  known  as  the  (Sovctnora  of  Qoeea 
Aiue's  Bounty,  states  that  no  sufficient  settled 


A.D.  I704«] 


ANNE. 


531 


Marlborough  comes  to  England  in 
February,  and  concerts  measures  for 
the  relief  of  the  emperor,  who  is  hardly 
pressed  by  the  Bavarians  and  the 
French.  He  returns  to  the  Continent, 
and  takes  the  field  in  May  •. 

An  English  force  sent  to  Portugal, 
not  being  seconded  (as  was  expected) 
by  the  people  of  the  country,  is  foiled 
by  the  French  and  Spaniards  under 
the  duke  of  Berwick. 

Marlborough  proceeds  into  Ger- 
many, against  the  French.  He  defeats 
the  Bavarians  at  Schellenberg ',  July  2, 
and  advancing  into  Bavaria,  in  con- 
cert with  Prince  Eugene',  totally  routs 
the  French  army  at  Blenheim  \  Aug.  2. 
The  elector  of  Bavaria  is  obliged  to 
take  refuge  in  the  Spanish  Nether- 
lands. 

The  Scottish  parliament  meets  July6. 


The  chief  conditions  of  the  Bill  of  Se- 
curity *  are  tacked  to  a  bill  of  supply, 
and  receive  the  royal  assent"*. 

Gibraltar  is  besieged,  July  21,  by  Sir 
George  Rooke  and  the  prince  of  Hesse ; 
it  is  captured  by  surprise  July  23. 

A  French  fleet,  which  had  arrived  to 
succour  the  fortress,  is  pursued  to  Ma- 
laga, and  suffers  severely  in  an  action 
there,  Aug.  13 ;  the  English  are  unable 
to  follow  up  dieir  victory  for  want  of 
ammunition,  and  the  French  reach 
Toulon  ^ 

An  English  merchant-fleet,  tnder 
the  convoy  of  two  men  of  war,  is  at- 
tacked  in  the  Channel,  by  a  French 
squadron,'and  many  vessels  (including 
the  men  of  war)  taken,  Aug.  4. 

The  French  and  Spaniards  besiege 
Gibraltar,  in  October,  but  are  unable 
to  recover  it.     Their  fleet  is  attacked 


provisian  has  yet  been  made  for  the  deri^ui  many 
parts  of  the  nailm,  "  by  reasoa  whereof  divers  meaa 
SLnd  stipendiary  preachers  are  in  many  places  enter- 
tained to  serve  the  cures  and  officiate  there,  who, 
depending  for  necessary  maintenance  upon  the 
good  will  and  liking  of  their  hearers,  have  been, 
and  axe  thereby  under  temptation  of  too  much 
complying  and  suiting  their  doctrines  and  teaching 
to  the  humours  ratner  than  the  good  of  their 
hearers,  which  hath  been  a  great  occasion  of  faction 
and  sdusm  and  contempt  of  the  ministry." 

•  He  then  first  met  Prince  Eugene,  who  ever 
«fter  remained  his  firm  friend.  Both  were  famed 
lor  politeness,  and  they  found  an  opportunity  for 
its  exercise.  When  Marlboroueh's  troops  passed 
bcrfbre  the  prince  at  Hippach,  although  they  had 
raade  a  long  march,  he  exclaimed,  "  My  lord, 
I  never  saw  better  horses,  better  clothes,  finer  belts 
and  accoutrements,  yet  all  ,these  mav  be  had  for 
money  ;  but  there  is  a  spirit  in  the  looks  of  your 
men,  which  I  never  yet  saw  in  any  in  my  life." 
Marlborou^  replied,  "  If  it  be  as  your  Highness 
is  pleased  to  say,  that  spirit  has  been  inspired  in 
them  by  your  presence."  Marlborough,  indeed, 
had  oompumen^s  ready  for  every  one.  >¥hen  he 
was  sent  in  1707  to  learn  the  views  of  Charles  XII. 
of  Sweden,  he,  after  gaining  the  victories  of  Blen- 
heim and  Ramillies,  coolly  assured  the  half-mad- 
man that  he  should  esteem  himself  but  too  happy, 
could  he  have  the  advantage  of  studying  under 
him  the  art  of  war. 

f  The  Bavarians  occupied  an  intrenched  camp 
from  which  they  were  driven,  with  great  loss. 
The  attack  was  commenced  by  a  battauon  of  the 
Knglish  foot-guards,  preceded  by  a  party  of  50 
grenadiers,  omy  zo  of  whom  escaped  unhurt. 

s  This  celebrated  commander  was  the  son  of 
Prince  Maurice  of  Savoy  and  Olympia  Mancini, 
the  niece  of  Cardinal  Mazarin,  and  was  bora  in 
3663.  He  was  at  first  intended  for  the  Church, 
but  entered  the  army,  and  on  the  disgrace  .of  his 
mother  (who  was  beheved  to  have  some  concern  in 
the  poisonings  of  the  marchioness  of  Brinvillaers), 
he  left  Ftaice  and  went  into  the  imperial  service. 
He  served  fa  the  campaigns  in  which  the  Turks 
were  driven  from  before  Vienna  and  ultimately 
fhm  Hunganr,  and  shewed  so  much  talent  and 
activity  that  Louis  XIV.  invited  him  to  return  to 
France,  but  he  declined.  Eugene  defeated  the 
Turks  at  Zenta  in  1697,  and  on  Uie  breaking  out  of 
the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  had  consider- 
able success  against  the  French  in  Italy.    He  was 


afterwards  seat  to  the  Netheiiands,  where  he  was 
a  sharer  in  most  of  the  triumphs  of  Marlborovgh, 
and  continued  the  war  even  after  the  English 
troops  were  withdrawn  ;  the  peace  that  was  at  last 
concluded  between  the  emperor  and  Louis  XIV. 
was  negotiated  in  a  brief  personal  conference  be- 
tween Eugene  and  hb  most  suecesaful  opponent. 
Marshal  villars.  In  17x6  Eugene  again  took  the 
fidd  against  the  Turlu,  defeated  them  at  Peter- 
wardein,  and  captured  Belgrade.  After  several 
years  of  retirement  he  was  again  engaged  against 
the  French  in  the  war  of  1734*  but  was  unable  to 
save  the  strong  fortress  of  Fhilipsburg,  on  the- 
Rhine,  which  they  had  besieged,  and  returned  to 
Vienna,  where  he  died  soon  after,  April  10,  1^36. 
From  his  early  destination  to  the  Church  Pnncc 
Eugtme  possessed  more  learning  than  most  oi  the 
great  commanders  of  his  time,  and  he  was  distin- 
guished through  a  very  eventful  life  as  modest, 
affable,  disinterested,  generous,  and  humane.  His 
admiration  for  Marlbmough's  military  talents  was 
extreme,  and  he  nobly  bore  testimony  to  them  on 
all  occasions,  partkulariy  on  his  visit  to  England 
in  z^xa,  when  that  great  oqptain  was  suffering  un- 
mented  disgrace. 

^  The  confederates  had  about  50,000  men,  the 
French  60^000.  After  a  battle  of  five  hours'  dura- 
tion, the  French  bofse  were  driven  to  the  brink  of 
the  Danube,  where  vast  numbers  of  them  perished 
in  attempting  to  cross ;  they  also  lost  19,000  killed 
on  the  field,  and  13,000  prisoners,  among  them 
Marshal  Tallard,  the  commander,  who  was  long 
confined  in  England.  The  confederates  had  near 
5,000  men  killed  and  8,000  wounded,  and  for  tro- 
phies they  brought  from  the  field  194  cannon  and 
mortars,  300C0I0UM  and  standards,  3,600  teats,  the. 
military  diest,  and  all  the  camp  equipage  of  the 
vanquished,  including  34  coaches,  ana  300  laden 
baggage  mules. 

•See  A.D.  X703. 

k  These  provisions  reserved  to  Scotland,  in  the 
case  of  the  queen  dying  withont  issue,  the  right  tt> 
choose  an  occupant  of  the  throne  independently  of 
England,  and  alkywed  the  trainmg  and  arming  of 
the  people.  The  object  of  this  was  to  secure  the 
succession  of  the  House  of  Hanover,  whkh  the 
queen  was  supposed  to  desire  to  frustrate 

>  The  English  ships  had  by  a  k»g  oonne  of  ser^ 
▼ice  fisDen  mto  bad  condition,  and  were  thns  nn- 
able  to  keep  up  with  the  French,  who  woe  towed 
off  by  galleirs ;  Sir  George  Rooke  was  unjvstir 
blamed  lor  this,  and  deprived  of  his  covBaad. 


Mm2 


532 


THE  STUARTS. 


[A.D.  1704,  1705- 


by  Sir  John  Leake",  Oct.  29,  and  seve* 
ral  vessels  burnt ;  he  also  throws  re- 
lief into  the  fortress. 

The  parliament  meets,  Oct.  29,  and 
sits  till  March  14,  1705. 

A.D.  1705. 

The  coloiu^  taken  at  Blenheim  are 
set  up  in  Westminster  hall,  Jan.  3,  and 
the  duke  of  Marlborough  is  entertained 
by  the  city  of  London,  Jan.  6. 

Sir  John  Leake  raises  the  siege  of 
Gibraltar,  March  10.  He  also  destroys 
a  French  squadron  which  fonned  part 
of  the  besieging  force". 

The  manor  of  Woodstock  granted 
to  the  duke  of  Marlborough  and  his 
heirs  "  in  consideration  of  uie  eminent 
services  by  him  performed  to  her  Ma- 
jesty and  the  public","  [3  and  4  Ann. 

c.  4J. 

An  act  passed  "  for  the  effectual  se- 
curing the  kingdom  of  England  from 
the  apparent  dangers  that  may  arise 


from  several  acts  lately  passed  in  the 
parliament  of  Scotland,"  [c  61 

This  act  provides  that  until  the  sac- 
cession  to  the  throne  is  settled  in  Scot- 
land as  it  is  in  England',  natives  of 
Scotland  are  to  be  regarded  as  aliens, 
arms  are  forbidden  to  be  exported  to, 
or  sheep  or  cattle  imported  from  Scot- 
land ;  neither  is  Scottish  coal  or  lineo 
to  be  allowed  to  be  brought  into  Eng- 
land or  Ireland,  under  heavy  penalties. 
The  penal  clauses  were  repealed  in 
I705>  14  &  5  Ann.  c.  15]. 

Marlborough  takes  the  field  in  May, 
and  prepares  to  invade  France  on  the 
side  of  Lorraine;  he  is  badly  sup- 
ported by  the  imperialists,  and  is  re- 
called to  the  Netherlands  to  arrest  the 
progress  of  the  French ;  he  forces  their 
lines  at  Tirlemont,  July  18,  and  re- 
takes Huy. 

The  earl  of  Peterborough  (Charles 
Mordaunt*!}  and  Sir  Qoudesly  Shovel 
are  sent  with  an  expedition  to  Spain, 


"*  He  was  bom  at  Rotherhithe,  in  1656,  and 
yrhen  a  mere  youth  served  in  the  Dutch  war  of 
1673,  on  board  the  Royal  Prince,  but  afterwards 
entered  the  merchant  tervice«  and,  like  Benbow, 
distingutshed  himself  against  the  Barbary  corsairs. 
He  rejoined  the  royal  navy,  and  shewed  both  cou- 
rage and  skill  in  the  relief  of  Londonderry  and  the 
battle  of  La  Hogue.  In  xroa  he  commanded  a 
squadron  which  drove  the  French  out  of  New- 
foundland, for  which  he  was  knishted.  After  sig- 
nalizing himself  in  the  battle  of  Malaga,  as  well  as 
at  Gibraltar  and  Barcelona,  Sir  John  became,  by 
the  death  of  Sir  Cloudesly  Shovel,  commander-in- 
chief  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  he  performed  his 
last  great  services  at  sea  by  reducing  the  islands  of 
Sarcfinia  and  Minorca.  Cm  his  return  to  England 
he  was  made  one  of  the  lords  of  the  admiralty,  but 
being  believed  to  be  favourable  to  the  House  of 
Stuart,  he  was,  though  his  conduct  was  aHowed  to 
be  without  a  blemish,  on  the  accession  of  George  I. 
deprived  of  all  his  offices.  He  died  in  retirement 
at  Greenwich,  Aug.  ax,  x72o,  much  regretted  as 
a  skilful  sailor,  and  a  kind-hearted,  honest  man. 

■  This  victonr  annihilated  the  French  luival 
power  in  the  Mediterranean ;  what  few  ships  re> 
mained.  sheltered  themselves  behind  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Toulon  during  the  remainder  of  the  war. 

•  This  princely  gift  was  to  be  held  "  of  her  ma- 
her  heirs  aira  successors  as  of  her  castle  at 
jor,  in  free  and  common  socage,  by  fealty 
and  rendering  to  her  majesty,  her  heirs  and  succes- 
sors on  the  second  day  of  August  in  every  year  for 
ever,  at  the  castle  of  Windsor,  one  standard  or 
colour  with  three  flower  de  luces  painted  there- 
upon, for  all  manner  of  rents,  services,  exactions 
and  demands  whatsoever." 

p  The  Scottish  paxliament  had  resolved,  not  long 
before,  "  that  until  essential  provision  was  made 
for  settling  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the  Scottish 
nation  independent  of  English  interests  and  Eng- 
lish cotmdls,  the  succession  to  the  Scottish  crown 
should  not  ever  more  devolve  on  the  person  who 
wore  the  crown  of  England." 

4  This  singular  man,  the  grandson  of  the  first, 
and  nephew  of  the  second  eari  of  Peterborough, 
was  bom  about  1658,  and  in  his  seventeenth  year 
became  Lord  Mordatmt,  on  the  death  of  his  Caither. 
He  commenced  his  adventurous  career,  like  many 
of  the  young  men  of  his  time,  by  service  in  the 


^m<i 


garrison  of  Tangier  against  the  Moots,  and  dis- 
played there  all  that  reckless  contempt  of  danger 
and  impatience  of  subordination  i^hicn  marked  ^s 
after  life.  Returning  to  England  he  jouBed  the 
opposition  party,  and  made  himself  so  ooosficaoat, 
that  he  found  it  at  last  expedient  to  witbdnw  to 
Holland,  and  he  was  one  of  the  most  vebcmcnt  in 
urging  William  of  Orange  to  undextake  his  eiqwdi- 
tion.  Mordaunt  accompanied  him.  and  was  re> 
warded  with  the  tide  of  carl  of  Monmooth,  and 
a  strangelv  unsuitable  post  in  the  treasonr,  which 
he  soon  relinquished  for  a  pension.  He,  noiwevtr, 
like  many  others,  became  discontented  with  the 
government  that  he  had  helped  to  set  op,  cnteied 
into  intrigues  with  die  court  at  Sl  Gcnnaias,  was 


Azoi  of  XofdBiDitt  osrl  of  Fotoxlnnm^ 

in  consequence  sent  to  the  Tower  in  16^,  and. 
though  soon  released,  he  fotmd  himself  distrusted 
by  all  parties.  In  the  same  year  he  becantt,  by 
the  death  of  his  uncle,  eari  of  Peterborough,  sad 
it  was  under  that  title  that  his  ronuuitic  exploits  ia 
Spain  were  performed.  Appointed  in  xyos.  in  con- 
junction with  Sir  Qoudesly  Shovel,  |p  the  coa- 
mand  of  a  fleet,  he  speeduy  ca^»tuiea  the  stroog 
city  of  Barcelona,  and  then,  serving  with  an  anaTt 
he  drove  the  Frendi  before  him,  and  reduced 
a  vast  tract  of  country  to  acknowledge  rharirf  III. 
Hb  conquests  were  lost,  however,  alinost  as 
speedily  as  they  were  gained,  and  he  returned  to 
England,  beaten  aiyi  dispirited,  in  X710.  bat  was 
afterwards  made  governor  of  Minoica.  To  the  cad 
of  his  life  he  experienced  strange  vidssitndes : 
being  generally  embroiled  in  fierce  quarrels  with 


A.D.  1705,  i7o6.] 


ANNE. 


533 


in  May.  They  besiege  Barcelona  Aug. 
22,  stonn  the  great  fort  of  Montjuich, 
Sept  6,  and  reduce  the  city,  Oct  4. 

The  Portuguese  invade  Spain,  and 
besiege  Badajoz,  but  are  obliged  to  re- 
tire. Meanwhile  the  earl  of  Peter- 
borough overruns  Catalonia  and  Valen- 
cia, where  he  establishes  the  authority 
of  Charles  III. 

The  Irish  parliament  passes  a  law 
disabling  any  Romanist  to  sit  on  the 
grand  jury,  [4  Ann.  c.  6]. 

The  Scottish  parliament  meets,  Tune 
28.  A  proposal  for  Union  with  Eng- 
land is  made,  by  direction  of  the  Eng- 
lish ministry '.  The  matter  is  debated 
with  great  warmth,  but  at  length  com- 
missioners are  appointed  to  repair  to 
London  to  discuss  its  terms. 

William  Cowper  •  is  appointed  lord- 
keeper,  Oct  1 1. 

An  English  merchant  fleet  from  the 
Baltic  is  captured,  Oct  20^  by  the  Dun- 
kirk privateers,  commanded  by  M.  St 
Paul,  who  is  killed  in  the  action. 

The  parliament  meets,  Oct  25,  and 
sits  till  March  19,  1706.  John  Smith, 
Esq.,  is  chosen  Speaker.    The  Whigs 


form  the  majority,  and  treat  with  ridi- 
cule the  assertion  of  the  Tories  that 
the  Church  is  in  danger  from  the  ma- 
chinations of  the  dissenters. 

In  the  Convocation  the  inferior 
clergy  display  a  feeling  of  hostility  to 
the  bishops.  Bishops  Compton  and 
Hough  complain  of  this  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  when  Burnet  ddends  them, 
and  avows  his  presbyterian  opinions. 

A.D.  1706. 

The  princess  Sophia,  dectress  and 
duchess  dowager  ot  Hanover,  and  her 
issue  naturalized,  [4  &  5  Ann.  c.  16]. 

An  act  passed  for  securing  the  Pro- 
testant succession  %  fc.  20]. 

The  effects  of  Kidd,  the  pirate", 
amounting  to  £6,472  is,,  granted  to 
Greenwich  Hospital,  [c.  23]. 

The  commissioners  for  the  Union  ' 
hold  their  first  meeting  at  Westmin- 
ster, April  16. 

Barcelona,  besieged  by  the  French 
and  Spaniards,  is  relieved  by  Sir  John 
Leake,  May  11.  The  fleet  under  his 
conmiand  also  reduces  Alicante,  Car- 


all  around  him,  reckless  in  hb  expenditure,  and 
consequently  overwhelmed  with  debt,  yet  a  popu- 
lar favourite  from  his  generosity  and  courage.  He 
died  in  1735. 

t  The  marquis  of  Queensbenry  (James  Murray) 
and  the  earl  of  Stair,  of  Glencoe  notoriety,  had 
been  engaged  to  support  this  measure,  and  their 
hands  were  strengthened  bv  *  liberal  distribution 
of  bribes  among  the  rest  of  the  nobility  and  gentry. 
Daniel  Defoe,  better  known  as  the  author  of 
Robinscm  Crusoe,  was  the  secret  agent  of  the  Eng- 
lish  i^ovemment  in  the  matter,  and  he  has  left 
a  cunptts,  though  perhaps  not  very  trustworthy 
aanative  of  Ids  proceedings.  He  was  bom  in  Lon- 
don, of  mean  parentage,  in  1668,  was  concerned 
in  Monmouth's  rebellion,  but  escaped  punishment 
At  the  Revolution  he  exerted  his  pen  m  favour  of 
the  new  rulers,  and  was  rewarded  with  a  place  in 
the  glass-tax  office.  His  seal  for  his  patrons,  how- 
•ever,  was  intemperate,  and  he  ventured  to  display 
it  when  they  were  out  of  power.  The  irony  of 
a  pamphlet  which  he  published,  in  1703,  termed 
"  The  Shortest  Way  with  Dissenters,**  being  mis- 
understood, he  was  prosecutedj  placed  in  the  pil- 
lory G^ly  ^f  >703X  uid  impnsoned.  His  works 
are  very  numerous,  and  on  a  great  variety  of  &ub- 
•iects,  but  they  did  not  so  occupy  him  as  to  prevent 
ms  engaging  in  an  equal  vanetv  of  commercial 
speculations,  v^hich  were  generally  unsuccessful, 
aind  he  died  in  poverty  in  1731. 

•  He  was  the  son  ot  a  Herdbnishire  baronet,  and 
-was  bom  at  Hertford  in  k66^  He  studied  the  law, 
and  had  just  been  called  to  the  bar  when  the  Prince 
-of  Orange  landed,  and  both  the  Cowpers  hastened 
in  arms  to  join  him.  William  Cowper  obtained 
a  seat  in  parliament  in  1695,  and  he  soon  became 
a  distinguished  debater,  especially  exerting  himself 
in  fovour  of  the  bill  for  attainting  Sir  John  Fen- 
wick,  when  he  found  his  most  able  opponent  in  Mr. 
Harcourt,  who  ultimately  sudbeeded  him  as  chan- 
cellor. He  was  a  vehement  assertor  of  Whig  prin- 
ciples, and  on  the  triumph  of  his  party  he  was  now 


appointed  lord-keeDer;  in  Z706  he  was  made  4 
peer,  and  became  lord-chanoellor  the  next  year. 
On  the  overthrow  of  the  Whig  minisby  he  retired 
irith  his  associates,  though  much  against  the  wish 
of  Queen  Anne^  SipL  33, 171a  On  the  aand  Scp- 
temoer,  ^17x4,  Lord  Cowner  became  chancellor  a 
second  time,  and  he  presided  as  lord-steward  at  the 
trial  of  the  cut  of  Dorwentwater  and  other  Jacobite 
peers,  in  x^x6,  when  he  shewed  himself  wanting  in 
the  impartialitv  of  the  judge.  He  rendered  him- 
self unpopular  Vy  supporting  a  Mutiny  Bill,  which 
authorized  the  keepmg  oi^a  standing  anny  in 
time  of  peace,  and  being  supposed  to  incline  to  the 
cause  ol  the  Prince  of  Wales  in  his  dispute  with 
hb  father,  George  I.,  he  was  subiected  to  so  many 
mortifications  that  he  resided  the  great  seal, 
April  Z5,  X7x8,  and  retired  mto  private  life.  He 
died  Oct.  zo,  X793,  esteemed  only  second  to  his 
friend  Lord  Somers  as  a  constituti<»ial  lawyer,  and. 
like  him,  the  subject  of  much  scandal  regarding  his 
private  life. 

*  By  this  act,  maintaining  in  writing  that  the 
queen  was  not  a  lawful  sovereign,  and  that  the 
kings  or  queens  of  England  with  and  by  the  autho- 
rity of  parliament  cannot  limit  the  descent  of  the 
crown,  was  declared  treason :  preaching  or  ad- 
visedly spealdng  to  the  same  effect,  a  praemunire. 
Seven  great  officers  were  appointed  to  administer 
the  government  in  case  the  next  Protestant  succes- 
sor should  not  be  in  the  realm  at  the  time  of  the 
(jueen's  death,  and  all  persons  neglectiM  or  refus- 
ing to  proclaim  such  successor  were  made  liable  to 
the  penalties  of  treason. 

■  See  A.D.  X70X. 

>  The  English  commissioners  were,  the  two  arch- 
bishops, the  brd-keeper  (Cowper),  lord-treasurer 
(GodolphinX'and  28  others:  the  Scots  sent  their 
chancellor  (Jaants,  earl  of  Seafield)  and  3X  others. 
The  Scou  were  inclined  only  to  agree  to  a  federa- 
tion, but  the  English  pressed  for  an  incoiporatioo, 
and  eventually  they  earned  their  point. 


534 


THE  STUARTS. 


[A.D.   1705- 


-T707. 


thagena,  and  the  Balearic  Isles^  except 
Minorca. 

Marlborough  defeats  ViUeroy  at  Ra- 
millies,  May  13,  and  gains  possession 
of  all  Brabant,  the  states  of  which  so- 
lemnly recognise  Charles  III.,  June  7. 
Ostend  surrenders,  July  16;  Menin, 
Aug.  25  ;  Dendermonde,  Aug.  29  ; 
Aeth,  Oct  3. 

The  English  and  Portuguese  take 


Alcantara,  drive  the  duke  of  Benrick 
before  them^  and  enter  Madrid,  June 
24. 

A  fleet  and  army  arc  fitted  out,  under 
Earl  Rivers  (Richard  Savage)  and  Sir 
Cloudesly  Shovel,  for  an  attack  on  the 
coast  of  France ';  but  the  design  is 
abandoned,  and  they  proceed  to  Spain 
in  June. 


THE  UNION  WITH  SCOTLAND. 


A.D.  1706. 
The  terms  of  Union  are  agreed  on 
by  the  commissioners,  July  22.  They 
consist  of  25  articles,  which  provide 
that  the  two  states  shall,  from  a  day  to 
be  named,  form  one  "  United  Kingdom 
of  Great  Britain,"  the  armorial  bear- 
ings whereof  shall  be  determined  by 
the  queen.  The  maintenance  of  the 
episcopal  Church  in  England,  and  the 
presbyterian  Kirk  in  Scotland,  is  made 
a  sine  qud  non  by  the  embodiment  of 
acts  passed  by  each  parliament  for 
that  purpose ;  and  Scotland  is  to  be 
represented  in  the  legislature  of  the 
United  Kingdom  by  16  peers  and  45 


commoners  chosen  for  each  parlia- 
ment The  laws  and  customs  of  each 
country  are  to  be  preserved  unaltered, 
unless  the  United  Parliament  sludl  at 
at  any  time  determine  otherwise  in  any 
particular  case,  and  an  equivalent  shall 
be  paid  to  the  Scots  for  losses  that 
they  may  sustain  by  alterations  in  the 
coinage,  and  in  the  mode  of  levying 
and  applying  certain  taxes.  Finally, 
hostile  laws  are  to  be  repealed  before 
the  Scottish  parliament  separates  ;  na- 
vigation and  intercourse  are  to  be  free, 
and  natives  of  either  country  are  to  be 
considered  as  denizens  of  the  other. 


A.D.  1706. 

Charles  III.  fails  to  reach  Madrid 
with  proper  support  The  English  and 
Portuguese  are  m  consequence  obliged 
to  quit  it,  and  Philip  V.  regains  posses- 
sion, Aug.  5. 

The  French  are  successful  in  the 
early  part  of  the  year  in  Italy.  Prince 
Eugene  takes  the  command  against 
them,  totally  defeats  them  at  Turin, 
Sept  7,  and  drives  them  to  the  borders 
of  France. 

Louis  XIV.  begins  to  make  over- 
tures for  peace,  October". 

The  Scottish  parliament  meets, 'Oct. 
3*    The  terms  of  Union  agreed  on  in 


London  am  brought  forward,  but  are 
very  ill  received. 

The  parliament  meets,  Dec.  3,  and 
sits  till  April  24,  1707. 

Mrs.  Masham*  gains  the  queen's  £si- 
favour,  and  introduces  Harley  to  pri- 
vate audiences  with  her.  He  concerts 
measures  with  St  John  for  driving  the 
Whig  ministers  from  office,  but  is  un- 
able to  effect  his  purpose  for  a  while, 
owing  to  the  powerful  support  which 
they  receive  from  Marlborough's  suc- 
cesses. 

A.D.  1707. 

The  Scottish  parliament,  by  no 
votes  to  69,  passes  the  Act  of  Union, 


y  The  expoditioD  wm  projected  by  a  renegade 
Frenchman,  who  had  assumed  die  title  of  marquis 
de  Guiscard,  but  his  representations,  when  ex- 
amined into  at  sea,  were  disbetieved  by  the  admiral 
and  general,  who  declined  to  act  on  them.  Guis- 
card,  howeYer^  was  emptoyed  in  die  Ei^lish  ser- 
vice for  a  while,  and  men  pensioned,  but  he  en- 
tered into  intrigues  with  France,  was  apprehended, 
and  while  under  examination  by  the  privy  council, 
^tabbed  Harley,  though  not  dangerously  ;  Guucard 
himself  died  soon  after  of  injunes  received  in  the 
scuffle. 


■  The  proposal  was  in  the  form  of  a  private  letter 
from  the  elector  of  Savaria  to  Marlboraugh,  who 
laid  it  before  die  ministers  of  the  allies  at  the 
Hague,  but  no  further  notice  was  taken  of  it. 

•  Abigail  Masham  was  the  daughter  of  a  reducrd 
Turkey  merchant  named  Hill,  and  she  was  dl^- 
tantly  related  both  to  the  duchess  of  Mariboroush 
and  to  Hariey.  She  had  been  placed  by  the 
duchess  in  a  menial  position  about  the  aueeo.  asJ 
being  of  a  supple,  insinuating  nature,  uie  gaiocl 
influence,  which  Harley  turned  to  hia  own  pu^ 
pose. 


A.D.  I707-] 


AKKX. 


535 


JsKB.i<k  Debates  on  the  Act  of  Ihnon 
coauneoce  in  the  English  parfiament, 
Feb.  15 ;  a  bill  embodying  the  treaty 
is  atleagthiiassed[6iyui.c.ii],and 
zeconres  the  royal  assent. 

A  pension  of  ;f  5,000  per  annum  set- 
tled on  the  duke  of  Madbanwij^ 
£6  Ann.  cc.  6, 7]. 

An  act  passed  for  the  security  af  the 
English  alurch^  [c.  8). 

Livings  not  exceedwg  £^  a-year 
freed  from  the  payment,  of  first-fruite, 
tenths,  and  aivears  [a  24]. 

The  English,  Dutch,  and  Portognese 
are  defeated  by  the  duke  of  Bcrwidc 
at  Abnanza,  April  14,  and  all  the  con- 
quests of  the  aiKes  are  qieedily  lost, 
except  snch  as  can  be  protected  by 
their  fleets. 

The  Union  with  Scodand  taiss  ef- 
fect. May  I.  Apoodaniatian  is  iasiied. 


Vatlanal  fla«  of  OiMft 

appointiiig  the  national  flag  of  tiie 
united  kingdoms  %  Jidy  2& 

Two  men  of  war  and  above  20 
mcrdiant-Tessds  are  captured  near 
Dungeness  by  a  squadron  £rom  Dun- 
kirk, May  2. 

Prince  Eugene  and  the  duke  of 
Savoy  invade  France,  in  June,  being 
assisted  at  their  passage  of  the  Var 


by  the  fleet  under  Sir  Qoadesly  Shovel, 
June  3a 

Toulon  is  unsuccessfully  attacked 
by  the  English  fleet,  Jidy  17.  The 
French  Protestants  keep  aloof  ^  and 
die  allies  retire  into  Piedmont  by  the 
end  of  August. 

The  French,  under  Vlttars,  have 
some  success  in  Germany,  but  being^ 
opposed  by  Geoige  Louis,  elector  ot 
Hanover  (afterwards  King  George  L),. 
tli^  are  obliged  to  withdraw. 

Madbomigh  and  Vendome  £ue 
each  odier  in  the  Netheriands.  No 
great  batde  is  ibug^,  and  iSatar 
armies  go  into  winter  quarters  early 
in  October. 

The  Lisbon  fleet  is  attacked  oft'  the 
Lizard,  by  the  Dmddik  squadron,  Oct. 
10.  The  merchant  ships  escape,  but 
of  the  five  men-of-war  three  are  cap- 
tured, one  blown  up,  and  one  seeks 
shriter  in  Kinsale  \ 

Sir  Cloudesly  Shovel,  returning  to 
F.ngland,  is  wrecked,  with  four  of  his 
ships,  on  the  rocks  of  Scilly,  Oct.  22. 

The  first  United  pariiament  of  Great 
Britain  meets,  October  23,  and  sits  till 
April  I,  1708.  John  Smidi,  Esq.,  is 
diosen  Speaker.  Many 'acts  were 
passed  in  relation  to  the  lately  accom- 
plished Union.  By  one  [6  Ann.  c  40,] 
"  to  render  the  Union  more  conq)lete,^ 
justices  of  the  peace  were  appcnnted 
for  Scotland,  and  the  Scottish  privy 
council  dissolved  ;  by  c  53,  a  court  of 
exchequer  was  erected  in  Scotland  ; 
by  c.  78,  the  election  of  the  16  Scottish 
peers  was  regulated ;  and  by  c  51,. 
provision  was  made  for  the  pstyment 
of  what  was  called  the  ^'equivalent 
money,''  which  professed  to  be  a  com* 
pensation  for  loss  that  the  Scots  might 
sustain  by  the  depredation  of  their 
coin,  but  whidi  was  veiy  generally- 
looked  on  as  a  bribe,  and  occasioned 
discontent  in  both  countries '. 


by  die  Tratty  of 

imnrmg  alrady 

loe  of  tfie  pRsliyte> 


»ThiiflaC«t>M  nme  as  had  been  dinded  by 
1 1,  in  1606  (see  p.  377),  b«t  wbkh  had  fatten 


'  TheiBa»evdieBiastofthei»arCy,taniMd  Cami- 
^aHW»  aan  leciaiilly  ocen  ni  anns,  but  had  been 
icuiMjad  to  HiuumnH,  wdbm  aonM  ic^ luicats  01 
diem  vac  aJknred  to  leawe  the  oountry,  and  enter 
the  aervice  of  the  alliea  ;  the  othen  had  not  for- 
eotten  that  they  had  been  abandoned  by  WO- 
Kam  in.  m  conchidiBg  the  peace  of  Ryiwidr.  See 
jL.x>.  X697. 


•  Thk  was  the  Royal  Oak,  whoae  eoamntnder- 
(Baron  Wyld)  was  cadiieaed,  but  aabsequeatJy  xe- 
admitted  to  the  •enrioe. 

r  The  amount  was  iCagS^oSs  tor.,  past  of  which 
was  adradgcd  as  compcnsatiea  to  the  African  (Da- 
rien)  Company,  mined  in  the  late  reign.  Much 
of  the  som  was  sent  in  notes  of  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
kwd,  whkh  the  Scots  weie  unaocostomed  to,  and 
positivdy  relnaed  to  reodve,  esteeming  them  worth- 
less ;  and  the  wagons  ladai  aoth  specie,  though 
guarded  by  dragoons,  wete  assailed,  so  that  it  was 
with  great  difficult  that  they  were  got  safely  into  ■ 
the  castle  of  Edinbmgh  ;  not  that  the  people  do- 
sired  to  phmder  than,  but  becaue  they  looked  oi»  • 
the  gold  as  the  price  for  wiiich  the  independence' 


536 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d.  1707,  1708. 


Statutes  were  also  passed  for  the 
security  of  the  Hanoverian  succession ; 
c.  41  provided  that  the  parliament 
should  not  be  dissolved  by  the  death 
of  the  queen,  and  ordered  certain 
high  officers  of  state  to  proclaim  the 
protestant  heir,  under  pain  of  treason ; 
and  c.  66  enacted  an  oath  to  maintain 
the  succession,  to  be  taken  by  all  Scot- 
tish office-holders,before  April  20, 1708, 
on  pain  of  deprivation. 

William  Gregg,  a  derk  in  Harley's 
office,  is  detected  in  betraying  state 
secrets  to  the  French  ministry.  Har- 
ley  is  charged  with  being  privy  to  the 
matter. 

The  ministers  are  attacked  in  pam- 
phlets, as  unfriendly  to  the  Church. 
'They  proceed  with  severity  against  the 
writers,  as  libellers  '. 

A.D.  1708. 

Harley  is  removed  from  office,  and 
St  John  resigns,  Feb.  1 1.  They  are 
succeeded  by  Robert  Walpole  and 
CardoneL 

James  Edward,  son  of  James  II., 
sails  from  Dunkirk,  March  6^  and  lands 
in  Scotland.  Sir  George  B^g^  puts 
to  flight  a*  large  convoy  with  troops 
and  stores,  dispatched  to  him  from 
Dunkirk,  and  he  soon  returns  to 
France. 

The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  is,  in  con- 


sequence of  the  attempt,  suspended 
from  March  10  till  Oct  28,  1708, 
[6  Ann,  c.  67I. 

The  East  India  Companies  agree  to 
lend  ;f  1,200,000,  and  obtain  a  fresh 
grant  of  exdusive  trade  until  March 
25,  1726,  [c  71].         ,    ^ 

Convoys  afmomted  for  merchant 
vesseb  \  [c.  651 

The  two  East  India  Companies 
united,  in  virtue  of  the  agreement  of 
1702  \ 

Commodore  Wager  intercepts  a  fleet 
of  Spanish  galleons  on  their  passage 
between  Porto  Bello  and  Cartha^ena^ 
May  28.  He  blows  up  the  admirals 
ship,  and  captures  the  rear-admiral, 
but  owing  to  the  negligence  of  two  of 
his  captains ^  the  rest  of  the  fleet  (is 
in  number)  escape. 

The  French  advance  into  Flanders, 
and  surprise  Ghent  and  Bruges,  eariy 
in  July.  They  are  attacked  by  Bfari- 
borough,  and  totallv  defeated  at  Ou- 
denarde,  July  ii,  their  fortified  lines 
near  Ypres  destroyed,  Ghent  taken, 
and  Artois  and  Picardy  laid  under 
contribution. 

Sardinia  and  Minorca  are  sonen- 
dered  to  Sir  John  Leake*. 

The  duke  of  Savov  drives  the  French 
army  beyond  the  Alps. 

Prince  Geom  of  Denmark  dies, 
Oct  28.   His  office  of  lord  high  admiral 


of  thdr  coantxy  had  been  told.  Defoe,  who  was  in 
Edinburgh  at  the  time,  has  given  a  lively  descrip- 
tion of  the  tumult. 

t  Several  who  were  convicted  were  placed  in  the 
pillory,  but  one  of  the  number  (William  Stephens, 
already  mentioned,  a.d.  1700)  escaped  this  degra- 
dation by  sending  an  abject  petition  to  the  duchess 
of  Marlborough.  The  duke,  who  had  been  scan- 
dalously attacked,  was  consulted,  and  on  his  urgent 
request  the  libeller  was  pardoned. 

*  He  was  the  son  of  a  Kentish  gentleman,  had 
gone  to  sea  very  earl^,  and  afterwards  served  in 
the  garrison  ot  Tangier,  with  Peterborough  and 
others,  who  like  himself  rose  to  eminence.  When 
the  Revolution  was  impending,  Byn^,  then  oidy 
a  youne  lieutenant,  was  very  active  m  the  service 
otthe  Prince  of  Orange,  and  was  soon  after  made 
captain,  first  of  a  frigate,  then  of  a  line-of-battle- 
ship,  and  he  was  very  ccwspicuous  for  his  gallantry 
and  conduct,  not  only  in  the  battles  of  Beachy 
Head  and  La  Hogue,  but  also  in  watching  theFrench 
ports  to  pnrvent  the  invasion  threatened  in  x6q6l 
He  now  again  iMrformed  a  similar  service,  and  in 
If  Z5  he  was  simUariy  employed,  when  by  capturing 
many  transports  with  stores  he  rendered  the  suc- 
cess of  the  rising  in  that  year  hopeless.  Two  ytax% 
later  he  was  again  successful  in  foiling  an  invasion 
projected  by  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  and  he  next 
mflicted  a  heavy  blow  on  the  Spaniards  and  drove 
them  from  Sicily.  For  these  services  he  was  created 
Viscotmt  Tonrington,  and  was  afterwards  first  lord 
of  the  admiralty,  in  whichpost  he  died,  in  1739,  in 
the  Toch  year  (^hia  age.  llw  unfortunate  Admiral 


John  Byng,  shot  by  sentenos  of  a  oomt-oaitial, 
m  X757t  was  his  son. 

I  Bv  this  statute  4^  vessels  of  war  were  ordered 
to  be  kept  constantly  in  the  ndghbouzhood  of  Qmx 
Britain  to  protect  commerce  from  the  daring  enter- 
prises of  the  French  i^vateers.         ^  See  p.  sn. 

1  Simon  Bridges  and  Edward  Wimbor;  they 
were  cashiered.  The  ship  taken  had  a  very  bise 
sum  of  money  on  board,  of  which,  aooording  to  w 
prize  regulations  of  the  day,  the  commodore  was 
entitled  to  as  much  as  he  chose  to  take:  his  captain 
had  accordingly  secured  £'^xxio  for  hia,  but  find- 
ing on  his  return  to  Jamaica  that  a  pcodamataoa 
had  recently  been  issued  which  acted  mote  fiuriy 
by  the  common  sailors.  Wager  at  once  surrendered 
the  money,  and  took  instead  his  allotted  share, 
though  that  was  rendered  much  less  than  it  would 
have  oeen,  in  consequence  of  his  having,  agreeably 
to  the  old  rule,  suffered  the  sea  mm  to  ]^iuMler  the 
prise :  hb  disinterestedness  was  aapreaatad,  and 
he  became  one  of  the  most  popular  men  in  the 
service.  He  was  afterwards  employed  in  various 
important  commands,  was  for  several  years  ferst 
loid  of  the  admiralty,  and  died,  greatly  r^rected. 
May  34,  Z7^a. 

■  Sardinia  was  given  to  Charles,  the  Austrian 
competitor  for  the  crown  of  Spain,  but  ifinorca 
was  ceded  to  England  by  the  trea^  of  Utxedit. 
It  remained  a  British  possession  untu  captured  by 
lards  in  17^6,  a  loss  which  oc- 


the  French  and  Spaniards  in         . 

casioned  the  death  of  Admiral  Bi^,  who  m 
charged  with  not  having  "«*««»•  •»•«  •!•««—*  t 
succour  the  garxisoo. 


'done  his  1 


A.D.  lyoS— i7ia] 


ANNS. 


537 


is  given  to  the  earl  of  Pembroke,  and 
among  other  changes,  Lord  Somers  is 
made  lord  president  of  the  council 

The  parliament  meets,  Nov.  i6,  and 
sits  till  April  24,  1709.  Sir  Richard 
Onslow,  a  Whig,  is  chosen  Speaker". 

The  citadel  of  Lille  is  surrendered 
to  the  allies,  Dec.  29,  and  the  whole  of 
Flanders  Udls  into  their  hands. 

A.D.  1709. 

Foreign  Protestants  natiuralized,  on 
taking  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's 
Supper  in  some  Protestant  or  reformed 
congregation,  and  also  taking  certain 
oaths  ",  [7  Ann.  c.  5I 

The  privileges  of  ambassadors  de- 
clared »,  [c.  12  J. 

An  act  passed  for  the  prevention  of 
laying  wagers  on  matters  of  public 
interest,  [c.  16]. 

An  act  passed  for  "improving  the 
Union,"  [c.  21,]  by  introducing  the 
English  law  of  treason  to  Scotland  \ 

A  small  English  force  beats  off 
Du  Guai  Trouin's  squadron,  of  much 
greater  number,  off  the  Lizard,  March  2. 
He^  however,  keeps  the  sea,  fights  an 
indecisive  action  (April  9}  wiUi  a  squad- 
ron under  Lord  Dursley ;  captures  a 
64-gun  ship,  Oct  26,  and  drives  a  50- 
gun  vessel  to  seek  shelter  in  Baltimore 
harbour,  Nov.  2. 

Marlborough  and  Prince  Eugene 
collect  their  forces  at  Lille.  They 
capture  Toumay',  June  30,  and  give 


a  terrible  defeat  to  the  French  at  Mal- 
plaquet*,  Sept.  11. 

Tne  parliament  meets,  Nov.  15,  and 
sits  till  April  5,  171a 

Mr.  Doiben  *  complains  of  two  ser- 
mons preached  by  Dr.  Sacheverdl*  as 
"contrary  to  Revolution  principles," 
Dec.  13.  They  are  voted  "scandalous 
and  seditious,"  and  their  author  im- 
peached. 

An  act  passed  for  securing  the 
Hanoverian  succession  [8  Ann.  c.  15I 
which  extended  the  time  for  taking 
the  oaths  required  of  all  office-holders 
to  June  28,  1710. 

A.D.  171a 

Dr.  Sacheverell  is  tried,  (Feb.  27 — 
March  23,)  and  is  found  guilty,  and 
silenced  for  three  years.  His  sermon 
is  burnt  by  the  hangman,  as  is  the 
Oxford  Decree  of  1683  «. 

Conferences  for  peace  are  commenced 
at  Gertruydenbeig,  Mardi  11.  They 
are  broken  off  without  any  result, 
July  20. 

Marlborough  and  Prince  Eugene 
take  Montaigne,  April  18,  and  Douay, 
June  26. 

Sir  John  Norris  takes  Cette,  in  Lan- 
guedoc,  Julv  23,  but  the  enterprise  is 
not  followed  up. 

The  Whig  ministry  are  dismissed, 
Aug.  8,  when  Harley  is  made  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer,  and  St.  John 
secretary  of  state. 


■  His  decdon  was  Tery  distastdul  to  the  Tories, 
one  of  whom  (General  Mordauat)  inmicaUv  pro- 
poaed  that  the  deik  of  the  house  should  he  chosen, 
'*  for,  havinr  been  asastant  to  good  speakers,  to 
bad  ones,  and  to  the  worst,  he  seoned  to  be  as  well 
qualified  for  that  station  as  any  body.** 

•  This  Act  was  repealed  in  17x1,  jTxo  Ann.  c  9]. 

V  The  ambassador  of  Peto^  Ciar  of  Russia 
f  Andrew  Artemonowitz  liatueoQhad  been  arrested 
tor  debt,^  by  one  Thomas  Morton,  a  laceman,  at 
which  ms  master  expressed  so  much  indignation 
that  an  embassy  was  sent  to  soothe  him,  and  this 
act  was  passed,  whidh  declares  the  persons  and 
property  of  ambassadors  absolutely  me  from  pro- 
cess for  any  civil  cause. 

H  Torture  is  aboUdied  by  this  act,  but  it  is  de- 
clared that  the  enactment  "shall  not  extend  to 
take  awa^  that  judgment  which  is  given  in  Eng- 
land agamst  persons  indicted  of  felonjr  who  shall 
refuse  to  plead  or  decline  trial.*  This  is  the/mir 
A^rU  tt  attrtt  or  prosinj^  to  death,  a  barbarous 
practice  which  prevailed  m  this  country  finom  an 
cariy  period,  ana,  though  happily  long  fallen  into 
disuse,  was  not  abolished  by  statute  until  1773 
[la  Gea  III.  c.  ao],  when  it  was  provided  that  per- 
sons obstinately  refusing  to  plead  should  be  con- 
sidered as  convicted  of  the  crime  of  which  they 
were  accused. 


'  It  had  been  captured  by  the  IVench  ta  1667, 
and  a  strong  citadel  was  added  br  Louis  XIV. 
in  167X  to  its  other  fortifications,  "in  ordtf,"  as 
a  vain-glorious  inscription  found  on  one  of  its  lu- 
nettes stated,  "that  it  mifl;ht  be  no  more  taken." 
Both  town  and  citadel  feu,  however,  before  Marl- 
borough. 

•  Tms  was,  perhaps,  the  most  de^eratdy  con- 
tested action  of  the  whole  war.  The  French  had 
intrenched  themselves  in  a  small  plain  near  the 
river  Sart,  and  in  driving  them  out  the  allies  lost 
x8,ooo  men,  killed  and  wounded,  and  the  French 
15,000. 

t  A  son  of  John  Doiben,  fbnneriy  archbishop 
of  York. 

•  Henry  Sacheverell,  a  Wiltshire  man,  was  edu- 
cated at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford^  and  became 
tutor  there.  The  sermons  complained  of  were 
preached,  the  first  at  Derby,  and  the  second  at  St. 
Paul's.  Though  censured  by  the  parliament,  they 
were  accepuble  to  the  oueen,  and  their  author  was 
rewarded  with  the  rich  livinj^  of  Sl  Andrew,  Hol- 
bom.  He  died  in  1724.  It  is  customary  to  speak 
of  him  as  a  man  of  mean  a^ties,  but  this  is  pro- 
bably unjust,  as  he  was  honoured  with  the  friend- 
ship and  commendation  of  both  Atterbury  and 
Addison,  who  are  esteemed  good  judges  of  hterary 

»  See  p.  479 


S3* 


THE  STUARTS. 


[a.d,  1710,  1711^ 


The  paiiiaiiient  is  aiiortiy  after  dis- 
solved. 

The  Freoch  setdements  in  New- 
foundland are  visited  by  an  Ei^sh 
squadron,  and  many  vessels  captured 
or  destroyed,  August  and  Sqstember. 

Marlbonmgk  takes  Venant,  SepL  28, 
and  Aize,  Nov.  9. 

The  imperialists  are  soceessfiii  for 
a  while  in  Spain.  They  gain  the  bat- 
tles of  Ahnenaxa,  July  27,  and  Sara- 
gossa,  Aug.  30.  Charles  Hi.  enters 
Madnd  in  triumph,  Sept  28. 

The  dnke  of  Vendome  is  sent  to 
Spain.  He  replaces  Philip  V.  in  Madrid, 
defeats  and  captures  Stanhope  and  the 
English  forces  at  Brihuega,  Dec.  10, 
and  Stahremberg  and  the  imperi^sts 
at  Villa  Viciosa,  Dec  2a 

Lord  Cowper  resigns  the  chancelior- 
ship.  He  is  succeoiled  by  Sir  Simon 
Harcourt^,  as  lord-keeper,  Oct.  19. 

The  new  parliament  meets,  Nov.  25, 
and  sits  till  June  8,  17 11.  Mr.  Brom- 
ley is  chosen  Speaker.  No  mention 
is  made  in  the  queen's  speech  of  Marl- 
borough's services  and  victories,  and 
an  attempt  to  vote  him  the  thanks 
of  the  House  of  Lords  is  defeated. 

The  French  settlement  of  Port 
Royal,  in  Acadia,  (now  Nova  Scotia) 


captured,  and  named  in  hanonr  of  the 
queen,  Annapolis. 

The  property  and  other  qnalificft- 
tions  of  members  of  pariiament  set- 
tled, [9  Ana.  c.  sj. 

A  general  Post-OfBoe  ^^^^^liJA^ 
for  all  the  British  dominions,  [c.  ii]L 

The  South  Sea  Conqpany  estafali^i- 
ed«,  [c.  isl 

A  sum  of  money  voted  for  the  relief 
of  the  islands  of  Nevis  and  St.  Kitts, 
in  the  West  Indies  %  [c.  16]. 

A  dut^  on  coal  grMH»d  for  the  par- 
pose  of  building  $0  new  diurches 
in  and  around  the  metrepoiis  \  [c  17]. 

A.D.  171 1. 

Mrs.  Masham  succeeds  the  duchess 
of  Marlborough  as  the  queen's  fa- 
vourite. 

John,  duke  of  Aigyle,  is  seat  to  com- 
mand the  English  forces  in  Spain. 
The  French  capture  Gcrona,  Jan.  31, 
and  reduce  in  the  course  of  the  swn- 
mer  most  of  the  places  yet  hrid  by 
Charles  III. 

Mr.  Secretary  Harley  is  stabbed 
at  the  council-table  by  Guiscaid% 
Mar.  18. 

An  expedition  under  Gencxal  HID 
(brother  of  Mrs.  Masham)  is  sent  to 


7  He  was  bom  in  x66o,  and  was  the  bob  of  Sir 
Philip  Haxoourt.  a  loyal  OxfendshiK  baronat,  by 
the  sister  of  Sir  William  Waller,  the  parliamentaiy 
generaL  Young  Harcourt  was  educated  at  Oxfianl, 
and  imbibed  those  pxiaciples  of  divine  right,  whidi 
ever  after  influenced  his  conduct.  At  the  time  of 
the  Revolution  he  was  recorder  of  Abingdon,  and 
he  laboured,  though  ineffectually,  to  serve  his 
royal  master,  believing  that  no  fiiults  of  a  king 
could  justify  resistance  in  the  subject  He,  how- 
ever, took  the  oaths  to  the  new  government,  appa- 
rently only  fior  the  purpose  of  pcocuzing  a  seat  in 
parliament,  and  thus  opposing  their  measures, 
whidi  he  most  effectually  did,  his  oppositioo  to  die 
attainder  of  Sir  John  Fenwick,  and  n»  conduct  in 
the  impeachment  of  Lord  Somen,  greatly  embar- 
rassing them.  Under  Queen  Anne  his  wdl-known 
principles  raised  him  to  the  jmst,  first  of  soUcitor 
and  then  of  attomey-general,  u  which  last  capacity 
he  conducted  the  prosecution  of  Defoe.  Being  out 
of  office,  he  was  counsel  for  Dr.  SadievereD,  and 
he  was  gpreatly  instrumental  in  the  overthrow  of  the 
Whig  ministry,  which  happened  soon  after.  Har- 
court  then  regained  his  post  of  aUoiney-genend. 
was  next  made  lord-keeper,  and  (April  v,  17x3,) 
chanodlor.  On  the  death  of  Queen  Anne  he  iaith- 
fully  peribrmed  the  doty  imposed  on  him  by  the 
Act  of  Succesaon,  by  proclaiming  the  dector  of 
Hanover  kins,  but  he  was  treated  with  personal 
rudeness,  ana  deprived  of  office  immediately  the 
new  king  landed.  Lord  Haroourt  lived  in  retire- 
ment awhile,  but  circumstances  having  caused  an 
intimacy  between  him  and  Walpole,  he  became  re- 


died  July  a8,  1707.  with  the  character  *of  a  gener- 
ous TOtron  of  literature,  an  elesant  writer,  a  steady 
fnend,  and  a  pattern  of  every  domestic  virtue. 


*  TbuB  ootpontian*  nke  die  Baak  01  J  ^ 
arose  from  the  embanassmentt  of  the  govcmmear 
occasioned  by  its  fraeign  wars.  In  xyxo  k  was 
found  diat  the  debts  and  deficicncips  eC  wmti^ 
ous  branches  of  the  i>ublic  service  amounted  to 
jC8,97x,325,  and  to  a  joint-stock  mmiwny  winch 
a^eed  to  inake  itsdf  responsible  fer  dnr  payment^ 
this  statute  secured  the  sum  of  £568,979  xor.  yearly 
as  interest,  and  the  exdnsive  trade  to  the  Sooth 
Sea,  as  well  as  many  privileges  regardiiv  the 
fishery,  and  Uberty  to  trade  in  unwwoght  iran  with 
the  subjects  of  SpaSai,  The  aliaaa  of  the  cnyan- 
tion  were  first  unwisely  and  then  dishonestly  ma- 
naged, and  after  the  shaics  had  been  raised  to  tea 
times  their  original  price,  they  aiiddenl;^  fcB,  in 
1730,  to  a  mere  nommal  sum,  tfans  raining  Ihon- 
sands,  who  however  received  some  degree  of  refief 
fixan  the  confiscation,  by  act  of  paritammt,  of  the 
estates  of  die  diracttm.  amnnnring  in  valae  to  ^^ 
wards  of  j(a,ooo,ooa 

*  lliey  haul  been  invaded  and  ravaged  by  baccn' 
neers,  assisted  by  the  French;  the  sua  fiMiiJ 
was  ;^to3,dD3  xts.  ^ 

^  The  duty  was  af.  per  chaldron  firom  lyat  t» 
X790,  and  3r.  from  1730  to  1784.  jC4*ooo  of  the 
sums  to  be  thus  raised  was  granted  tovrards  the  le- 
pairs  of  Westminster  Abbey,  and  £^,oa»  towmds 
finishing  Greenwich  Hospiul  and  itt  diapd.  The 
same  act  declares  St.  PaiU's  Cathedral  to  be  eoas- 
pleted,  and  directs  that  the  half  sahuy  of  Sir  Chris- 
topher Wren,  its  architect,  wfaidi  had  been  ■■»- 
pended  since  Smt.  99, 169;  [8  ft  o  GuL  IIL  c  S4.} 
shall  be  paid  to  nim  on  or  Dobre  Dec.  as  xyxs^aad 
t^t  all  other  standing  salaries  in  cnnnfnrif  widi 
the  building  shall  cease  from  that  day. 

«  See  A.D.  7706.  This  attempt  gave  iim  aiaiMi  far 
a  statute  [9  Ami.  c.  az],  which  renden  any  attom|ic 
on  the  life  of  a  privy  coundUor  fdony  without  benc^ 
fit  of  dctsj'. 


A.D.  17H»  17^2.] 


ANNE. 


539^ 


attack  Canada,  in  May ;  it  returns  un- 
successfiil  in  October'. 

Harley  b  created  earl  of  Oxford, 
May  24,  and, lord  treasurer,  May  29. 
His  associate  St  John  cannot  brook 
his  sttpremacy,  and  begins  to  intrigue 
against  him*. 

A  man  of  war  (the  Advice,  com- 
manded by  Kenneth  Sutherland,  tord 
Dufiiis)  is  captured  in  Yarmouth  roads 
by  the  Dunkirk  privateers',  June  27. 

Marlborough  takes  the  field,  and 
drives  Villars  from  the  strong  lines  of 
Arleux,  Aug.  5.  He  besieges  Bou- 
chain,  which  surrenders,  Aug.  13. 

Charles  III.  quits  Spain,  Sept  27. 
He  returns  to  Germany,  where  he  is 
elected  emperor  (Charles  VI.) 

The  ministry  enter  into  private  ne- 
gotiations to  peace,  which  are  readily 
acceded  to  by  Louis  '. 

Marlborou^  returns  to  London, 
Oct  18. 

The  ministers  announce  their  inten- 
tion of  treating  for  peace,  and  name 
Utrecht  as  the  place  of  conference, 
Oct  20. 

The  parliament  meets,  Dec  7,  and 
sits  till  June  21,  17 12. 

Mariborough  defends  his  character 
and  conduct  in  pariiament  He  earn- 
estly disclaims  any  wish  to  prolong 


the  war  for  his  pmonal  advantage^ 
and  states  his  readiness  to  vote  for  a 
peace  if  concluded  on  terms  adequate 
to  his  successes.  , 

Marlborough  ^  Walpole^  and  Car- 
donel  are  charged  with  peculation, 
Dec  21.  The  duke  is  deprived  of  all 
his  offices,  and  Walpole  and  Cardonel^ 
are  expdled  from  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. 

Twelve  new  peers*  are  created,  Dec. 
31,  the  House  of  Lords  being  favour- 
able to  the  displaced  ministry. 

A.D.  1712; 

The  duke  of  Ormond  is  appointed 
commander-in-chief  of  the  British 
troops,  Jan.  i.  He  is  subsequently 
sent  to  take  the  field,  but  with  orders 
not  to  attempt  any  considerable  en- 
terprise. 

The  allies  protest  against  the  pro- 
posed conferences,  but  they  are  never- 
theless opened  \  Jan.  29. 

The  Lords  and  Commons  present 
rival  addresses.  The  Peers  disapprove 
of  the  terms  offered  at  the  conferences 
by  France,  Feb.  16 ;  the  Commons 
complain  that  the  allies  have  thrown 
the  great  burden  of  the  war  on  Eng- 
land, and  advise  their  acceptance^ 
March  4. 


*  Tlie  expedition  had  been  designed  by  St.  John, 
as  a  rival  to  the  brilliant  successes  of  Mauiborough, 
but  its  failure  only  rendered  the  merits  of  the  duke 
more  conspicuous* 

*  He  paid  assiduous  court  to  the  fiiTOurite  Mrs. 
Masham,  and  insinred  her  with  a  dislike  of  Harley, 
who  did  not  always  so  control  his  words  but  that 
&he  could  see  that  he  still  viewed  her  as  his  poor 
relation. 

^  They  were  fight  in  number,  and  the  Advice  had 
two-thirds  of  her  crew  killed  or  wounded  before  her 
ilag  was  struck.  Loid  Duffus,  who  was  desne- 
rately  wounded,  was  not  vdeased  until  the  condu- 
siott  of  peace.  He  j<ttned  in  the  insurrection  in 
1 715,  esotped  fimm  the  field,  but  was  captured  at 
Hambui^g,  and  sent  to  the  Tower.  In  17x7  he  was 
released  under  the  Act  of  Grace,  when  he  with- 
drew to  Russia,  where  he  obtained  the  rank  of 
adniial,  and  where  he  died  about  1730.  Hb  grand- 
son re-obCained  the  forfeited  title  in  1826. 

9  The  agents  were  Matthew  Prior,  the  poet,  and 
a  Frasch  priest,  named  Gaitlticr,  who  had  been 
long  employed  as  a  spy. 

h  The  duvges  against  Mariboroogh  were  that  he 
had  made  deductions  from  the  ^y  of  hb  troops, 
and  had  received  a  large  gratuity  from  a  Dutch 
Jew  {St  Solomon  Medifta)  who  haJd  had  a  contract 
tor  suppyittg  the  amy  with  bread.  In  lus  answer 
he  shewed  clearly  that  stich  a  gmtuity  was  cua- 
tonuuy ,  but  he  had  derived  np  benefit  from  it,  as 
he  had  expended  it,  and  also  the  deducrion  of  6d. 
in  the  pound  from  the  pay  of  the  anny,  in  procuv- 
ing  intelligence. 

T  Walpole  had  been  secretary  of  war,  and  Car> 
donel,  formcriy  Mariborough's  secmtary,  was  his 
successor  in  office.    Walpole,  (afterwards  for  many 


yean  the  minister  of  Geoige  II.),  through  the  ex- 
ertions of  St.  John,  was  clearly  convicted  of  having 
received  bribes  Cor  commissions,  and  also  of  cor- 
rupt dealings  with  army  contractors,  for  which  he 
was  committed  to  the  Tower,  Jan.  17*  Z7'> :  l>ut 
CardoneTs  main  offence  seems  to  have  been  his 
connexi<m  with  Mariborough. 

^  They  were,  two  peers'  sons  raised  to  peerages ; 
a  Scottish  and  an  Irish  peer  called  to  the  Englisli 
house ;  and  eight  commoners  ennobled :  among 
these  latter  was  Stephen  Masham,  the  husband  of 
the  queen's  new  &vourite.  Much  discontent  was 
expressed  at  diis  step,  which,  though  not  illegal, 
was  regarded  as  an  extraordinary  stretch  of  the 
prerositive. 

'  "ihe  principal  Enj^lish  negotiator  was  John 
Robinson,  bishop  of  Bristol,  who  was  bora  in  York- 
shire in  x6so,  educated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford, 
and  in  early  ufe  went  to  Sweden  as  duplain  to  the 
British  ambaraador.  He  shewed  so  much  aptitude 
fior  diplomacy  that  he  was  amwinted  resident,  and 
eventually  ambassador,  and  when  he  returned,  after 
several  years'  absence,  to  England,  he  published 
a  well-known  Account  of  Sweden.  In  1709  he  waa 
aciade  dean  of  Windsor^  and  in  17x0  was  raised  to 
the  episcopal  bendb.  He  was  next  made  lord  privy 
seal,  and  oecame  a  privy  councillor.  In  17x4  he 
was  translated  to  the  see  of  London,  and  he  died 
in  1733.  Bishop  Robinson  was  of  a  very  kindly 
and  charitable  aisposition,  and  a  fiberal  benefactor 
to  almost  every  place  that  he  became  connected 
with  :  he  founded  a  school  at  his  native  place,  re- 
paired a  portion  of  his  coUege,  and  bboured  to 
augment  me  livings  of  the  poor  dergy  m  both  h» 


S40 


THE  STUARTS. 


[A.D.  1712,  1713. 


The  episcopal  congregations  in  Scot- 
land protected  from  disturbance"",  [10 
Asn.  c.  10]. 

A  stamp  duty  imposed  on  pamphlets 
and  newspapers'",  [c.  19]. 

An  act  passed  to  restore  to  patrons 
^*  their  ancient  rights  of  presentmg  mi- 
nisters" in  Scotland**,  [c.  21]. 

The  charter  of  the  £ast  India  Com- 
pany renewed,  and  their  exclusive 
trade  confirmed  to  Lady-day,  1736, 
[10  Ann.  c.  28]. 

A  fresh  act  passed  for  the  relief  of 
insolvents  [c.  29]  which  obliged  credi- 
tors to  accept  the  utmost  satisfac- 
tion that  debtors  might  be  capable  of 
making'. 

The  ministers  of  the  episcopal  and 
presbyterian  churches,  and  the  mem- 
Bers  of  the  Scots'  College  of  Justice 
granted  till  Nov.  i,  171 2,  to  take  the 
oaths  concerning  the  Protestant  suc- 
cession  required   by  6  Ann.  c.  66', 

[c.  39]- 

The  duke  of  Ormond  takes  the  field 
in  May.  The  Dutch  complain  of  his 
inactivity ;  and  at  length  the  English 
plenipotentiaries  consent  that  he  shall 
attack  Quesnoy. 

The  proposed  terms  of  peace  are 
laid  before  the  parliament,  June  6,  and 
undergo  vehement  discussion. 

Ormond  besieges  Quesnoy,  June  8, 
which  surrenders  July  4.  He  separates 
from  the  allies,  leaving  only  a  small 
corps  with  prince  Eugene,  July  10 ;  and 
a  cessation  of  arms  between  England 
and  France  is  proclaimed,  July  17. 

The  French  now  make  head  against 
the  imperialists.    They  defeat  prince 


Eugene's  army  at  Denain,  July  24 ; 
drive  him  from  the  siege  of  Landrecy, 
Aug.  21,  and  recapture  Douay,  Sept. 
8 ;  Quesnoy,  Oct.  4 ;  and  Boucham, 
Oct.  19. 

St.  John  (created  Viscount  Boling- 
broke,  July  7,)  labours  to  drive  Harley 
from  office. 

Marlborough  leaves  England  in  No- 
vember, and  remains  abroad  until  after 
the  queen's  death.  He  is  eveiywheie 
received  with  almost  sovereign  ho- 
nours'. 

A.D.  17 13. 

The  parliament  meets,  Jan.  8^  but 
adjourns  to  Feb.  17,  and  then  to 
April  9. 

Treaties  of  peace  are  signed  at 
Utrecht,  between  GreatBritain,France, 
and  all  the  other  parties  to  the  wax 
except  the  emperor,  March  31,  July  2. 

The  parliament  meets,  April  9,  and 
sits  till  July  16. 

The  treaties  are  laid  before  the 
Houses,  and  approved  o£ 

These  treaties  may  be  justly  consi- 
dered as  unworthy  of  the  lugh  position 
which  England  had  gained  by  the  sac- 
cesses  of  Marlborough.  They  gave  up 
the  very  point  on  which  the  war  had 
commenced,  and  allowed  the  grandson 
of  Louis  XIV.  to  become  king,  on  a 
promise  that  the  two  crowns  of  France 
and  Spain  should  not  be  tmited. 
Louis  bound  himself  ''on  the  fisdth, 
word,  and  honour  of  a  king "  to  up- 
hold the  Protestant  succession  in  Eng- 
land, and  to  cause  ''the  person  who 
since  the  decease  of  King  James  did 


">  lliey  were  supposed  to  be  very  generally  at- 
tached to  the  cause  of  the  exiled  fainily,  and  there- 
fore it  was  enacted  that  their  ministers  sho\ild  for- 
mally renounce  "James  III.  of  England  or  VIII. 
of  Scotland,"  and  should  pray  for  Queen  Azme,  and 
the  Electress  Dowager  ox  Hanover. 
"^  "  This  was  beHeved  to  be  done,  less  for  any 
levenue  that  it  might  produce,  than  to  cause  the 
suppression  of  numerous  publications  in  which  the 
conduct  of  the  Ministers  was  fiercely  assailed.  If 
so,  it  answered  the  expectation. 

«  This  act  rescinded  that  of  the  Scottish  ^lia- 
ment  in  1690,  which  gave  the  right  of  appointing 
ministers  to  "the  heritors  and  elders'  of  each 
parish. 

p  See  A.D.  zToa.  4  See  a.d.  1707. 

'  He  had  recently  sustained  a  severe  loss  m  the 
death  of  his  attached  friend.  Lord  Godolphin,  and 
he^  had  been  harassed  with  lawsuits  about  the 
building  of  Blenheim;  under  pretence  that  the 
workmen  had  been  interfered  with,  he  was  now 
rendered  responsible  for  their  payment,  and  he 
laid  out  upwards  of  ;C6o,ooo  in  completing  the 
building,  a  fact  greatly  at  variance  with  the  ava- 
nce  so  confidently  attributed  to  ham.   Marlborough 


returned  on  the  accession  of  the  House  of  Kuiover. 
and  planned  the  military  measures  which  fotlea 
the  rtsing  in  17x5.  He  soon  after  had  two  panlytic 
seixures,  which  reduced  him  to  a  state  of  childish- 
ness, and  he  died  June  x6, 17M,  and  was  bcmed 
in  Westminster  abbey.  His  duchess  suivived 
until  1714,  and  she  shewed  her  affection  for  his 
memory  by  publishing  Vindications  ci  his  coodacc 
and  her  own.  These  works  contain  much  curious 
matter,  and  are  at  least  as  well  worth  attention  as 
those  better-known  productions,  in  whicb  the  duke 
is  represented  throughout  as  a  nuser  and  a  traitor, 
and  the  duchess  as  a  systematic  Uar,  and  as  maiD- 
taining  her  influence  over  Queen  Anne  only  by 
violence  and  abuse. 

Marlboroujsh  had  two  brothers,  but  neadier  at- 
tained to  eminence.  George,  a  naval  man,  wiio  in 
1689  was  sent  to  the  Tower  for  comnpticm,  became 
an  attendant  on  Prince  George  of  Deiumui:,  was 
made  an  admiral,  and  recdved  a  pension  ;  be  died 
in  Z7xa  Charies  served  in  the  Netherlands,  rose 
to  the  rank  of  general,  and  died  in  17x4.  Haii- 
borough's  sister,  Arabella,  the  mother  of  the  duke 
of  Berwick,  married  a  Colonel  Godfitey. 


A.D.  1713,  1714.] 


ANNE. 


541 


take  upon  him  the  title  of  King  of 
Great  Britain,"  to  quit  France ;  he  also 
engaged  to  demolish  the  fortifica- 
tions and  fill  up  the  harbour  of  Dun- 
kirk ;  but  he  kept  none  of  these  stipu- 
lations. The  new  king  of  Spain  pro- 
mised an  amnesty  to  the  Catalans, 
which  promise  he  disregarded,  and 
also  granted  a  limited  trade  for  the 
space  of  thirty  years  firom  the  ist  of 
May,  1713,  to  the  South  Sea  Company. 
Cngland,  however,  gained  some  valu- 
able accessions  of  territory  :  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  country  was  restored,  Nova 
Scotia  and  the  island  of  St  Christopher 
were  ceded,  and  the  French  settle- 
ments in  Newfoundland  abandoned. 


Spain  gave  up  Gibraltar  and  Minorca, 
but  with  the  condition  that  neither 
Moors  nor  Jews  were  to'  be  suffered  to 
reside  in  either,  and  that  Gibraltar 
should  not  be  allowed  any  communi- 
cation by  land  with  the  interior. 

The  emperor  continues  the  war  with 
France,  but  agrees  to  evacuate  Spain. 
His  troops  withdraw  from  Barcdona, 
April  2.  The  inhabitants,  however, 
sustain  a  siege  against  Philip,  and  are 
not  reduced  until  Sept  12,  171^*, 

The  parliament  dissolved,  Aug.  8. 

The  Clarendon  Press  is  established 
at  Oxford,  from  the  profits  of  the  sale 
of  Lord  Clarendon's  "  History  of  the 
Rebellion." 


IRELAND. 


Very  few  matters  of  public  interest 
are  to  be  noted  in  Ireland  during  the 
reign  of  Queen  Anne.  The  earl  of 
Rochester  was  removed  from  the  vice- 
royship  early  in  1703,  and  the  govern- 
ment was  in  reality  committed  to  the 
primate  (Narcbsus  Marsh,  archbishop 
of  Armagh),  the  chancellor  (Sir  Con- 
stantine  Phiops),  and  one  or  two 
others,  as  lords-justices,  the  noblemen 
named  as  lords-lieutenant  paying  but 
occasional  visits  to  the  country.  The 
duke  of  Ormond  was  appointed  in 
1703,  and  again  in  1710 ;  the  earl  of 
Pembroke  in  1707  ;  the  earl  of  Whar- 
ton* in  1708,  and  the  duke  of  Shrews- 
bury* in  171 3.  During  the  earlier  part 
of  this  period,  the  lords-justices  were 
chiefly  engaged  in  supporting  the  Pro- 


testant ascendency,  and  some  severe 
laws  were  for  that  purpose  enacted, 
but  the  Romanists  had  been  too  much 
disheartened  to  attempt  any  resist- 
ance, and  no  disturbances  followed. 
In  the  time  of  the  duke  of  Ormond, 
however,  the  lords-justices  applied 
themselves  to  forward  what  were  un- 
derstood to  be  the  views  of  the  queen 
regarding  the  succession  of  her  brother, 
James  Edward,  and  they  thus  annised 
the  jealousy  of  the  Commons,  who 
shewed  so  much  distrust  of  their  pro- 
ceedings that  it  became  necessary  to 
conunit  the  government  to  the  duke  of 
Shrewsbury,  and  he  took  such  steps 
as  effectually  prevented  the  opponents 
of  the  Hanoverian  succession  from 
achieving  their  object    . 


A.D.  1714. 

The  new  parliament  meets,  Feb.  i6«, 
and  sits  till  July  9.  Sir  T.  Hanmer  is 
chosen  Spesdcer. 


The  Lords  address  the  queen  to  inter- 
pose with  King  Philip  of  Spain  in  favour 
of  the  people  of  Barcelona,  April  6. 

An  act  passed  to  prevent  the  growth 
of  schism  7  [13  Ann.  c.  7],  and  another 


■  Tlietrpftmiioe(Ckta]oiiia)posseaiediiiaiiytm- 
irtant  pmleges,  of  mott  of  which  it  was  then  de- 


Syrived,  in  the  faux  of  the  express  stipulation  in 
their  furoor  in  the  treatv  of  Utrecht. 

*  Thomas,  earl  of  Wharton,  born  1646,  was  the 
son  of  Philip,^  lord  Wharton,  a  noted  Puritan.  He 
j<nned  in  the  invitation  to  mlUam  of  Orange,  and 
was  one  of  the  most  active  dT  the  Whig  party ;  was 
renowned  for  his  wit,  courage,  and  activity,  but 
utterly  scandalous  in  his  private  Ufe.  In  17x5  he 
was  made  a  inarquis,  and  lord  privy-seaL  He  died 
in  the  foOowingyear,  and  was  succeeded  in  his 
title  by  his  son  Thilip,  created  duke  of  Wharton  in 
jjxB,  who  after  many  strange  vicissitudes  died  in 
eadle  and  poverty  in  the  year  Z73Z. 

«  Charles  Tafbot,  son  of  the  eleventh  earl  of 
Shrewsbury,  who  was  killed  in  a  duel  by  the  duke 
of  Buckingham,  was  bom  in  x66o.    He  entered 


warmly  into  the  cause  of  the  Revolution,  and  was 
in  consequence  in  1694  created  marquis  of  Alton 
and  duke  of  Shrewsbury,  but,  like  most  of  the  lead- 
ing men  of  his  time,  he  Kept  up  a  secret  intercourse 
with  the  little  court  at  St.  Germains.  He  shewed 
much  fickleness  and  indecision  in  public  life,  yet 
held  at  various  times  many  high  offices.  Havug 
quitted  Ireland  after  a  very  brief  vice-ro^ty,  he 
was  summoned  by  Queen  Anne  to  her  aid  when 
the  earl  of  Oxford  was  deprived  of  office,  and,  act- 
ing with  unusual  promptitude  and  dedsion,  he 
mainly  contributed  to  the  peaceable  succession  of 
the  House  of  Brunswick.  Shrewsbury,  * 
was  soon  after  removed  from  office^  as  he 
trusted  by  any  party,  and  he  died  m  17x8. 

>  The  nouses  assembled  on  the  day  named,  but 
the  queen's  speech  was  not  delivered  until  March  3. 

7  Dissenters  keeping  schools,  contrary  to  the 


I  little 


S42 


THE  STUARTS. 


[A.D.  1714. 


to  render  effectual  the  statvUes  of  1606 
against  Papists,  [c.  13]. 

Enlisting  without  licence  in  the  ser- 
vice of  any  foreign  prince  dedared 
treason  %  [c.  10]. 

An  act  passed  offering  a  reward  for 
an  improved  mode  of  discovering  the 
longitude  at  sea%  [c.  14]. 

An  act  passed  for  the  preservation 
of  wrecks*,  [c  21]. 

The  laws  against  vagrants  consoli- 
-<lated  %  [c  26]. 


The  princess  Sophia  of  Hanover 
dies,  June  8,  by  wliich  her  son  Georgt 
becomes  heir  to  the  British  throne 
under  the  Act  of  Settlement. 

The  eari  of  Oxford  is  driven  bum 
office,  July  27. 

The  queen  falls  ill,  July  29,  and 
sends  for  die  duke  of  Snrewsbary  to 
take  the  direction  of  a^f&drs.  She  dies 
at  Kensington,  Aug.  i,  and  is  buried 
at  Westminster,  Au^.  24. 


The  death  of  Queen  Anne,  happen- 
ing somewhat  suddenly,  entirely  frus- 
trated the  plan  that  had  been  formed 
by  Harley,  Bolingbroke,  and  others,  of 
calling  her  brother  James  Edward  to 
the  throne.  The  lords-justices,  as  di- 
rected by  the  Act  6  Ann.  c.  41 ',  at  once 
proclaimed  ^e  ^ctor  of  Hanover  as 
king,  under  the  style  oi  George  I.,  and 
sent  a  message  to  hasten  his  arrival. 
He  accordin^y  landed  at  Greenwich, 
Sept.  18,  and  was  not  slow  in  demon- 
strating that  he  had  chosen  his  party, 
and  that  the  late  ministers  and  their 
adherents  had  no  chance  of  his  favour ; 
they  were  at  once  deprived  of  office, 
and  refused  an  audience.  Bolingbroke, 
who  had  before  made  approaches  to 
him,  even  while  plotting  in  favour  of 
his  rival,  renewed  his  advances,  but 
was  so  decidedly  repulsed'  that  he 
became  alarmed,  and  fled  in  disguise 
to  France,  eariy  in  171 5.    The  duke 


of  Ormond  also  fled,  but  the  eari  of 
Oxford  remained  to  face  the  storm: 
he  was  impeached,  and  lay  for  two 
years  in  the  Tower.  Meantime  the 
friends  of  the  Stuarts  had  taken  arms 
in  both  Scotland  and  £ngiand,  but 
being  decisively  foiled,  the  House  of 
Brunswick  was  firmly  established  on 
the  throne,  and  has  ever  since  con- 
tinued to  sway  the  sceptre.  George  I. 
reigned  until  June  11,  1727 ;  his  son, 
George  II.,  until  October  25,  1760 ;  he 
was  succeeded  by  his  grandson,  Geoi^c 
III.,  who  died  Jan.  20,  1820,  after  the 
longest  reign  recorded  in  our  history. 
His  sons  George  IV.  and  AViniain  IV. 
reigned  after  him,  the  first  until  Jnnc 
26,  1830,  and  the  latter  until  June  20, 
1837  ;  when  he  was  succeeded  by  his 
niece,  our  present  most  gracious  Sove- 
reign, Victoria,  whom  God  long  pre- 
serve !  . 


provisions  of  the  Act  of  Uniformity,  were  rendered 
liable  to  imprisomnent,  but  the  act  did  not  »Dply  to 
schools  where  English  only -was  taught.  I^ersons 
«4so  had  made  the  required  declarations,  if  they 
used  any  other  than  the  Church  Catechism,  or  if 
they  freauented  any  "conventicle,  assembly,  or 
meeting/  where  the  qoeen  was  not  prayed  for  in 
cspacss  wotdft,  weic  rendered  incapable  of  teaching 
any  longer.  The  preparation  of  this  statute  was 
cenerally  ascribed  to  Bolingbroke,  who  was  a  pro- 
Ictted  unbeliever ;  it  was  therefore  looked  on  with 
suapicion  by  all  imrtaes,  and  the  queen's  death  fol- 
lowing soon  after  it  was  paMcd,  it  in  reality  became 
a  daad  letter. 

*  The  preamble  rtates  that  several  ill-afiected 
persons  have  lately  presumed  openly  to  enlist  men 
for  the  service  of  the  person  taking  upon  himself 
the  style  and  title  of  James  III." 

■  Im  Board  of  Admiralty  was  to  appoint  com- 
nissioners  to  examine  inventions  for  this  purpose, 
and  the  sum  of /C  10,000  was  to  be  paid  if  the  longi- 
tude wcm  asootaiaed  within  one  degree  :  jQisfioo 


if  within  two-thirds  of  a  degree ;  and  £vi,oao  ii 
within  half  a  degree. 

**  SherifTs.  mayors,  and  custom-house  officer^. 
may  summon  botn  ships  and  men  to  assist  ve&««U 
in  distress :  penoos  aiding  are  to  have  reuoaaUe 
wages  for  their  service,  to  be  raised  if  aeoesuiy  by 
sale  of  goods  saved ;  and  any  one  damaging  *  ^cv 
sel,  or  doing  anything  tendingto  its  imianfiaic  le^ 
is  to  be  considered  a  felon.  The  act  was  to  be  read 
in  church  four  times  a-year  in  all  seaport  towns. 

•  Vagrants  are  by  thb  atatate  «tiiectcd  to  be 
whintcd,  and  thea  passed  on  CO  their  psrishes:  bat 
if  they  do  aot  appear  to  hav«  made  any  settkacM, 
this  is  to  be  taken  as  a  proof  that  they  are  daagcr- 
oos  and  inoorrigible,  and  they  are  to  be  "spf"'^' 
ticed"  for  seven  years  in  any  IMtiih  fKtory  m 
Africa  or  America.  '  See  a.d.  t^7- 

•  He  attribaled  this  ta  the  advice  ef  Robot 


Walpole,  who  had  becoae  a  penoa  of  gicak  *- 
portance  at  the  new  conit,  and  wiM  ooald  sot  for- 
get that  he  had  been  disfmced  a  short  mm  before 
urough  St.  John's  mmma     Sat  a  a  ifu. 


EVENTS  IN  GENERAL   HISTORY. 


543 


Events  in  General  History. 


foundation  of  St.  Petersburg,   for 

the  capital  of  Russia   .        .         .1 703 

Charles  XII.  dethrones  Augustus, 

king  of  Poland  ....     1703 

The  French  driven  from  Italy         .     1 706 

France  invaded  by  the  allies  .        .     1 708 


Charles  XII.  defeated  at  Pultowa, 
finds  a  refuge  in  Turkey     .         .     1709 

The  Turks  make  war  successfully 
on  Russia,  and  recover  Azof       .     1711 

Treaty  of  Utrecht .        .        .         .     1713 


APPENDIX. 


No.  I.    THE  MATERIALS  OF  ENGLISH  HISTORY. 


In  drawing  up  these  Annals  the 
Compiler  has  sought  for  information 
from  writers  or  records  belonging  as 
nearly  as  might  be  to  the  same  eras 
with  the  events  described,  so  as  to 
present  contemporary,  in  preference 
to  modem  views,  on  the  remarkable 
events  which  make  up  the  chain  of 
English  history  •.  An  alphabetical  list, 
therefore,  of  these  authors  and  docu- 
ments is  here  given,  not  merely  for 
the  purpose  of  shewing  the  bases  for 
the  work,  but  of  being  of  use  to  his- 
torical students  generally. 

Most  of  the  Chronicles  mentioned 
are  readily  accessible,  being  found  in 
some  collection  of  writers  such  as 
those  of  Gale,  Savile,  Twysden,  Whar- 
ton, or  Bouquet ;  or  in  series  such  as 
Heame's,  or  the  Abb^  Migne's  ;  or  in 
the  recent  and  more  carefully  edited 
series  under  the  direction  of  the  Master 
of  the  Rolls.  Much  historical  mate- 
rial may  be  also  found  in  such  com- 
pilations as  Kemble's  "  Codex  Diplo- 
maticus,"  Dugdale's  "  Monasticon," 
and  Leland's  "  Collectanea  ;"  and  still 
more  in  the  Calendars  of  the  Records 
and  State  Papers  which  have  been 
issued  from  time  to  time  by  the  Go- 
vernment. On  the  other  hand,  some 
authors  are  printed  only  in  the  volumes 
issued  by  literary  societies,  such  as 
the  Surtees,  the  Camden,  the  Ban- 
natyne,  &c. 

Beside,  therefore,  the  general  alpha- 
betical list  of  historians  and  historical 
material,  with  references  to  the  col- 
lections where  such  are  to  be  found, 
brief  accotmts  have  been  given  of  the 
Collections  themselves,  with  a  short 
summary  of  the  chief  contents  of  each, 


so  far  as  they  bear  directly  upon  Eng- 
lish history. 

This  list,  however,  does  not  pro- 
fess to  afford  a  complete  view  of  Eng- 
lish historical  materials,  as  it  is  pur- 
posely confined  to  those  authors  and 
chronicles  which  have  been  printed. 
Beside  these  there  exist,  in  public 
libraries  as  well  as  in  private  hands, 
many  manuscripts,  which,  if  brought 
before  the  world  by  the  agency  of 
the  press,  would  be  found  to  contain 
facts  that  would  give  a  new  aspect  to 
many  parts  of  our  history,  but  the  pub- 
lication of  very  few  of  them  entire,  will 
probably  ever  be  undertaken,  unless 
at  the  public  expense.  Of  these  manu- 
scripts (though  some  have  been  em- 
ployed by  the  Compiler),  no  list  is 
here  attempted  to  be  presented,  partly 
because  they  are  so  extensive,  but 
chiefly  because  this  much  needed  work 
has  for  many  years  engaged  the  atten- 
tion of  one  of  the  very  few  men  of  our 
time  possessing  the  extensive  know- 
ledge and  the  untiring  diligence  re- 
quired for  the  proper  execution  of 
such  a  task,  and  the  result  of  his  la- 
bours is  in  course  of  publication,  being 
one  of  the  series  of  works  issued  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Master  of  the 
Rolls  ^  In  addition  to  this,  the  la- 
bours of  the  Historical  Manuscripts 
Commission  are  bringing  to  light  day 
by  day  new  treasures,  a  full  account 
of  which  is  given  in  the  blue  books 
issued  by  the  Commissioners*. 

From  so  large  a  list  as  is  here  pre- 
sented a  few  leading  writers  may  with 
moderate  trouble  be  selected,  to  fur- 
nish each  something  like  the  history  of 
his  own  time,  if  taken  either  wholly  or 


*  Thus,  thoueh  th^  valuable  works  of  Tynrel, 
KafAn,  Carte,  Henry,  Turner  and  Lingard,  have 
<^  been  consulted,  no  statements  of  theirs  have 
been  adopted,  except  such  as  are  based  on  contem- 
porary  authority. 

"  Of  the  "Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Manuscripts 
>wmg  to  the  History  of  Great  Britain,  by  Sir 
Thomas  Dufllus  Hardy,  Deputy  Keeper  of  the 


Public  Records,**  three  volumes,  extending  from 
the  earliest  times  to  the  year  1327,  have  been 
published.  From  this  work  it  will  oe  seen,  that  of 
several  early  printed  Annals,  Chronicles.  &c.,  coa- 
tinuations  exist  in  MS.,  containing  mucn  raluable 
information. 
*  See  Appendix,  Section  V.  (c.) 


Nn 


546 


MATERIALS  OF  ENGLISH  HISTORY, 


in  part,  according  to  their  chronolo- 
gical succession,  which  we  will  now 
briefly  point  out. 

The  venerable  Anglo-Saxon  Chro- 
nicle, obviously  a  contemporary  re- 
cord from  the  reign  of  Alfred,  extends 
also  through  the  whole  time  of  the  rule 
of  the  Norman  longs,  closing  in  1154  ; 
and  it  should  be  read  in  connection 
with  Florence  of  Worcester,  and  Henry 
of  Huntingdon,  the  latter  often  intxx>- 
dadng  circumstances  which  had  been 
handed  down  to  his  day  in  local  tra- 
ditions or  songs.  For  useful  elucida- 
tion of  its  statements,  for  the  last  hun- 
<hred  years  which  it  comprises,  the 
Romance  of  Wace,  the  Gesta  of  Wil- 
liam of  Poitou,  and  the  Ecclesiastical 
History  of  Orderic  must  be  consulted, 
as  well  as  William  of  Malmesbury, 
whose  Kings  of  England  closes  in  11 42. 
William  of  Newburgh  continues  the 
liistory  to  near  the  death  of  Richard  I^ 
and  the  Itinerarium  Regis  Ricardi, 
till  recently  ascribed  to  Geoffrey  de 
Vinesauf,  details  his  crusade.  Giral- 
dus  Cambrensis  treats  of  Wales  and 
Ireland  in  connexion  with  English 
history  of  the  times  of  Richard  and 
John.  The  series  of  works  known  as 
Flores  Historiarum,  extends  to  1307; 
Hemingburgh  to  1 346 ;  Knighton,  Wsd- 
sinj^ham  and  Elmham  relate  events  to 
the  year  1422.  The  history  of  the  re- 
maining hundred  years  of  the  middle 
ages,  and  of  the  earlier  Tudors,  is  to 
be  found  in  Halle,  and  in  the  laborious 
compilations  of  Grafton  and  Holins- 
hed  ;  these  latter  are,  with  Stowe, 
contemporary  authorities  for  the  reign 
»  of  Elizabeth  ;  but  the  more  the  Public 


Records  are  consulted*,  the  more 
evident  will  it  become,  that  much  of 
their  history  must  be  re-written.  Cam- 
den gives,  under  similar  circumstances, 
much  of  the  reign  of  James  I.  (to 
1622). 

From  this  time  we  have  an  abund- 
ance of  writes  who  narrate  the  dis- 
putes of  James  and  Charles  with 
their  parliameats,  and  furnish  lively 
pictures  of  the  unhappy  Civil  War; 
of  the  Conmionwealth  which  arose 
from  it ;  of  the  Restoration  ;  and  of 
the  Revolution,  with  its  consequence, 
the  Hanoverian  Succession ;  but  un- 
fortunately almost  all  their  works  are 
so  deeply  tiiiged  by  personal  or  party 
feeling,  or  both,  as  indeed  must  be  ex- 
pected, that  if  used  alone  they  are  un- 
safe guides.  It  is  only  by  comparing; 
among  others,  such  opposite  writers 
as  Clarendon,  Whitelodc,  and  Ludlow, 
Laud  and  Prynne,  Burnet  and  Mac- 
kenzie*,— ^by  studying  the  Collections 
of  Husband,  Rushworth  and  Nalson', 
the  State  Papers  of  Strafford,  Ormond, 
Thurloe,  Dsdrymple  and  Carstares, — 
and  by  examining  the  Statute-book  *, 
the  Journals  of  Parliament,  and  more 
particularly  the  Public  Records,  that 
any  satisfactory  idea  of  the  real  history 
of  the  Stuarts  can  be  formed.  A  stiU 
more  extended  course  of  reading,  em- 
bracing many  new  subjects,  w^ill  be 
necessary  as  the  student  approaches 
modem  days  ;  and  the  results  arrived 
at  will  probablv  be  liable  to  question, 
as  the  official  documents,  so  necessary 
as  a  check  on  irresponsible  writers, 
are  seldom  accessible  until  long  after 
the  period  to  which  they  relate. 


*  No  writer  of  English  history  can  expect  to  deal 
sati<.(actorily  with  his  subject  without  frequent  re- 
fcrtrncc  to  these  sources  of  information  :  but,  owing 
to  ilic  liberal  access  now  allowed,  and  the  excellent 

'  Calendars  (sec  Sect.  II.),  the  task  is  light,  compared 
to  what  it  was.  a  very  few  years  ago. 

•  In  the  following  alphabetical  list  these  writers 
arc  placed  under  the  reigns  to  which  their  writings 
refer.     See  Jamks,  Charles.  &c. 

'  These  three  writers  may  be  especially  men- 
tioned in  proof  of  the  necessity  of  the  comparison 
above  recommended.  The  work  of  Husband  is  re- 
garded as  impartial,  the  animosity  between  the 
two  parties  not  having  risen  in  his  time  to  the 
height  that  it  afterwards  attained  :  but  that  of 
Rushworth  is  fairly  chargeable  with  the  suppres- 
sion of  important  documents  favourable  to  the  king, 
^nd  it  was  avowedly  to  supply  its  deficiencies  that 
Dr.  Nalson  compiled  his  ovm  work* 


John  Rushworth  was  bom  in  Northumberbad 
about  1607,  and  became  a  member  of  Lin«.  -.ln'»  Ian. 
Long  before  the  civil  war  broke  out  he  wa-  in  the 
habit  of  attending  the  Starchamber  and  other 
courts,  and  taking  down  notes  of  their  proceedings 
in  short -hand,  which  notes  were  afterwards  tumod 
to  their  own  purposes  by  the  parliamentary  party. 
As  a  reward  Rushworth  was  appointed  an  assLstaot 
to  the  clerk  of  the  House  of  Commoiis,  and  be  was 
often  employed  as  the  messenger  between  the  Ixng 
Parliament  and  the  king.  He  became  secretary  to 
Sir  Thomas  FairCax,  and  was  afterwards  a  member 
of  Parliament.  In  1659  he  began  the  publication  of 
his  Collections,  but  he  left  the  work  incomplete, 
although  he  lived  till  x6^.  when  he  died  in  the 
King's  Bench,  after  having  been  several  years 
a  prisoner  there  for  debt. 

I  See  Appendix  No.  III.  for  a  snmaaary  oC 
Statutes  most  important  to  the  historical  iaqoirer. 


SECTION  I. 

Alphabetical  List  op  Writers  and  Chronicles,  with  References 

TO  GOOD  Editions. 


As  a  rale,  the  Chnimcle  is  entered  under  the  presumed  author's  name.  In  some  casa  works  hr 
anoDvmoas  or  by  several  authors  are  put  under  the  title  by  which  the  woric  is  generally  known,  or  that 
by  which  It  would  most  probably  be  sought  for  in  the  List.  Cross  references  abo  are  ^uently  riven- 
A  number  of  works  containing  Documente  and  Sute  Papers  belonging  to  each  reign,  have  been  in- 
serted under  the  name  of  the  sovereign,  e.g.  Edwakd.  Hsnry.  &c.  "  Record;**  '^BerksJurr  A*Amu 
Sec.,"  and  sumlar  references  are  to  Sections  II.— V.,  where  the  several  Collections  are  described. 

Alcuin.     De  Glade  Lindisfiunensis  Mo- 

nasterii.     Works, 

Works  complete.    4to1s.    RaHsiotu 

1776.    Also  Aligns.   ^ 

—  Monnmenta  Alcnina.    Berlitty  1873, 

A  complete  and  most  carefully  edited  volume, 

forming  vol.  vi  of  Jaffe's  Monnmenta  Germanica. 

Alnwyke.  Chronicon  Monasterii  de. 
£x  qnodam  libro  Chronicorom  in  Canta- 
brigia  de  dono  Henrici  VI.  fiindatoris» 
Newcastle, 

Amundesham,  John,  a  monk  of  SL 
Alban's.  Annals,  in  continuation  of 
those  of  Walsingham.    Record, 

ANGLO-NORMANNIiB  POEMA.  Ed.  Fr. 
Michel.    8vo.,  London,  1837. 

A  poem  on  the  Conquest  of  Ireland  by  Henry  II. 
from  a  MS.  in  the  Lambeth  library. 

Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle,  extending 
from  the  invasion  of  Julius  Cssar  to 
A.D.  1 1 54.  Record;  {Monumenia,  to 
A.D.  1066).  The  origin  of  this  most  in- 
teresting and  valuable  work  is  probably 
due  to  King  Alfred,  but  it  is  evident 
from  Beda  that  Annals  were  kept  in 
some  monasteries  at  least  in  his  time, 
and  it  is  from  such  sources  no  doubt 
that  the  early  part  of  the  Chronicle  was 
chiefly  compiled.  Several  copies  of  it 
exist,  which  having  been  continued  in 
different  monasteries,  vary  materially, 
both  in  their  chronology  and  in  inci- 
dental  mention  of  matters  peculiar  to 
each,  as  well  as  in  the  time  to  which 
they  come  down — one  closing  in  977, 
another  extending  to  1 154. 
There   are   several  editions  beside    the   two 

named  :  one  by  Earle  {Oxford^  8vo.,  i860,  giviujC 
* "  '  "■       •  *     •    puaOel  columns,  is 


Abingdon.  Chronicon  Monasterii  de; 
from  the  reign  of  Ina,  the  founder  of 
the  abbey,  to  the  time  of  Richard  L 
2  vols.  Record;  {Berkshire  Ashm,  Soc, 
in  part,) 

Two  MSS.  exist,  each  written  by  inmates  of  the 
monastery,  early  in  the  thirteenth  century,  and  in- 
corpoiating  a  very  extensive  series  of  early  Char- 
ters, To  the  Record  edition  is  added,  .£lfric's 
Vita  S.  ^thelwoldi. 

Adamnanus,  Abbas  Hiiensis,  c,  705. 
The  reputed  author  of  the  Vita  S.  Co- 
lumbse.    Bannatyne, 

Adelmus  Sdrebumensis.  Some  few  works 
of  Adhelm,  the  monk  of  Malmesbuiy, 
aind  afterwards  Bishop  of  Sherburne, 
A.D.  705  to  709  (?),  are  extant  8vo., 
Oxford,  1844.  See  his  Life,  by  Wil^ 
LI  am  of  Malmesbury. 

-'Ethelweard.  Chronicon,  From  the  In- 
carnation to  A.D.  975.  Savile;  Monu- 
menta. 

Written  by  a  person  who  claims  for  himself 
descent  from  King  Ethelwulf,  and  who  is  sup- 
posed to  have  lived  about  the  dose  of  the  tenth 
century. 

Ailred.     See  Rievaulx. 

Albani  S.  Monasterii  Chronica.  Record, 
The  Chronicles  extend  from  a.d.  793 
to  1464,  and  consist  of  two  works  by 
Walsingham,  one  by  Rishanger,  another 
T>y  Trokelowe  and  Blaneford,  two  anony- 
mous Chronicles  from  A.D.  1259  to  1296, 
and  from  A.  D.  1392  to  1406,  one  by  John 
Amundesham,  and  a  Register  of  Abbot 
Whethamstede.     1 1  vols. 

Sec  also  under  their  respective  names,  as  Wal- 
singham, RiSHAMCBS,  ftc. 

Alcuin.  De  Fontificibus  et  Sanctis  £c- 
clesise  Eboracensis  Poema;  from  the 
foundation  of  the  see  to  the  death  of 
Archbishop  Ethelbert,  in  781.  Gale; 
Mabillon, 
The  celebrated  Saxon  abbot  of  Toms.    He  was 

patronized  by  Charlemagne,  and  died  in  804. 

De  Convezsione  Saxonnm.     Works, 


the  two  chief  Chronicles  in  | 
perhaps  as  convenient  as  any. 

Annales  Monasticl  5  vols.  ReeonL 
These  ranee  from  the  Incarnation  to 
A.D.  1432,  Dut  refer  more  especially  to 
the  reigns  of  John,  Henry  III.  and  Ed- 
ward £    They  contain  the  Annals  oC 


Nn2 


548 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


[sect. 


Bennondsey,  Burton,  Dunstaple,  Mor- 
gan, Oseney,  Tewkesbury,  Waverley, 
Winchester  and  Worcester,  and  Wykes* 
Chronicle. 

See  under  tbeir  respective  names^—as  Burton, 
Margan,  Wavbrlby. 

ANNE. 

TJie  following  works  may  he  consulted. 

Ker  of  Kersland's  Memoirs  of  his  secret 
Transactions  and  Negotiations  in  Scot- 
land, England,  Hanover,  and  other 
foreign  parts.  3  vols.  8vo.,  London, 
1726-7. 

Lockhart  of  Camwath's  Memoirs  and  Com- 
mentaries on  the  Affairs  of  Scotland, 
from  A.D.  1702  to  1 7 15.  8vo.,  London, 
1714- 
Defoe's  History  of  the  Union.  Folio, 
Edinb,,  1709. 

Defoe  was  employed  in  the  preliminary  nego- 
tiations. 

Conduct  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough. 
8vo.,  London,  1712. 

Conduct  of  the  Duchess  of  Marlborough. 

8vo.,  London,  1742. 

Both  prepared  b^  the  wish  of  the  duchess,  and 
containing  more  lustoric  truth  than  they  usually 
have  credit  for. 

AssER.   De  Rebus  Gestis  iElfredi,  extend- 
ing   from   A.D.  849   to   887.       Oxford, 
1 722  ;  Parker  ;  Camden,  A,  N,  ;  Monu- 
menta. 
The  author  was  bishop  of  Sherborne.  According 

to  his  own  account,  he  visited  the  court  of  Alfred 

about  885,  and  he  gives  many  interesting  details 

of  the  life  of  his  patron. 

AUGUSTINI,  S.  Cantuariensis,  Historia 
Monasterii.  History  of  the  Abbey, 
from  the  coming  of  St.  Augustine  to  A.  D. 
1 191,  with  a  Chronology  to  141 8.  Re- 
cord. 
The   author  was  Thomas  Elmham,  treasurer 

of  the  Abbey.    See  Elmham,  also  Sprott,  and 

Thorwb. 

AvESBURY,  Robert  of.  Historia  de  mira- 
bilibus  Gestis  de  Edwardi  III.  Hearne. 
An  incomplete  work,   by  an  author  of  whom 

nothing  is  known. 

Baker.  Galfredus  le  Baker  de  Swin- 
brok,  Chronicon  Angliae,  temp.  Edw.  11. 
and  III.     Caxton  Soc. 

Historia  de  Vita  et  Obitu  Edw.  II. 

(1307 — 26),  in  Gallico  Thoma  de  la 
^lore  Latini  versa.    Camdm. 

A  more  concise  rersion,  in  French,  of  the  pre- 
vious Chronicle. 

Barbour,  John.    The  Bruce,  or  History 
of  Robert  I.,  King  of  Scotland,  (toge- 
ther with  Wallace,  q.  v.)  2  vols.,  4to. 
Edinb.,  182a 
Archdeacon  of  Aberdeen ;  he  died  in  2396. 


Bath  and  Wells.  Histoiy  of  the  Con- 
troversy between  its  Biceps  and  the 
Monks  of  Glastonbuiy,  by  Adam  de 
Domerham.     Wharton, 

Beccensis  Chronicon.  A  Chronicle  of 
the  Abbey  of  Bee  in  Normandy,  Irom 
the  foundation,  1024 — 1468.  Printed 
with  Lanfranci  Opera,  folio,  Paris^  1648. 

Becket,  Life  of  Thomas.  From  an  Ice- 
landic Saga,  with  an  English  Tiansla- 
tion.     In  prep.  Record. 

Beda.  Chronicon,  from  the  Creation  to 
A.D.  725. 

Historia  Ecclesiastica,    from    Julics 

Caesar  to  A.D.  731,  (with  the  addition 
of  a  portion  of  a  brief  Northumbrian 
Chronicle,  from  A.  D.  547  to  737).  Basle^ 
1563 ;  Colon.,  1688 ;  Camb.,  1 727  ;  Monu- 
menta  ;  Heidelberg  ^  Eng.  Hist,  Soc.  ; 
Afigne,  &*c,  ^c. 

These  .ire  the  two  historical  works  of  the  Vene- 
rable Beda,  a  priest  of  Jarrow,  who  was  bom  abjut 
67a,  and  died  May  26.  735.  He  also  wrote  De 
ratione  Temporum,  a  Martyrologium,  and  otbe7% 
which  will  be  found  in 

Opera  Miscellanea.      6  vols.,  Stq. 

Giles,  Migne,  &*c. 

Beere,  Richard,  Abbot  of  Glastonbnry, 
c.  1 503.  Terrarium  Ccenobii  Glastonien- 
sis.     Hearne. 

Bekynton,    Thomas.      Official    Corre-       | 
spondence,  t.  Hen.  VI.    2  vols.  Record, 

Journal  during  his  embassy  in  1442. 

Royal  8vo.,  London,  1828. 

Bekynton,  Bp.     Vide  Henry  VI. 

Bello.    Chronicon  Monasterii  de  Bcllo. 
A  Chronicle  of  Battel  Abbey,  A.D.  1066 
— 1 1 76.     Anglia  Christiana  Soc, 
A  translation  by  M.  A.  Lower,  Lendett,  i8sx. 

Benedict  of  Peterborough.  See 
Henry  II. 

Bexoit  de  St.  Maur.  Estoire  ct  k 
Genealogie  des  Dues  qui  ont  cste  p-.r 
ordrc  en  Normandie.  Printed  entire  h  • 
Michel  in  Chroniques  des  Dues  de  N«jr- 
mandie.  3  vols.  410.,  Paris,  1836—44. 
Benoit  wrote  circa  xx8o. 

Bermondsey.  Annals,  from  a.d.  1042  to 
1432.  Record. 

Bernardus,  Andrew  Tliolosatis.  See 
Henry  VII. 

Beverlacensis  Joannis  Vita.  See 
Folcard. 

Beverley,  Alured  of.  Annals,  mainlv 
from  Simeon  of  Durham  and  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth.     Hearne. 

^  He  was  treasurer  of  Beverley  Minster,  and  dkd 
circa  zx^o. 


SECT.  I.] 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


549 


BiRCHINGTON,    STEPHEN.     LivCS    of   the 

Archbishops   of  Canterbury,   from   St. 
Augustine  to  the  year  1368.     IVAarton, 

Blakman,  John.  Collectarium  mansue- 
tudimim  et  bonorum  morum  Regis  Hen- 
rid  Sexti.  llearne,  A  record  of  King 
Henry's  virtues,  drawn  up  with  a  view 
to  his  canonization. 

This  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  Heame's  edition 
of  Thomas  Otterbourne. 

Blaneford,  Henry,  a  monk  of  St.  Al- 
ban's.  Chronicle,  A.D.  1323,  1324,  in 
continuation  of  Trokclowe.  Hearne; 
Record, 

Blessensis,  Petrus.   See  Ingulf. 

BoETHius  (Boece,  Hector).  Historia 
Episcopomm  Aberdonensium  et  Murth- 
lacensium.     Paris,  1522.   BanncUyne. 

^—  Historise  Scotorum  a  prima  gentis 
orig^e,  cum  Continuatione  Joannis  Fer- 
rerii.   Paris ,  1526,  &c. 

Hector  Boece  was  bom  at  Dundee  about  1470, 
and  educated  at  Paris.  In  X500  he  became  prin- 
cipal of  King's  College,  Aberdeen,  and  he  died 
before  1^50,  but  the  exact  date  is  not  known.  A 
tnuislation  was  made  by  Bellenden.  fol.,  Edinb., 
X536 ;  edited  after  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  Ediub.. 
x8ax,  a  vols.  4to. :  also  printed  in  Holinshed  and 
BamuUytu.  A  metrical  version  also  is  entitled 
a  Buik  of  the  Chronicles  of  Scotland,  vide  Scot- 

LAKO. 

Boston,  Robertus  de.  See  Peter- 
borough, John  of. 

Bouchard,  Adam.    Les  grands  Chroni- 

Sues  de  Bretaigne,  parlans  de  tres  pieux 
Cobles,  RojTS,  &C.,  tant  de  la  Grande 
Bretaigne  que  de  nostre  Bretaigne. 
Paris,  1514,   1541,   &c  ;   Cam,    15 14, 

1532. 
The  author  wrote  at  Rennes  circa  X5X0. 

Bower,  Walter.    Continuation  of  For- 
dun's  Scotichronicon.     Gale;  Hearne, 
Abbot  of  St.  Colm,  in  S«)tland  ;  died  drca  X440. 

Brakelond,  Jocelin  of.  Chronicle  of 
S.  Edmund's.     Camden  Soc. 

Bridlingtona,  Vita  Joannis  de,  in  dioec. 
Eboracensi,  canon,  regul.,  ob.  1379. 
BoUanduSn 

—  Peter  de.    See  Langtoft. 

Brito,  Gulielmus.  Historia  dc  Vita 
et  Gestis  Philippi  Augusti  Regis  Galliae. 
Duchesne;  Bouquet, 

Brittanie,  Le  Livere  de  Reis  de,  e  le 
Livere  de  Reis  de  Engleterre.  Record, 
Pwbably  the  work  of  Peter  of  Ickham. 

Brompton,  John,  abbot  of  Jervaux,  circa 
I44<^  A  Chronicle,  from  the  coming  of 
Augustine  to  A.  D.  1 199.     Twysden, 

Brunne.  Chronicle  of  Robert  of.  In 
pr^»  Record.    See  also  Langtoft. 


Brut  y  Ty\vysogion.   Chronicle  of  the 
Princes  of  Wale««,  from  A.  D.  681  to  1 2S2. 
Record ;  Monumenta  to  A.D.  1066. 
Ascribed  to  Caradoc  of  Llancarvan,  who  lived 

about  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century. 

BuELLiAN.  Annals,  from  a.d.  420  to 
1245,  kept  in  a  monastery  (prolably 
Boyle),  in  Connaught.  C^  Conor, 
Burton.  Annals,  from  a.  d.  1004  to  1263. 
The  Chronicle  of  the  abbey  of  Bu:toUy 
in  Staffordshire.  Gale  ;  Record, 
Mainly  a  compilation  from  Hoveden  and  Mat- 
thew Paris. 

Burton,  Thomas  de.  Chronicle  of  the 
Abbey  of  Meaux  (vide  Melsa). 

Calendars  of  Rolls.     See  Sect.  II. 

Calendars  of  State  Papers.  See  Ire- 
LAND,  Scotland,  Spain,  Venice. 

Alse,  imder  names  of  Sovereigns,  e.g.  Eliza- 
BBTH,  Masy,  James,  &c. 

Cambria.    Annales  Cambrise,  from  a.d. 

447  to  1288.     Record;  Monumenta,  to 

A.D.  1066. 

Probably  written  by  Blegewryd.  archdeacon  of 
Llandaff. 

Camden.  Britannia.  London,  1590,  1607, 
i6ia 

Annales  rerum  Anglicarum  regnante 

Elizabetha.     Lyons,  1628  ;  in   English, 
London,  1635. 

Cantalupus   or   Cantlow.      Chronica 
fundationis  Cantabrigiae.     Heame, 
A  monk  of  Bristol,  ob.  1441.    PrintCfd  by  Heame 

at  end  of  Sprotti  Chronica. 

Canterbury.  Annales  Cantuariensesy 
A.D.618— 69a     Perts. 

-^—  History  of  the  Controversy  between 
the  sees  of  Canterbury  and  York. 
IVharton. 

See  also  Augustini  S.  Cantuartensis.  For 
Lives  of  Archbishops,  see  Bibchington  ;  Cata- 
logue of  Archbishops,  see  Estria. 

Canterbury,  Gervase  of.  A  Chron- 
icle,  from  A.  D.  1 1 22  to  1 199.    Twysden, 

Capgrave,  John.   Chronicle  of  England, 
from  the  Creation  to  ad.  141 7.  Record, 
In  English,  and  of  considerable  value  as  a  speci- 
men of  the  language  spoken  in  Norfolk  in  tha 
xsth  cent. 

—  Liber  de  Illustribus  Henricis,  a  col- 
lection of  memoirs  of  German  emperors, 
English  kings,  bishops,  &c.,  named 
Henry,  from  a^d.  918  to  1446.    Record, 

An  extract,  the  life  of  Henry  Spencer,  bbhop  of 
Norwich,  is  given  in  Wharton. 

Capgrave  was  a  monk  of  Lyim*  bom  X393  ;  died 
about  X464. 

Caradoc  of  Llancarvan,  the  presumed 
author  of  Brut  y  Tywysogion,  q,v, 

Carnarvon.  Record  o£  Record,  See 
Domesday  Book. 


550 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


[SECT-L 


•Carpenter,  John,  author  of  the  Liber 

Albus.    See  LONDINENSIS  GiLDHALLiE 
MUNIMENTA. 

•Caxton,  William.  The  Chronicles  of 
England,  (1480,)  a  History  of  the  Kings 
of  England,  abridged  from  the  Cottonian 
MS.  Galba,  £.  viiL,  extending  from 
Albina  to  the  coronation  of  Edward  IV., 
nnd  accompanied  by  a  Description  of 
Britain,  mainly  taken  from  Higden*s 
]*oIychronicon.  Orig.  Eldition,  London^ 
1480.  Reprinted,  various  dates,  1483 
—1528. 

William  Caxton,  the  introducer  of  printing  to 
T.n-4:land,  was  a  mercer  of  London,  but  for  many 
years  in  the  service  of  Margaret,  duchess  of  Bur- 
gundy. He  was  born  in  the  Weald  of  Kent,  about 
1410,  and  died  in  1491. 

Chambre,  William  de.  History  of  the 
Church  of  Durham,  from  A.D.  1333  to 
1559-     Wharton;  Surtees, 

'Chancery.  Calendars  of  the  Proceed- 
ings in  Chancery  in  the  reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth.  With  examples  of  earlier 
Proceedings,  from  Richard  II.    Record. 

Chandler,  Thomas.    Lives  of  Bishops 
iieckington  and  William  of  Wykeham. 
IVharion. 
He  was  chancellor  of  Oxford,  A.d.  1437  to  1461. 

Chanson  moult  pitoyable  des  grievouses 
oppressions  qe  la  povre  Commune  de 
Engleterre  souffre.  Un  chant  que  fiist 
fet  sur  la  mort  du  Seignour  Symon  de 
Mountfort.    4to.    London^  1810. 

CHARLES  I.  Domestic  State  Papers  of 
Charles  L  Vols.  I.  to  XIV.  A.D.  1625 
to  1639.  This  Calendar,  which  con- 
tains many  hitherto  unknown  docu- 
ments, will  be  continued  through  the 
Interregnum,  down  to  the  restoration  of 
Charles  11.     Record. 

Works  of  King  Charles,  with  a  Col- 
lection of  Declarations,  Treaties,  and 
other  Papers,  concerning  the  Differences 
between  his  Sacred  Majesty  and  his  two 
Houses  of  Parliament.  Folio,  Lond.^ 
1662. 

Declaration  of  King  Charles  concern- 
ing the  late  Tumults  in  Scotland.  Folio, 
Lond.f  1639.  Declaration  concerning 
his  Proceedings  in  Scotland.  410.,  1640. 

An  Exact  Relation  of  all  Remon- 
strances, Declarations,  &c.,  between  the 
King's  Majesty  and  his  High  Court  of 
Pari  lament,  Dec.,  1641,  to  March  21, 
1643. 

Iter  Carolinum.    A  succinct  Relation 

of  the  necessitated  Marches,  Retreats, 
and  Sufferings,  from  Jan.  10,  1641*2,  till 
the  time  of  his  Death,  1648*9.     Col- 


Charles  L  {continued), 
lected  by  a  daily  attendant  on  \a%  Ma- 
jesty.   4ta,  1 66a    Reprinted  in  GmtcKs 
Collectanea  Curiosa.    Oxford, 

Symonds'  Diary  of  MarcheSy  1644 — 

46.     Camden  Sac, 

The  following  works  may  he  conndiei. 

Clarendon's  History  of  the  Rebellion.  Nev 

ed.,  7  vols.  8vo.,  Oxford,  1849. 
Earl  of  Strafford's  Letters  and  Dispatches;, 

from  AD.  161 1  to  1639.     2  vols.  foUo^ 

London,  1 739. 
Whitelock's  Memorials  of  English  Affiurs. 

FoL,  London^  1732  ;  8vo.,  Oxford^  1855. 

Sir  Philip  Warwick's  Memoirs  of  Chaiks  L 
8vo.,  London^  1 701. 

R.  Baillie's  Letters  and  Jonmals,  from  A.i>. 
1637  to  1662.    2  vols. *8vo. ,  Edinb,^  ITI^ 

Sir  David  Dalrymple's  (Lord  Hailes)  Me- 
morials and  Letters  relating  to  Charles  I. 
Glasgow,  1766. 

Ormond's  Letters,  contained  in  Carte's 
Life  of  James,  Duke  of  Onnond.  6  vols. 
8va,  Oxford,  1851. 

Sir  W.  Dugdale's  Short  View  of  the  late 
Troubles  in  England ;  with  a  Narrative 
of  the  Treaty  of  Uxbridge,  1644.  Folio, 
Oxford,  1681. 

Sir  W.  Dugdale's  Diary  and  Correspond- 
ence.    4to.,  London,  1827. 

Husband's  (folio,  London,  1646),  RnalK 
worth's  (3  vols,  folio,  London,  1 659 — 
80),  and  Nalson's  (folio,  London^  1&2), 
Collections,  extending  from  A.D.  16 18 
to  1648. 

Archbishop  Laud's  Troubles  and  TriaL 
2  vols,  folio,  London,  1695 — 1 7^0;  also 
in  Ang.  Cath,  Library, 

Sir  John  Temple's  History  of  the  Irish 
Rebellion,  1641.     4to.,  London,  1646. 

Memoirs  of  Denzil,  Lord  Holies  {London^ 
1699),  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax  {London, 
1699),  and  Edmund  Ludlow  (4to.,  Lum" 
don,  1 77 1),  written  by  themselves. 

Waller's  Vindication  of  his  taking  np  arms 
against  Charles  I.,  written  by  himself. 
8vo.,  London,  1793. 

Memoirs  of  Colonel  Hutchinson,  written 
by  his  Widow.  4to.,  London^  1806; 
8vo.,  Bohn,  1848. 

Mercurius  Rusticus;  or  The  Country's  Com- 
plaint of  the  barbarous  Outrages  b^:an 
m  1642,  by  the  Sectaries.  8vo.,  London^ 
1647. 

Querela  Cantabrigiensis.     8vo.,  1655. 
Probably  by  Dr.  John  Banrick,  who  aAer  tke 

Restoration  became  dean  of  St. Paul's;  he  died 

in  1664. 


SECT.  I.] 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


55^ 


Charles  I.  {coftiinwd), 

Dowsixig's  Journal  in  SufTollc,  A.D.  1643 — 

44.     i2mo.y  London^  1844. 
Evelyn's  Diary,  from  A.D.  1641  to  1706. 

2  vols.,  4to.,  Ijtndon^  181 1  ;  4  vols., 

Bohn^  1859. 
Sir  Leoline   Jenkins*    Life,    by  Wynne. 

Folio,  London^  1724. 

May's  History  of  the  Long  Parliament. 
8va,  Oxford^  1S64. 

Sprigg*s  Anglia  Rediviva.    Folio,  London^ 
1647;  8vo.,  Oxford^  1854. 
A  panegyric  on  Fairfax  and  the  New  Model. 

Matthew  Carter's  True  Relation  of  the 
Kentish  Rising  and  the  Siege  of  Col- 
chester.     i2mo.,  165a 

Clement  Walker's  Complete  History  of 
Independency.    4to.,  London^  1661. 

Sir  Edward  Walker's  Historical  Discourses, 
relative  to  Charles  L  and  Charles  II. 
Folio,  London^  1705. 
The  author  (Garter  king  of  arms)  was  secretary 

of  war  to  Chaxles  I.  and  clerk  of  the  council  to 

OuriesIL 

John  Walker's  Sufferings  of  the  Clergy ; 

fixmi  contemporary  documents.     Folio, 

London^  11  \\. 

An  Eintome  of  this  work  was  published  with  re- 
ference  to  the  Bicentenary  of  tne  Act  of  Unifor- 
aity.    xamo.,  Oxford,  z86a. 

Marquis  of  Clanricarde's  Memoirs.  Folio, 
Lond^  1757.  These  detail  the  civil  war 
in  Ireland,  until  the  surrender  of  Gal  way, 
which  the  writer  (Ulick  Burke)  long 
defended. 

Scobell's  Acts  and  Ordinances  of  general 
use,  made  in  the  Parliament  from  A.D. 
1640  to  1656.     Folio,  London^  1658. 

Thurloe's  State  Papers,  from  A.D.  1638  to 
1660.  7  vols,  folio,  London,  1 7 14. 
John  Thurloe,  the  son  of  an  Essex  clergyman, 
was  bom  in  1616,  espoused  the  Parliamentary  party, 
and  became  secretary  of  state  during  the  Inter- 
regnum. After  the  Restoration  he  was  tor  some  time 
in  danger  of  prosecution  ;  but  as  he  had  acted  with 
forbeannce  m  his  office,  he  was  passed  over,  :ind 
had  his  goods,  which  some  zealous  royalist  had 
seized,  restored  to  him.  He  died  in  obscurity  in 
x668. 

Collection  of  Tracts,  chiefly  relating  to 
the  Period  of  the  Civil  War  between 
Charles  I.  and  his  Parliament,  in  the 
Library  of  the  London  Institution;  with 
a  Catalo^te,  drawn  up  by  the  late  K. 
Thomson,  the  Librarian. 
See  also  Banxatynb. 

CHARLES  II.  Domestic  State  Papers 
of  Charles  II.  Vols.  I.  to  VII.  a.d. 
1660  to  1667.     Record. 

' Account   of   Preservation   after  the 

Battle  of  Worcester,  drawn  up  by  him- 
self.    8vo.,  Gias^inv,  1766. 


Charles  II.  (contiftutd). 

Thefollawmg  works  may  he  consulted. 
Burton's  Diary  of  the  Parliaments  of  Oliver 

and   Richard  Cromwell,    A.D.   1654  to- 

1659.    4  vols.  8vo.,  Lond,^  1828. 
Reresby's  Memoirs  of  Transactions  fronk 

the  Restoration  to  the  Revolution.  8vo.^ 

London^  1734* 
Pepys*   Diary,   from  A.D.  1659  to   1669. 

2   vols.    4to.,   London^  1825 ;  4  vols.^ 

Bohn,  1858. 
Sir   John     Dalrymple's    Memoirs,    fronrk 

Charles  II.  to  the  Battle  of  La  Hogue. 

2  vols.  4to.,  Edinburgh,  1771- 
Macpherson's  Original  Papers,  containing 

the  Secret  History  of  Great  Britain  from 

the  Restoration  to  the  Accession  of  t he- 
House  of  I  lanover,  1 688 — 1 714.   2  vols* 

London,  1775. 
Bp.  Burnet's  History  of  his   Own  Time> 

from  the  Restoration  to  1 7 13.     6  vo1j» 

8vo.,  Oxford,  1853. 

See  also  Bannatyne.  ' 

Charter,  Close,  and  Patent  Rolls. 
Rotulus  Cancellarii.     An  account  of  the- 

King's  revenue,  3  John  (a.d.  1201, 1202). 

Becord, 
Rotuli    Chartanim  in    Turri    LondinensL 

asservati.     Vol.  I.     From  a.d.  1199  t*> 

12 16.     Record. 
Rotuli  Litterarum  Clausanim  in  Turri  Lon— 

dinensi  asservati.     Vol.  I.     From  a.  d. 

1204  to   1224.     Vol  II.    1224— 1227. 

Kecord, 

Rotuli  Litterarum  Patentium  in  Turri  Lon- 
dinensi  asservati.'    Vol.  I.     From  A.D. 
1 201  to  12 1 6.     Record. 
These  are  the  commencing  volumes  of  a. 
printed  edition  of  the  whole  of  these 
most    valuable    records.      They    were 
etlited  by  Mr.  (now  Sir  Thomas)  DulTus- 
Hardy,   and   have   elalwrate  Introduc* 
tions,  in  which  a  few  of  the  facts  thus 
first  brought  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
historian,  e.g.  s.a.  1202,  1215,  1217,  are 
pointed  out 

The  names  indicate  the  general  nature  of  the 
contents  of  each  set  of  records.  The  Charter  Ri-ll* 
are  officuil  witnesses  of  privileges  granted  to  cor- 
porations or  individuals  ;  the  Close  Rolls,  of  letters, 
addressed  to  such  on  mailers  in  which  they  were 
alone  or  chiefly  concerned  :  and  the  Patent  R«j1..s, 
of  directions  in  carrying  out  which  the  co-opcrai;oii 
of  third  parties  would  be  necessary  ;  but  the  dis- 
tinctions are  not  always  strictly  preserved.  For 
complete  list  see  Section  II. 

Calendarium  Rotulonim  Chartanim ;  ct 
Inquisitiomim  **Ad  quwl  damnum?" 
A  Calendar  of  the  Charter  Rolls  [then] 
in  the  Tower,  extending  from  a.d.  1I9<>« 
to  1483,  which  contain  grants  of  pri- 
vileges to  cities,  corporations,  guilds,  re- 
ligious houses,  and  individuals.    Record. 


S5« 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST   OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


[sect.  1. 


Charter  Rolls,  &c.,  {conlhmed), 
Cnlcndarium  Inquisitlonum  post  mortem 
sivc  Escxtarum.  Vol.  I,  Hen.  III. — 
Kd.  II.;  vol.  2,  Ed.  III.  ;  vol.  3,  Ric.  II., 
Henry  IV.  ;  vol.  4,  Ric  III.  Calen- 
dars  to  the  inquisitions,  sometimes  called 
Escheats,  which  were  taken  on  the  death 
of  individuals,  to  enquire  of  what  lands 
they  died  seized,  and  by  what  services 
held.  Record, 
Calendarium  Rotulorum  Patentium  in 
Turri  Lond.  from  3  John  1201,  to  23 
Edw.  IV.  1483.  Containing  references 
to  grants  of  offices,  manors,  and  lands  ; 
restitutions  of  temporalities  to  bishops 
and  other  ecclesiastical  persons ;  com- 
missions under  the  great  seal,  &c.  Record, 

Chartham,  William.  Life  of  Arch- 
bishop Simon  of  Sudbury.    Wharton, 

Chester,  Ralph  of,  Roger  of.     See 

HiGDEN. 

Chesterfield,  Thomas,  canon  of  Lich- 
field. History  of  the  Bishops  of  Coventry 
and  Lichfield  from  the  foundation  of  the 
see  to  A.D.  1347.     Wliarton, 

Chronicle,  an  English,  of  the  reigns  of 
Richard  IL,  Henry  IV.,  V.,  and 
VI.     Camden  Soc, 

Ch  RON  ICON  Anglicanum,  from  a.d.  1066 
to  1200.  MarUne  et  Durand ;  Bouquet; 
Dunkiny  1856. 
Attributed  to  Ralph  of  Coggeshall. 

Chronicon  Terr«e  Sanctse  et  de  Captis 
a  Saladino  Hierosolymis,  from  AD.  11S7 
to  II 9 1 .    Martene  et  Durand ;  Dunkin. 

The  authorship  of  this  work  is  doubtful,  and  the 
above  editions  are  incomplete.  A  new  edition  is  in 
preparation  in  the  Record  Series,  with  Ralph  of 
Coggeshall's  Chronicle. 

Chronicon  Scotorum.     Record, 

Chronologia  brevissima  ad  Northan- 
hy  mbros  spectans,  547— 737>  Monumenta, 

Cirencester,  Richard  of.  De  Gestis 
Regum  Anglise.  From  a.d.  447  to  1066. 
Record. 

This  is  the  work  of  Richard  of  Ciren- 
cester, who  was  a  monk  of  Westminster 
(a.d.  1355 — '400)1  *^^  ^'^s  apparently 
left  incomplete  by  its  author.  It  con- 
tains many  charters  in  favour  of  West- 
minster Abbey,  and  one  whole  book 
is  occupied  with  the  reign  of  Edward 
the  Confessor. 

*^—  De  Situ  Britannia?,  a  spurious  work 
professing  to  describe  Roman  Britain, 
was  published  under  the  name  of  Ri- 
chard of  Cirencester,  by  C.  J.  Bertram. 
Ha/nia,  1757. 

Close  Rolls.    See  Charter  Rolls. 

C  }Ggeshalensis  Abbas.    Chronicon  Ra- 


dulphi  Abbatis  Coggeshalensis  Majns; 
and,  Chronicon  Temc  Sancta*  et  de 
Capiis  a  Saladino  H(erosoIymis.  In 
prep.  Record, 

Coggeshalensis  Abbas.  LibeUos  de 
JMotibus  Anglicanis  sub  Johannc  rege, 
1 2 1 3 —  1 6.    Marfette  et  Durand. 

R.ilph,  abbot  of  the  Cisterdan  monastery  at 
Cogseshal,  died  circa  zaaS. 

COLDINGHAM,  GEOFFREY  OP.     HistOiy  of 

the  Church  of  Durham,  from  A.D.  1144 
to  12 14.    Wharton;  Surtees. 

Colonies.  Colonial  State  Papers.  VoK 
I.,  IL,  HI.  A.D.  1574  to  1021.  Record. 
A  calendar  of  papers  in  the  Public 
Record  Office,  the  India  Office  and  the 
British  Museum. 

CoRiNENSis.  See  Cirencester,  Ri- 
chard of. 

Cotton,  Bartholomew  de.  Historia 
Anglicana,  from  A.D.  449  to  129S.  Re- 
cord, 

Annals  of  the  Church  of  Norwich, 

from  A.D.  1042  to  1299,  with  an  anony- 
mous Continuation  to  1445.     Wharton; 
Record. 
A  monk  of  Norwich,  who  died  about  xjoo. 

Coventry,  Walter  of.  Historical  Col- 
lections. Record ;  Bouquet.  ITie  early 
part  is  a  mere  compilation,  but  after  the 
be^:;inning  of  tlie  thirteenth  century  the 
work  is  very  valuable. 

Curia  Regis.  Rotuli  Curiae  Regis. 
Vols.  I.  and  II.  A  portion  of  the  of- 
ficial minutes  of  the  courts  held  by  the 
king's  justiciaries,  from  A.D.  1194  to 
1199  ;  remarkable  as  shewing  the  great 
variety  of  matters  brought  before  the 
court,  apd  illustrating  many  imperfectly 
known  points  of  history.    Record, 

— —  Placitorum  in  Domo-Capitulari  West- 
monasteriensi  asservatortmi  Abbreviatio. 
Pleadings  before  the  king  or  his  courts, 
in  the  time  from  Richard  I.  to  Ed- 
ward II.    Record, 

Many  very  curious  examples  of  these  pIcAS  are 
given,  in  the  form  of  an  English  summary,  in  Fur- 
ley's  "  History  of  the  Weald  of  Kent,"  vol.  ii-  pp. 
3<>— 64,  London,  1874,  a  work  of  great  research. 

Dam  I  ETTA.  Historia  Captionis,  from 
A.D.  1217  to  1219.  Gale.  The  history 
of  the  siege  of  Damietta,  by  an  eye- 
witness ;  it  is  copied  almost  entire  in 
Matthew  Paris. 

Dene,  William  de.  Historia  Roffen^ 
A.D.  1314  to  1350.    Wharton. 

Diceto,  Radulfus  de.  Abbreviationes 
Chronicorum,  from  the  Creation  to  A IX 
1 197,  partially  in  Ttoysden  ;  Gale, 


^ECT.  I.] 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &€. 


553 


IDiCETO,  Radulfus  de.  Imagines  His- 
torianim,  A.  D.  1 148  to  x  199.    Twysden, 

De  Regibus  Britannum  (from  Brute 

to  Cadwallader).    Gale, 

"Ruiph  deDtcetowas  dean  of  Sc.  Paul's,  London, 
amd  U  believed  to  have  died  in  zaxo.  A  new  edi- 
tion uf  his  works  is  in  progress,  for  the  Record 
scries. 

IDi visiKNSis,  RiCARDi.  Clironicondegcstis 
Kicardi  I.     Eng.  Hist.  Soc, 

V.  Ichard  of  Devizes  was  a  monk  of  Winchester, 
living;  in  zz^a. 

lJ<)r)ECBlN,  a  German  abbot,  living  AD. 
1 20a   See  Marianus  Scotus. 

UoNfERHAM,  Adam  de.  History  of  Glas- 
tdnbary,  from  a.d.  1126  to  1290,  in 
continuation  of  Malmesbury.     Hearne. 

History  of  the  Controversy  between 

the  Bishops  of  Bath  and  Wells  and 
tV.e  monks  of  Glastonbury.  Wharton; 
Jlcame, 

Adam  of  Domerham  was  a  monk  of  Glastonbury, 
of  tancertain  date. 

Domesday-Book.  This  important  record, 
which  is  described  at  some  length  in  the 
early  part  of  this  work  (pp.  92 — 95),  was 
published  in  what  was  meant  for  fac- 
simile by  the  Government  in  1783. 

Facsimile  of,  reproduced  in  photo- 
zincography, 1 86 1 — 63.     Record, 

— —  Registrum  vulgariter  nuncupatum  The 
Record  of  Caernarvon,  e  Codice  MS. 
Harleiano  696  descriptum.    Record, 

Under  the  direction  of  the  Record  Commission, 
an  elaborate  Introduction  and  Indexes  to  Domes- 
day, aboimdins  with  interesting  matter,  was  pre- 
pared by  the  late  Sir  Henry  Euis,  and  published, 
in  folio,  1816 ;  in  8vo.,  1833.  A  supplementary 
volume,  styled  Additamenta  (folio,  z8x6),  contains 
some  kindred  records,  as  the  Exon  Domesday ;  the 
1  nquisitio  Eltensis  ;  the  Winton  Domesday ;  the 
Bufden  Book.  The  Record  of  Caernarvon  is 
separate. 

—  Recherches  sur  Domesday,  by  MM. 

Lechaud^,   D'Anisy  et  de  Ste  Marie. 

VoL  I.  Caen^  1 842. 

This  work  contains  the  commencement  only  of 
a  very  complete  Index  to  the  names  in  Domesday, 
with  an  account  of  the  family  history  of  each 
holder  of  land. 

Donegal,  Chronicle  of.    See  Ireland. 

DuDO,  Historia  Normannorum,  seu  Libri 
III.  de  moribus  et  actis  primorum  Nor- 
mannisc  Ducum,  a.d.  800 — X002.  Du' 
chesne;  Bouquet ;  Perls, 

DUNSTAN,  Lives  of  Archbishop.  In  prep. 
Record, 

DuNSTAPLE.  Annals,  from  the  Creation 
to  A.D.  1297.  Hearne;  Record.  Pro- 
bably commenced  by  Richard,  who  be- 
came prior  in  laoa. 


Durham.  DeExordioetProgressuEccIesiae 
Dunelmensis,  ascribed,  but  incorrectly, 
to  Turgot,  prior  of  Durham,  in  1x04. 
Twysden, 

—  Four  Continuations  (A.D.  1096— 1 144, 
anonymous  ;  1 144  to  1 2 14,  by  Geoffrey, 
sacrist  of  Coldingham  ;  1 2 14  to  1336  by 
Robert  Graystanes,  sub-prior  of  Dui^ 
ham;  1333  to  1559,  by  William  de 
Chambre.)    Wharton  :  (last  3,  Surtees). 

Durham.  Dunclmcnse,  Rep[istrum  Palati- 
nnm.  The  Register  of  Richard  de  Kel* 
lawe,  Lord  Palatine  and  Bishop  of  Dur- 
ham ;  131 1 — 1316.  2  vols.  Contains  the 
proceedings  of  his  prelacy, both  lay  and 
ecclesiastical. 

Durham,  Simeon  of.  Historia  de  Gestis 
Anglorum  (in  part),  from  A.D.  732  to 
10^.     Twysden;  Monumenta,    Surtees. 

—  A  Continuation  toA.D.  1 1 56,  by  John 
of  Hexham.     Twysden,    Surtees, 

—— Historia  Dunelmensis.  London,  i*j^2, 
Tkuysden. 
The  author  was  precentor  of  Durham,  and  pro- 
bably died  about  ZZ30.    His  work  extends  to  a.d. 
Z130. 

Eadmer.    Historia  Novorum,  A.D.  959  to 
II 22.    Lives  of  Odo,   Bregwin,  St.  Os- 
wald, Dunstan  and  Ansehn.     London, 
1623.      Wharton;  Migne, 
A  monk  of  Canterbury,  who  died  about  ZZ24. 

Eboracensis.  Catalogus  Praevium  in 
Anglia,  ad.  627^81. 

Printed  in  L'Abb^  Nova  Bibliotheca  MSS. 
Librorum.    Tom.  II.    Paris,  Z657. 

EccLESTON,  Thomas  de.  De  Adventu 
Fratrum  Minorum  in  Anglia.  See  Mo- 
numenta Franciscana. 

Eddius,  Stephanus.    See  Heddius. 

EDWARD  THE  CONFESSOR.  Lives 
of.  Record.  Three  Lives,  the  first  a 
poem  in  Norman  French,  probably  writ- 
ten in  A.D.  1245  >  ^^  second,  about 
A  D.  1440  or  1450 ;  and  the  third, 
which  differs  considerably  in  its  facts 
from  the  received  accounts,  soon  after 
the  Norman  conquest. 

EDWARD  I.  Diary  of  the  Expedition  of 
King  Edward  I.  into  Scotland,  1296. 
Bannatync, 

Year  Books  of  the  reign   of  Ed- 

wanl  I.  Reports  in  Norman  French 
(with  translations)  of  cases  argued  and 
decided  in  the  courts  of  common  law, 
in  A.D.  1292,  1293,  1302,  and  1304. 
2  vols.     Record, 

Sec  also  Henuv  III.  Calcnd.  Geneal. ;  Rotuli 
Himdrc.iorum  ;  Taxatio  Paiue  Nicholai ;  Tksta 
deNevill;  Parliamrstaky Writs;  BamnatynK' 


554 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  SzC 


[sect.  U 


EDWARD  IL  Vita.  With  the  Annales 
by  Trokelowe  {^,v,)    Heame, 

EDWARD  IIL  History  of  the  Reigns 
of  Edward  the  Third  and  Richard  the 
Second  ;  from  a  Manuscript  in  the  Bri- 
tish Museum,  by  an  Anonymous  Writer. 
In  prep.  Record, 
See  also  Exckbquer,  Issue  Rolls  of  Branting- 

luun. 

EDWARD  IV.  Chronicles  of  the  White 
Rose  of  York.  Contemporary  Docu- 
ments relating  to  the  reign  of  Edw.  IV. 
Translated.     London^  i^45> 

—  Chronicle  of  the  first  Thirteen  Years 
of  Reign,  &c.     Camden  Soc, 

■         History  of  Arrival,  &c.    Camden  Soc, 

EDWARD  VL  Domestic  State  Papers 
of  Edward  VI.,  Mary  and  Elizabeth. 
Vols.  I.  to  VIL,  A.D.  1547  to  1603. 
Record, 

Foreign  State  Papers  of  Edward  VI. 

A.D.  1547  to  1553.    Record. 

Literary  Remains.     Roxbur^he. 

ELIZABETH.  Domestic  State  Papers, 
A.D.  1558  to  1603.    Record, 

Foreign  State  Papers  of  Elizabeth. 

Vols.  I.  to  IX.,  A.D.  1558  to  1571. 
Many  illustrations  of  the  religious  wars 
in  France  will  be  found  in  these  volumes. 
Record,. 

ThefoHofwing  works  may  also  be  con^ 
suited, 
Xord  Burghley's  State  Papers,  from  a.d. 
1542  to    1596.      2  vols,   folio,   Lond.y 
1740—59. 
Algernon    Sydney's  Letters   and   Memo- 
rials of  Stale,   from  A.D.  1559.     8vo., 
Lond,^  1825. 

Murdin's  State  Papers,  from  A.D.  157 1 
to  1596.     Folio,  London,  1759. 

Melvil's  Memoirs,  mainly  relating  to  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots.  Folio,  Lond,^  1683. 
Maitland. 

D'Ewes'  Journal  of  the  Votes,  Speeches, 
and  Debates  during  the  reign  of  Eliza- 
beth.    Folio,  Lottd,,  1682. 

Heywood  Townshend's  Historical  Collec- 
tions, detailing  the  Proceedings  of  the 
last  four  Pariiaments  of  Elizabeth.  Folio, 
Zond.f  1680. 

Camden's  History  of  the  Reign  of  Queen 

Elizabeth.    Translated.   3rd  ed.,  Z^7;/</., 

1635. 
Jifonson's  (Sir  W.)  Last  Seventeen  Years 

of   Queen    Elizabeth's   Reign.     Folio, 

JLond,^  1682. 


Bowes*  Correspondence.    Surtees, 
Poulet's  Letters.     Roxburghe, 
Leicester's  Letters.     Camden  Soe, 
Unton's  Correspondence.    Roxhurgh£„ 
Hutton's  Correspondence.    SurUes, 

Zurich  Letters,  three  series,  illustratinjj  iho 
religious  affairs  of  the  period.  J\irler 
Soc, 

Cabala,  sive  Scrinia  Sacra:  Mysteries  of 
State  and  Government,  in  Letters  of 
Illustrious  Persons,  from  A.D.  1536  ly 
1629.    Folio,  Land.,  1691. 

Sir  Ralph  Winwood's  Memorials  of  Affairs 
of  State,  from  A.D.  1596  to  1613.  3  vols, 
folio,  Zond.,  1725. 

See  also  Camden  ;  Chakcerv,  ProctrJInffs  in  ; 
Edward  VI.,  Domestic  Suie  Papers. 

Elmham,  Thomas  of.  HistoriaMonastei  ii 
S.  Augustini  Cantuariensis,  A.D.  596  :o 
1 191.    Record, 

Liber  Metricns  de  Henrico  V.  Re- 
cord, 

^—  Vita  et  Gesta  Henrici  Quinti,  An- 
glonim  Regis.  Hearne ;  Eng,  Hist.SiK, 

Elmham  was  a  monk  of  Si.  Augustine's,  Olr- 
terbury,  and  afterwards  prior  of  Lentoo,  in  Not- 
tinghamshire, where  he  died  about  1436. 

Ely.  Historia  Ecclesiae  Elienas,  from 
A.  D.  963  to  984 ;  and  the  Second  Book 
from  A.D.  970  to  1066.  Gale^  vol.  i.  ; 
Anglia  Christ,  Soc, 

History  of  the  Church  of  EI7,  from 

its  foundation  to  the  year  1107,  by 
Thomas,  a  monk,  with  four  Continua- 
tions (A.D.  1 108 — 1 1 69,  by  RlClIAKD, 
the  prior;  11 74 — 1388,  anonymous; 
1388 — 1486,  anonymous  ;  1486^1 5;4t 
by  Robert  St£warde,  the  last  prior;. 
Wharton, 

Encomium  "Eiavlx.  Anglorum  R^na  Ri- 
chardi  Ducis  Normannonim  filiae,  IG12 
— 1040.  Duchesne;  Maseres ;  Feriz. 
Also  in  smaller  Pertz,  under  title  of 
"  Cnutonis  Regis  Gesta." 

England,  Ancient  Laws  and  Institutes  of. 
Comprising  Laws  enacted  under  the 
Anglo-Saxon  Kings,  from  /Ethilbirht  t«> 
Cnut,  with  a  translation  of  the  Saxon ; 
the  Laws  called  Edward  the  Confessor's ; 
the  Laws  of  William  the  Conqueror : 
and  those  ascribed  to  Henry  I.  ;  Monti- 
menta  Ecclesiastica  from  seventh  to  tcn;\ 
century  ;  the  Ancient  Latin  Version  «»f 
the  Anglo-Saxon  Laws,  with  Glossar)-, 
&c.     Record, 

This  belongs  to  the  Historical  Series  projectt^l 
by  Mr.  Petrie,  and  may  be  considered  as  a  supple - 
mentary  volume  to  the  "  Monumenta  Utstocica." 


SECT.  I.] 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &C 


S5S 


Cngland.  Rotuli  Select!  ad  Res  Anglicas 
et  Hibemias  spectantes.  A  selection 
from  the  Documents  in  the  Chapter- 
house at  Westminster.    Record. 

EkNULPHUsRoffensis.    Wharton;  Heame. 

KsTRiA,  Henricus  de.  Catalogus  Epis- 
coponim  Cantuariensium,  A.D.  599  — 
1 313.     Wharton, 

EiHELWOLF.  Carmen  de  Abbatibus  S. 
l*etri  in  insula  LindisfamensL  MahUlon, 

Jlui.OGlUM  HiSTORiARUM,  from  the  Crea- 
tion to  A.D.  1366,  with  a  Continua- 
tion to  A.  D.  141 3.  Record.  A  Chronicle, 
by  a  monk  of  Mahncsbury,  from  the 
Creation  to  A.D.  1366,  with  a  Continua- 
tion to  A.D.  141 3.  It  contains  much 
interesting  matter  about  the  Poitiers 
campaign  (a.D.  1356),  and  a  good  ac- 
coimt  of  the  reigns  of  Richard  II.  and 
Henry  IV. 

Ilvesham.  Chronicon,  from  the  founda- 
tion of  the  Abbey  (circa  690)  to  141 8. 
Record, 

•'Its  chief  feature  is  an  autobiography,  which 
mnkes  us  acquainted  with  the  inner  daily  life  of 
a   >:rcat  abbey,  such  as  but  rarely  has  been  rc- 

c..»rUed." 

K  V  nsHAM,  Monk  of.  History  of  Richard 
II.  from  A.D.  1377  to  1402.    Hearne, 

Exchequer.  Liber  Niger  Parvus  Scac- 
carii,  2  vols.    Hearne, 

Exchequer  Records. 

M.a;:;Tiu»  Rotulus  Scaccarii,  Tel  Magnus 
Uotulus  Pipae,  31  Henry  I. 

A  singular  name  given  to  one  class  of  the  re- 
c>  *.  «I>  of  the  Exchequer,  on  account  of  the  form  of 
a  ppe  which  they  assumed. 

The  great  Rolls  of  the  Pipe.     2,  3,  4 

1 1  enry  II. ,  1 155—1 1 58.    Record. 

The  great  Roll  of  the  Pipe.  I  Ric.  I., 

1 1 89—  1 1 90.    Record. 

Rotulus  Cancellarii,  vel  Antigraphum 

Magni  Rotuli  Pipae.  3 John.  (a.d.  1201, 
1 202).     Record. 
An  account  of  the  lung's  revenue. 

Rotuli  de  Liberate  ac  de  Misis  et 

Prxstitis,  regnante  Johanne.     Record. 

Rotuli  de  Oblatis  et  Finibus  in  Turn 

l^)ndinensi  asservati,  tempore  Regis  Jo- 
Iiannis.     Record. 

A  'cry  interesting  record  of  the  gifts  made  to  the 
ki:.4  on  receiTing  any  new  honour  or  privilege 
fruia  him. 

Calendars   and    Inventories    of   the 

Treasury  of  His  Majesty's  Exchequer, 
with    an    elaborate    Introduction    and 


Exchequer  Records,  (continued). 

notes.  Contains  many  curious  particu- 
lars r^arding  the  r^alia,  crown  jewels^ 
and  plate  of  several  of  our  monarchs, — 
Edward  II.,  Edward  III..  Henry  VL, 
Henry  VIII.,  and  James  I.    Record. 

—  Nonarum  Inquisitionum,  temp.  Ed» 
ward  HI.  (1340).    Record 

A  curious  record  of  the  returns  of  jurors  ap> 
pointed  to  determine  the  value  of  the  ninth  paut 
of  the  corn,  wool,  and  lambs  in  each  parish  in 
England,  granted  as  an  aid  for  the  conquest  of 
France. 

Testa  de  Nevill,  temp.  Henry  IIL 

and  Edward  I.     Record. 

^  It  contains  an  account  of  the  holdinn  of  the 
king's  chief  tenants,  with  the^  amount  of  scntage 
and  aids  payable  by  each  :  lists  of  widows  and 
heiresses  whose  marriage  belonged  to  the  crown  ; 
of  churches  in  the  king's  hands,  forfeited  «taUi» 
&c    The  origin  of  the  name  is  quite  uncertain. 

Rotulorum  Originalium  in  Curia  Scac- 

carii  Abbreviatio.  Henry  III.  to  Edw. 
III.,  2  vols.     Record. 

Abstracts  of  the  Estreats  transmitted  from  thft 
Court  of  Chancery  to  the  office  of  the  Lord  Trea- 
«surer's  Remembrancer,  and  of  all  Grants  of  tho 
Crown  enrolled  on  the  Patent  Rolls  whereon  aay 
rent  is  reserved  or  service  performed. 

Documents    Illustrative   of   English 

History  in  the  13th  and  14th  centuries. 
Selected  from  the  Records  of  the  de- 
partment of  the  Queen's  Remembrancer 
in  the  Exchequer.     Record. 

Issues  of  the  Exchequer,  Henry  IIL 

to  Henry  VI.  Extracted  from  the  Pell 
Records.    Record. 

The  Issue  Roll  of  Thomas  de  Bran- 

tingham,  bishop  of  Exeter,  lord-treasurer, 
A.D.  137a     Record. 

Issues  of  the  Exchequer  of  James  I. 

Extracted  from  the  Pell  Records.  Rt* 
cord. 

Fabian.  The  Concordance  of  Histories, 
a  Chronicle  of  the  affairs  of  England 
and  France  down  to  1509.  Folio,  Lond., 
15 16;  4to,  181 1. 

Robert  Fabian,  the  compiler,  was  sheriff  of  Lon- 
don in  Z493,  and  afterwaros  an  alderman. 

Facius,  Barth.  De  Origine  Belli  inter 
Gallos  et  Anglos,  141 5.  Printed  ad  fin. 
Ciacconii  Bibl. 

Fasciculi  Zizaniosuu  M.  Joannis  Wy- 
clif.     Record. 

Ascribed  to  Thomas  Netter,  of  Walden,  pro- 
rincial  of  the  Carmelites  in  England,  confessor  to 
Henry  V.  It  gives  an  in&i^ht  into  the  religiona 
and  philosophic  controversies  which  mark  the 
end  of  the  fourteenth  and  the  beginiiiag  of  the 
fifteenth  century. 


SS6 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


[sect.  L 


Fine  Rolls. 

Excerpta  h  Rotulis  Finium  in  Turn 

Londincnsi  asservatis,  Vol.  I.,  from  A.D. 

1216  to  1246.     /Record. 

Mainly  an  account  of  feudal  payments  to  die 
kinz.on  such  occasions  as  succesuon  to  lands,  ward- 
ship, marriage,  forfeitures  and  pardons,  aid-*  and 
taluazes,  but  also  containing  much  information  re- 
garding the  state  of  the  Jews  shortly  before  their 
expulsion  from  England. 

, Fines,  sive  Pedes  Finium,  VoL  I., 

from  A. D.  II 95  to  1 2 14.     Record, 

A  collection  of  proceedings  before  the  Court  of 

Exchequer,  rcbiing  to  lands,  between  private  in- 

dividuaJs. 

FiTZSTEPHEN,  WiLLiAM,  a  monk  of  Can- 
terbury, who  died  about  1 190.  yita 
S.  Thomce  Cantuariensis  Archiepiscopi. 
Sparke;  Migne, 

li'LORES  HiSTORiARUM.  From  the  Crea- 
tion to  1307.  Parker.  The  author  is 
altogether  uncertain,  the  ascription  to 
Matthew  of  Westminster  being  unwar- 
ranted by  the  oldest  MSS.,  while  others 
name  John  Rochfort,  or  John  of  Lon- 
don. See  Westminster,  Matthew 
OF,  and  Wendover,  Roger  of. 

FcEDERA,  Rymer's.  Fcedera,  Conven- 
tiones  Literse  et  cujuscunque  generis 
Acta  publica,  inter  Reges  Anglia  et 
alios  quosvis  Imperatores,  Reges,  &c, 
ab  anno  iioi,  ad  nostra  tempora. 

The  first  edition,  20  vols,  folio,  London,  1704— 
15;  second  edition,  by  Holmes,  so  vols,  folio, 
London,  1727—35  ;  third  edition,  containins  the 
French  translations  of  the  English  docunietits,  and 


Thomas  Rynier,  ihe  son  of  a  vehemeiu  Non- 
conformist who  suffered  for  treason  in  1664,  was 
bom  about  1641  at  Yafforth,  in  Yorkshire,  was  edu- 
cated at  Sidney  College,  Cambridge,  and  w.is  called 
to  the  bar  in  1^72.  In  2692  he  was  appointed 
historiographer  royal,  and  in  1693  he  was  named 
editor  of  the  Foedera.  Fifteen  volumes  were  pro- 
duced by  him,  coming  down  to  July,  X586.  but  he 
was  very  indifferently  repaid  for  nis  labour,  and  he 
died  in  poverty  December  14, 1713.  Tlie  List  5  vols, 
were  compiled  by  Robert  Saunderson,  keeper  of  the 
Rolls  Chapel  records,  who  had  been  his  assistant. 
Rymer  was  also  the  author  of  various  works,  plays, 
poems,  dramatic  criticisms,  &c.,  of  little  merit. 

FCEDERA. — A  collection  of  Conventions, 
Letters,  and  Public  Acts  between  the 
Kings  of  England  and  Foreign  Powers. 
Vols.  I.  to  IV.,  from  A.D.  1066  to  1383. 
These  four  volumes  are  all  that  were 
printed  by  the  Commissioners  of  a  new 
edition  of  Rymer,  which,  with  Saunder- 
son's  Continuation,  extends  to  1 654.  Re- 
cord, 

— ^  Syllabus,  in  English,  of  Rymer's 
Foedera.  VoL  I.  a.d.  1066  to  1377. 
Vol.  II.  A.D.  1378  to  1654.  This  is  a 
summary  of  the  contents  of  about  20,000 
documents  from  the  time  of  William  I. 


to  that  of  Charles  II. ;  and  tables  of 
regnal  years,  and  of  contemporary  Sove- 
reigns, are  also  given.    Rean^d, 

FOLCARD.    Vita  S.  Joannis  BevcrlacOT^ 
Epis.  E^racensis  (A.D.  720).  MahiUon; 
Bollandus, 
Written  c,  xo66. 
FORDUN,  John,   a  canon  of  Aberdeen, 
who  lived  circa  136a    Scoticfaronicon, 
with  Continuation   by  Walter  Bower, 
from     Moses     to     A.D.    146a    Gdt; 
Hearrte. 
Four  Masters,  Annals  of  the    See  Ire- 
land. 
Gaimar.    L'Estorie  des  Angles.     A  Nor- 
man-French poem,  extending  from  A.n. 
495  to  1066.    Monumeitta  ;  Caxion  Si>r. 
The  earlier  part  (from  Jason  to  the  airiv-al  of 
Cerdic)  is  supposed  to  be  lost :  what  reroatn>  k 
mainly  a  parapnrase  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Chinii:^:  i 
It  appears  to  have  been  written  about  the  mid«le 
of  the  twelfth  century,  by  Gcoflfrey  Gaimar,  U 
Troyes. 

Gemeticensis.    See  Jumieges. 

Gervase.    See  Canterbury. 

Gesta  Regum  BRiTANNiiE.  A  Metrical 
History  of  the  Britons  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury. Printed  from  three  MSS.  Cam- 
brian, 

GiLDAS.  De  Excidio  Britanniae.  Menu- 
menta;  Gale;  Heidelberg;  Bertram; 
Eng,  Hist,  Soc,  The  work  of  GiUlas, 
who  is  presumed  to  have  been  a  Brit:-h 
priest  or  monk  of  the  sixth  centun'.  It 
is  accompanied  by  an  Epistle,  and  ihe 
two  extend  from  the  Incarnation  to 
A.D.  560. 

GiRALDUs  Cambrensis.  Expupiatio  Hi- 
bemioe,  sive  Historia  rationalis,  extend- 
ing from  A.  D.  1 1 70  to  1 187.  Cam  Jen; 
Record, 

Legenda  S.  Remigil  Wharton,  Con- 
tains lives  of  St.  Remigius  and  six  of 
his  successors  in  the  see  of  Li^icoln, 
beside  brief  notices  of  Thomas  Ikwkt:: 
and  several  other  prelates. 

Topographia    Hibemiae.      Car.iiin; 

Record, 

DescriptioCambrise,  Book  II.  Whctr- 

ton  ;  the  whole  work  in  Record. 

Life  of  Geoffrey  Plantagenet,  nrch- 

bishop  of  York.     Wharton  ;  Record. 

De  Instructione  Principmn.    -^f'S^- 

Christ.  Soc, 

Gerald  Barry  was  archdeacon  of  Breckn^'^V.  and 
in  X199  he  was  elected,  though  not  unann »  ti'i)' 
bishop  of  St.  David's ;  his  opponent  was  \.Mt, 
abbot  of  St.Dogmael.  Gerald  appealed  w  r.M 
when  Pope  Innocent  111.  interfered  in  hi-i  J>»'-i>'- 
but  without  effect.  This  is  styled  by  Biih -P  a^» 
neU,  in  his  MS.  Collections,  "  the  first  pap-J  P'^' 
vision  to  any  English  see ;"  but  the  stauiueiit  ts 


SECT.  I.] 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


557 


inaocnnte.  The  pope,  appearing  to  regard  Wales 
as  a  barbarous  country,  professed  to  bestow  the 
see  on  him  by  his  own  power,  without  reference  to 
any  question  of  disputed  election.  Krog  John 
zeAisins  to  admit  him,  he  at  length  resigned  the 
title,  Nov.  xo,  1 303 ;  he  died  about  xaar  His 
urorks  are  of  a  very  miscellaneous  nature,  both  in 
prose  and  verse,  but  until  recently  only  portions 
of  them  had  been  printed,  as  above.  The  whole 
are  in  course  of  publication  in  the  Record  series 
of  Chronicles  and  Memorials.  Six  volumes  have 
been  already  issued.    The  seventh  is  in  the  Press. 

Glanvilla,  Radulfus  de.  Tractatus 
de  Legibus  et  Consuetudinibus  Regni 
Anglix  temp.  Henry  II.  Comp.  Lon- 
don^ 1607—1673;  Roum^  1776  (with 
others)  j  translated  by  Beames.  Lond.^ 
1812. 

Glastoniensis,  Joannes.  Chronica  de 
rebus  Glastoniensibus.     Hearne. 

Gloucester,  Benedict  of.  Life  of 
St.  Dubridn^,  archbishop  of  Caerleon. 
Wharton, 

Gloucester,  Robert  of,  lived  circa 
1280.  A  Chronicle,  in  verse,  from  Brute 
to  A.D.  1271.    Hearne.    In  prep.  Record, 

The  latter  part  is  very  yalyable  as  being  a  con- 
temporary poem,  describing  many  incidents  of 
the  time. 

Gloucester.  History  and  Chartulary  of 
St  Peter's  Monastery,  from  A.D.  691  to 
about  1380.  Record,  Commonly,  but 
erroneously  ascribed  to  Walter  Frouces- 
ter,  the  twentieth  abbot. 

GoscELiN,  a  monk  of  Canterbury.     Life 
of  St.  Augustine.    Wharton, 
This  is  termed  Historia  Minor.  ^   It  is  little  else 

than  an  abridgment  of  another  Life  by  the  same 

author,  published  by  Mabillon. 

Grace,    Jacobus.      Annales    Hibemiae, 
1074 — 137a     Irish    Arch,    Soc.      See 
Ireland. 
The  author  was  a  monk  of  Kilkenny,  and  wrote 

circa  1370. 

Grafton.  Abridgment  of  the  Chronicles 
of  England  (1562),  and  the  Chronicle  at 
large  (1569),  by  Richard  Grafton,  a 
printer,  who  was  also  one  of  the  earliest 
English  printers  of  the  Holy  Bible. 

Gray,  Sir  Thomas.  Scalacronica  :  a 
Chronicle  of  England  and  Scotland, 
from  A.D.  1056  to  1362.  Maitland  Club. 

Graystanes,   Robert.     History  of  the 
Church  of  Durham,  from  A.D.  1214  to 
1336.     Wharton ;  Surtees. 
Robert  Graistan,  or  Graistun,  sub-prior  of  Dur- 
ham, was  omsecrated  bishop  of  the  see  in  1333, 
but  obtaining  neither  the  royal  nor  the  papal  ap- 
proval he  was  set  aside. 

Grosseteste,  Bishop.  Letters  of.  Record. 
The  letters,  131  in  number,  range  from 
A.D.  1 2 10  to  1253,  and  though  deal- 
ing with  the  political  history  of  the  time, 
rder  especially  to  the  writer's  own  dio- 
cese of  Lincoln. 


GuALO  Camber.  Britanicus  Carmen  in 
Monachos. 

He  wrote  circa  1x70.  The  poem  will  be  found 
printed  in  Fabricius  Bibliotheca  Latina,  3  vols, 
royal  8vo.,  Turin,  1858. 

H  ADEN  HAM,    EDMUND    OF,    a    mouk     of 

Rochester.     Annales   RofTenses.      Part 
(from  A.D.  604  to- 1 307)  in  Whafton. 

Hagustaldensis.  See  Hexham,  John 
of,  Richard  of. 

Halle.  Union  of  the  two  noble  illustrious 
Families  of  Lancaster  and  York,  Londony 
1548;  afterwards  issued  as  "Halle's 
Chronicle,"  containing  the  History  of 
England  durmg  the  reign  of  Henry  IV., 
4to.,  London^  1 809.  Mainly  describes 
the  Wars  of  the  Roses,  but  was  continued 
by  Grafton  so  as  to  include  the  reign  of 
Henry  VHI. 

Edward  Halle  was  a  scholar  of  Eton,  who  be- 
came recorder  of  London,  and  died  in  1547.  His 
grandfather,  David  Halle,  had  been  a  constant  at- 
tendant on  Richard,  duke  of  York,  and  his  recol- 
lections of  the  events  of  his  time  are  so  interwoven 
with  the  work  as  to  give  it  something  like  the 
authority  of  a  contemporary  production. 

Harding,  John.  A  Chronicle,  in  verse, 
**from  the  first  beginning  of  England" 
to  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.,  with  a  prose 
Continuation  by  an  unknown  writer,  to 
A,D.  1538.  London^  1543;  and  with 
Grafton's  Continuation,  London^  1812. 

Harding  was  a  North  countryman,  who  pro- 
fessed to  have  discovered  many  documents  proving 
the  feudal  subjection  of  Scotland  to  England,  for 
which  he  was  rewarded  by  Edward  Xw.,  but  his 
papers  appear  to  have  been  forgeries. 

Harflet,  Siege  of,  and  "Batayl  of  Azen- 
court,"  by  King  Henry  V.,  1415. 

Printed  in  the  **  Collection  des  Chronique» 
Nationales  Fnui^aises,"  by  Buckon.,  Pari*,  2824 
— 29. 

Harry,  Blind  ;  or,  Henry  the  Min- 
strel. Acts  and  Deeds  of  the  most 
famous  Champion  Sir  William  Wal- 
lace, Knight  of  Ellerslie.  4to.,  Edinb,^ 
1578  ;  3  vols.  8vo.,  Perthy  1790 ;  2  vols. 
4to.,  Edinb,,  1820. 
The  author  of  this  poem  lived  circa  1470. 
The  Edinburgh  edition  contains  Barbour's  Hut.» 

and  is  entitled  "The  Bruce  and  Wallace."    They 

are  from   two   ancient   MSS.   preserved   in   tho 

Library  of  the  Faculty  of  Advocates. 

Hastingensi,  Carmen  de  Bello  (1066). 

Monumenta,    See  WiDO. 
Heddius,  Stephanus.    Vita  S.  Wilfridi, 

Episcopi  Eboracensis  (a.d.  664—74)9), 

Gale. 

A  monk  of  Canterbury,  who  was  brought  t» 
the  north  by  Wilfrid  to  instruct  his  people  ia 
psalmody. 

Heimskringla  :  a  Chronicle  of  the  Sea- 
kings  of  Norway,  from  A.D.  841  to  II77- 
It  is  a  collection  of  ancient  sagas,  col- 
lected and  arranged  by  Snorro  Stnrlason^ 


SS8 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


[SECZ.L 


an  eminent  cluuacter  in  Iceland,  about 
the  dose  of  the  twelfth  centnry. 
Tbe  worie  does  not  embody  any  English  vriter, 
Imt  it  b  mentioned  here  as  affording  the  native 
version  of  the  exploits  of  the  Northmen.  See 
«ome  extracts,  a.d.  xo66,  Z098.  The  Islandic  text 
was  published  at  Upsala,  3  vols.  Sra,  z8z6 ;  and 
«n  English  txanslation,  3  vols.  Lotulom,  1844. 

Hemingford,  or  Hemingburgh,  Wal- 
ter OF.  Chronica,  from  A.D.  1066  to 
1272.     Ga/^;  Eng.  Hist,  Soe. 

^—  Lives  of  Edward  L,  II.,  and  III.  [in 
part,  A.D.  1272  to  1346,  Iltarne]  have 
been  ascribed  to  him,  but  it  is  believed 
that  all  after  A.D.  1297  is  the  work  of 
some  other  writer. 
Hemingford  was  a  canon  of  Gisboni,  in  York- 

'•hire,  and  died  1347. 

Hemming,  a  monk  of  Worcester.  Vita 
S.  Wlstani  Episcopi  Wigomiensis  (A.D. 
1062 — 95).     Wharton;  Mtgfu, 

Henry  the  Minstrel.    See  Harry. 

Henry.  See  under  Exchequer,  Pipe 
Rolls ;  ROTULI  de  Dominabns. 

HENRY  IL  and  Richard  I.  Chronide 
of  the  Reigns  of.  Record,  This  work 
is  known  under  ttie  name  of  Benedict 
of  Peterborough,  g,  v, 

HENRY  III.  Royal  and  Historical  Let- 
ters of  Henry  IIL  Record,  The  col- 
lection consists  of  nearly  700  letters, 
many  now  printed  at  length  for  the 
first  time,  though  a  summary  of  very 
many  is  to  be  fotmd  in  the  ''Calendar 
of  Royal  Letters"  in  the  fourth,  fifth, 
sixth  and  seventh  Reports  of  the  Deputy 
Keeper  of  the  Public  Records. 

Calendarium  Genealogicum,  for  the 

Rdgns  of  Henry  III.  and  Edward  I. 
Record,  Of  special  value  for  elucidating 
early  family  history. 

See  FiNB  Rolls,  Exceipta ;    Rotuli  Hon- 
^redorum. 

HENRY  IV.  Royal  and  Historical  Let- 
ters of  the  Reign  of.  Record,  These 
letters  illustrate  biographical  history, 
and  give  a  familiar  view  of  the  cha- 
racters, events  and  manners  of  the  time 
(1399  to  1404). 

See  also  English  Chronide  of  Hbnkt  IV.,  V., 
TI.    CamdtHSoc. 

HENRY  V.  Memorials  of.  Record,  Three 
Lives,  now  first  printed,  i.  A  Life  by 
Robert  Redman  ;  2.  A  Metrical  Chro- 
nicle, by  Prior  Elmham  ;  3.  Verses  in 
praise  of  King  Henry,  by  a  monk  of 

WESTMINSTER. 

-^—  Henrici  quinti  Anglise  Regis  Gesta. 
This,  with  the  Chronica  Neustria, 
contains  the  history  between  1414 — 1422. 
A  French  MS.  With  Translation,  Eng, 
mst,  Soc,  ^       ^ 


HENRY  VL  Official  Conespondeiice  of 
Thomas  Bekynton,  Secretary  to  Heniy 
VI.»  and  Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wdk. 
2  vols.    Record, 

These  curious  volumes  coatain  naoy 
of  the  Bishop's  own  letters,  sod  several 
written  by  hun  in  the  king's  1 


French  Wars  of  Henry  VI.,  lUnstn- 

tionsot  2  vols.  Record,  Derivied  mostly 
from  French  sources,  they  shew  step  hy 
step  the  decline  of  the  F.ngli5*h  power. 

HENRY  VIL  Memorials  ot  Record, 
Contain  a  very  laudatory  life.of  Heuy, 

by  Bernard  Andr^,  of  Toulouse,  his  poet 
laureate ;  notices  of  various  emba^es, 
chiefly  in  relation  to  Henry's  marriage 
])rojects ;  and  an  account  of  the  recep- 
tion of  Philip  of  Castile  in  England  ui 
1506. 

Materials  for  a  Histoxy  of  the  reign 

of  Record,  lUustrates  the  proceed- 
ings of  Henry  on  ascending  the  throoe^ 
and  shadows  out  his  future  policy. 

HENRY  VIIL  Historical  Notes  rebting 
to  the  Histoiy  of  England,  from  Acces- 
sion of  Henry  VIII.  to  Death  of  Qoeen 
Anne.  Record  Useful  for  reference  in 
dates,  chronology,  && 

•^—  State  Papers  during  the  reign  of  Heniy 
VIIL,  with  Indices  of  Persons  and 
Places.  VoL  I.  Domestic  Correspond* 
ence.  Vols.  IL  and  IIL  Correspond' 
ence  relating  to  Ireland.  Vols.  IV. 
and  V.  Correspondence  relating  to  Scot- 
land. Vols.  VI. — XL  Correspondence 
between  England  and  Foreign  Courts. 
Record, 

Foreign  and  Domestic  State  Papers  of 
HeniyVIIL  Vols.  L  to  IV.  a.  D.  1509 
to  1528.  This  Calendar  includes  papers 
from  a  great  number  of  sources^  and  is 
intended  to  embody  '*  whatever  authen- 
tic original  material  exists  in  England*' 
regardmg  the  reign  of  Heniy  VIII. 
Record, 

—  Records  of  the  Reformation.    Tbe 
Divorce,    1527 — 33.    2  vols.,   Oxford, 
1870. 
See  also  Vaior  F.ccletfaaricin. 

Hexham,  John  of.     A  continuator  of 
Simeon  of  Durham  ( 1 130— 1 1 54).  Toys- 
den  ;  Surtea, 
John  was  prior  of  Headuua  in  the  twelfth  oentnrT. 

Hexham,  Richard  of.     De  Gesti  Regis 
Stephani  et   Bello  Standardii,    1135— 
1139.     Twysden  ;  Surtees, 
Richard  became  Prior  of  Hexham  in  2x43. 

HiBERNici,  Annales.    See  Irilamix 


SECT,  l] 


ALPHABETICAL  UST  OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


5S9 


HiGDEN,  Ralph  (or  Ralph  of  Chester). 
Polychronicon,  from  the  Creation  to' 
A-D.  1357.  Vol.! — ^iv,;  VoL  v.  in  prep. : 
together  with  Trerisa's  Translation. 
J^££ord;  GaU,  Mainly  derived  from 
Polycratica  temporum,  by  Roger  of 
Chester,  an  earlier  member  of  the  same 
house,  which  remains  unprinted.  The 
Polydironicon  was  continued  to  A.D. 
1460,  by  Caxton,  and  printed  by  him 
1482. 

Higden  was  a  monk  of  St.  Werlniis^'s,  Chttter, 
died  about  1363. 


HiSTORiA  de  Gestis  R^[am  Britannomm. 
Vide  Lanercost. 

HoLiNSHED.  Chronicles  of  England, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland  (1577) ;  2  vols. 
folio,  London^  4to.,  1S07. 

The  principal  writer  was  Raphael  Holiiished, 
of  whona  little  is  known,  exce]^  that  he  was  steward 
to  a  eendeman  of  Warwickshire.  He  was  assisted 
by  William  Harrison,  a  canon  of  Windsor  ;  Ri- 
chard Stanyhnrst,  a  Jesuit ;  John  Hooker  (or 
VoweI])»  chamberlain  of  Exeter ;  Frauds  Thynne, 
T^rwatfrr  herald ;  and  John  Stowe. 

Holy  Rood,  Edinburgh.  Chronicle, 
from  the  invasion  of  Jolins  Caesar  to 
A.D.  1 163.  Part,  from  A.D.  595,  Whar- 
ton.; Bannatyne. 

The  first  part  is  chiefly  from  Bede,  and  ends  with 
73^.  The  second  part  commences  X065,  and  throws 
lis^nt  upon  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  the  north  of 
Eogland  and  waaih.  of  Scotland. 

Holy  Tri  nity,  Richard  of.  Author  of 
the  Itinerary  of  Richard  I.,  q.v. 

HovEDEN,  Roger.  Annates,  in  two  parts, 
A.D.  731  to  1 154,  and  1 154  to  1201.  Sa- 
vile;  Bouquet;  Record.  4  vols.  Professor 
Stubbs  divides  the  work  into  four  parts, 
not  all  of  equal  value.  From  a.d.  732 
to  1 148  Hoveden  has  added  little  to 
a  compilation  made  in  Northumbria 
about  1161 ;  from  1148  to  1169  is  from 
some  other  source,  with  additions  ;  from 
1 1 70  to  II 92  there  is  a  general  agree- 
ment with  Benedict  of  Peterborough  ; 
from  1 192  to  1201  appears  to  be  wholly 
the  work  of  Hoveden^  and  it  is  an  ex- 
cellent authority. 

Litde  more  is  known  of  the  author,  than  the  fietct 
that  he  was  one  of  the  king^s  clerks  in  X174,  and 
a  justice  itinerant  of  the  forests  in  2x89. 

Hugh,  St.,  Life  of.    Record, 

St  Hu^  was  bishop  of  Lincoln  from  a.d.  zz86 
to  xaoo.  His  biographer  was  probably  his  con- 
fessor, Adam,  abbot  ol  Evesham. 

Hugo  Candidus,  a  monk  of  Peterborough. 
History,  from  A.D.  654  to  1175.   Sparke, 

The  work  is  a  mere  amplification  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  Chrooide. 

Hugonis  Rothomagensis,  Epistola  ad  In- 
aocentiam  Papam  IL  de  ooitu  Stephani 


Regis  Anglomm  (ob.  1154).     Mart^te 
tX.Durand. 

Hugh  was  abbot  of  Readmg,  1x33—30^  bdbctt 
he  was  made  Archbishop  of  Rouen. 

Hulmo,  Chronicon  S.  Benedicti  de.  Chro- 
nicle of  S.Benet  Holme,  from  the  In- 
carnation to  1294;  continued  by  the 
Canons  of  Hickling  to  1503 ;  with  Joha 
of  Ozeoedes.    Reurd, 

Huntingdon,  Henry  of.  Historia 
Anglorum.  Part,  from  the  Incamatiott 
to  A.D.  1066,  Monumenta ;  Savile ; 
Migne, 

—  De  Contemptu  MundL  A  Letter  to 
Walter  the  Archdeacon  of  Oxford,  circa 
II 50.     Wharton. 

The  writer  was  educated  in  the  household  of 
Robert  Bloet,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  became  arch- 
deacon of  Huntingdon  about  xzzo;  he  travelled  to 
Rome  and  elsewhiere,  and  lived  into  the  reign  of 
Henry  IL 

Hyde.  Chronicle  and  Chartulary  of  Hyde 
Abbey,  Winchester,  from  a.d.  455  to 
1023.  Record  This,  known  as  the 
Book  of  Hyde,  gives  much  information, 
about  the  reign  of  Alfred  not  met  with 
elsewhere,  and  contains  the  will  of  that 
king  both  in  the  original,  and  in  an 
English  translation  of  the  time  of  £d- 
waid  IIL 

Ickham,  Peter  de.  Le  Livere  de  Reis 
de  Brittanie,  and  Le  Livere  de  Reis  de 
Engleterre,  Record.  Two  treatises  which 
are  careful  abstracts  of  previous  histo- 
rians«  and  have  also  interest  for  the  phi- 
lologist as  furnishing  examples  of  half- 
naturalized  French. 

Ingulfus.  Historia  Croylandensis  from 
A.D.  626  to  10S9,  Fulman;  Savile;  to 
which  there  are  four  separate  Continua- 
tions (1089 — 1 1 17,  attributed  to  Peter 
of  Blois  ;  I149 — 1470 ;  1459  — 1486  ; 
14S6. 

An  abbot  of  Croyland,  who  enjoyed  the  fiivoar 
of  William  I.,  and  died  about  xxoo.  To  him  has 
been  ascribed  the  eariypart  of  the  History,  butthis 
and  the  first  Continuation  are  full  of  anachronisms 
and  contradictions,  and  are  all  but  certainly  finbri- 
cations  of  the  X3th  or  X4th  centuries  ;  the  other 
Continuations  are  considered  authentic,  but  no- 
thing is  known  of  their  authors. 

Inisfallen.  Annals,  from  A.D.  201  to 
1096,  kept  at  Inisfallen,  in  the  lake  of 
Killamey.  (^  Conor,  In  reality  a  mo- 
dem compilation  by  Bishop  O'Brien 
and  John  Conry,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
eighteenth  centtuy. 

Inquisitiones  ad  quod  Damnum.  See 
Charter  Rolls. 

Ireland.  Chronicon  Scotorum  :  a  Chro- 
nicle of  Irish  Affairs,  frt>m  A.M.  1599  to 
A.D.  II 50.  Record    Gives  a  legendary 


S^o 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &C 


[SECT.L 


Ireland,  {continued). 
account  of  the  peopling  of  Ireland,  and 
details  the  invasions  of  foojigners  and  the 
mttttme  wars  of  a  later  period.     Trans- 
lated from  a  MS.  part  Latin,  part  Irish. 

Cogadh  GaedhdreGallaibh,  The  War 

of  the  Gaedhil  with  the  GaiU.  Record, 
The  tale  of  the  invasions  of  Ireland  by 
tile  Northmen,  told  in  the  style  of  the 
Scandinavian  Sagas,  intermingled  poetry 
and  prose.  Translated  from  an  Irish  MS. 

— -  Annals  of  Loch  Cd,  from  a,d.  1014 
to  1590.     Record,  ^ 

A  valuable  addition  to  the  materials  for  the  civil 
and  ecclesiastical  history  of  Ireland. 

Annals  of  Ireland,  from  the  earliest 

penod  to  A.D.  1616.  Translated  by  John 
O  Donovan.  A  compilation  (in  Irish) 
from  ancient  sources  by  the  three  bro- 
ttere  OClery,  assisted  by  Peregrine 
p  Duigenan,  m  their  temporary  retreat 
in  the  monastery  of  Donegal,  1632  to 
l63o»  and  so  called  Annals  of  the  Four 

S^"^^'^'^,5?^^"^^^  ^^  ^^e  expense  of 
Feigal  O'Gara,  lord  of  CoolaVin,  and 
M.  P.  for  the  county  of  Sligo.  A  part  of 
the  work  (in  Latin)  is  given  in  a  Conor, 
-—Annals,  from  a.d.  1074  to  1515,  the 
i«t  14s  years,  however,  being  mainly  a 
mere  obituary  of  the  Lacies,  Burkes, 
Butlers  and  Fitzgeralds.     Irish  Arch, 


Kil!i!4^^d?:dfete^^^^^^^^^  '- 

"""^•1^'^  Sanctorum  veteris  ScotUe  sive 
Hibemicae.  Tom.  L  iL,  fol.  Lou. 
vatn,  1645. 

— —  Historic  and  Municipal  Documents, 
iew7  ^'^^°'  ^  J"""*  ^-  ^'^'^ 

"i"yfT"ZiiC:^yi^f^^°"«i»'^ 

-—  The  Statutes  at  large  passed  in  Par- 
liaments held  m  Ireland  from  3  Edw  II 

^li\Vr  fec^rr^'^"^^'  ^'"^^^^^^ 

-—  Inouisitionum  in  Officio  Rotulorum 
CancelW  Hibernian  Repertoru^^ 
vols.,  foho,  1826— 1829.     Record, 

~n^cen  ^  hI?  r1^!}^  ^*  Clausarum 
-^Vn     ^1  T^?^^^^  Henry  II. 

—  VII.,  Vol.  I.,  fol.,  1828.    Record, 

~Hic'nn.^;"feLJr""''*'«' 


Ireland,  {continued), 

—-Calendar    of  Patent    Rolls,    i— 16 

James  I.     Record,     Unfinished. 
— -  Repertory  of  Patent  Rolls  of  IiciaaL 

James  I.  et  seq.,  2  vols.     Record. 
-—  Rotuli  Selecti  ad  res  Anglicas  e 

Hibemicas  spectantes.   Record, 
-—  Calendar  of  Patent  and  Close  Rolls, 

Heniy  VIII.,   Edw.    VI..    Mary,   and 

Elizabeth,  Vol.  I     Record.       ^' 
Irish  State  Papers.      Vols.    L.   IL 

A.D.  1509  to  1585.     Record, 
-—  Irish  State  Papers,  of  the  reign  of 

Liber  Munerum  Publicoram   Hiber- 

ni»,aban.  1152  usque  ad  1827  ;  or  The 
Establishments  of  Ireland.     Record. 

An  incomplete  work,  containing  a  vast 
mass  of  valuable  matter,  relating  to  both 
Church  and  State,  but  with  difficulty 
consultable,  from  its  utter  want  of  sys- 
tematic arrangement 

— -  Carew  Papers  in  the  Lambeth  li- 
brary    Vols.  t.toVL   A.D.  1515  to  1624. 

*      n       J^^^  P^P^'^  "e  of  great  value 
to  all  students  of  Irish  history. 

See  also  Marlborough,  Henry  of 
Anglo-Normanni^  Poema,  and  the 
publications  of  the  Irish  Arckaoioncal 
and  Idemo-CeUic  Societies.  ^ 

JAMES  I.  Domestic  State  Papers  c^ 
James  I  5  vols.  a.d.  1603  to  1625. 
^ew  light  IS  here  thrown  on  the  Gun- 
powder  plot  the  Overbury  murder,  the 
death  of  Ralegh,  &c.     Record. 

The  following  works  may  also  be  consulted 

Secret  History  of  the  Court  of  James  l' 

by  Osborne,  i2mo,,  London,  1658,  Well 

don,  2  vols.  Edind,,  1811,  and  others 

Sir  David  Dalrymple's  (Lord  Hailcs)  Me- 

monals  and  Letters  relating  to  the  reign 

of  James  I.     8vo.,  Glasg^^  1766.      ^ 

Carleton's  (Sir  Dudley)  Letters  during  his 

Embassy  m  Holland,  from  a.d.  i^ikTo 

1620.     4to.,  Lond,  1757. 

Ruthven'sLetters,i6is-i662.  Roxhitghe. 
Letters  and  Dispatches  from  Sir  H  Wot 

ton  to  James  I.,  1617-20.    Roxburghe. 
King  James'  Works  (published  by  Bp.  of 

Wmton).     Folio,  Londoti,  i6i6-£ 

Spanish  Account  of  the  proposed  Marxiaee 


SECT.  I.] 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


561 


JAMES  XL  Life  of  James  II.,  collected 
out  of  Memoirs,  writ  of  his  oWn  hand,  by 
Rev.  J.  Stainer  Clarke,  2  vols.  4to.,  Lon- 
don, 1816;  a  work  of  doubtful  authority. 

T^  following  works  may  be  consulted. 
Clarendon's  State  Letters  during  the  reign 
of  James  II.    3  vols,  folio,  Oxon.,  1767. 

Correspondence  and  Diaries  of  Henry  and 
Lav^Tence  Hyde,  earls  of  Clarendon  and 
Rochester,    from  A.D.    1687    to    1690. 
2  vols.  4to.,  London,  1828. 
The  Hydcs  were  sons  of  Lord  Chancellor  Claren- 
<ion,  and  consequently  uncles  to  Queens  Mary  and 
Anne.     Henry  refused  to  take  the  oaths  to  Wil- 
liam III.,  and  lived  in  retirement,  but  his  brother 
Lawrence  accepted  office,   and  was  made   lord- 
lieutenant  of  Ireland. 

Burnet's  History  of  James  II.  Ed.  Routh. 
Oxon,  1852. 

S«e  also  Bannatvne,  Camdbn. 
Joannes  Historiographus,  Chronicon  An- 

gliae,  1347. 

Printed  in  Reltquia  Manuscriptorum,  by  Ludt- 
'ooig,  Franc/ortt  xyao. 

JOHN. 

See   under   Exchsqusr,  Liberate  Rolls,  and 
OUata  Rolls,  temp.  Reg.  Joannis. 

JoRDANUS    Fantosma.     Anglo-Norman 
Chronicle  of  the  War  between  the  Eng- 
lish and  Scots  in  1 173-4-     Surtees, 
Printed  also  by  Michel  in  the  Chroniques  des 

I>ucs  de  Normandie,  3  vols.  4to.,  Paris,  1836 — 44. 
Jordan  Fantosme  wrote  c.  1x74. 

JUMiEGES,  William  of.  Historia  Nor- 
mannorum,  from  A.D.  860  to  1 137. 
Camden;  Duchesne, 

Knighton,  Henry.    Chronicon  de  Even- 
tibus  Anglise,  from  A.D.  950  to  1395. 
Twysden, 
A  canon  of  Leicester,  living  about  the  close  of 

the  reign  of  Richard  II. 

Lagamon,  or  Layamon.  Brut,  or  Chroni- 
cle of  Britain.  3  vols.  8vo.,  London,  1847. 
A  poetical  Semi- Saxon  Paraphrase  of 
the  Brut  of  Wace. 

LANCASTRliE  Dacatns.  Calendarium  in- 
quisitionum  post  mortem,  and  a  Calen- 
dar of  the  Pleadings,  Depositions,  &c., 
Henry  VII.  to  end  of  Elizabeth.  3  vols. 
Hecord, 

L.\NERCOST,  Canonicus  de.  Historia  de 
Gestis  Regum  Britannorum  et  Anglorum 
a  Cassibellano  ad  ann.  20  Edw.  III., 
1346,  per  quendam  Canonicum  de  Laner- 
cost  in  Comitatu  Cumbrioe.  Edinb., 
1839. 

Chronicon  de,    1 20 1 — 1346.     Mait- 

land  and  Bannatyne  Clubs, 

I.ANFRANCI  Epistolae  Archiep.  Cant.  LX. 
( 1070— 1089).  In  Lanfranci  Opera,  fol. , 
Parity  1648  ;  also  in  Migne. 


Langtoft,  Peter.  Chronicle,  from  Brute 
to  Cadwallader,  and  from  Cadwallader 
to  A.D.  1307.  Heame;  Record,  The 
work  is  in  verse,  and  is  a  curious 
specimen  of  the  French  of  Yorkshire. 
The  latter  part  only  was  translated  from 
the  French,  by  Robert  of  Bninne,  circa 
1330. 

A  canon  of  Bridlington,  living  in  the  time  of 
Edward  I.  and  Edward  II. 

Lanquet.  The  Epitome  of  Chronicles, 
4to.,  London,  1549;  brought  down  by 
Lanqiiet  only  to  the  birth  of  our  Lord,  but 
continued  (in  two  editions)  by  Thomas 
Cooper,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  to  1558. 

^  Thomas  Lanquet  was  a  student  of  Oxford,  but 
little  more  is  known  concerning  him.  Cooper  wan 
.nlso_  an  Oxford  man  ;  he  was  successively  dean  of 
Christ  Church  and  of  Gloucester,  and  bishop  of 
Lincoln  and  of  Winchester;  he  died  in  1594. 

Laudunensis  Anonymi    Chronicon,   at> 
A.  C. — 12 1 8.     Bouquet, 
This  Chronicle  touches  upon  English  history. 

Lindwood,  GuiL.,  Bishop  of  St.  David's, 
1442 — 46.  Provinciale  seu  Constitu- 
tiones  Anglise,  lib.  5.  Fol.,  Paris,  1506  ; 
8vo.,  London,  1557 ;  foL,  Oxon,,  1679. 

Llancarvan,  Caradoc  of.  See  Brut 
y  Tyw'ysogion. 

Llandaff,  Stephen,  or  Geoffrey  of. 
Life  of  St.Teliav,  bishop  of  Llandaff 
{c.  550).      Wharton. 

Loch  Ce'.    See  Ireland. 

London,  Chronicle  of.  An  anonymous 
work,  extending  from  AD.  1 189  to  1483. 
4to.,  London,  1827. 

Chroniques  de  London,  depuis  I*an 

1260  k  Tan  1344. 

Chronicon  Majorum  et  Vice-comitum 

Londoniarum,  1178 — 1274,  (De  Antiquis 
Legibus  Liber).    Camden  Soc, 

Londinensis   Gildhallae    Munimenta. 

Record,  Contains  Liber  Albus,  Liber 
Custumarum,  and  Liber  Horn,  and  fur- 
nishes an  account  of  the  laws,  regula- 
tions and  institutions  of  the  city  of  Lon- 
don, from  the  twelfth  to  the  fourteenth 
century. 

London,  John  of.     See  Flores  His- 

TORIARUM. 

Mailros,  Chronica  de,  from  A.D.  731  to 
1270.  Fulman;  Stevenson;  Bannatyne, 
The  early  part  of  the  Chronicle  of  Mel- 
rose is'  of  little  moment,  but  from  about 
the  beginning  of  ^the  reign  of  Henry  II. 
it  contains  much  information  on  Scottbk 
affairs  in  connexion  with  England. 


00 


562 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


[sect.  !• 


Malmesbury,  William  of.  De  Gestis 
Regum  Anglorum,  from  A.D.  449  to 
1 1 25,  with  a  Continuation  (Historic 
Novelise)  to  1 142.  Alonumenta  to  1066 ; 
Eng,  Hist,  Soc,  ;  SavUe ;  Migne, 

De  Gestis    Pontificnm    Anglorum, 

from  A.  D.  601  to  1 1 22.  Sa-iHle  ;  Record  ; 
Migne, 

—  Life  of  Aldhelm  and  Antiquities  of 
Glastonbury.     Gale  ;  Migne ;  Wharton, 

Of  this  writer  little  is  known,  except  that  he  was 
a  Benedictine  of  Malmesbury,  and  died  in  ZX43,  or 
later. 

Mannia.  Monumenta  de  Insula.  A  Col- 
lection of  National  Documents  relating 
to  the  Isle  of  Man,  with  Translations. 
Manx  Soc, 

Chronicon  Mannise  ct  Insularum,  1066 

— 1 266.  Printed  by  Johnston,  with  other 
extracts,  in  Antiquitates  Celto-Norman- 
nicae.  Copenhagen^  1786 ;  Christiana^ 
1820  ;  and  in  Camden*s  Britannia,  />»- 
den,  1 6 10. 
Styled  also  Chronicon  R^gum  Manniae. 

See  publications  of  the  Manx  Society^ 
p.  582. 

Mafes,  Gualterus.  De  nugis  Curialium 
distinctiones  Quinque.    Camden, 

Walter  Mapes  was  Archdeacon  of  Oxford, 
c.  1x96. 

Margan.  Annals,  from  A.D.  1066  to 
1232,  imperfect.  Gale;  Record.  Mainly 
an  abridgment  of  Malmesbury,  with 
notices  of  Welsh  affairs  added,  it  having 
been  kept  at  the  abbey  of  Margan,  in 
Glamorganshire. 

Marianus  Scotus.  Chronicon  Univer- 
sale, from  the  Creation  to  a.  d.  1083  ; 
with  a  Continuation  to  A.D.  1200,  by 
Dodechin,  abbot  of  St.  Disibod,  near 
Treves.  Pistorius ;  Perts,  Portions  in 
Leland,  Bouquet^  Sec 

Marianus  the  Irishman  went  to  Germany,  and 
was  a  monk  at  Mayenoe  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
A.D.  X086. 

Marisco,  Ada  de.  EpistoUe.  See  Monu- 

MENTA  FrANCISCANA. 

Mark  the  Anchorite.    See  Nennius. 

Marlborough,  Henricus  de.  Cronica 
excerpta  de  medulla  diversonim  Croni- 
corum,  pnccipue  Ranulphi  Cestrensis, 
una  cum  quibusdam  capitulis  de  Cronicis 
Hibemiae  (1421).  Camden^  Brit,,  1371 — 
1421. 

An  English  translation  by  Ware^  folio,  DmBUh, 
1633.    See  also  Hounshxd. 

Marlborough,  Thomas  of,  joint  author 
of  the  Evesham  Chronicle.  Record. 


MARY.  Foreign  State  Papers  of  Mary. 
A.D.  1553  to  1558.  Much  new  matter 
relating  to  the  loss  of  Calais  is  to  be 
found  in  this  volume.    Record, 

Domestic  State  Papers.      See   £i>- 

WARD  VL 

Mary  Queen  of  Scots.      Accounts  and 

Papers  relating  to.     Camdtn  Soc, 
Scottish  Slate  Papers.     Record, 

See  also  Abbotsford  Club. 
Melsa.     Annals  of  the  Cistercian  Abbey 

ofMeaux,  in  Yorkshire,  fromA.l>.  1150 

to  1406.   Record, 

The  author  was  Thomas  de  Burtoo,  the  nme- 
teenth  abbot. 

Menevia.  Annals  of  the  Church  of  St.  Da- 
vid's, from  A.D.  438  to  1286.    Wharton. 

Monmouth,  Geoffrey  of.  Histona. 
Britonum,  or  Britannise  utrinsque  Re- 
gum  et  Principum  origo  ct  gesta.  Cax- 
ton  Soc. ;  Heidelberg. 

He  was  Archdeacon,  and  afterward*  Bishop  of 
St.  Asaph,  and  died  about  11 54.  His  woik  is 
professedly  a  translation  of  some  work  in  the 
British  tongue,  which  Walter,  Ardideaoon  of 
Oxford,  requested  him  to  translate.  It  possibly 
contains  some  truth,  but  is  in  the  main  bibiikiasy 
and  is  used  largely  in  the  mediaeval  romances. 

Monumenta  Francisc\ka.  Record, 
Contains  EccLESTON,  q.  v.,  also  original 
materials  for  the  history  of  the  settlement 
of  the  Franciscans  in  England,  letters  of 
Adam  de  Marisco,  &c 

Monte,  Robertus  de.  Suo  de  Totineio 
Accessiones  et  Appendix  Germana  de 
re*bus  pra*cipue  Aiiglo-Normannicis, 
385 — 1 100.  Pistorius  ;  Bouquet;  Du-^ 
chisne;  D''Achay  ;  Pertx, 
A  continuation  of  Marianus  Scotus,  with  T^rfyl 

reference  to  England  and  Normandy. 

More,  Sir  Thomas  de  la.    De  Tita  et 

morte  Edward!  II.    Camden, 

A  knight  of  Gloucestenhire,  living  in  the  time  of 
Edward  III. 
MURIMUTH,    Adam.      Clironicle,    from 

A.D.  1303  to  1336,  with  a  Continuation 

to  138a     Ed.  Ant.  Hall,  Svo.,  Ox»n.^ 

1722.     Eng,  Hist.  Soc, 

He  was  a  canon  of  St.  I^Fs,  who  lived  ai  the 
time  of  Richard  II. 

Nennius.  Histona  Britonum,  from  Brute 
to  A.  D.  680.  Monumenta  ;  Gale  ;  Ber^ 
tram  ;  Eng.  Hut,  Soc,,  &'c.  (Ed.  Gmn, 
Zond,,  1819). 

Nothine  is  known  as  to  the  author,  and  the  work 
has  been  by  some  ascribed  to  Gildas,  to  Miuh  the 
Anchorite,  or  to  an  anonymous  writer. 

Neot,  St.  Chronicon.  Gale.  A  com- 
pilation mainly  from  Beda  and  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  Chronicle,  extending  from  the  in- 
vasion of  Julius  Caesar  to  A.  D.  941 ;  some- 
times ascribed  to  Asser,  but  more  profasbly 
belonging  to  the  1 2th  or  13th  oeabuf» 


SECT.  I.] 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


5^3 


jNeubrigensis,  WILLELMT7S.  Historia 
Rerum  Anglicarum.  From  A.D.  1066 
to  1 197.  Heidelberg;  Hearnt ;  Eng. 
ITtst,  Soc, 

This  William  was  a  monk  of  Newburgh,  near 
£asiii^old,  in  Yorkshire,  and  died  c.  120S  ;  he  is 
5v>meunies  called  Willelmus  Parvus,  or  William  of 
Kievaalx. 

IN'iGER,  Radulfus.  Chronicon  succinc- 
tum  de  vitis  Imperatorum  ct  tarn  Francise 
quam  Anglix  Regum,  a.d.  1206. — (2.) 
I)e  Regis  Anglise,  &c     Caxton  Soc, 

N  ON  ARUM  Inqoisitiooes.  See  Exchequer, 
Records. 

KoRMAN  Rolls.— Rotuli  Normannia  in 
Torri  Londinensi  asservati,  Johanne  et 
Hennco  V.,  Angliae  Regibus.  Con- 
taining the  rolls  for  A.D.  1200  to  1205, 
and  for  141 7.    Record, 

Very  valuable  as  shewing  the  steps 
by  which  Normandy  was  lost  by  John, 
and  the  rapid  success  of  Henry  V. 

NORMANDY;  Magni  Rotnli  Scaccarii  Nor- 
mannise,  with  Observations  on  the  Great 
Roll  of  the  Exchequer  of  Normandy. 
Ant.  Soc, 

Narratives  of  the  expulsion  of  the 

English  from,  A.D.  1449,  1450.  Record, 
An  account,  by  French  eye-witnesses, 
who  write  with  considerable  power  and 
minuteness. 

NoRMANNORUM  Gesta  in  Franda,  A.D. 
837 — 896.     Duchesne, 

Northern  Registers,  Historical  Papers 
and  Letters  from  the.     Record, 

Illustrating  the  general  history  of  the 
north  of  England,  particularly  in  its  re- 
lation to  Scotland. 

Northmen.  A  Collection  of  Sagas  and 
other  Historical  Documents  relating  to 
the  Settlements  and  Descents  of  the 
Northmen  on  the  British  Isles.  Vols.  I. 
and  II.    In  prep.  Record. 

Norwich.  Annals  of  the  Church  of  Nor- 
wich, from  A.D.  1042  to  1299,  by  Bar- 
tholomew de  Cotton,  with  an  anony- 
mous Continuation  to  1445.  Wharton  ; 
Record, 

Oblata  Rolls.    See  Exchequer. 

Ordericus  Vitalis.  Historia  Ecde- 
siastica,  from  the  Creation  to  AD.  1124; 
the  latter  portion  has  much  valuable 
matter  relating  to  the  Normans  in  Eng- 
land. Duchesne;  Migne,  Ed.  Prevost, 
Faris^  5  vols.  8vo.,  1838.  A  portion 
only  in  Mcueres, 

Orderic  was  bom  in  England,  but  becanw  a 
monk  ia  Monnandy,  and  died  probably  about 
ZX43. 


Osberne,  a  canon  of  Canterbury,  living^ 
in  1070.  Life,  Passion,  and  Translation 
of  St.  Elphege,  archbishop  of  Canter* 
bury.     Wharton, 

*^—  Life  of  Dunstan.  Wharton;  MabilUnu 

Oseney.  Annals,  from  A.D.  1016  to  1347* 
Gale  ;  Record, 

Otterburne,  Thomas.  Chronicle,  from 
Brute  to  ad.  142a     Hearne, 

A  Franciscan,  supposed  to  have  died  about 
Z4ax. 

Oxford,  University  of.  Munimenta  Aca- 
demica.  Record,  Supplies  materials  for 
a  history. of  academic  life  and  studies 
at  Oxford,  in  the  thirteenth,  fourteenth, 
and  fifteenth  centuries. 

Enactments  in  Parliament  specially 

concerning  the  Universities  of  Oxford 
and  Cambridge,  13  Henry  IV. — 32  Vict. 
Oxford^  1869. 

Oxnedes,  John  de.  Chronica,  from  the 
time  of  Alfred  to  a.d.  1292.  Record. 
Contains  some  notices  of  the   east  oT 

.   England  not  found  elsewhere. 

Paisley.  Register  of  the  Monastery,  from 
A.  D.  1 163  to  1529.     Maidand, 

Paris,  Matthew.  Historia  Major,  from 
the  Creation  to  AD.  1066.  Vol.  I. 
Vol.  II.  in  prep.  Record.  This  portion 
is  now  published  for  the  first  time; 
the  latter  part,  from  A.D.  1066  to  1259* 
by  Parker  and  by  Wats,  Folio,  London^ 
1640. 

Historia  Minor,   from  A.D.  1067  to 

1253.  Record,  A  Continuation,  125^— 
1307,  ascribed  to  Rishanger.   Ibid, 

Vits  duomm  Offarum,  a  compilation 

from  Henry  of  Huntingdon,  Hovedeft 
and  Malmesbuiy.    In  Wat^  edition. 

^— ^  VitK  viginti  trium  Abbatum  Sancti 
Albani,  from  Willegod,  the  first  abbot 
(AD.  787),  to  John,  the  twenty-third 
<A.D.  1235).     In  Wat^  edition. 

Matthew  Paris  was  a  monk  of  St.  Alban's,  who 
was  much  fisivoured  by  Henxy  III.,  and  was  also  eni- 

floyed  on  a  mission  to  Norway,  by  Pope  Innocent 
v.,  but  tittle  more  is  known  of  him.    He  died  a 
1259. 

Paruament.  Modus  Tenendi  Parliamea* 
tmn.  Record,  An  ancient  treatise  €& 
the  mode  of  holding  Parliaments  in  ] 
land. 

JouTTials  of  the  House  of  Lords  (o 

mencingAD.  1509).   Record. 


002 


5^4 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


[sect,  l 


Parliament.  Journals  of  the  House  of 
Commons  (commencing  a.d.  1547)' 
Record, 

In  the  "  Documents  illustrative  of  Enelish  His- 
tory,'* (Cole),  fol..  Record ^  18^4,  will  be  found  the 
9  Rolls  of  X3  Edw.  II.  not  in  the  ed.  of  1765. 

Parliamentary  Writs.  Parliamentary 
Writs  and  Writs  of  Military  Summons. 
Confined  to  the  reigns  of  Edward  I.  and 
II.  4  vols,  folio,  1273— 1327.  Toge- 
ther with  the  Records  and  Monuments 
relating  to  the  suit  and  service  done  to 
the  King's  High  Court  of  Parliament,  &c. 
Record, 

Parliamentorum  Rotuli,  ut  et  Peti- 
tiones  et  Placita  in  Parliamento.  Six 
vols.,  extending  from  the  time  of  Ed- 
ward I.  to  the  nineteenth  year  of  Henry 
VIL  (1504).  Record.  One  of  the  most 
important  of  the  Government  publica- 
tions for  our  constitutional  histor>'.  By 
the  complete  Index  printed  in  1832  re- 
ference is  made  easy. 

Patent  Rolls.     See  Charter  Rolls. 

Perth.  Chronicle  of,  from  a.d.  12 10  to 
1668.     Maitland, 

Peterborough,  Benedict  of.  Chro- 
nicle of  the  Reigns  of  Henry  II.  and 
Richard  I.  Record;  Hearne,  A  very 
valuable  work,  and  one  of  the  best 
existing  specimens  of  a  medieval  Chro- 
nicle, extending  from  A.  D.  1169  to  1192, 
whose  author  ^s  unknown,  the  ascrip- 
tion to  Benedict,  abbot  of  Peterborough, 
(circa  1200,)  being  supposititious. 

Vita  S.  Thomoe.     Caxton  Sac, 

Peterborough,  John  of.  Chronicle, 
from  A.D.  654  to  1368.  Sparke;  Caxton 
Soc. 

John  appears  to  have  been  an  abbot  of  Peter- 
borough. Sparke  calls  the  auth9r  Robert  de 
Boston. 

Petroburgense  Chronicon  ;  auctore  Mo- 
nacho  anonymo,  A  D.  1 1 22 — 11 95.  Cax^ 
ton  Soc. 

PiCTAVENSis,  Guilelmus.  Gesta  Guil- 
lelmi  Ducis  Normannorum  et  Regis  An- 
glorum.  Duchesne;  Maseres ;  Afipte. 
An  imperfect  work,  only  extending  &om 
A.D.  1035  to  1067  ;  it  is  more  of  a  pane- 
gyric than  a  reliable  history. 
William  of  Poitou,  an  attendant  of  William  in  his 

invasion  of  England,  was  archdeacon  of  Lisieux. 

Pipe  Rolls.   See  Exchequer  Records. 

Placitorum  in  Domo  Capitulari  West- 
monasteriensL^  See  Curia  Regis. 

Political  Poems  and  Songs,  from  Ed- 
ward III.  to  Henry  VIIL  3  vols. 
Record, 

«  Political  Songs  of  England,  from  John  to 
Edw.  II.     Camden  Soc. 


PoNTicus  ViRUNNius.  Epitome  of  Geof- 
frey of  Monmouth's  History  of  Britain. 
Heiddberg, 

Privy  Council.  Proceedings  and  Ordi- 
nances of  the  Privy  Council  of  England. 
From  1386  to  1542.     7  vols.     Record, 

Radulphus.     Vide    Diceto,     Niger, 

HiGDEN. 

Ragman  Rolls.  Instrumenta  Publics, 
sive  Processus  super  fidelitatibus  et  ho- 
magiis  Scotorum  Domino  rcgi  Anglis 
factis  AD.  1 29 1 — 1 296.    BanncUyne, 

Ramsey.  Historia  Ramesiensis,  (Ramser 
Abbey,  in  Cambridgeshire,)  from  a.!). 
924  to  1066.  Gale,  Written  during  the 
time  of  Abbot  Walter,  who  died  in  11 60. 

Ramsiense  Chronicon.    Mabillan. 

Rastell.  Chronicles  of  divers  Realnus 
and  most  specially  of  the  realm  of  Eng- 
land, otherwise  called  The  Pastime  of 
People.  Folio,  London^  1529.  Th^ 
Chronicles  are  of  the  Papacy,  of  France, 
Normandy,  Flanders,  and  England,  bot 
the  last  is  much  more  full  than  any 
of  the  rest. 

John  Rastell,  the  compiler,  was  a  nauire  of 
London.  He  was  a  printer,  and  was  the  farother- 
in-law  of  Sir  Thomas  More  ;  he  died  in  1536.  The 
Chronicle  was  reprinted  by  Dr.  Dibdin.  4to., 
London^  x8zz. 

Redman,  Robert,  author  of  a  Life  cf 
Henry  V.    Record. 

Regan,  Maurice.  Histoire  d'Irlande. 
A  Fragment  belonging  to  I167 — 73. 
Contained  in  Harris  Hibemica.  8vo.» 
Dublin^  1770. 

RiCARDUS  Canonicus.     See  Richard  I. 

Ricemarch.     Life  of  St.  David,   incor- 
porated by  Giraldus  Cambrensis  in  Ms 
work  on  the  see  of  St.  David's.    Wkar- 
ton. 
A  bishop  of  St.  David's  (died  Z096). 

RICHARD  I.  Chronicles  and  Memorials 
of.  Record.  VoL  I.  Itinerarium  Pcre- 
grinorum  et  gesta  Regis  Ricardi.  VoL  II. 
Epistolae  Cantuarienses  ;  the  Letters  of 
the  Prior  and  Convent  of  Christ  Churcb, 
Canterbury,  1187 — 99. 

The  authorship  of  the  Chronicle  in  Vol  I.,  as- 
cribed to  Geoflfrey  Vinesauf,  is  now  more  oonvctif 
Even  to  Richard,  Canon  of  the  Holy  Trinity  of 
ondon.  The  narrative  extends  from  1x87-^,  ftiMi 
relates  chiefly  to  the  exploits  of  Richard  I.  from 
his  departure  from  England  in  December,  1x89,  to 
his  death.  It  was  no  doubt  written  by  an  eye> 
witness. 

Vol.  II.  throws  much  light  upnon  the  ecclesias- 
tical condition  of  Kngland  during  Richsud  I.'s 
reign,  referring  especially  to  the  dispute  about  Abp. 
Baldwin's  proposed  College  of  Secular  Canons  at 
Hackington. 

Sec  in  ^xchequrr.  Roll  of  the  Pipe ;  Pcte&- 
BOKOUGH,  Benedict  o£ 


SECT.  I.] 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST  OF   WRITERS,  &C. 


56s 


R.ICHARD  I.  {continued), 

' Chronique  Abregee  du  Roi  Richard 

Coeur-de-Lion  depuis  son  ret  our  de  Pa- 
lestine jusqu'a  sa  mort  (i  192 — 99). 

An  extract  from  a  "  Histoire  Universelle/'  by 
Jchan  Ravcncaii,  1467.  Printed  by  Pettier,  at 
jRouen,  in  Revite  Retroactive  Nomtand*. 

KICHARD  II.  Chronique  de  la  Traison 
et  Mort  de  Richart  Deux  Roy  Dengle- 
terre.     English  Historical  Society, 

This  work  affords  strong  grounds  for  doubdng 
the  commonly  received  account  of  the  death  of 
Richard  II. 

—  Chronique  de  Richard  II.  depuis  I'an 
1377 — ^399.  par  Jean  le  Beau,  Chanoine 
^  Liege  (c.  1450). 

Printed  at  end  of  Frobsart  in  Buchon*s  Edition, 
Parity  1824.  * 

— ^  Historia  Vitoe  et  Regni  Ric.  II.,  a 
Monacho  quodam  de  Evesham  consig- 
nata.    Hearne, 

—  Poems  on  the  Deposition  of.  Cam- 
den  Soc. 

'  English  Chronicle  of  Reigns  of  Ric. 

II.,  Henry  IV.,  V.,  VI.     Camden  Soc, 

RICHARD  III.  and  HENRY  VIL.  Let- 
ters and  Papers  illustrative  of  the  reigns 
o£  /Record,  Contain  hitherto  unpub- 
lished diplomatic  papers  of  Richard  III., 
Spanish  and  Scottish  correspondence, 
t.  Hen.  VII.,  and  many  most  interesting 
particulars  regarding  the  De  la  Poles 
and  other  Yorkist  exiles. 

KiEVAULX,  AiLRED  OP.  (i.)  De  Bello 
Standardii,  1 138;  (2.)  Genealogia  Re- 
gum  Anglorum  (from  Ethclwulf  to  Ha- 
rold) ;  (3.)  De  Sanctimoniali  de  Wattun. 
Ttoysdtn. 
Ailred  was  abbot  of  Rievaubc,  circa  xi6o. 

RiEVAULx,  William  of.  See  New- 
burgh,  William  of. 

RiSHANGER,  William,  a  monk  of  St 
Alban's,  temp.  Edw.  I.  Chronicle  of 
English  History,  from  A.D.  1259  to 
1307.    /Record, 

MSS.  exist,  imperfect,  one  of  which  comes 
'down  to  A.D.  1333. 

De  Bellis  Lewes  et  Evesham.  Cam- 
den Soc.  Contains  a  collection  of  mira- 
cles attributed  to  Simon  de  Montfort. 

RocHFORT,  John.     See    Flores    His- 

TORIARUM. 

RoFFENSis  Annales.     See  Hadenham. 
RoFFENSis  Textus.     Hearne. 

A  collection  of  early  documents  illustrating  the 
incient  "  ~ 

Heane. 


ancient  laws.     Part  only  has   been   printed  by 


tine  t 
ited 


RoTULi  de  Dominabus  et  Pueris  et  Puellis 
de  donatione  Regis  in  xii.  Comitatibus 
de  itinerare  Hugonis  de  Morewich,  Rad. 


Murdac,  &c.,  51  Hen.  IL,  1185.  Cu- 
rante  Stacey  Grimaldi,  1830. 

RoTULl  Hundredorum  temporibus  Hen- 
rici  III.  et  Edwardi  I.  et  Turri  Londi- 
nensi  et  in  CuriS  receptae  Scaccarii  West- 
monastcricnsi  asservati.     Record, 

The  records  of  inquiries  made  in  every 
hundred  in  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  I.  as  to  the  injuries  that  the 
royal  revenue  had  suffered  from  tenants 
alienating  their  lands,  and  illegally  hold- 
ing courts  and  levying  tolls,  during  the 
recent  civil  war.     See  A.  D.  1288. 
An  English  summary  of  these  rolls,  so  far  as 
relates  to  Kent,  will  be  found  in  Furley's  *'  His- 
tory of  the  Weald,"  voL  ii.  pp.  xaz — z6a.  London^ 
1874. 

Rous,  John.  Historia  Regum  Anglise, 
Hearne,  From  the  first  peopling  of  Bri- 
tain to  the  accession  of  Henry  VII.  ;  re- 
markable as  containing  the  earliest  state- 
ment of  the  charges  on  which  the  popu- 
lar estimate  of  the  character  of  Richard 
in.  is  founded.  See  pp.  262,  265,  266 
of  this  work. 
Rous  was  an  andquary  of  Warwick,  wko  died 

in  1491. 

RuDBORNE,  Thomas.  Historia  Major. 
Wharton,  A  history  of  the  see  of  Win- 
chester, from  its  foundation  to  A.D.  1138. 
Archdeacon  of  Sudbury,  and  afterwards  bishop 

of  St.  David's,  in  which  post  he  died  in  Z442. 

Rymer.    See  F(edera. 

Salisbury,  Chronicle  of.  See  Wykes. 

Salisbury,  John  of.     Life  of  St.  An- 

selm.    Wharton;  Migne. 
Life  of  Becket.     Migne;  Giles. 

"Wrote  circa  iijS'  Afterwards  bishop  of  Chartres. 

Salteria,  Henry  de.  St.  Patrick's  Pur- 
gatory. 

Supposed  to  have  lived  about  X150. 
Scotland.  Bulk  of  the  Cronidis.  Record, 
A  metrical  translation,  made  early  in  the 
l6th  century  by  William  Stewart,  of  the 
Latin  prose  Chronicle  of  Hector  Boece. 
Though  of  little  historical  value,  it  is  of 
interest  for  the  student  of  languages. 

Addicioun  of  Scottis  Croniklis  and 

deedis,  and  a  Short  Chronicle  of  the 
reign  of  James  II.  King  of  Scots,  1460. 
Edinb.,  1818. 

An  historical  fragment  from  a  MS.  in  tlie  Auchia- 
leck  Library. 

See  also  Boethius  and  Wyntoun. 

Rotuli  Scotiae,  in  Turri   Londinensi 

et  in  Domo-Capitulari  Westmonaste- 
riensi  asservati.  Vols.  I.  and  II.,  from 
A.D.  1 29 1  to  1516.    Record. 

Containing,  among  other  matters,  re- 
cords relating  to  the  succession  to  the 
Scottish  crown  ;  negotiations  for  the  ran* 


5^^ 


ALPHABETICAL  UST  OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


[sect.  I. 


Scotland,  (continued). 

som  of  prisoners  of  war  (as  of  David  IL); 
grants  of  rewards  to  persons  in  Scot- 
Smd,  adherents  of  the  English  kings; 
attainders;  licences  for  trade  between 
the  two  countries ;  safe  conducts  through 
England  for  Scots,  particulariy  of  ec- 
clesiastics journeying  to  or  from  Rome 
or  Palestine ;  and  licences  for  the  resort 
of  Scottish  students  to  Oxford  or  Cam- 
bridge. 

■  Documents  and  Records  illustrative 
of  the  Histozy  of  Scotland,  VoL  I. 
Jiecifrd. 

These  documents,  preserved  in  the 
Exchequer,  extend  from  A.D.  1237  to 
1307,  and  in  a  particular  manner  illus- 
trate the  attempts  of  Edward  L  on  the 
independence  of  Scotland.  They  shew 
that  the  preservation  of  the  freedom  of 
the  country  was  the  work  rather  of  the 
common  people  than  of  the  nobles,  as 
many  of  the  latter  had  lands  also  in 
England,  and  even  those  who  had  not, 
are  seen  craving  Edward's  favour,  and 
acknowledging  his  supremacy  in  the  most 
unqualified  terms. 

Inquisitionum  ad  Capellam  Domini 
Regis  retomatarum.  Abbreviatio,  with 
Indices.    Record, 

^— -  Registrmn  Magni  Sigilli  Regum  Sco- 
torum  in  Archivis  Publicis  As^rvatum, 
1306— 1424.     Record, 

—  Acts  of  the  Lords  Auditors  of  Causes 
and  Complaints  (Acta  Dominorum  Audi- 
torum),  1466—94.   Record, 

—  Acts  of  the  Lords  of  Council  in  Civil 
Causes  (Acta  Dominorum  Concilii),  1478 
— 95.    Record 

Acts  of  the  Parliaments  of  Scotland, 

1424— 1707,  II  vols.,  folio  (1814—^44). 
Record,     See  also  p.  575. 

Acts  of  the  Parliament  of  Scotland, 

Vol.  II.  From  A.D.  1424  to  1706.  Re- 
cord, The  first  volume,  containing  the 
earlier  statutes,  has  not  been  publi^ed. 

Scottish  State  Papers.    2  vols.    a.d. 

1509  to  1603.  The  papers  relating  to 
the  detention  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  in 
England  (a.d.  1568  to  1587)  form  a  very 
important  part  of  this  work.    Record, 

—  Sir  Ralph  Sadler's  State  Papers  and 
Letters,  from  A.D.  1540  to  157a  2  vols. 
JSdinb.,  1809. 

See  also  in  Sect.  III.  the  publications 
of  the  Abbotsford^  Bannatyne,  Maitland 
and  SpoUiswode  Clubs. 

Selgrave,  Henricus  db.  ChronicoiL 
Ccucton  Soc, 

Seelo,  John,  abbot  of  Fountaiiu^  living 


circa  1160.  A  History  of  his  house  ia 
attributed  to  him,  as  also  some  gaHrif-^i 
verses  on  the  defeat  of  the  Scots  at  the 
battle  of  the  Standard.    Twysdem. 

Spain.  Spanish  MSS.  relating  to  EngiaDd. 
Vols.  L— III.  A.D.  1485  to  1526.  Re- 
cord A  Supplement  contains  new  matter 
as  to  Henry  VII. 's  projected  mainage 
with  Queen  Juana  of  Spain,  the  private 
life  of  Xatharine  of  Aragon,  &c 

Speculum  Historiale.  See  Czesn- 
cester,  Richard  of. 

Sprott,  Thomas.  Chronicles,  firom  the 
Creation  to  A.D.  1272,  continued  to  1377  ; 
and  a  Fragment  relating  to  Edward  IV. 
( 1440-— 1470)  added.  Mainly  taken  firom 
Higden.    Heame, 

Attributed  on  Insuffideat  grounds  to  Sprott,  a 
monk  of  Sl  Augustine's,  Canterbury^  wao  died 
in  X274. 

State  Trials.  A  complete  CoUection 
of,  4md  Proceedii^  for  High  Treason, 
II  Ric  II.  to  16  Geoige  IIL,  by  Har- 
grave.  Folio,  London^  177^. 

Statutes  at  Large,  from  Magna  Chaita. 

to  30  Geoige  II. ,  by  Hawkms,  9  vol& 

folio,  Lond,^  1734—59- 

There  are  also  several  other  editions,  eg.  bj^Ca>% 
6  Tols.  vith  Continuadon,  by  Ruffhead,  to  13 
George  III.,  3  vols.,  Loitdmit  x758>  By  Pickeries, 
4a  vols.  8vo.»  Z769— 1800.  From  Magna  Charta. 
to  9  George  III.,  by  Ruff  head.  8  vols.,  with  Con- 
tinuation to  4X  George  III.,  x6  vols.  4to..  L^mdcn, 
1763— z8oo.  Index  to  Statutes  at  laajBt^  hy  Raith- 
l^,  from  Magna  Charta  to  49  Geoige  III.«  410.. 
London^  18x4,  &c.,  &c 

Statutes  op  the  Realm.     In  eleven 

vols.,  extending  to  the  death  of  Queen 
Anne.  Record,  These  Statutes  are  pre- 
ceded by  the  various  Charters  of  Liber- 
ties ;  and  taken,  as  they  ever  should  be, 
in  connexion  with  the  Anglo-Saxon  and 
Welsh  Laws,  they  furnish  an  authentic 
record  of  the  legislation  of  more  than  one 
thousand  years.  Many  statutes  are  here 
printed  for  the  first  time;  and  conse- 
quently the  numbering  is  difierent  from 
that  ordinarily  adopted.  It  is  necessary 
to  mention  this,  as  the  new  numberii^  is 
also  used  in  this  work. 

Stefhani  Regis  Anglorum  et  Duds  Nor- 
mannorum  Gesta.  Duchesne;  Enr. 
Hist,  Soc, 

Stowe.  Chronicles  of  England,  originally 
extending  only  to  1580,  but  continued 
by  the  Author  to  1598,  and  by  Edmund 
Howes  to  1 61 5. 

John  Stowe,  a  Londoner,  was  botB  about  x^as. 
He  devoted  himself  10  historical  studies,  travelling 
on  foot  all  over  the  country  in  search  of  manu- 
scripts, and  at  length  died  in  poverty  in  X605. 

Stubbs,  Thomas.  Chronica  Pontificura 
ecdesbe  Eborad,  from  A.D.  625  to  1373. 


SECT,  l] 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  8cC 


5^r 


Thysden.  In  its  earlier  part  derived 
firom  the  work  of  Hugo  de  Sotevagina, 
Canon  of  York  in  the  twelfth  century. 
Stubbs,  Thomas.  Corpus  Historicum 
£boracense.  Chronica  Pontificum  Ec- 
clesiae  Eboraci  anctore  Thoma  Stubfas 
Dominicano  (living  circa  1373);  and 
other  Docaments  ruating  to  the  Primacy 
of  York.     Inj^ep.  Record, 

SUDBUKY,  William  of,  author  of  a  por- 
tion of  the  Speculum  of  Richard  of 
Oirencester.    HeeonL 

SWAPHAM,  Robert,  a  monk  of  Peter- 
borough. History,  in  continuation  of 
Hugo  Candidtts,  £rom  A.D.  11 77  to 
1245.     Sparke, 

Taxatio  Ecclesiastica  Anglia  et 
Wallle  auctoritate  Papae  Nicholai  IV. 
drca  A.D.  1291.  Record,  This  is  a  re- 
cord of  the  value  of  ecclesiastical  bene- 
fices, the  tenths  of  which  were  granted 
by  Ftope  Nidiolas  IV.  to  Edward  I. 
for  three  years,  in  contemplation  of  an 
expedition  for  the  relief  of  the  Holy 
Xand.  See  A.D.  1288.  This  valuation 
Temained  in  force  until  1534,  when  it 
was  superseded  by  that  made  by  autho- 
rity of  Henry  VIII.,  under  the  name  of 
*'  Valor  Ecdesiasticus." 

Taxtes,  John,  a  continuator  of  Florence 
of  Worcester.     Eng,  HisL  Soc, 

Testa  de  Nevill.    See  Exchequee. 

TBWKESB0EY.  Aonals,  from  a.d.  1660  to 
1263.    Record, 

Thorn,  William.     Chronica  de  gestis 
Abbatum  Cantuariie.    Twysdm.   A  His- 
tory of  St  Augustine's  Abbey,  from  its 
foundation  to  A.D.  1397. 
A  monk  of  St.  Augustine's,  Canterbury,  drca 

X400. 

TiGSRNACH.  Annales  Hibemici,  from 
B.C.  305  to  A.D.  1088.     Cy  Conor, 

An  abbot  of  Ooyne,  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
deveath  century. 

TttBUEY,  Gervase  of.     Otia  Imperialia, 
containing  Notices  of  the  Kings  of  Eng- 
land to  John.     Duckesfu;  Labnitt, 
His  master.  Otto  IV.,  was  grandson  of  Henry  II. 

TiNMUTHENSIS,     JOHANNES.        Acta     S. 

Oswini  Regis  Northumbriae  et  Mart, 
in  Anglia,  651.  In  the  L^enda  Angliae 
of  Capgrave. 
Titus  Livius,  Foro-liviensis.  Vita  Regis 
Henrici  Quinti.  Heame,  Little  more 
than  an  abridgment  of  Elmham. 
This  name  was  probably  an  assumed  one. 

Treasury.  Treasury  Papers.  Vols.  L— 
III.  A.D.  1557  to  1707.  Record,  These 
papers  m^  information,  particularly  on 
financial  mattexsi  nowhm  else  xecorded. 


Trevisa,  John.  Higden's  Polychronicon^ 
translated  into  English.     Record, 

A  fellow  of  Exeter  CoUege,  Oxford,  and  vicar  of 
Berkeley,  drca  14001 

Trickingham,  Elias  of.  Annals,  from 
A.D.  626  to  1269,  mainly  relating  to  the 
abbeys  of  Peterborongfa  and  Ramsey. 
Ed.  Pegge.    4to.,  Lond,^  1789. 

To  which  of  theid  homes  the  author  bdoogad  ii- 
a  matter  of  doubt. 

Trivet,  Nicholas.  Annales  Sex  Regum. 
Angliae,  from  A.D.  1 135  to  1307,  with 
a  Continuation  toi3iS.  Ed.  Ant.  Hall. 
8va,  Oxon,^  17^9;  lyAchery ;  Eng, 
HisLSoc, 

TrWet  was  prior  of  the  Dominicans  in  London  ; 
died  in  Z3s8. 

Trokelowe,  John,  a  monk  of  St  Albon's, 
living  drca  133a  Chronicles  and  An- 
nals of  St.  Alban's,  (with  Rlaneford). 
Heame;  Record, 

Annales  Edwardi  II.     Heame  ;  Re* 

cord.    Extend  from  A.D.  1307  to  1323. 

Turcot.   See  Durham. 

Ttsilio.     Chronicon. 

A  Welsh  bishop  and  saint  of  the  serenth  century, 
and  the  supposed  author  of  a  History  of  Britain, 
wbich  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  is  said  to  have  trans- 
lated from  Welsh  into  Latin. 

See  Owen,  Myyyrian  Archaeology.  8vo.,  Low 
tiom,  i8ox;  and  Roberts*  Collectanea  Cambrica. 
4to.,  Loitdon,  xBix. 

Ultonienses  Annales.  The  Annals  of 
Ulster,  extending  from  A.D.  431  to  1 131. 
Camden;  O^ Conor, 

Valor  Ecclesiasticus  tempore  Henrici 
VIIL ,  auctoritate  Regia  instituta.  6  vols, 
folio,  London,  1810 — 34. 

This  is  the  return  of  commissioners 
appointed  under  2O  Henry  VI II.  c.  3  to 
valne  the  first-fruits  and  tenths  bestowed 
by  that  act  on  the  king.  See  A.  D.  1534. 
The  valuation  then  made  is  still  in  force, 
and  the  record  containing  it  is  that  com- 
monly known  as  the  King's  Book. 

Venice.    Venetian  MSS.  relating  to  Enj^-  - 
land.  Vols.  I.  to  V.    a.d.  1202  to  1554. 
Record, 

A  report  on  these  MSS.  by  Mr.  Duffus 
Hardy  (1866)  shews  that  they  contain 
matters  of  interest  to  England  down- 
almost  to  the  extinction  ot  the  Vene- 
tian Republic. 

Vilodunense  Chronicon,  sive  De  vita 
et  Miraculis  S.  Ediths  (984)  regis  Ed- 
gari  filiae.  Carmen  Vetus  Anglicum. 

Written  in  the  Wiltshire  dialect,  and  printed  by 
Sir  Richard  Colt  Hoare.    London,  1830. 

ViNESAUF,  Geoffrey  de.  Itinerarinm 
Regis  Anglortun  Ricardi  et  aliorum  in 
terrun  HienosolymonuD,  anctore  Gau- 


S68 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


[sect.  T- 


frido  Vinesnuf,  Gale;  Record;  from 
A.D.  1 187  to  1 192.  A  very  valuable  ac- 
count of  King  Richard's  crusade,  appa- 
rently by  an  eye-witness. 

The  probable  author  or  editor  was  Richard,  a 
canon  of  the  Hol^  Trinity,  in  London,  the  ascrip- 
tion to  Vinesauf  being  a  mistake.  See  Richakd  I., 
Chronicles  of. 

Wace,  Rob.  Le  Roman  de  Bnit  Chro- 
nique  riinee.    2  vols.,  R<meny  1836. 

•^—  Roman  de  Rou  et  les  Dues  de  Nor- 
mandie,  2  vols.   Rotten^  1827. 
The  poet  Wace  wrote  circa  1x70. 

Wales.  Ancient  Laws  and  Institutes 
of.  Comprising  Laws  supposed  to  be 
enacted  by  Howel  the  Good,  modified  by 
subsequent  regulations  under  the  native 
Princes  prior  to  the  conquest  by  Ed- 
ward L  With  a  translation  and  glos- 
sary.    Record, 

Wallace,  Life  of.    See  Harry. 

Walli  ngfo rd.  Chronicles,  from  A.D.449 
to  1035.  Gale,  This  is  a  compilation 
from  good  writers,  as  Bedaand  Malmes- 
bury,  but  so  badly  done,  that  **  the  result 
is  only  error  and  absurdity,  confounding 
persons  and  places,  and  setting  chro- 
nology at  defiance." 

John  Wallingford  was  a  monk  of  St.  Alban's, 
-who  died  Aug.  14,  1258,  as  appears  by  a  memo- 
randum in  a  Cottonian  MS.  (Juuus,  D.  vix.) 

Walsingham,  Thomas.  Historia  brevis 
Anglise,  from  1272  to  1422.  Record; 
Parker;  Cam<i^/i V  Anglo-Normannia. 

—  Hjrpodigma  Neustrise,  a  History  of 
Normandy,  from  Rollo  to  Henry  V. 
In  both  Parker  and  Camden. 

—  Gesta  Abbatum  Monasterii  S.  Al- 
bani.    From  a.d.  793  to  1349.    Record, 

The  author  was  precentor  of  St.  Alban's,  and 
prior  of  the  cell  of  Wymondham,  circa  1440. 

Waurin,  or  Wavrin,  John  de.  Col- 
lection of  Chronicles  and  Ancient  His- 
tories of  Britain.  Record,  Two  vols, 
of  the  French  original  (to  A.D.  1422), 
and  one  of  a  translation  (to  A.D.  688), 
are  all  that  are  as  yet  published.  The 
Chronicle  extends  from  the  legendary 
period  of  history  to  a.d.  147  i. 

Waverley.  Annals,  from  the  Creation 
to  A.D.  1 291.  Record;  from  William  I. 
in  Gale.  The  Chronicle  of  Waverley 
Abbey,  near  Famham. 

Wendover,  Roger  of.  Chronica,  sive 
Flores  Historiarum. 

The  portion  from  A.D.  446  to  1235, 
in  Eng.  Hist.  Soc.    The  preceding  part, 


from  the  Creation,  has  no  coimezioEt 
with  English  history. 
Westminster,  Matthew  of.    The  re- 
puted author  of  Flores  Historianim. 

A  different  work  from  that  bearing  the  iazae 
title  by  Roger  of  Wendover. 

A  Monk  of.     Verses  in   Praise  of 

Henry  V.     Record. 

Whethamstede,  John.    Chronicle,  firom 
A.D.  1441  to  1460.     Record;  Heame^ 
The  writer's  name  was  BostocL     He  became 

abbot  of  St.  Alban's,  and  died  1464. 

Whitlocke,  William.  Continuation  of 
the  History  of  the  See  of  Lichfield,  by 
Chesterfield,  to  A.D.  IS59.    Wharton, 

Whytleseye,  Walter  de,  a  monk  of 
Peterborough.  History,  from  A.D.  1246 
to  1 32 1,  with  an  anonymous  Continua- 
tion to  A.  D.  1338.    Sparke. 

WiCKHAM,  William,  prior  of  Lanthony. 
Life  of  Robert  Betun,  bishop  of  Here- 
ford [a.  D.  1131— 1148],  formerly  prior 
of  Lanthony.      IVharton. 

WiDO  Ambranensis  Carmen  "de  Expedi- 
tione  Wilhelmi  Conquestoris,"  or  **de 
Conquestione  Anglise  per  Guilelmum  Dn- 
cemNormannifiB,"  and  "Dcpugna  apud 
Hastings,"  or  **De  Hastingiae  pnelio." 
In  Appendix  to  Rymer's  Foedeia.  Rc' 
cord ;  Michd. 
Wido  was  Bishop  of  Amiens,  drca  1070. 

Wilfrid,  abp.  Eboracum,  709.  Life  by 
Eadmer,  Eddius,  Fridegod,  and  William 
of  Malmesbury. 

Willermi  filii  R^s  AngliiB  Obitus, 
A.D.  II 20.    Pert%. 

WiLLELMUs  Parvus,  or  Rivalensis. 
See  Newburgh. 

WILLIAM   I.     Scriptores  renim  gesta* 

rum   Wilhelmi    Conqnestoris  in  unum 

coUecti.     London^  t^5>     Caxton  Soc. 

This  volume  contains :    z.  Brevis  rdatio  de  Wil* 

lelmo  nob.  Comite  Normannorum.    a.  ProleEtatio 

Willekni  de  primatu  Cantuariensis  Eccl.    3.  Wi- 

donis  Carmen  Hastineense.    f,.   Charta  WiUebni 

Bastardi.    5.  Eplstola  Willelmi  ad  Gregorittm  Pi- 

pam.    6.  Exceipta  de  viu  Willelmi.    7    De  Morte 

>¥ille1mi.    8.  Hymnus  de  Morte  W.    9.  De  Morte 

Lanfrand.      zo.    Gesta   Will.    Ducis   Normann. 

zx.    Excerptam  ex  CanUtorio  S.   Hubert!,    xs. 

Hist.  Brevis  S-  Stephani  Cadomensis.    13.  Carmoi 

de  Morte  Lanfrana.    14.  Charta  a  Rege  concessa 

Anglo  Saxonice  scripta.     Z5.  Du  roi  Guillaume. 

par  Chretien  de  Troves.    z6.  Le  Dit  de  Guillaume, 

See  also  Michel^  Chroniques,  and  Matertt. 

WILLIAM  IIL 

The  following  works  may  he  consulted. 

Carstares'  State  Letters  and  Papers,  from 
A.D.  1689  to  1711.    4to.,  Edinb.^  1774. 

Alexander  Cunningham's  Histoiy  of  Great 


SECT.  I.] 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  WRITERS,  &C. 


569 


William  II L  {continued), 
Britain  from  A.D.  1688  to  the  Accession 
of  George  I.     2  vols.  4to.,  Lond.,  1787. 

Shrewsbury  Correspondence :  Letters  of 
Charles  Talbot,  duke  of  Shrewsbury, 
William  III.,  and  others,  from  A.D. 
1689  to  1718,  (by  Archdeacon  Coxe). 
4to.,  LoHd,y  1 82 1. 

Walker's  True  Account  of  the  Siege  of 
Londonderry.     4to.,  Lond,,  1689. 

Bp.  King's  Stale  of  the  Protestants  in  Ire- 
land.   4to. ,  London^  1 69 1 . 

Papers  on  the  Political  Condition  of  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland.     Roxburghe, 

Macarise    Exddium.      A    history,    under 
feigned  names,  of  the  War  of  the  Revo- 
lution in  Ireland,  1 689—92.    Irish  Arch, 
Soc. 
Sec  also  Baknatynb,  Camdbn,  Irish  Arch. 

Soc,  Maitland. 

Wilton,   Chronicle  of.      See   Vilodu- 

NEMSS.     . 

WiNCHESTEiL  Annals  of  the  Monastery 
of  Winchester,  from  a.d.  519  to  1277. 
Record ;  partially  in  Wharton, 

Worcester.  Annales  Wigomenses,  from 
the  foundation  of  the  see  (a.d.  680} 
to  141 1.    Record ;  partially  in  Wharton, 


Worcester,  Florence  of.  A  Chro- 
nicle (in  part)  from  the  Incarnation  to 
A.D.  1066.  Monumenta;  Eng,  Hist,  Soc, 
This  is  founded  on  the  Chronicle  of 
Marianus  Scotus,  with  which  Florence 
incorporated  the  whole  matter  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle. 

Nothing  is  known  of  Florence,  except  that  ht 
was  a  moftk  of  Worcester,  and  died  xzx8. 

Worcester,  John  of,  a  continuator  of 
Florence  of  Worcester.    Eng,  Hist.  Soc» 

Worcester,  William  of,  a  physician, 
who  died  circa  1480.  Annales  rerum 
Anglicarum,  from  A.D.  1324  to  1491. 
J/eame, 

The  book  appears  to  have  been  brought  down 
only  to  1^68  by  Worcester  ;  the  remaincfer,  which 
is  very  brief,  is  by  another  hand. 

Wyclif,  Zizaniorum.     See  Fasciculi. 

Wykes,  Thomas.  Chronicle,  from  A.D. 
1066  to  1289.  Record;  Gate.  This  is 
also  called  the  Chronicle  of  Salisbury. 

Nothing  is  known  of  the  alleged  author. 

Wyntoun,  Andrew  of.  Original  Chro- 
nicle of  Scotland.  In  verse,  extending 
from  the  Creation  to  A.D.  1420.  2  vols. 
London,  1792. 

Year  Books.    See  Edward  I. 


SECTION    II. 

Collections  and  Series  of  Historical  Works  Printed  by  the 

Government. 


The  care  of  the  Public  Records  of 
England,  which  confessedly  form  a 
more  complete  series  than  those  of 
any  other  country',  has  often  engaged 
the  attention  of  Parliament,  but  it  was 
not  until  the  reign  of  Geoige  III.  that 
the  expediency  of  printing  any  of  them 
was  recognised,  and  the  Domesday 
Book  was  published.  In  the  year  1800 
a  Record  Commisision  -was  appointed, 
which  endured  until  1837,  and,  as  a 
part  of  its  duties,  printed  many  calen- 


dars and  other  helps  to  the  considta- 
tion  of  the  Records.  It  also  com- 
menced the  publication  of  many  of  the 
Records  themselves,  but,  from  causes 
that  need  not  be  entered  upon  hece, 
very  few  of  its  works  were  completed 
when  the  commission  was'  allowed  to 
expire.  The  following  list  of  its  pub- 
lications of  this  class  will  shew  that 
what  was  accomplished  has  given 
great  additional  facilities  for  the  study 
of  English  history. 


JPubUctttions  of  the  Record  ComnUssioH, 

Domesday. 

Domesday  Book.   2  vols.,  fol.,  1783  and 


1816. 
■  Vol.  IIL 
.  VoL  IV. 


Indices,  foL,  18 16. 
Additamenta,  fol.,  18 16. 


;Vob.  L  aod  II.  were  phoUvanoograf^ed  z86x— 
^3*  in  35  Pt**y  imperial  and  demy  410.,  or  z  voL 

Placita^  KnigW  Fees,  ^c, 

Pladta  de  quo  Warranto  <Edw.  I.  to  III.) 

in  Curia  Scaccarii,  Westxn.    Fol.,  1818. 
Flacita  Parliamentorom,  with  the  Rotuli 

Parliamentorum.     6  vols.,  foL,  1765. 
Pladtonun  in  Dom.  Cap.  Westm.  Abbre- 

viatio  (Ric  I.— Edw.  II.)    FoL,  1811. 
Calendars  of  Proceedings  in  Chancery(temp. 

Elizabeth).    3  vols.,  foL,  1827—32. 

Testa  de  Nevill  (Hen.  III.— Ed.  I. )  Fol. 
Taxatio  Papa  Nicholai  (1291).  Fol.,  1802. 
Nonarum      Inquisitionum      Calendarium 

(1340).    FoL,  1807. 
Valor  Ecclesiasticus,   temp.    Hen.   VIII. 

6  vols.,  foL,  1810—34. 

Rotuli^  &*c. 

RottQi  Curiae  R^s  (6  Ric.  I.— i  John). 

2  vols.,  royal  8vo.,  1835. 
Hotuli    Chartarum   in   Turn  Londinensi 

(1199— 1216).    FoL  1837. 

Hotulorum  Chartarum  Calendarium,  iigo 
—1483.    FoL,  1803. 


Rotuli  Literarum  Clansarmn  in  Tmri 
Londinensi  (1204 — 27).  2  vol&»  ioL, 
1833.  44. 

Rotuli  Literanon  Patentinm  in  Tnrti  Lon* 
dinensi  (1201 — 16).    FoL,  1835. 

Rotulorum  Patentium  Calendarium  in 
Turn  Lond.,  1201— 1483,  foL,  i8o«. 

Rotuli  Hundredorum  (Hen.  IIL — ^Edw.L) 
2  vols.,  foL,  1812— 18. 

Rotuli  de  Liberate  et  de  Misis  et  Praestitis 
(tcmp.Jolian.)    Royal  8vo.,  1844. 

Rotulorum  Originalium  in  Curia  Scaccarii 
Abbreviatio  (Hen.  IIL— Edw.  in.> 
2  vols.,  foL,  1805 — 10. 

Rotulus  Cancellarii,  1201 — 2,  vel  Anti- 
graph.  Mag.  Rot.  Pipae.  Royal  8vo., 
1833. 

RotuTus  Magnus  Scaccarii  vel*  Pipe  (31 
Hen.  L)    Royal  8yo.,  1833. 

Rotuli  Selecti  in  Dom.  Cap.  Westm. 
Royal  8vo.,  1834. 

Great  Rolls  of  the  Pipe  (1155—1158). 
Royal  8vo.,  1844. 

(1189—90).    Royal  8vo.,  1844. 

'  InquisUiorus,  Fines,  6*r. 

Calendarium  Inquisitionum  post  mortem 
(Hen.  IIL— Ric  III.)  Vols.  I.— IV., 
foL,  1806—28. 

Ducatus  Lancastriae  Inqnidt  post  mortem 
(Hen.  VIL— Eliz,).  4  pts.  in  3  vols., 
foL,  1823—34. 


*irJ?«°5kil5"**'  ^"^  instance,  are  very  incom-  I  having  occunwd  at  the  hatUe  of  Fittteval,  A.a 
Vwte  la  the  eariy  ages,  a  great  destruction  of  them  |  2x94. 


SECT.  II.}       HISTORICAL  SERIES  PRINTED   BY  THE  GOVERNMENT.  57 1 


Calendarium  Inquisitionum  Ad  quod  dam- 
num ?  1307 — 1460  (at  end  of  CaL  Rot. 
Chart.).    FoL,  1803. 

Pines  seu  Pedes  Finium  in  Curia  Regis 
(i  195— 1214).  2  vols. ,  royal  8vo. ,  1825 
—44. 

Rotuli  de  Oblatis  et  Finibus  (temp.  Regis 
Joannis).    Royal  8ro.,  1835. 

Finium  Excerpta  e  Kotulis  in  Turn  Lon- 
dinensi  ^1216—72).  2  vols.,  royal  8va, 
i«3S,  36. 

Pdl  Records. 

Issues  of  the  Exchequer,  Hen.  IIL — VI. 

Royal  8vo.,  1837. 
Issue  Ron  of  Thomas  de  Brantingham 

(1370).     Royal  8vo.,  1835. 
Issues  of  the  Exchequer  of  James  I.  (1603 

— ^25).     Royal  8vo.,  1830. 
Treasury  of  the  Exchequer— Ancient  Ka- 

lendars  and  Inventories  (Edw.  IL,  III., 

Hen.  VL,  VIII.,  and  James  I.)  3  vols., 

xoyalSva,  1836. 

Parliameniary  Records. 

Parliamentorum  Rotuli  et  Pladta  in  Par- 
liamento(£dw.  I.— Hen.  VII.)  6  vols., 
foL,  1765. 

—  Index  to  above.    Land,,  foL,  1832. 

Parliamentary  Writs  and  Summons  (Edw. 
I. ,  II. )    4  vols. ,  fol. ,  1827—34. 

Journals  of  the  House  of  Lords,  1509 — 

1859.     FoL,  91  vols.,  continued  to  the 

present  time. 
— ^  Commons,   1547— 1860.    FoL,  115 

▼ols.,  continued  to  the  present  time. 
Statutes  of  the  Realm,  from  the  earliest 

times  to  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne.     1 1 

vols.,  foL,  1810—28. 
Modus  tenendi  Parliamentum.   Royal  8vo., 

1846. 

Miscdlanm, 

Rymer's  Foedera. 

1735. 
New  edit,  Vols.  I.— HI. 

1377).  foL,  i8i6— 3a 

VoL  IV.  (1377— 1383),  1869. 

State  Papers,  temp.  Hen.  VIII.    11  vols., 

4ta,  1830-52. 
Proceedings  and  Ordinances  of  the  Privy 

Council,    10  Ric  II.— 33  Hen.  VIII. 

7  vob.,  ro3ral  8vo.,  1834 — 37. 

Ancient  Laws  and  Institutes  of  England. 
FoL,  or  2  vols,  royal  8vo.,  1840. 

Historical  Notes,  Heniy  VIII. — Anne 
(1509— 1714).     3  vols.,  8vo.,  1856. 

Documents  Illustrative  of  English  His- 
tory.   ,Fcap.  foL,  1844. 


20  vols.,  foL,  1704— 
(1066— 


Wales. 

Wales,  Ancient  Laws  and  Institutes  of» 
FoL,  or  2  V0I&  royal  8vo.,  1841. 

Registrum  vulgariter  nuncupatum  Record 
of  Caernarvon.     FoL,  1838. 

Scotland. 

Rotuli  Scotise  in  Turri  Lond.  et  in  Domo 
Cap.  Westm.  (19  Edw.  I Hen.  VIIL) 

2  vols.,  foL,  1814—19. 
Inquisitionum  ad  Capellam  Abbreviation 

3  vols.,  foL  ;  and  SuppL,  181 1 — 16. 
Magni    Sigilli  Regum    Scotorum  Regis* 

trum  (1306— 1424).     FoL,  1814. 
Acts  of  the  Parliaments.  11  vol&,  foL,  1814 

—44- 
Acts  of  the  Lords  Auditors  (1466— 94). 

FoL,  1839. 
Acts  of  the   Lords  of  Council  (1478 — 

95).    FoL,  1839. 
Documents  and  Records  illustrating  the 

History  of  Scotland.  Royal  8vo.,  1837. 

Irdand, 

Liber   Munerum    Publicorum   Hibemiae 

(11 52 — 1829).    2  vols.,  foL,  1852. 
Rotulorum  Patentinm  et  Clausarum  Can- 

cellaria  Hibemie  Calend.  (Hen.  IL — 

VII.)    VoL  L,  part  i,  foL,  1828. 
Calendar  of  Patent  Rolls  of  Ireland  (5— 3S 

Hen.  VIIL)    FoL,  unfinished. 
—  I — 16  James  L    FoL,  unfinished. 
Calendar  of  the  Patent  and  Close  Rolls  of 

Irehmd(Hen.  VIIL— Elizabeth).  VoLL, 

royal  8vo.,  186 1. 
Repertory    of   Patent    Rolls    of   Ireland 

(James  I.  et  seq.)    2  vols.,  royal  8vo., 

i86o. 
Charts  Privilegia  et  Immunitates(Ric.  IL) 

FoL,  unfinished. 
Inquisitionum  in  Off.  Cancellarie  Hiber- 

nis,  Leinster  and  Ulster.    2  vols.,  foL» 

1826—29. 
The  Statutes  at  Large,  from  3  Edw.  II.  to 

40  Geo.  IIL    20  vols.,  foL,  1804. 

Normandy, 
Normanniaa   Rotuli  in  Turri  Londinensi 
( 1 200—5)  ^^^  ( 1417 — 18).    Royal  8vo^ 
1835. 


Monumenta  Historica  Britanmea. 
Until  a  comparatively  recent  period^ 
the  works  known  under  the  generad  name 
of  the  Early  Chroniclers,  had  been  la* 
boriously  rather  than  judiciously  collected. 
Their  editors,  unfortunately,  hail  taken  no 
heed  of  the  contradictions,  and  corrup- 
tions, and  interpolations,  with  which  the 


572  HISTORICAL  SERIES   PRINTED   BY  THE  GOVERNMENT.       [SECT.  II. 


texts  abound,  and  they  had  in  many  cases 
printed  a  notorious  plag^iarism  and  neg- 
lected the  valuable  original.  To  remedy 
this  unsatisfactory  state  of  things,  the  Go- 
vernment was,  in  1822,  induced  to  give 
its  sanction  to  the  collection  of  the  Mate- 
zials  of  English  History  from  the  period 
of  the  earliest  notices  of  our  island  to 
the  close  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VII. 
Much  new  material  was  collected,  from 
a  variety  of  sources ;  and  the  compilers 
made  it  their  object  to  present  our  early 
writers  free  from  unauthorized  interpola- 
tions, and  in  a  systematic  and  critically 
correct  form.  Owing  to  a  change  of  views 
on  the  part  of  the  Government  of  the 
day,  however,  the  work  was  suspended, 
and  so  remained  until  about  1847,  when 
permission  was  given  to  publish  a  single 
volume  of  History,  (two  supplementary 
voliunes  of  Ancient  Laws  had  been  al- 
ready brought  out,  "Ancient  Laws  and 
Institutes  of  England."  Folio,  1840; 
"Ancient  Laws  and  Institutes  of  Wales." 
Folio,  1 84 1,)  the  whole  coming  down  to 
the  period  of  the  Norman  invasion.  Mr. 
Petrie,  to  whom  the  work  had  been  en- 
trusted, having  died  in  the  meantime,  the 
task  of  completing  the  volume  of  **  Monu- 
menta"  devolved  on  Mr.  (now  Sir  Thomas) 
Duffus  Hardy.  That  closed  with  the  year 
1066,  so  that  several  of  the  writers  are  in- 
complete, but  in  itself  the  volume  was  quite 
enough  to  shew  the  advantage  of  such  a 
well-considered  collection  of  the  materials 
of  English  history ;  and  the  project  has 
since  been  resumed,  though  with  consider- 
able difTerence  of  plan. 

The  contents  of  "Monumenta  Historica 
Britannica,"  folio,  1848,  are  : 

0.  Extracts  from  about  130  Greek  and 
Roman  writers,  who  have  spoken  of 
Britain  ;  Herodotus  (B.C.  445)  being  the 
earliest,  and  Nicephorus  Callistus  (a  By- 
zantine of  the  fourteenth  century)  the 
most  recent. 

b,  Roman  inscriptions  ;  British  coins  ; 
Roman  coins  and  m^als ;  with  many 
plates. 

€,  The  whole  of  twelve  works,  and  such 
part  of  four  others  as  relates  to  the  period 
in  hand,  namely, — 

Gildas,  Simeon  of  Durham, 

Nennius,  Henry  of  Hunting- 

Beda,  don, 

Anglo-Saxon  Chro-    Gaimar, 

nicle,  Annales  Cambriae, 

Asser,  Brut  y  Tywysogion, 

iCthelweard,  Carmen     de     Bello 

Florence    of  Wor-        Hastingense. 


d.  Indices  of  Names,  Places,  and  Events. 

^  One  part  of  the  plan  was  to  avotJ  as  far  as  p<;  <- 
sible  repetitions,  and  the  earljr  part  of  our  his- 
tory was  considered  to  be  practically  contained  ia 
the  works  of  the  historians  named.  "  For  instance." 
says  the  Editor  of  the  Monumenta,  "  a  very  con- 
siderable portion  of  Henry  of  Huntingdon's  Oir^ 
nidc  is  repeated  exactly  in  that  of  Roger  Hove- 
den  :  the  Res  Gestae  Alfredi  of  Asser  are  inserted 
in  the  Chronicle  of  Florence  of  Worcester ;  Hc»*  e- 
den,  beside  his  compilation  from  Henry  of  Hunt- 
ingdon, also  incorporates  much  of  Simeon  of  Dur- 
ham, and  the  Chronicle  of  Benedict  Abbas  ;  Wa! 
singham's  Hvpodigma  Netistrix  is  in  many  pUtc- 
only  an  abridgment  of  his  own  larger  work  print c.i 
in  the  same  volume  [by  Camden  J ;  and  Wal^jnc 
ham  himself  is  such  a  plagiarist  as  to  be  unde- 
serving the  name  of  historian,  for  if  his  work  were 
reduced  to  what  was  original  only,  very  little  of  it 
woidd  remain." 

Calendars  of  State  Papers,  ^e. 

Though  the  "Monumenta"  proved 
most  acceptable  to  historical  students,  and 
the  materials  for  several  more  had  been 
accumulated,  but  a  single  volume  wa^ 
published.  An  entire  change  of  plan  wa«» 
ultimately  resolved  on,  and  at  lexu^ih, 
in  1855,  the  then  Master  of  the  RolU 
(Sir  John  Romilly)  obtained  permission 
from  the  Treasury  to  commence  a  series 
of  Calendars  of  the  documents  in  h!s 
charge.  In  the  following  list,  the  Calen- 
dars, &c,  are  arranged  as  far  as  possible 
chronologically. 

Syllabus,  in  English,  of  Rymer's  Fcedera 
(1066—1654).  2  vols.,  royal  8vo., 
1869-73. 

Papers  and  MSS.  in  Archives  at  Venice 
(1202—1554).  Vols.  I.— v.,  royal 8vo^ 
1864-73. 

Calendarium  Genealogicum  (Hen.  III. — 
£dw.  L)    2  vols.,  1865. 

Letters  and  Despatches  relating  to  Nego- 
tiations between  England  and  Spaiii 
(1485-1526).  3  vols.,  royal  8vo.,  with 
Supp.,  1862—73. 

Letters  and  Papers,  Foreign  and  Dom., 
temp.  Hen.  VIII.  (1509—28).  4  vols., 
royal  8vo.,  1862— 72. 

Ireland,  Henry  VIII.  to  Elirabeth  (15a: 
—85).  Vols.  I.  and  XL,  royal  8vo., 
i860,  67. 

James  L   (1603.8).     Vols.  L,  IL, 

royal  8vo.,  1872,  74. 

Scotland  ( 1 509-^  1 603).    2  vols. ,  1858. 

Carew  Papers  (15 15 — 1624),  and  the  Book 
of  Howth.  6  vols.,  royal  8vo.,  1867  -72. 

Domestic  Series,  Edward  VL — ^Jamcs  I. 
(1547— 1625).  12  vols.,  royal  8vo., 
1856—72. 


SECT.  II.]       HISTORICAL  SERIES   PRINTED   BY  THE   GOVERNMENT.  573 


Foreign  Series,  Edward  VI.  (1547—53). 
Royal  8vo.,  1861, 

Foreign  Series,  Mary  (1553—58). 
Royal  8vo.,  1861. 

Treasury  Papers  (1557— 1707).     3  vols., 
royal  8vo.,  1868—74. 

Foreign  Series,  Elizabeth  (1558—71). 
9  vols.,  royal  8vo.,  1863 — 74. 

Colonial  Series  (1574 — 1621).      3  vols., 
royal  8 vo.,  i860 — 7a 

Domestic  Series,  Charles  1.  (1625— 1639). 
Vols.  I.  to  XIV.,  royal  8vo.,  1858—73. 

Domestic  Series,  Charles  II.  (1660— 1667). 
Vols.  I.  to  VII.,  royal  8vo.,  1860—66. 

In  preparation. 

Syllabus  to  Rymer,  Appendix  and  Index. 
Vol.  III. 

Foreign    and    Domestic,    Henry    VIII. 
VoL  IV.,  pt  3. 

Ireland,  Henry  VII. 

Papers  on  Spanish  Negotiations,  temp. 

Henry  VIII.    Vol.  III.,  pt.  2. 
Papers  at  Venice.     Vol.  VI. 
Ireland,  temp.  Elizabeth.     Vol.  III. 
Foreign  Series,  Elizabeth.     Vol.  X. 
Ireland,  temp.  James  I.     Vol.  III. 
Domestic  Series,  Charies  I.     Vol.  XV. 
Domestic  Series,  Commonwealth. 
Treasury  Papers.     Vol.  IV. 
Domestic  Series,  George  III. 
Colonial  Series.    Vols.  IV.  and  V. 

Chronicles  and  Memorials, 

Two  years  after  the  Calendars  were 
commenced  (i.e.  in  1857)  the  Master  of 
the  Rolls  obtained  the  sanction  of  the  Trea- 
sury to  resume  the  publication  of  the  older 
series  of  ancient  historians.  The  original 
plan  was  then  considerably  modified  :  and 
instead  of  pursuing  the  chronological  ar- 
rangement of  Mr.  Petrie  and  his  colleagues, 
it  was  resolved  to  issue  a  number  of  works, 
calculated  to  form  within  reasonable  limits 
a  corpus  historiawt,  but  each,  as  far  as 
possible,  complete  in  itself,  and  to  be  pur- 
chased separately.  "In  selecting  these 
works,  it  was  considered  right,  in  the  first 
instance,  to  give  preference  to  those  of 
which  the  MSS.  were  unique,  or  the  mate- 
rials of  which  would  help  to  fill  up  blanks 
in  English  history  for  which  no  satisfactory 


and  authentic  information  hitherto  existed 
in  any  accessible  form."  The  title  adopted 
for  the  collection  is,  **  The  Chronicles  and 
Afemorials  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
during  the  Afiddle  Ages^^"*  and  the  era  that 
they  are  intended  to  embrace  is  from  the 
earliest  period  of  British  history  to  the 
end  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.  The 
whole  are  edit«l  on  one  uniform  plan, 
which  is  most  conscientiously  carried  out, 
and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  these 
editions  will  eventually  supersede  all  others 
of  the  same. authors. 

The  works  already  (1875)  published  are 
64  in  number  according  to  general  titles,  ^ 
but  more  if  each  separate  author  and 
work  be  counted.  The  series  to  this  point 
makes  132  vols,  or  parts.  The  titles  of  the 
several  authors  and  works  are  here  givea 
briefly,  but  will  be  found  in  more  detail 
in  the  general  Alphabetical  List  of  Chro- 
nicles and  Chroniclers.  The  alphabetical 
order  is  adopted,  as  most  convenient  for 
reference,  and  the  serial  number  is  also 
given**,  shewing  the  volume,  or  set  of 
volumes,  in  which  the  work  will  be  found. 

NoTB.  Those  marked  thus  t  are  second  titles ; 
or  titles  of  works  contained  in  the  volume  or  set, 
or  added  in  the  Appendices. 

2    Abingdon,  Chronicon  Monast ,  2  vols* 
5of  Academica  Monumenta  Oxon. 
55     Admiralty,  Black  Book  of  the,  3  vols. 
2t    iElfricus,  Vita  S.  Ethelwoldi. 
28    Albani,  S.,  Monast.  Chron.,  II  vols. 
45t  Alfred,  Will  of,  (Hyde). 
28f  Amundesham,  John,  Annales. 
23    Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle,  2  vols. 
59    Anglo-Latin  Satirical  Poets,  2  voU, 
36    Annales  Monastici,  5  vols. 
2ot  Annales  Cambrise. 
15     Bacon,  Roger,  Opus  tertium,  &c. 
56f  Bekynton,  Bp.,  Correspondence  of. 
49t  Benedict,  Abb.  Pet.,  Gest.  Hen.  IL 
36t  Bermundeseia  Annales,  &c. 
lof  Bemardi,  Andr.,  Vita  Hen.  VII. 
32t  Berry,  RecouvrcmentdeNormandie. 
55 1  Black  Book  of  the  Admiralty,  3  vols. 
28t  Blakeney,  Rob.,  Registnim. 
28t  Blaneford,  Henrici  de,  Chronicon. 
32t  Blondelli,  Robertus,  de  Reductione 
Normannite. 

6t  Boece,  Hector,  History,  translated. 
39f  Bretaigne,  Waurin,  Chroniques  de. 
47t  Bridlington,  Pierre  de  Langtoft,  or. 
42f  Brittanie,  Livere  de  Reis  de. 
17     Brut  y  Tywysogion, 
36t  Burton,  Annales  de. 
43+  Burton,  Tho.  de,  Melsa  Chron. 
26t  Catalogue  of  MSS.,  by  Hardy. 


^  The  serial  number  indicates  the  date  of  issue  : 
thus,  Nos.  X— zx  appeared  in  1858 :  12 — 16,  in  1859 ; 
17 — 90,  in  x86o  ;  3Z— as,  in  z86z  ;  36,  37,  in  1863  ; 
98—34,  in  1^3  :  35—40,  in  1864  ;  41,  43,  in  1865  ; 
41— 47#  in  ^866;  48,  49,  in  1867;  50,  51,  in  z866 ; 


Sa,  53,  in  1870 ;  54,  55,  in  1871  :  56— 59.  in  187a  ." 
60—69,  in  1873 ;  m  1874,  63,  6<^.  In  most  cases, 
however,  where  the  work  consists  of  several  vo- 
lumes, the  latter  volumes  were  issued  in  yean  sub- 
sequent to  the  fixst  volume. 


574  HISTORICAL  SERIES  PRINTED  BY  THE  GOVERNMENT.         [SECT.  II. 


20    Cambrise  Aimales. 

8  Cantuariensis  Mon.  Hist. 
38f  Cantuariensis  Epist.  (Ric.  I.) 

7    Capgrave,  de  Illustribus  Hcnricis. 

I     Capgravc's  Chronicle  of  England. 
I7f  Caradoc  of  Llancarvan. 
I2f  Carpenter,  Th.,  Liber  Albus. 

30  Cirencestria,  Ricardus  de,  2  vols. 
64    Chronicon  Angliae,  1 328— 1388. 
16    Cotton,  Barth.,  Hist  Anglicana. 
i6t  Cotton,  Barth.,  Liber  de  Episcopis. 
58    Coventria,  Walter  de,  Mem. 

53 f  Dublin  Municipal  Documents. 

62  Dunelmense,  Regist.  Palatinum. 

63  Memorials  of  St.  Dunstan,  Vol.  I. 
36f  Dunstaplia  Prior.,  Annales  de. 

4f  Eccleston,  de  Adventu  Fratr.  Min. 
3    Edward  the  Confessor,  3  Lives. 

31  Edward  I.,  Year  Books  of,  2  vols. 

I  If  Elmham,  T.,  Liber  Metricus,  H.  V. 
St  Elmham's  Hist.  Mon.  Cant. 

42!  Engleterre,  Livere  de  Reis  de. 
2t  Ethelwoldi  Vita,  by  iElfricus. 

9  Eulogium  Historiarum,  3  vols. 
29    Eveshamensis  Abb.,  Chronicon. 

4f  Fratrum  Minorum  Registrum. 
33t  Froucester  (?),  W.,  Hist.,  Gloucestr. 
48    Gaedhill  and  Gail,  Wars  oL 
2if  Giraldus  Cambrensis,  Vols.  L— VI. 
33     Gloucestriae,  Hist,  et  Cart.,  3  vols. 
25 1  Giosseteste,  Bp.,  Letters  of. 

26  Hardy's  Descript.  Catalogue,  I. — III. 
49t  Henry  1 1. ,  Gesta,  by  Abbot  Benedict 

27  Henry  III.,  Letters,  2  vols. 

18     Henry  IV.,  Historical  Letters. 

II  Henry  v..  Memorials  of. 

22     Henry  VI.,  Letters  and  Papers. 

56    Hcnr>'  VI.,  Memorials  of. 

60    Henry  VII.,  Materials  for  Hist 

24t  Henry  VII.,  Letters,  &c. 

10     Henry  VII.,  Memorials  of. 

41     I  i  igden.  Poly  chronicon,  Vols.  I. — IV. 

51  H  oveden,  Roger  de.  Chronica,  4 vols. 
37     Hugonis  Ep.  Lincoln.  Vita. 

45     Hyda,  Monast.  Liber. 

42t  Ickham,  Peter  de,  Reis  de  Brittanie. 

53  Ireland,  Hist,  and  Municipal  Doc. 
481  Ireland,  Invasions  of,  by  Danes. 
62t  Kellawe,  Register  of  Bp. ,  Vols.  I. ,  II. 
47    Langtoft,  Pierre,  Chronicle. 

35     Leechdoms,  Wortcuning,  &c 

An  illustration  of  the  state  of  science  before  the 
Norman  Conquest  The  MSB.  from  which  it  is 
taken  aflford  valuable  orthographic  illustrations  to 
.the  Anglo-Saxon  scholar. 

I2t  Liber  Albus,  Londinensis. 

I2f  Liber  Custumarum,  Londinensis. 

laj-  Liber  Horn,  Londinensis. 

I7t  Llancarvan,  Caradoc  of. 

54  Loch  C^,  Annals  of,  2  vols. 

12    Londinensis  Gildh.  Munim.,  3  vols. 
I  of  Machado,  Roger,  Journals,  Hen.  VII. 

52  Malmesburiensis,  W.,  Gest.  Pontif. 
9t  Malmesb.  Monachi,  £ul(^um. 


36t  Margan,  Annales  de. 
4t  Marisco,  Ada  de,  Epistolae. 
29f  Marleberge,  Thoma  de. 

43  Melsa  Monast.  Chron.,  3  vols. 
4    Monumenta  Franciscana. 

55    Monumenta  Juridica,  3  vols. 

12  Munimenta  Gildhallne  Londinensis. 
34    Neckam,  Alex. ,  De  naturis  reram, &c. 

Alexander  Neckam  lived  in  the  twelfth  century, 
and  devoted  himself  to  science  as  then  understood. 
His  works  are  "  De  Naturis  Renim"  in  two  books, 
M'hich  contains  some  original  thinking,  and  a  poem 
"  De  Laudibus  Diviuae  S.ipientiae,"  a  kind  of  para- 
phrase of  the  other,  and,  as  a  whole,  above  the 
ordinary  standard  of  mcdixval  Latin. 

5t    Netter's  Fasc  Zizanionim,  WycliC 
32    Normandy,  Expulsion  of  the  English 

from. 
61     Northern  Registers,  Papers  from. 
i6t  Norwicensis  Mon.,  B.  de  Cotton. 
36t  Oseneia  Mon.,  Annales  de. 

13  Oxenedes,  Joannis,  Chronica. 

50    Oxoniensis,  Munimenta  Academics. 
57    Parisiensis,    Matt.,   Chron.    Major, 
2  vols. 

44  Parisiensis,  Matt. ,  Hist.  Minor,  3  vols. 
19    Pecock's  Repressor,  &c.,  2  vols. 

Reginald  Pecock,  who  was  bishop,  first  of  St 
Asaph  (1444),  then  of  Chichester  (1450),  zives  a  fiill 
accuunt  of  the  views  of  the  LoUanU  and  the  aifu- 
mcnts  by  which  they  were  supported.  His  tolerant 
spirit  gave  offence  to  the  other  prelates  of  his  time  ; 
he  was  deprived  of  his  see  in  1457,  and  imprisoned 
in  Thomey  Abbey  until  his  death. 

49    Peterborough,   Benedict    of,   Gesta. 
Hen.  II. 

14  Political  Poems,  Edw.  III.— Hen. 

yilL,  2  vols. 

These  extend  from  die  accession  of  Edward  III. 
to  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  They  are  of  very 
various  character,  ranging  from  religion  to  satire 
and  court  scandal,  and  many  of  them  are  of  value 
to  the  philologist. 

I  If  Redman,  Rob.,  Vita  Hen.  V. 
42    Reis  de  Brittanie,  le  Livere  de. 
42t  Reis  de  Engleterre,  le  Livere  de. 

38  Ricardi  I.,  Chron.  and  Memorials. 
49t  Ric.  I.,  Ciesta,  by  Benedict  Abbas. 
24    Richard    III.    and    Henry   VIL, 

Letters. 
28f  Rishanger,  W.,  Chronica. 

39  Satiricsd  Poets  of  12th  century. 

6    Scotland,  Book  of  the  Chronicles  oC 
46    Scotorum  Chronicon. 
30t  Speculum  Historiale,  2  vols. 

6t  Stewart's  Translat.  of  Hector  Boeoc 
36t  Thcokesberia,  Annales  de. 
41 1  Trevisa,  Translation  of  Higden. 
28f  Trokelowe,  Johannis  de,  Chron. 
28f  Walsingham,  Gesta  Abbatum. 
28t  Walsingham,  Hist.  Angl.,  2  vols. 

39  Waurin's  Croniques. 

40  Wavrin's  Chronicles  of  Britain. 
36t  Waverleia,  Annales  de. 

I  If  Westmonast  Monachus,  Hen.  V. 


SECT.  II.]         HISTORICAL  SERIES   PRINTED  BY  THE  GOVERNMENT.  575 


28f  Whethamstede,  Johannis,  Registnim. 
36f  Wigomia  Priorat. ,  Annales  de. 
36t  Wintonia  Mon.,  Annales  dc. 
36f  Wykes,  Thonue,  Chronicon. 
5t    Zizaniorum,  Jo.  Wyclif,  FascicnlL 

New  Works  in  preparation^  1875. 

Beckety  Life  of,  from  an  Icelandic  Saga. 
Branne,  Chronicle  of  Robert  of. 
Coggeshalensis  Abbas  Chron.  Majus,  with 

Terras  Sanctsa  Chronicon. 
Edw.III.  and  Ric.  II.,  Hist,  of  Reigns  of. 
Gloucester,  Robert  of,  Metrical  Chronicle. 
Ireland,  Roll  of  Privy  Council,  16  Ric.  II. 
Northmen,  Sagas  relating  to  the. 
Stubbs,  Thom.,  Chronica  Eborad. 
Materials  for  the  History  of  Becket 
Historical  Works  of  Ralph  de  Diceto. 

And  Continuations  of  the  following: — 

21  Works  of  Giraldus  Cambrensis. 

36  Hardv's  Catalogue  of  MSS. 

28  St  Alban's  Chronicles. 

31  Year  Books  of  Edward  L 

41  Higden*s  Polychronicon. 

55  Monumenta  Juridica. 

60  Materials  for  History  of  Hen.  VII. 

62  Bishop  Kellawe's  Register. 


A  Series  of  Chronicles  and  Memo- 
rials  relating  to  Scotland  has  been 


commenced  by  authority  of  the  Lords  of 
Her  Majesty's  Treasury,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Rt,  Hon.  the  Lord  Clerk  Re- 
gister. The  following  works  only  have 
appeared — 

1.  Chronicles  of  the  Picts  and  of  the 
Scots,  and  other  early  Memorials  of 
Scottish  History. 

2.  The  Ledger  of  Andrew  Halybnrton. 

He  was  conservator  of  the  privileges  of  the  Scot- 
tish nation  in  the  Netherlands,  1492 — 1503.  The 
volume  also  contains  the  Book  of  Customs  and 
Valuation  of  Merchandise  in  Scotland,  i6za. 

3.  Documents  illustratiye  of  the  Histoiy 
of  Scotland,  1286^1306. 

Very  valuable,  as  either  supplementing  or  cor- 
recting the  infonaation  derived  from  the  ywglt*y^ 
Records. 

4.  Facsimiles  of  National  MSS.  of  Scot- 
land, from  the  eleventh  century  to  the 
Union  with  England.     3  vols. 

In  progrtss. 

Acts  of  the  Parliaments  of  Scotland,  Vols, 
V.  and  VI.  (see  p.  566),  reprinted  and 
enlarged,  3  vols.,  folio.  Also,  a  General 
Index  to  l]he  whole  1 1  vols,  of  the  Acts^ 
2  vols.,  folio. 

Accounts  of  the  Lords  Treasurers  of  Soot- 
land.  Vol.  I.  (A.D.  1473,  4»  s^<^  14^ 
—98).    Svo. 


SECTION  III. 


Collections  and  Series  of  Historical  Works  issued  by  Societies. 

In  the  following  lists  some  few  of  the  more  important  historical  treatises  have 
been  selected,  as  it  would  occupy  too  great  a  space  to  give  the  whole.  As  far  as  pos- 
sible, the  dates  to  which  the  treatises  belong  have  been  added,  and  the  numbers 
prefixed  shew  the  order  of  issue.  In  many  cases,  the  titles  are  more  fully  given  in 
the  Alphabetical  List,  Section  I. 


Abbotsford  Club,  inst.  1835. 

The  publications  of  the  Club  appear  to  have  been 
discontinued  since  1859. 

23.  Extracta  e  Variis  Cronicis  Scocie. 

14.  Inventaire  Chronologique  des  Docu- 

mens  relatif  k  I'Histoire    d*Ecosse,    h 

Paris.  J 

25.  Liber  Officialis  Sanctae  Andreae. 
22.  Chartularies  cyf  Balmerino  and  Lin- 

dores. 
21.  Liber  Conventus  S.  Katherini  Senensis 

prope  Edinburgum. 
5,  Account  of  Monastic  Treasures  confis- 
cated at  the  Dissolution. 
d  Historical    Memoirs  of  the   reign  of 

Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  a  portion  of 

the  reign  of  King  James  VI. 
13.  Letters  and  State  Papers  during  the 

reign  of  James  VI. 
9.  State  Papers  and  Correspondence  of 

Thomas,  Earl  of  Melros. 
8,16.    Ecclesiastical   Records: — Minutes 

from  the  Synod  of  Fyfe,  161 1— 87;  of 

Lanark,  1623 — 1709. 

Anglia  Christiana  Society, 

inst.  1847. 

X.  Giraldus  Cambrensis   de   Instructione 

Principum.     Libri  III.     8vo.     1846. 

2.  Chronicon  Monasterii  de  Bello.  8vo.y 
1846. 

3.  Liber  Eliensis.     8vo.,  1848. 

No  others  since. 

Antiquaries,  Society  op. 

Magni Rotuli  Scaccarii  Normannise.  2yols. , 

8vo.,  1842 — ^47. 

A  list  0/ papers  in  the  **  Archaeologia," 
throwing  light  on  English  history^  was 
given  in  the  "Monumenta."  //  has  been 
thought  well  to  add  those  that  have  appeared 
since  the  publication  of  that  work  (in  1 848). 

On  the  Places  of  Caesar's  Departure  and 
Landing;  and  on  Battle  of  Hastings: 
by  Airy.     XXXIV.  231. 


Antiquaries,  Society  of,  {continued). 

On  the  Place  of  Caesar's  Landing;  by 
various  Writers.    XXXIX.  277. 

On  the  Condition  of  Britain  from  Caesar 
to  Claudius;  by  Akerman.  XXXIII. 
177. 

Notices  of  the  last  Days  of  Isabella,  queem 
of  Edward  IL  ;  by  Bond.   XXXV.  453. 

On  Feudal  and  Obligatory  Knighthood; 
by  Nichols.   XXXIX.  189. 

Satirical  Rhymes  on  the  Defeat  of  the 
Flemingsbefore  Calaisin  1436.  XXXIIL 
129. 

Papers  relating  to  a  proposed  Marriage  of 
Queen  Elizabeth  to  the  Archduke  Fer- 
dinand.    XXXV.  202. 

On  State  Proceedings  in  matters  of  Re- 
ligion, 1 581, 1582;  by  Cooper.  XXXVL 
105. 

Two  Letters  relating  to  the  Defeat  of  the 
Spanish  Armada.     XXXIIL  279. 

Narrative  of  the  prindpal  Expeditions  of 
English  Fleets,  1588  to  1603 ;  by  Sir 
Henry  Ellis.  XXXIV.  296. 

Notes  upon  the  capture  of  the  "Great 
Carrack,"  in  1592 ;  by  W.  R.  Drake. 
XXXIIL  209. 

Expenses  of  the  Journey' of  the  Elector 
Palatine  and  the  Princess  Elizabeth  to 
the  Palatinate.     XXXV.  i. 

Letters  from  a  Subaltern  Officer  of  the 
Earl  of  Essex's  Army,  in  the  summer 
and  autumn  of  1642.    XXXV.  31a 

The  Great  Seals  used  after  Deposition  of 
Charles  1.  and  before  the  Restoration 
in  1660;  by  Cooper.   XXXVIIL  77. 

Petitions  to  Charles  II.  from  Elizabeth 
and  Henry  Cromwell.   XXXVIIL  322. 

Notices  of  the  last  Great  Plague,  1665-6  ; 
by  Cooper.    XXXVIL  I. 

Observations  on  Penn's  Imprisonment  in 
the  Tower  in  1668  ;  by  Brace.  XXXV. 
70. 


SECT.  III.]  HISTORICAL   WORKS   PRINTED   BY  SOCIETIES. 


577 


Antiquaries,  Society  op,  (continued). 
On  the  Duke  of  Monmouth's  Rebellion ; 
by  Roberts.     XXXIV.  351. 

Lord  Coningsby  on  Political  Parties  during 
Reign  of  Queen  Anne.   XXXVIII.  i. 

A&CHiEOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION, 

inst  1843. 
Collectanea    Archzeologica,   the    Journal 
of  the  Society,  contains  several  valuable 
contributions  in  historical  research. 

ARCHiEOLOGlCAL  INSTITUTE. 

A  few  papers  of  historical  importance 
that  have  appeared  in  the  "  Archaeological 
Journal,"  are  here  referred  to. 
Caesar's  Invasion  of  Britain:  by  Guest 

XXI.  220. 
On  "Belgic  Ditches,"  and  probable  date 

of  Stondienge  ;  by  Guest.    VIII.  143. 

Campaign  of  Aulus  Plautius ;  by  Guest 
XXIII.  159. 

The  Four  Roman  Ways  ;  by  Guest.  XIV. 

99. 
On  Reading  of  Coins  of  Cunobelin ;  by 

Birch.    IV.  28. 
Roman  Coins  struck  in  Britain;  by  de 

Salis.     XXIV.  149. 

England  in  the  Fifth  Century ;  by  Robson. 
XIV.  320. 

English  Conquest  of  the  Severn  Valley  j 

by  Guest     XIX.  193. 
Cornish  Crosses ;  by  Haslam.    IV.  302. 

Ancient  Oratories  of  Cornwall ;  by  Has- 
lam.   II.  225. 

Coins  and  Treasure  found  in  Cuerdale ; 
by  Hawkins.  IV.  11 1,  189.  Remarks 
thereon  ;  by  Worsaae,  20a 

life  of  Earl  Godwine ;  by  Freeman.  XI. 
236,  330;  XII.  47. 

On  the  pretended  Marriage  of  William  de 
Warren  with  a  daughter  of  Matildis, 
by  William  the  Conqueror ;  by  Staple- 
ton.    III.  I. 

The  Hall  of  Oakham;  by  Hartshome. 
V.  124. 

Events  in  the  Life  of  the  Empress  Matilda ; 
by  Turner.     X.  302. 

Roger  de  Lcyboume,  and  the  Barons' 
Wars;  by  Burtt.     XXI.  29. 

The  Parliament  of  Kenilworth ;  by  Harts- 
home.     XXI.  143. 

The  Ban  of  Kenilworth ;  by  Green.  XXI. 
277. 

On  the  Parliament  and  Castle  of  Acton 
Bumel ;  by  Hartshome.   II.  325. 

Castle  and  Parliaments  of  Northampton ; 
by  Hartshome.    III.  309. 


ARCHiBOLOGiCAL  JoURNAi.,  (continued). 

The  Parliaments  of  Carlisle;  by  Harts- 
home.    XVI.  326. 

The  Parliaments  of  Gloucester;  by 
Hartshome.     XVII.  201. 

Queen  Eleanor  of  Castile,  new  facts  re- 
garding ;  by  Burtt     X.  99. 

Edward's  Spoliations  in  Scotland  in  1296  ; 
by  Hunter.     XIII.  245. 

The  Will  of  Humphrey  de  Bohun  ;  by 
Turner.     II.  339. 

On  the  Great  Seals  of  England;  by  Willis. 
II.  14. 

Connexion  of  Scotland  with  the  Pilgrimage 
of  Grace;  by  Longstaffe.     XIV.  331. 

Bannatyne  Club,  inst  1823. 

The  books  have  been  issued  in  order  of  the  num- 
ber appended,  between  the  years  1833  and  1863.  For 
the  convenience  of  reference,  however,  a  classified 
arrangement  has  been  followed.  Some  of  the 
volumes  have  also  been  printed  for  the  Maitland 
Qub.    To  these  an  ff  is  added. 

III.  Vita  S.  Columbso.  Auctore  Adam« 
nano,  Monasterii  Hiiensis  Abbate. 

HegisterSf  Ckariularies,  &'c. 

90,  107.  Liber  S.  Thomae  de  Aberbro- 
thoc.  Registrum  Abbaciae.  Vol.  I.,  a. D. 
II 78— 1329  ;  Vol.  II.,  A.D.  1329— 1536. 

73.  Liber  Cartarum  Prioratus  S.  Andrea. 

88.  Carta  Monialium  de  North  Berwic. 

109.  Registrum  Episcopatus  Brechinensis 
cum  Cartis  Originalibus,  2  vols. 

86.  Liber  S.  Marie  de  Calchou.  Regis- 
trum Cartarum  Abbacie  Tironensis  de 
Kelso,  A.D.  1 1 13 — 1567. 

87.  Liber  S.  Marie  de  Dryburglu 

78.  Registram  de  Dunfermelyn. 

1 13.  R^^trum  Eccles.  S.  iEgidii  de  Edin- 
burgh. 

I.  Vitae  Dunkeldensis  Ecclesise  Episco- 
porum.     A  prima  sedis  fundatione  ad 

A.D.  1515. 

21.  Chronicon  Cenobii  Sancts  Cmds 
Edinburgensis. 

74.  Liber  Cartaram  S.  Cracis. 

79.  Registmm  Episcopatus  Glasguensis. 
Munimenta  Eccl.  Metr.  Glasguensis, 
a  Sede  restaurata  sec.  ineunte  xii.  ad 
Reformatam  Religionem.  fil» 

89.  Liber  Insula  Missamm.  Abbacie  de 
Inchaffery  R^stmm  Vetus. 

66.  J.  Ferrerii,  Hist.  Abbatum  de  Kynlos. 

68.  Chronicon  de  Lanercost,  A.D,  laoz — 

1346*  i^* 


Pp 


578 


HISTORICAL  WORKS  PRINTED  BY  SOaETIES.  [sECT.  IIL 


Bannattm E  Club,  (comtisnud). 

50^  58.  Chronica  de,  and  liber   Sancta 
Marie  de  Mailros. 

€0.  Registnun  Episc  Moiavicnsis,  €,  141CX3 
(continaed  to  162^. 

lU  Boethii  Murthlacensium  et  Abetdo- 
nensium  Episcoponim  Vitas,  A.D.  1522. 

93.  Registrum  S.  Marie  de  Ncubotle. 
Abbaciae  Chartariom  Vetos.  A-D.  1140 
—1528. 

81.  Liber  Ecclesie  de  Scon.  £91, 

116.  Registnun  domus  de  Soltre.  Charters 
of  the  Hospital  of  Soltre,  of  Trinit  j  Col- 
lege, Edinburgh,  and  other  Collegiate 
Churches. 

Mediaval^ 

— .  Diary  of  Expedition  of  Edward  I. 
into  Scotland.     1296. 

48.  Ragman  Rolls,  A.D.  129 1 — 1296. 

yr,  84.  The  Accounts  of  the  Chamber- 
lains of  Scotland,  A.D.  1326 — 1406, 
3  vols. 

106.  Black  Book  of  Taymouth. 

loi.  Registrum  Honoris  de  Morton.  A 
Series  of  Ancient  Charters  of  the  Earl- 
dom of  Morton.     2  vols. 

Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth  Centuries, 

39.  History  of  Scotland,  from  1436 — 
1561.     By  Bp.  Lesley. 

42.  Criminal  Trials  in  Scotland,  1488 — 
1624.  £0,. 

$6.  Excerpta  e  Libris  DomidlU  Regis 
JacobiV.,  1525—33. 

10.  Recit  de  TExpedition  en  Escosse 
FAn  1546. 

5.  Discours  Particulier  d'Escosse,  1559. 

69,  83.  The  Booke  of  the  Kirk  of  Scot- 
land. VoL  I.,  Acts  from  the  year 
1560— 1577 ;  Vol.  IL,  1578—1592;  Vol. 
in.,  1393— 1618.  JW. 

1 13.    History  of    King   James   the  Sext, 
being  an  Account  of  Affiurs  in  Scotland, 
156^—96. 
.'28.   Les  Affaires  da  Conte  de   Bodoel, 
I'An  1568. 

^Correspondances  Diplomatiques  de  Ber- 
tram de  Salignac  de  la  Motte  Fenelon, 
1568— 1575.    7  vols.,  8vo. 

53.  Memorials  of  Transactions  in  Scot- 
land, 1569—73- 

45.  Diurnal  of  Occurrents  since  Death  of 
James  IV.  to  the  year  1575.  JW. 

38.  Memoirs  of  Affairs  of  Scotland^  by 
Moysie,  1577—1603.  •  Jtt. 

24.  Papers  relating  to  the  Marriage  of 
King  James  VI.  with  the  Princess  of 
Denmark,  1589. 


Bannatynb  Club,  {amimued\ 
98,  French  State  Papers  relating  to  Scot- 
land in  the  1 6th  century,  2  vo& 
29.  History  of  the  House  of  Seytoun,  to 

1559.  jm. 

33.  Memorials  of  George  Bannatyne,  1545 

—1608. 
17.  Memoirs  of  Vk  Ufe,   by  Sir  James 

Mdville,  1549—93-  £^ 

32.  Diary  of  Mr.  James  Melville,  IS5^— 

i6or. 
112.   Original  Letters  of  John  Colville^ 

1582—1603. 

Seventeenth  Century, 

97.  Original  Letters  on  Ecclesiastical  A^ 
£urs  of  Scotland,  1603 — 1625. 

35.  Spalding's  History  of  the  Troubles  m 
Scotland  and  England,  1624— 1645.  /K. 

26.  Memoirs  of  his  own  Life  and  Tiaei, 
by  Sir  James  Turner,  1632— 7a 

Turner  was  associated  with  Graham  in  the  od- 
ercion  of  the  Covenanters. 

8a    Diary  of  Public  Conespoodenoe  cf 

Sir  T.  Hope,  1633—45. 
37.    Relation  of  Affairs  of  the  Kiik  of 

Scotknd,  1637—38. 
72,  77.  Letters  of  Robert  Baillie^  '^37— 

1662,  3  vols. 
54.  NicoU's  Diary  of  Pnblic  Transactiooi^ 

1650—67. 
108.  Letters  from  Roundhead  Offices  ia 

Scotland,  1650— i66a 
91.  Historical  Notices  of  Scotch  Af&ui% 

from  MSS.  of  Sir  John  Lauder.  VoL  L, 

1661—83;  VoLIL,  1683— 88. 

23.  Letters  from  Lady  Margaret  Ken- 
nedy (Burnet)  to  John,  Duke  of  Lau- 
derdale. 

3 1 .  Letters  from  Archibald,  Earl  of  Azgyie, 
to  John,  Duke  of  Lauderdale. 

15,  Letters  of  John  Graham  of  Omvo- 
house,  1678—89. 

61.  Historical  Observes  of  Occurrent% 
1680— 1686. 

75.  Memoirs  touching  the  Revolution,  by 
Earl  of  Balcarras,  1688—90. 

22.  Siege  of  the.  Castle  of  Ediaburghv 

1689. 
81.  Leven  and  Melville  Papers,   1689— 

1691. 

46.  Mackay's  Memoirs  of  the  War  ia  Scot- 
land and  Ireland,  1689—91.  JH. 

Major  General  Hugh  Mackay  waa  defeated  by 
Dundee  at  Ktlliekrankie,  serred  aftawjuidi  ia 
Ireland,  and  vaa  killed  at  Landea. 


•  In  the  8vo. 


issued  by  the  Qub. 


SECT.  III.]  HISTORICAL  WORKS  PRINTED  BY  SOCIETIES^ 


579 


Uannatynk  Club,  {cantinued). 

94.  Darien  Papers — Establishment  of  the 

Colony  by  a  Scotch  Company,  1695 — 

I7cx>. 
25.  Diary  of  Proceedings  in  Parliament 

of  Scodand,  1700—07. 

76.  Correspondence  of  George  Baillie 
of  Jerviswood,  1702 — 08. 

Miscellanea, 
57.   De  Scriptoribus  Scotis.     Libri  Duo 
Daridis  BuchananL 

96,  103,  iia  Origlnes  Paxockiales  Scotise, 
3  vols. 

34.  Thorns  Dempsteri  Hist.  Eccl.  Gentis 
Scotomm,  sive  de  Scriptoribus  Scotis, 
2  vols. 

Berkshire  Ashmolean  Society, 
inst.  at  Reading,  1840. 

Abingdon   Monastery  Chronicle,  12 18— 

1304.     1841. 
Unton  Inventories,  1596— 162a     1841. 
Laud's  Benefactions  to    the    County  of 

Berks.     Sm.  4to.,  1841. 

Cambrian    ARCHiCOLOGiCAL   Associa- 
tion, inst  1846. 

Archaeologia  Cambrensis.  8vo.  Three 
series,  amounting  to  20  vols.,  (still  con- 
tinued, )  contain,  beside  papers  of  purely 
antiquarian  interest,  many  reprints  of 
documents  bearing  on  the  history  of 
Wales. 

Gesta  Regum  Britannis,  1862. 

Baronia  de  Kemeys,  1863. 

Cambridge     Antiquarian    Society, 
inst.  1840. 

Abbreviata   Cronica,    4ta,    1377 — 1469. 

1840. 
Consecration  of  Abp.  Parker,  4to.,  1841. 
Anglo-Saxon  Legends  of  SS.  Andrew  and 

Veronica,  185 1. 

Camden  Society,  established  1838. 

8.  Bishopric  of  Somerset,  from  founda- 
tion to  1 1 74. 

47.  ChioniconPetroburgense,ii22 — 1294. 

13.  Chronica  Jocelini  de  Brakelonda  de 
Monast  S.  Edmundi,  1 173— 1202. 

34.  De  Antiquis  Legibus  Liber.  A  Chro- 
nicle of  London,  from  A.D.  11 78  to 
1274, 

50^  Gualteri  Mapes  de  Nugis  Curialium 
Distinctiones  quinque. 

^.  Political  Songs  of  England,  from  John 
to  Edward  IL 


Camden  Society,  {contimud), 

69.  Domesday  of  S.  Paul's.  1222. 

28.  Croniques  de  London,  1259 — 1344. 

53.  Chronicle  of  Grey  Friars  of  London  5 
ends  1556. 

15.  William  de  Rishanger's  Chronicle  of 
the  Barons*  Wars. 

65.  Report  on  Knights  Hospitallers  in 
England,  1338. 

3.  Deposition  of  Richard  II.,  English  and 
Latm  Poems  on. 

64.  English  Chronicle  of  Reigns  of  Ric. 

n.,  Henry  IV.,  V.,  and  VL,  written 

before  147 1. 
86.  Letters  of  Margaret  of  Anjoo,  Bishop 

Beckington,  and  others.  Henry  V. — VL 
29^  36.  Polydore  Vergil's  English  History. 

67,  84,  105.  Trevelyan  Papers :  I.  Prior 
to  1558 ;  IL  1446—1643 ;  IIL  Vari^ 
ous. 

10.  Chronicle  of  the  first  Thirteen  years  oC 
Edward  IV.,  by  John  Warkworth,  D.D. 

I.  History  of  the  Arrival  of  Edward  IV.  in 
England,  and  the  final  Recovery  of  his 
Kingdoms  from  Henry  VI.,  A.D.  1471. 

4.  Plumpton  Correspondence :  A  Series  of 
Letters,  temp.  Edw.  IV.,  Rich.  IIL, 
Henry  VII.,  and  Henry  VIII. 

21.  Rutland  Papers  :  Original  Documents 

illustrative  of  the  Courts  and  Times  of 

Henry  VII.  and  Henry  VIII. 
37.  Italian  Relation  of  the  Isle  of  England^ 

r.  1500. 
35.  Chronicle  of  Calais,  in  the  reigns  of 

Henry  VII.  and  Henry  VIII. 
23.  Original  Letters  of  i6th,  17th,  and  18th. 

centuries. 

77.  Narratives  of  the  Reformation,  1532 
—1556. 

26.  Three  Chapters  of  Letters  on  Suppres- 
sion  6i  Monasteries. 

42.  Diary  of  Henry  Machyn,  1550 — 1563. 

48.  Chronicle  of  Queen  Jane,   and   two 

years'  of  Queen  Mary. 
93.  Accoimts  and  Papers  relating  to  Marj 

Queen  of  Scots. 
46.  Letters  of  Queen  EII2.  and  James  VL 
7.  Hayward's  Annals,  1558 — 1562. 

27.  Leicester's  Correspondence,  1585-6. 

12.  Egerton  Papers :  a  collection  of  public 
and  private  Documents,  chiefly  illustra- 
tive  of  the   times    of  Elizabeth    and 
James  I. 
81.  Parliamentary  Debates,  i6ia 
90,  98.  Relations   between  England  and 
Germany,  16 18,  19.    2ToIs. 
p2 


58o 


HISTORICAL  WORKS   PRINTED  BV  SOCIETIES.  [SECT.  III. 


Camden  Society,  {continued). 

loi.    Spanish  Account  of  the  Proposed 

Marriage  between  Prince  Charles  and 

the  In&nta,  1623. 

70.  Liber  Famelicus  of  Judge  Whitelocke, 
James  I.  and  Charles  I. 

41.,  Diary  of  Walter  Young,  J. P.,   1604 

—28. 
66.  Diary  of  Rev.  John  Rous  (Suffolk), 

1625—42. 

80.  Proceedings  in  Kent,  1640. 

31.  Vemey  Papers:  Notes  of  Proceedings 
in  the  Long  Parliament,  temp.  Charles  1. 

14.  Narratives  illustrative  of  the  Contests 

in  Ireland  in  164 1  and  1690. 
74.  Symonds'  Diary  of  the  Marches  of  the 

Royal  Army,  1644 — 46. 

63.  Letters  of  Charles  I.  (1646)  to  Queen 
Henrietta  Maria. 

52.  Moneys  received  and  paid  for  Secret 
Services  of  Charles  II.  and  James  IT., 
from  March  30,  1679,  to  Dec.  25,  1688. 

71.  Savile  Correspondence,  Charles  II., 
James  II. 

22.  Diary  of  Dr.  Thomas  Cartwright, 
Bishop  of  Chester,  from  August,  I  §86, 
to  October,  1687. 

68.  Journal  of  Dr.  Rowland  Davies,  1689 
— 90. 

33.  Letters  of  James,  Earl  of  Perth,  1688 
—1696. 


Caxton  Society,  inst.  1845. 

The  volumes  9xt  in  8vo.,  and  the  dates  shew 
the  order  of  issue.  This  list  is  given  entire,  but 
most  of  the  volumes  were  edited  by  Dr.  Giles>  and 
publi^ed  separately. 


Galfredi  Monumetensis  Hist.  .        • 
Chronicon  Anglian  Petroburgense  • 
Scriptores  Rerum  Willelm.  Conq.  . 
Chronicon  Henr.  de  Selgrave . 
Epistolze  Herberti  de  Losinga 
Alani,  Abb.  Tewkesbur.,  Scripta  . 
Galfredi  le  Baker,  Chronicon 
La  Revolte  du  Comte  de  Warwick  . 
Geoffrey  Gaimar,  Metrical  Chronicle 
Walteri,  Abb.  Dervensis,  Epistolae 
Benedicti,   Abb.  Petriburgensis,  de 

Vita  S.  Thomae  . 
Anecdota  Bedse,  Lanfranci,  &c. 
Radulphl  Nigri,  Chronica  duo 
Heylin*s  Memorial  of  Waynflete 
"Vita  Quorundam  Anglo- Saxonum 


1844 
1845 
1845 
1846 
1846 
1846 

1847 
1849 
1850 
1850 

1850 
185 1 
185 1 
1851 
1854 


Celtic  Society,  estab.  1845. 
I.  Book  of  Rights  of  Ancient  Kings  of 

Ireland. 
4.  Battle  of  Magh  Lena. 


'   Chetham  Society,  inst  1843. 

2.  Military    Proceedings    in    Lancashire 
during  the  Civil  War, 

3.  Chester's  Triumph,  16 10. 

4.  Life  of  Adam  Martindale,  1633— «o. 

7.  Iter  Lancastrense,  1636. 

8,  19,  21,  22.  Notitia  Cestriensis. 

10,    II,    16,   20.    Chartulary  of  Whalley 

Abbey,  4  vols. 
14.  Journal  of  Nicholas  Assheton,  161 7 — 

18. 

17.  Warrington  in  1465. 

18,  26,  27.  Diary  (1661— 3)  and  Autobio- 
graphy of  Rev.  Henry  Newcome. 

24,  37»  57.  Chetham  Miscellanies- 

25.  Allen's  Defence  of  Stanley  (1587). 

28.  Jacobite  Trials  at  Manchester,  1694. 

29,  31,  66,  67.  The  Stanley  Papers. 

33i  5^1  54*  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Wills. 
48,  64.  Catalogue  of  Tracts  for  and  against 
Popery  (A  Jas.  II.) 

49,50.  The  Lancashire  Lieutenancy  under 
the  Tudors  and  Stuarts. 

62.  Discourse  of  the  Warr  in  Lancashire 
(1642—51). 

Dublin  [Royal]  Society. 

Proceedings  of  the  Society,  1764 — 1865, 

(99  vols.) 
Collectanea  de  Rebus  Hibemici$,  1770 — 

1804. 

Ecclesiastical  History  Society,  1846. 

Strype's    Memorials    of  Abp.    Cranmcr, 

4  vols.,  1848—54. 
Heylin's    History    of    the    Reformation, 

2  vols.,  1849. 

English  Historical  Society. 

The  English  Historical  Society^  esublished  in 
1838,  but  ntiw  dissolved,  published,  in  a  conve- 
nient form,  the  following  works,  accompanied  by 
notes,  and,  where  needed,  by  Glossaries. 

I.  BedsB  Hist.  Ecclesiastica,  8vo.    •  1838 

2. Opera  Historia  Minora,  8vo.  1841 

3.  Gildas  de  Excidio  Britanniae      •  1S3S 

4.  Nennius  Historia  Britonum       •  1S3S 


SECT.  III.]  HISTORICAL  WORKS  PRINTED   BY  SOCIETIES. 


58t 


English  Historical  Society, 
{confinued). 

5.  Chronicon  Ricardi  Divisiensis  •     1838 

^.  W.  Malmesburiensis  Gesta  Re- 
gum  Anglorum,  atque  Historia 
Novella,  2  vols. ....     1840 

7.  Codex  Diplomaticns  JEyi  Saxo- 

nici,  by  Kemble,  6  vols.     .       1845 — ^48 

S.  Rogeri  de  Wendover  Chronica, 

5  vols 1841—44 

9.  Fr.  N.  Triveti,  Annales  Sex 
Regum 1845 

10.  Adami  MurimutheDsis  Chronica     1846 

11.  Gesta  Stephani  Regis       .         .1846 

12.  Chronicque  de  la  Traison  et 
Mort  de  Ric.  II.         .        .        .     1846 

13.  Florentii  "Wigomensis  Chron., 

2  vok 1848—49 

•X4.  Walter  de  Hemingburgh,  2  vols., 

1848 — ^49 
15.  Henrici  V.  Gesta,  cum  Chro- 
nica Neustria     ....     1850 

x6.  Historia  Wilelmi  Parvi,  2  vols.     1856 

Hakluyt  Society,  established  1846. 

I.  Hawkins  on  the  South  Sea,  1593. 

€.  Strachey*s  Travaile  into  Virginia  Bri- 
tannia. 

7.  Hakluyt,  Voyages  touching  the  dis- 
covery of  America,  1582. 

4.  Sir  Francis  Drake,  his  Voyage,  1 595. 

38.  Frobisher's  Three  Voyages. 

3.  Ralegh's  Discovery  of  Guiana,  1595,  6. 

Historical  Society  of  Science, 
inst.  1 841. 

Collection  of  Letters  illustrating  progress 
of  Science  from  Elizabeth  to  Charles  II., 
8vo.,  1841. 

Iberno-Celtic  Society,  inst  1818. 

Transactions,  Vol.  I.  pt.  i,  4to.,  1820. 

Contains  a  chronological  account  of  nearly  ^00 
Irish  writers,  from  the  earliest  period  to  1720,  with 
a  descriptive  Catalogue  of  such  of  their  works  as 
are  extant. 

Irish  ARCHyEOLooicAL  Society, 
established  1840. 

Afterwards  the  title  was  changed  to  Irish  Archaeo- 
logical and  Celtic  Society.  ITie  books  are  issued 
in  Svo.  and  small  4to. 

XI.  Irish  Version  of  Nennius. 


Irish  Arcilcological  Society, 

18.  Adamnan,  Life  of  S.  Colomba  (eighth 
cent. ) 

5.  Customs  of  Hy-Many,  or  O'Kelly'g 
Country. 

8.  Customs  of  Hy-Fiachrach. 

3.  Banquet  of  Dun  na  n-Gedh,  and  Battle 
of  Moira. 

20.  Ancient  Irish  Annals.  Three  Frag- 
ments. 

22.  Martyrology  of  Donegal.  A  Calendar 
of  the  Native  Saints  of  Ireland. 

2.  Jacobi  Grace,  Kilkenniensis,  Annales 
Hibemixe,  from  a.d.  1074  to  1370. 

12.  Annals  of  Ireland,  by  Clyn  and  Dow- 
ling. 

7.  Registrum  Priorat.  Omu.  SS.  juxta 
Dublin. 

7.  A  Chorographical  Description  of  West, 
or  H-Iar  Connaught,  by  Roderic  0*Fia- 
herty.  The  notes,  by  Mr.  Hardiman  of 
Galway,  contain  much  curious  informa- 
tion concerning  Ireland,  during  the  six- 
teenth and  seventeenth  centuries  in  par- 
ticular. 

15.  History  of  the  Down  Survey,  1655,6. 

13.  Macariae  Excidium,  1689 — 1692. 

I,  4,  10.  Tracts  relating  to  Ireland,  and 
Miscellanies. 

Library  of  Anglo-Catholic 
Theology. 

Johnson's  Collection  of  the  Ecclesiastical 
Canons  of  the  Church  of  England. 
Vol.  I.  before  the  Conquest.  Vol.  II. 
after.     Translated. 

Overall's  Convocation-book  of  1606. 

Abp.  Laud's  Troubles  and  Trial. 

Literature,  Royal  Society  of, 
inst.  1823. 

Transactions.  First  Series,  4to.,  1827 — 
29.     Second  Series,  8vo.,  1843 — 63. 

Biographia  Britannia  Literaria. 

A  series  of  biographies  of  1 
arranged  in  chronologtcal  order. 


A  series  of  biographies  of  literary  characters^ 
aologta ' 


Maitland  Club,  established  1828. 

Some  few  historical  volumes  were  issued  in  con- 
junction with  the  Bannatyne  Club.  These  are  not 
inserted  here,  but  will  be  found  under  the  above- 
named  club,  with  the  letter  fSL  appended.  i»  sig- 
nifies; printed  also  for  the  Spalding  Club,  and  ft  for 
the  Abbotsford  Club. 

8.  Chronicles  of  the  Kings  of  Scotland^ 
from  Fergus  to  A.D.  161 1. 


582 


HISTORICAL  WORKS  PRINTED   BY   SOCIETIES.  [SECT.  HL 


Maitiand  Club,  (continued), 

46.   Chronicon  de  Lancrcost,  1 201 — 1346. 

10.  Chronicle  of  Perth,  1210—1668. 

24  Cartularium  Coxnitatus  de  Levenax,  to 

1398. 
17.    Registrum    Monasterii    de    Passelet 

(Paisley),  1 163— 1529. 

1 1.  Registram  Metallanum.   I. 

65.  Liber  CoUegii  Nostrae  Dornina.  Ke-' 
gistnim  B.V.M.  et  S.Ann,  infra  Muros 
Glasguensis. 

63.  Registrum  Episcopatus  Aberdonensis, 
£ccL  Cathedr.  Aberdon.  Registra.      S5. 

40.  Gn^'s  Scalacronica,  frpm  A.D.  1056 
to  1362. 

37.  Records  of  the  Burgh  of  Prestwick, 
1472— 1782. 

16.  Burgh  Records  of  the  City  of  Glas- 
gow, 1573—1581. 

28.  Illustrations  of  Scottish  History  from 
the  I2th  to  the  i6th  oentuiy,  from  MSS. 
in  the  British  Museum  and  Tower. 

56  Unprinted  Documents  in  the  Office  of 
Queen's  Remembrancer  and  Chapter- 
house, Westminster,  relating  to  Scot- 
land. 

41.  Selections  from  MSS.  in  College  of 
Arms  and  British  Museum,  illustrating 
the  reign  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  1543 
—68. 

2.  Hbtoire  de  la  Guerre  d*£cosse  pendant 
les  Campagnes  1548,  49. 

75.  Oppressions  of  the  i6th  century  in 
Orkney  and  Zetland.  %, 

21.  Memoirs  by  Sir  James  Melville,  1549 

—93. 
55.  History    of    the    Kirk  of  Scotland, 

1558—1637. 

50.  Letters  of  the  Argyll  Family,  from 
Queen  Elizabeth,  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
James  VL,  Charles  I.  and  XL,  &c. 

31.  History  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 
Translated  from  the  French. 

26.  Miscellaneous  Papers  illustrating  the 
reigns  of  Queen  Mary  and  James  VI. 

35  Letters  to  James  VL,  from  the  Queen, 
Prince  Henry,  &c. 

42.  Life  and  Death  of  King  James  the 
First  of  Scotland. 

64.  Papers  illustrating  Political  Condition 
of  the  Highlands,  1689— 1696. 

Manx  Society,  inst.  1858. 
I-^lation    by   Three    of   tlie    Thirteen 
Stanleys,  Kings  of  Man ;   Acts  of  Sir 
John  Stanley,  1417—30 ;  Legislation  of 


Manx  Society,  [cmtimud), 
the  7th  Earl  of  Derby,  1624—47.  Sra, 
|86q. 

Monumeotade  Insula  Mannie.  8to.,VoIs. 
L  to  III.,  1860-62. 

Bibliotheca  Monensis,  1861. 

Abstract  of  Laws,  Cnstoms,  and  Ordi- 
nances, 1862. 

Chaloaer's  Short  Treatise  of  the  Isae  of 
Man  (1652),  1863. 

Antiquitatis  Manniae,  1864. 

Old  Historians  of  the  Isle  of  Mao,  1866. 

Manx  Miscellanies,  1870. 

Mona' Miscellany,  1870. 

Chronicle  of  Man  and  the  Sodxeys,  187a 

Journals  of  the  House  of  Key^  (in  pro* 
gress). 

The  Manx  Doomsday  Book,  (in  progress). 

Newcastl»-on-Tyne  Societt  of 
Antiquaries,  inst.  1815. 

Archfleolo«;ia  iEliana.  4  vols.,  4ta,  1822 
—55  ;  o  vols.,  8vo.,  1857 — 64.  CcHitain- 
ing,  among  other  documents,  **  Chro- 
nicon Monasterii  de  Alnewyke,**  Crown 
Revenues  in  Cumberland,  &c 

Pipe  Rolls,  or  Sheriffs'  Accounts  of  the 
Revenues  of  the  Crown  in  Cumberland, 
Westmoreland,  and  Durham,  tanp. 
Henry  1 1. ,  Richard  L ,  and  John.  RojdL 
8vo.,  1847. 

Catalogues  of  MSS.,  Books,  &c 

Chorographia,  Survey  of  Newcastle,  1649. 
Reprint,  folio,  1 813. 

Lapidarium  Septentrionale ;  or,  a  Descrip- 
tion  of  the  Monuments  of  Roman  Rule 
in  the  North  of  England.  Parts  I.— 
IV.     Folio,  1870—74. 

Newcastle-on-Tyne  Typographicil 
Society,  inst.  1818. 

View  of  Life  of  Henry  IIL,  presented  to 
King  James.  Printed  1627 ;  repr.  iSxS. 

Episcopal  Coins  of  Durham  and  Monastic 
Coins  of  Reading,  Edw.  L— IIL  8vo., 
1817. 

Encountre  of  Batayle  lately  don  (Floddea 
Field).     Repr.  1822. 

Honours  due  to  Robert,  Earl  of  Salis- 
bury, 16x2.     Repr.  1818. 

Scots*  March  to  Newcastle,  1644.    Repr. 

1827. 
Taking  of  Newcastle,  1644.     Repr.  1825. 

His  Majestie's  passing  through  the  ScoU 
Army,  1645.     Repr.  1820. 


SECT,  in.]  HlSTOiaCAL  WORKS  PRINTED  BY  SOCIETIES. 


58s 


Newcastle-on-Tyne  Typographical 

Society,  {continued), 
Kelation  of  Siege  of   Newcastle,    1645. 
Repr.  182a 

Life  of  Bishop  Andrewes.  Printed  1650 ; 
repr.  18 1 7. 

Newcastle  Reprints  of  Rare  Tracts, 
1843—50. 

Four  Tolumes  of  the  Historical  Scries  have  been 
printed,  chiefly  relating  to  Scotii&h  affairs,  2640 
-48. 

Parker  Society,  established  184a 
7»  18.  Zurich  Letters.     First  Series,  1558 
— 79  ;  Second  Series,  1558—1602. 

S3,  28.  Original  Letters,  relative  to  the 
English  Reformation,  chiefly  from  the 
Archires  of  Zurich.  First  Scries,  1537 — 
58 ;  Second  Series,  1537—58. 

Percy  Society,  inst  18401 

In  the  larse  collection  of  Old  BaHads,  and  simi- 
lar literature  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  cen- 
turies, and  a  few  of  earlier  date,  issued  by  the 
Society,  freauent  reference  to  political  matters  will 
be  found,  of  which  a  few  qtedmens  may  be  men- 
tioned. 

59.  Life  and  Mart3rrdom  of  Thomas  Beket. 
&.  Poem  on  Times  of  Edward  II. 
54*  67.  Popular  Songs  illustrative  of  the 
French  Livasions  of  England. 

Philobiblon  Society,  inst.  1853. 

Jimcw  die  rare  and  valuable  Tracts  leuxiuted 

by  this  Society,  and  issued  in  their  "  Misceluuiies," 

are  several  which  bear  indirectly  upon  historical 

<     subjects,  but  none  which  call  for  spednc  notice  here. 


Roxburghe  Club,  inst  1812. 

46.  Ancient  English'  Romance  of  Havdok 
the  Dane. 

47.  Gaufridi  Arthurii  Monemuthensis 
Archidiaconi  Carmen  Heroicum. 

48.  Ancient  Romance  of  William  and  the 
Werwolf. 

58.  The  Black  Prince :  a  French  Histo- 
rical Poem. 

74*  Literary  Remains  of  King  Edward  VI. 

77*  Songs  and  Ballads,  chiefly  of  the  reign 
of  Philip  and  Mary. 

62.  Historical  Papers.  Castra  Regia : 
a  Treatise  on  the  Succession  to  the 
English  Crown  (1568) ;  together  with 
Novissima  Straffordi :  an  Account  of  the 
Proceedings  against  the  Earl. 

S5.  Sir  Amias  Poulet's  Letters  from 
Fiance,  1577. 


Roxburghe  Club,  {continued), 

63.  Correspondence  of  Sir  Henry  Unton,. 
159' — 92. 

64.  La  vraie  Cronicqne  d'Escoce.  Pre* 
tensions  des  Anglois  ^  la  Couronne  de 
France,  Diplome  de  Jaques  VL«  &c. 

68.  Despatches  from  Sir  Henry  Wottott 
to  James  I.,  1617 — 20. 

89.  Letters  of  Ruthven,  Earl  of  Forth, 
and  Brentford,  161 5 — 1662. 

Spottiswode  Society,  inst  1843. 

Bp.  Keith's  History  of  Affairs  of  Churdt 
and  State  in  Scotland,  from  the  Refor- 
mation to  1568. 

Surtees  Society,  established  1834. 

l*he  following  books  are  in  8vo.,  and  the  iiamberB> 
indicate  the  order  of  publication. 

51.  Symeonis  Dnnelmensis  Opera. 

9.  Historic  Dunelmensis  Scriptores  tres» 
I.  Gaufridus  de  Coldingham  (Duael- 
mensis).  II.  Robertus  de  Graystajies. 
lU.  Willelmus  de  Chambie. 

1.  Reginaldi  Libellus  de  Cuthberti  Virtu* 
tibus. 

8.  Lives  of  King  Oswin  and  Bps.  Cuthbert 
and  Eata. 

2a  The  Life  of  St  Godric,  of  Finchale. 

II.  Jordan     Fantosme's     Anglo-Norman 

Chronicle  of  War  between  England  and 

Scotland  in  1173,  4. 

5.  Sanctuarium  Dunelm.  et  Beveriac. ; 
Registers  of  the  Sanctuaries  of  Dur* 
ham  and  Beverley. 

Registers  of  persons  who  claimed  sanctuary  at 
Durham,  or  at  Beverley,  from  a.o.  1464  to  1539. 

44,  46.  CThe  Priory  of  Hexham,  its  Oiro- 
niders.  Annals,  &c.,  2  vols. 

42.  Memorials  of  Fountains  Abbey. 

56.  Abp.  Gray's  Roister. 

2,  38.  Durham  Wills  and  Inventories, 
2  vols. 

4»  3o»  45>  53»   Testamenta  Eboracensia,, 

4  vols. 
34.  Acts  of  the  High  Commission  Court 

of  Durham. 

26.  Wills  and  Inventories  from  the  Arch- 
deaconry of  Richmond. 

21.  Depositions  respecting  the  Rebellion 
of  1509,  Witchcraft,  &c. 
Extending  from  X31X  to  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 

14.  The  Correspondence  of  R.  Bowes, 
Elizabeth's  Ambassador  to  Scotland. 


SH 


HISTORICAL  WORKS   PRINTED  BY  SOCIETIES.  [sECT.  UU 


SuRTEES  Society,  {continued). 
17.  Correspondence  of  Abp.  Hutton  (1595 
— 1606). 

52,   53.    Correspondence    of    Bp.  Cosin 
(1 060 — 1672),  2  vols. 

40.  Depositions  from  the  Castle  of  York, 
in  the  Seventeenth  Century. 

Welsh  MSS.  Society. 

Liber  Landavensis.     8vo.,  1840. 

lolo  MSS.     Rl.  8vo.,  1848. 

Heraldic    Visitations    for    Wales.     Imp. 
4to.,  2  vols.,  1846. 

Lives    of   Cambro-British    Saints.     8vo., 

1853. 
Dosparth  Edeym  Davod  Aur.  8vo.,  1856. 
A  thirteenth-century  Welsh  Grammar. 

Meddygon  Myddfa.     8vo.,  1856. 

On  ancient  medical  practice  ;  also  a  legend,  &c. 

Barddas.    Vol.  I.,  8vo.,  1862. 

A  collection  of  original  documents  illustrative  of 
the  theology,  &c.,  of  the  Bardo-Druidic  system. 


AddiHanal, 

For  Local  history,  the  Transactions  of 
the  various  local  Archaeological,  Archi- 
tectural, and  Historical  Societies  may  be 
consulted,  of  which  a  list  is  therefore  here 
given.  The  Transactions  of  the  Societies 
marked  H.B.  are  published  together  in  an 
annual  volume  of  "  Associated  Reports." 


Bedfordshire  Archaeological  Society,  9.Xt.  .  1847 

Buckinghamshire  Archaeological  Society     .  1847 
Cambridge   Camden    Society  (aftenraids, 

X841,  Ecd.  Soc.) ,839 


Additional,  (conlinutd), 

Chester  Archaeological  Society     . 

Cornwall  Rojral  Institute 

Durham  and  Northumberland  Society 

Ecclesiological  Society 

Exeter  Architectural  Society 

Glasgow  Archaeological  Society    . 

Irish  Royal  Academy    ... 

Kent  Archaeological  Society 

Kilkenny  Archaeological  Society  . 

Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Historical  Society 

Leicester  Archaeological  Society,  3.191. 

Lincolnshire  Archaeological  Society,  9.S. 

Lincolnshire  Topographical  Society     . 

Liverpool  Archaeological  Society  . 

London  and  Middlesex  Archawlogical  Soc 

Norfolk  Archaeological  Society    . 

Northampton  Architectural  Society,  %J3L, 

Oxford  Architectural  Society  (afterwards, 

i860,  Oxford  Arch,  and  Hist.  Soc) 
Oxford  Ashmolean  Society   .        . 
Perth  Antiquarian  Society    . 
Scotland,  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
Somersetshire  Archaeological  Society 
Surrey  Archaeological  Society 
St.  Alban's  Archaeological  Sodety 
Suffolk  Institute  of  Archaeology  . 
Sussex  Archaeological  Society 
Ulster  Journal  of  Archaeology 
Wiltshire  Archaeological  Society  . 
Wiltshire  Topographical  Society  . 
Worcestershire  Architectural  Society,  9.£. 
Yorkshire  Ardiitectural  Society,  «.». 


IKSTT- 
TVTED 


1850 

z8x3 
i860 
184X 
X841 
1864 
1786 
1857 
Z849 
Z849 
1844 
'844 
X841 
xg48 
»8ss 
»793 
X844 

1839 
zSaS 
X78* 
X780 
.849 
X853 
1845 
x84S 
X846 
1851 
x8S3 
18x0 
1844 
X844 


The  following  Societies  issue  Transac- 
tions in  which  historical  material  relating 
to  Britain  is  occasionally  introduced : — 

Cambrian  Institute 2853 

Cjrmmrodorion,  or  Metropolitan  Cambrian  .  z8» 

Chronological  Institute  of  London       .        .  1853 

Dublin  Gaelic  Society  .        .       .       ,        .  1807 

Numismatic  Society      •       .       .        ,       .  1836 

Philological  Sodetj 184a 


SECTION  IV. 


Collections  and  Series  of  Historical  Works  printed  by 
Editors,  &c. 


Bertram.  Britannicanun  Gentium  His- 
toriae  Antiquae  Scriptores  Tres.  8vo., 
Copenhagen^  1757- 

Contains  Gildas  Badonictis,  Nennitts  Bancho- 
rensxs,  Ricardus  Corinensis. 

Julius  Charles  Bertram  was  a  professor  in  the 
Unirenity  of  Copenhagen. 

BoHN.  Historical  Library.  London^  cr. 
8vo.,  1840,  et  seq. 

Contauns  many  reprints  of  standard  authorities. 
Among  them,  Evelyn's  Diary  and  Corr^poifd- 
ence  of  Charles  I.,  &c.,  4  vols. ;  Fepys'  l^iary, 
A  vols. 

■  Antiqaarian  Library,  contains  Eng- 
lish translations  of  several  of  the  more 
important  works  of  the  English  histo- 
rians, as 

Bede,  Anglo-Saxon  Chron..  Gildas,  Nennius, 
Asser,  iEthelweard,  William  of  Ma<mesbury,  Flo- 
rence of  Worcester,  Henry  of  Huntingdon,  Roger 
of  Wendover,  Matthew  Paris,  Roger  Hoveden, 
Ordericus  VitaUs,  &c 

Bouquet.  Recueil  des  Historiens  des 
Gaules  et  de  la  France  (21  vols.,  folio, 
Paris,  1738—1865;  a  new  edition,  vols. 
i. — viiL  and  voL  xiiL,  Paris,  186S— 73). 

Contains  Brito,  Dudo,  Walter  of  Coventry, 
Hoveden,  Laudnnense  Chronicon,  Robertus  de 
Monte,  &c 

Dom  Martin  Bouquet,  a  Benedictine  of  St.  Maur, 
was  bom  at  Amiens  in  1685,  and  died  in  1754.  He 
lived  to  issue  only  the  first  eight  volumes  of  the 
Kecueil:  but  the  work  was  carried  on  until  the 
year  1855  by  various  Governments,  and  under 
a  great  variety  of  political  circumstances.^  The 
first  eleven  volumes  were  published  in  the  time  of 
Louis  XV. ;  two  more  appeared  under  Louis  XVI. ; 
three  under  the  Empire ;  two  under  Louis  XVIII. ; 
two  under  Louis  Philippe ;  amd  one  under  Na- 
poleon III. 

BOLLANDUS.  Acta  Sanctorum  quotquot 
toto  Orbe  coluntur,  collegit  Joh.  Bol- 
landos.  56  vols.,  folio,  Antwerp,  Brus- 
sds^  TongerloOy  &c.,  1643— 1858  [Venice 
EditUm^  42  vols.,  1734---61) ;  new  issue 
at  Paris,  vols.  i. — ^ix.  and  vols.  xli. — ^U., 
1863—70. 

The  originator  of  the  "Acta  Sanctorum"  was 
Jean  Bolland,  a  Jesuit,  bom  at  Antwerp  in  Z596, 
died  in  1665,  having  only  published  one-fourth, 
<the  saints  of  January,  February  and  March).  It 
has  been  brought  down  to  the  month  of  October, 
by  Daniel  Papenbroeck,  (a  Tesuit,  bom  1638,  died 
17x4,)  and  others,  usually  known  by  the  genoial 
name  of  the  Bollandists. 

Camden.  Anglica,  Nonnannica,  Hiber- 
nica,  Cambrica,  a  veteribus  scripta. 
Francfiriy  1602. 

.    Contains  Asser,  Walsingham,  De  la  More,  Wil- 
iehnus  Gemeticensis,  Giialdus  Cambrensis,  a  frag- 


ment  of  Ordericus  Vitalis,   Anonymus   de  Vita 
Gulielmi  Conquestoris. 

Camden,  Britannia.  London^  1590, 1607, 
1 610. 

Appended  are  a  Chronicle  of  Ireland,  another 
of  Man  and  the  Isles,  and  a  Chronicle  ascribed  to 
Heniy  of  Marlborough. 

William  Camden,  bom  in  London  in  1551,  be- 
came master  of  Westminster  School,  was  after- 
wards appointed  Clarencieux  king  at  arms,  and 
died  in  1623.  His  own  writings,  as  his  Britannia, 
and  his  Annals  of  Elizabeth,  and  of  James  I.,  axe 
highly  esteemed,  and  he  is  justly  re|puxled  as  the 
father  of  British  antiquaries. 

Darlington  Press  (Private),  G.  AUaa, 

Esq.,  c,  1770 — 90. 

Several  historical  extracts  chieflv  relating  to  tb6 
county  of  Durham.  See  Lowndes  Bibliographer's 
Manual. 

D'Achery.  Spidlegium,  seu  CoUectio 
veterum  aliquot  Scriptorum  qui  in  Gal- 
lise  Bibliotheds  latuerunt.  13  vols.,  4to., 
Paris,  165s — 77;  4  vols.,  folio,  PariSf 
1723. 

Contains  Robertus  de  Monte,  Triveti  An- 
nates, &c. 

—  Opera  Lanfranci.  Folio,  Paris,  1648. 

Contains  the  Chronicle  of  Bee  (a.d.  xo68 — x324)« 
which  has  many  notices  of  English  affairs  ;  Lives 
of  St.  Augustine  and  of  Theobald,  archbishops  of 
Canterbury. 

Dom  J.  Luc  d'Achery,  a  Benedictine  of  St.  Maur* 
bom  at  St.  Quentin  in  1609,  died  in  1685. 

Duchesne.  Historic  Normannorum  Scrip- 
tores  antiqui  res  ab  illis  per  Gallianiy 
Angliam,  &c.,  explicantes.  Folio, /'am, 
1619.  Has  several  works  which  in- 
cidentally illustrate  English  history; 
among  them  are — 

GuillelmusGemeticani^ 
Ordericus  Vitalis, 
Gesta  Stephani, 
Chronicon  Normannia^ 
xi39toxas^ 


Brito, 

Robotus  de  Monte, 

Gervase  of  Tilbury, 

Dudo, 

Encomium  Emnue, 

Gesta  Normannorum  In    Chronicon 


Steph. 


Franda,  Cadom.,  633  to  1393. 

Guillelmus  Pictavensis, 

Andrd  Duchesne,  bom  in  Z5S4,  was  patronized 
by  Cardinal  Richelieu,  and  beoune  historiographer 
to  the  king.  He  was  killed  by  accident  in  the  street 
in  z64a 

DUGDALE.  Monasticon  Anglicannm. 
3  vols.,  folio,  London,  1655 — 73 ;  a  new 
edition,  considerably  enlarged,  8  vols. » 
folio,  1817 — ^30,  and  reprinted  1846. 

Contains  a  large  number  of  Charters  relating  to 
the  monastic  foundations,  and  often  valuable  as 
illustraiing  the  history  of  the  period  to  which  they 
belong. 


S86 


HISTORICAL  WORKS   PRINTED   BY  EDITORS,  &C.  [sECT.  IV* 


FULMAN.     Rerum  Anglicarum  Scriptores 

Veteres.     Folio,  Oxon.,  1684. 
lo^phus  Croylanden-    Chronica  de  MaXrot. 


Annates  Burtonenses. 
Historia   Croylandensis 
{c<mtinuatumes). 


SIS. 

Petnis  BlessensU  {^m- 
Hntmtw). 

William  Fulman,  rector  of  Moysey-Haapfeon, 
Gloucestershire,  was  bom  in  Kent,  in  1633,  waui 
duelled  from  Oxford  bv  the  FarluuBeatary  visi- 
torSf  but  returned  at  tne  Restoration,  and  be- 
came eminent  for  his  diligent  attention  to  EngGsh 
history.  He  died  in  z688.  *'Had  his  indulgent 
patron  [Dr.  Hammond]  lived  some  years  longer,  or 
ne  himsielf  taken  those  advantages  as  othen  did  for 
their  promotion  in  the  Church  upon  account  of 
their  suflTexings  in  the  royal  cause,  ne  might  with- 
out doubt  have  been  a  dean  ;  but  sudi  was  the  high 
value  that  he  set  tipon  himself  and  his  sufferings, 
tiiat  he  expected  preferment  should  court  him,  and 

not  he  it He  wrote  much,  and  was  a  great 

collector,  but  published  fittle.**— ^n^  d  Wood. 

Gals.  Historiae  Anglicaaae  Scriptoies 
Quinque.    FoL  Oxot^.^  1687. 

Annates  de  Margan.  Gftufiridus  Vinesauf  (//^ 

Thmnas  Wykes.  nerarimm). 

Aonales  Waverleienses.     Waltfenis  Hemiqgldrd. 

'  Histoiue  Britaimicae  Saxonicae  Anglo 
Danicae,  Scriptores  Quindecim,  FoL, 
Oxon.,  1 69 1. 


CSldas,     Historim     et 

Epistola. 
Tita    S.  Wilfrid!    (Ed- 

dius). 
Kennius,  Historia, 
Asser,     Chronicon     S. 

Neod. 
Higden.  Polvchronicon. 
W.  Malmesouriensis  de 

v.  Malmesb.  de  Ponti- 
ficibus. 


Historia  Rameuenns. 
Historia  Eiiensis. 
Joannes  Walhngfbrd. 
Kadulfus  de  Diceto,  De 

^Regibus  Briiouum. 
De  Partitione  Proviif- 

ciie,iic. 
Fordun  Scoticrooiooa. 
Alcuin   de   Pontifidbus 

Poema. 
Appendix  Antiq.  Brit« 


Thomas  Gale  was  bom  in  1636  at  Scruton,  near 
Bedale,  in  Yorkshire,  and  educated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lie. Cambridge.  He  became  dean  of  York,  and 
died  in  1709.  His  antiquarian  works  are  numecxNis 
and  valuable.  He  was  master  of  St.  Paul's  School 
at  the  time  of  the  fiw  of  London,  and  he  furnished 
the  inscriptions  for  the  Monument  which  com- 
jnemorates  that  evenL 

Giles.    Bibliotheca  pAtroin    Scriptonim 
Eccksiae  Anglicans.   Oxford,  1843—48. 
Aldhelmi  Opera 


Amulphi  Lexov.  Epist 
Bedae    Opera    Omnia, 

12  V. 

Bonifacii  Opera,  a  v. 
Lanfrand  Opera,  a  v. 
Alcuini  Opera,  6  ▼. 
S.Dunstani  Reliquiae. 
JElfrid  Opera,  3  v. 


Ijmfnad  Opera,  a  y. 
Anselmi  Opcia,  6  v. 
Sti.  Thoma     Vita     et 

Epist<^,  4  ▼. 
Johan.       Sarisburiensis 

Opera,  5  v. 
Pctrus  Blessensis,  4  ▼. 
Rogeri    Baconi  Opera, 

3v. 


— —  Works  edited  by  Dr.  Giles  :— 

Tncerti  Scriptoris  Narratio  de  BeUo  Sancto, 
iai7— iS. 

Also  in  the  CaxionSerietof  yolnmcs.  Sect.  HI.— 
Benedictus  Abbas  Petriburg. ;  Galfridus  le  Baker ; 
Anecdota  Beda,  &c. ;  Le  Revoke  du  Comte  du 
Warwick ;  Galfridus  Monumctcnsis  ;  Alanus  Prior 
Cantuar. ;  Chronicon  Petzobuxgense ;  Vitae  quorun- 
dam  Anglo-Saxonum. 

Haddan  and  Stubbs.  Councils  and  Ec- 
clesiastical Docaments  relatii^  to  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.    Edited  after  Spcl- 


man  and  Wilkins.   Vols,  i.,  IL  pt.  I,  liL 
Oxford,  1869 — 72. 

Hearne,  Thomas  (1716— 173s).  A  Col- 
lection of  Historical  Wocks,  printed  at 
Oxford  8vo.  They  are  here  mentioned 
in  the  order  in  which  Heame  published 
them. 


J<^iattnes  I. 
Ricardus  Becfe. 
Adamdel 
Tha  de  F.lmham. 
liber  Niger  Scaoenn  & 
IViL  Wortseslrii  AaMks. 
Historia  Vitae  Ricaidill. 
JoanneKdeTroluJiWH,  ) 
I>e  BlanefoidaC^M.  h 
Edwardi  II.  Vita.^  > 
^walteivs  ncBBH^g^flio. 


Joannis  Rosa  Hiilaria. 
Tlti  Livii  Foro> Juliensis 

Viu  Henrici  V, 
Aluredus  Beveilaceosis. 
Gul.  Roperi  VitaThonuB 

Moti  and   Chroniooa 

Godstovianum. 
Gul.  Camdeni  Annates 

EUcabethjB,  3  vols. 
Gul.  Neubrigensis  HisL 
Tho.  Sprotti  Chronica. 
Nic  Omtalopns. 
TextBS  RoffensiB. 
Robertas  de  AveAmy. 
Johannes  de  Fordun. 
Hemingi  Cartularium. 
Robert   of  Glouoesta^s 

Chnmide. 


Hiomas  Heame,  a  most  laborioos 
was  bora  in  z68o  at  White  Walthaio,  in  L 
where  his  &ther  was  the  ptfish  ckflc  B7  the 
kindness  of  Mr.  Cherry,  a  neighbounog  t»inlfi, 
he  was  sent  to  Oxfimi,  where  he  soon  becHne 
known,  alike  iicnr  hb  industry  and  for  his  atraas: 
Jacobite  opinions.    These  nuuAe  hhn  Mediae  oSos 


of  preferment,  and  he  died  at  Oxford  in  17; 

ivinc  \ 
he  had  edited  with  less~dtscretion  than  laboor.  as 


r  behind  hima^aigeanmber  ofwoHa 


a^ 


most  of  them  contain  caustic  observatiaiis  quite 
forngn  to  their  sabject,  and  q^parently  intnadBoed 
for  no  oeef ul  popose. 

Heidelberg.  RenunBritaanicammScraH 
tores  post  MSS.  BibL  HeidelbeiSBB9& 
Fol.,  Hdddb,,  1587. 

Contains  Geoffiey  of  Moomooth,  Pdaticus  ▼■«•- 
nius  (his  epicomixerX  Gildas,  Beda,_Wil]iia  of 
Newbuigh,  and  an  abcidgracat  of  .      ' 


jAFFi.   Bibliotheca  Reniin  Gei 
Vols.  L— VL.,  Berlin,  1864—73. 
Vol.  VI.  contains  Monumenta  Alcuina. 

Leibnitz.  Scriptores  rerum  Bniiisvioes» 
slum.    3  vols. ,  fol. ,  Hannoo. ,  1 707 — 1 1 . 

Contains  Gervase  of  Tilbury. 

Godfrey  William  Leibnitz  was  the  son  of  a  pro- 
fessor at  Leipsig,  and  was  bom  in  16461  He  was 
renowned  for  various  learning,  and  havii^  the 
.fortune  to  meet  with  royal  patrons  he  was  oeated 
a  baron  and  acquired  a  large  fortune.  He  col- 
lected the  Brunswick  writers  under  the  r^f^r^ 
of  George  I.  of  England. 

Lelaxd.  His  Itineraiy,  r.  1545*  printed 
by  Heame,  8vo.,  9  vols.,  Oxon^  »7I3» 
is  rather  of  an  antiquarian  than  an  \e^ 
torical  character. 

De   rebus    Britannis     Collectanea 

printed  by  Heame.    6  vols.,  8va,  Ztf»- 

don,  1770 — 74. 

Contains  several  extracts  from  Chasten^  ftc  BSt 

elsewhere  printed. 


SECT.  IV.]  HISTORICAL  WORKS  PRINTED  BY  EDITORS,  &C. 


587 


Mabillon.  Acta  Sanctorum  Ordinis  S. 
Beoedicti.  9  toIs.,  (cL,  Paris,  1668 — 
1701. 

CmiTatns  Folcard,  Ethelwolfi  CumeD,  Vita  Dun- 
staniby  Osbcxn,  Ac 

«— ^  Annales  Ordini  S.  BenedictL   6  vols. 

£oL,  Parity  1703—39- 

TUs  daborate  work  contains  many  Tnridffltfal 
noticeB  of  eaxiy  English  History. 

Vetera  Analecta,  (fonxung  vol.  iv.  of 

B'Achery,  q.r.)   FoL  Paris,  1723. 

Jean  Mabfflmi,  a  Benedicdoe  of  St.  Maur,  Isom 
-Bear  Klieinis  in  1632,  travelled  throueh  Germany 
and  Italy,  at  the  expense  of  Louis  XIV.,  to  collect 
Idstorical  monuments.  His  labours  laid  the  founda- 
tion for  several  important  woiks  beside  his  own, 
and  he  reared  many  fanincnt  linhnlant  He  died 
in  1707. 

Maidment,  James,  Esq.,  Collections. 
1817—37. 

Comprise  many  rare  historical  tsaOs  and  ex- 
tracts from  Records,  chiefly  relating  to  Scotland. 
See,  for  a  complete  Hst,  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's 
Manual. 

Maktene  et  DuRAND.  Veterom  Scrip- 
tortmi  Collectio  nova.  FoL«  Eemen, 
170a 

—  Thesaaras  Anecdotorom.  5  vols., 
fol.,  Paris^  1717. 

-^—  Amplissima  Collectio.  9  vols.,  foL, 
Paris,  1724—33- 

Contains  the  Chronicon  Anglicaanm  and  the 
Chronicon  Terne  Sanctae,  at^buted  to  R;dph  of 
Goggeshall,  Epistola  Hugonis  Rothomagensis,  &c. 

Dom  Edmund  Martene,  a  Benedictine  of  Sl 
Maur,  bom  in  1654,  died  in  1739.  He  and  his 
Iel]0w4abourer,  Dosa  Unin  Dunund,  were  pupils 
ofBiabillon. 

Maseess.  Historise  AngUcanae  drca  tem- 
pos ConqnestOs  Selecta  Momimenta. 
4to.,  London,  1807. 

X.  Emmae  Aoglorum  Reginae  Richardi  I.  fills 
£ncomium — incerto  auctorc  sed  Coaetano. 

3.  Gesta  Gulielmi  II.  Ducis  Normannorum 
Kegis  Anglorum  I.  2k  Gulielmo  Pictavensi  Scripta. 

3.  Excerpta  ex  Orderici  Vitalis  Eccl.  Hist, 
libris  tertio  et  quarto. 

4.  Annalis  Historia  Brevis  in  Monasterio  S.  Ste- 
pbani  Cadomensis  Conscripta. 

^.  Nomina  Normannorum  qui  floruerunt  in  An- 
gliaante  Conquestum, — qui  cum  Guilielmo  ingress! 
sunt,  &c.  &C. 

Middle  Hill  Press. 

Sir  Thomas  Phillipps  struck  off  at  his  private 
press  numerous  separate  sheets  or  fly-leaves,  &c., 


consisting  of  extracts  from  MSS.,  many  in  the 
Middle  Hill  Collection,  e.g.  the  Cartulary  of 
Malmesbur^  Abbey.    Also  Indices,   Catalogues, 


Pedigrees,  &c     Generally  only  some  ten  copies 
printed  of  each.    See,  for  a  complete  list,  Lowndes. 

Migne.  Patrologiae  Cursus  completos. 
221  vols.,  of  the  Latin  series.  Royal  8vo., 
Paris,  1844—57. 

Contains  Alcuin,  Eadmer,    Fitzstephen,  Hem- 
aung,  W.  Malmesbury,  Orderic,  John  of  Salisbury, 


Letters  1^  Bedcet,  Henry  of  Huntingdon,  Aid- 
hefani  Vita,  W.  Pictavensis,  Petrus  Blesaensis,  &c., 
besides  the  complete  works  of  writers  such  as  Bede» 
Anaehn,  and  many  others.  It  is  the  largest  col- 
lecdoQ  of  patristic  and  mediaeval  wrciers  which 
exists;  and  though  the  series  lays  no  claim  to 
value  6txn  special  editing,  as  a  rule  the  works  are 
printed  from  the  most  complete  editions,  and  fairly 
provided  with  incfices,  ftc. 

Michel  (Frandsque).  Chroniqnes  Anglo* 
Normandes.    3  vols.,  8vo.,  Rouen,  1836. 

Contains  considerable  extracts  firom  Geoffroi  Gai- 
mar.  Anonymous  continuation  of  the  Brut  of  Wace, 
Estoire  de  Seint  ^Edward  le  Rei,  Chronique  de- 
Pienre  de  Langtoft,  Benoit  de  Sainte  More,  De 
Gestis  Herwardi  Saxonis,  Vita  et  Passio  Walderi 
Comitis,  Vita  Haroldi,  De  Inventione  Sanctae 
Crucis  Walthamensis,  Widonis  C^men  de  Has- 
tingiae  Praclio,  Du  Roi  Guillaume  d'Angleterre,  Le 
Dit  de  Guillaume  d'Angleterre. 

Chroniques    de    Normandie.     4to.^ 

Paris,  1839. 

O'CoNOR.  Renua  Hibemicanim  Scrip* 
tores  Veteres.  4  vols.,  4to.,  Bucking- 
ham, 1814—26. 

Contains  the  Annals  of  Buellian,  InisfaHen^ 
Tigemach,  Ulster,  and  (part  oO  the  Four  Masters 
(or  Chronicle  of  Donegal).  These  extend  from 
B.C.  305  to  A.D.  157a,  and  though  comparatively 
little  known,  are  worthy  of  attentian,  particabu'ly 
from  the  9th  to  die  x^th  century,  as  they  give  many 
important  notices  of  the  eariy  wars  between  the 
Irish  and  the  Ostmen,  their  subseonent  unioa, 
and  their  alliances  with  the  kings  of  Norway  and 
Scotland  for  the  purpose  of  shaking  off  the  Eng- 
lish yoke. 

Charles  O'Conor  was  a  Roman  Catholic  priest^ 
who  lived  many  veaus  in  the  family  of  £he  first, 
duke  of  Buckingham.  He  died  soon  after  the 
completion  of  this  work. 

Parker  (Matthew),  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. Works  published  by  him,  be- 
tween 1567  and  1574. 

Matthew  of  Westmin-      Asser's  Life  of  Alfred. 

ster.  Walsingham. 

Matthew  Paris. 

Pertz.  Monumenta  Germaniae  Scriptores. 
Folio,  vol,  i. — jsn.,,  Berlin,  1826 — 72. 

Contains  Dudo,  Encomium  Emmae,  Robertus- 
de  Monte,  Obitus  Willermi,  Annales  Cantuarien- 
ses,  &C. 

Scriptores  in  usum  Scolarum.    8vo. 

Several  small  treatises,  reprinted  from 'the  larger 
work.  Among  them  arc  Encomium  Emmae,  Ein- 
hardi  Annales,  &c. 

PiSTORius.     Rerum  Germanicarom  Scrip- 
tores.     3  vols.,  folio,  Ratisbon,  1 720. 
Contains  the  (Hironicle  of  Robertus  de  Monte. 

Savile's  Collection.  Reram  Anglica- 
rum  Scriptores  post  Bedam  prsecipuL 
Folio,  London,  1596  ;  Francfort,  1 601. 

Contains  Malmesbury,  Henry  of  Huntingdon, 
Hoveden,  iEthelweard  and  Ingulf. 

Sir  Henry  Savile  was  bom  at  Over  Bradley, 
near  Halifax,  in  1549,  travelled  much  abroad,  and 
eventually  became  provost  of  Eton  College,  where 


S88 


HISTORICAL  WORKS  PRINTED   BV  EDITORS,  &C.  [SECT.  IV. 


he  died  in  2623.  He  was  a  great  benefactor  to  the 
University  of  Oxford,  bequeathing  his  valuable 
library,  and  founding  tjfiro  professoisKips.  He  was 
much  esteemed  by  James  I.,  at  whose  desire  he 
took  a  part  in  the  new  translation  of  the  BiUe. 

SCRIPTORES  DeCEM  ;  SCC  TWYSDEN. 

—  QuiNDECiM  ;  see  Gale. 

—  QuiNQUE ;  see  Gale,  Fulman. 

—  Post  Bedam  ;  see  Savile. 

SoMERS,  Lord.  A  Collection  of  Tracts, 
chiefly  from  his  library.  2nd  Edition, 
revised  by  Sir  Walter  Scott.  13  vols. 
4to.,  London f  1809 — 15. 

Elucidating  detached  parts  of  the  history  of 
-Oreat  Britain. 

S  PARKE.  Historiae  Anglicanae  Scriptores 
varii.    Folio,  London^  1723. 

Contains  John  of  Peterborough,  Hugo  Candidus^ 
^wapham,  Whytleseye,  and  Fitzstephen. 

TwYSDEN.  Hbtoriae  Anglicanse  Scrip- 
tores  Decern.     Folio,  London^  1652. 

Simeon  Dunelmensis.  Johannes  Brompton. 

Johannes  Hagustalden-  Gervasius    Derobemen- 

sis.  sis. 

Ricardus  Hagustalden-  Thomas  Stubbs. 

sis.  Gulielmus  Thorn. 

Ailxedus  Rievallensis.  Henricus  Knighton. 
Radulphus  de  Diceto. 

Sir  Roger  Twysden  was  a  Kentish  baronet,  who 
suffered  greatly  for  his  loyalty.  He  was  bora  at 
East  PecKham  in  1597,  and  died  in  1673.  Beside 
Decern  Scriptores,  to  which  he  supplied  a  valuable 
preface,  he  published  a  work  once  much  esteemed, 
^'  The  Historical  Defence  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land." 

Turnbull,  W.  B.  D.  Reprints  of  Old 
Authors.  Selections  of  Letters  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots.    Edin.^  1845. 

Wharton.  Anglia  Sacra.  2  vols.,  folio, 
1 691.     Vol.  I.  contains,    among  other 


Wharton,  (continurd). 
documents  relating   to   the  respecdre 
dioceses, — 

CantuaruHsisEpUc, — Steph.  Birdiingtooi  HisL 
ad  Z369,  Anonymi  Hist,  de  Controvecsia  drca  Pri- 
matum,  Henr.  de  EstriaCatalogus^AnnaL  Roffexts., 
Chronicon  Caeaobti  S.  Cruds,  Edinb.,  Historia 
vetusta  AUngdonensis.  Winivitutui* — Thonue 
Rudborne  Historia  Major,  Monachi  ^KHntoauensis 
Annales.  J?A^«»n«— Kmulphi  Collectaaea,  £d- 
mundi  de  Hadenham  Annales^  a.d.  1307 ;  Willdat 
de  Dene  Historia.  Ncranccnsis—'BaxihxAamsKi  de 
Cotton  Annales,  X043 — 19^5  ;  Idem  de  Ejusc  Nor- 
wicensibus.  Ceventrenas,  A'c—Thaaat  de  Ches- 
terfield Historia.  Will.  Whitlocke  Historia.  IVigvr- 
ff^jwu—Annales  Ecdes. — Batkoniensu — Canomci 
WeUensis  Historia,  Adami  de  Domerham  His- 
toria. J?/<V«n>— ThonuB  Monachi  Historia,  Ri- 
cardi  Prioris  Continuatio,  Monachonua  Eliensium 
<^ntinuationes.  DuHelmensis — Monachi  Anonymi 
Historia,  Gaufridus  de  Coldingham,  Robertns  de 
Graystanes,  WiUehnus  de  Qiamhre  Confiniw- 
tiones. 

Vol.  II.  contsuns,  beside  other  histo- 
rical treatises, — 

W.  de  Malmesbur.  Liber  quintus  de  Gestu  Ponti- 
ficum,  (i.e.  de  Vita  S.  Aldhelmi),  Goscelini  Historia 
Minor,  Vitae  Tatwini,  Nothelmi,  &c.,  Johannes 
Tinmuthensis  de  Vita  S.  Breswini,  Eadmer  de 
Vita  S.  Odonis,  Osberni  de  Vita  S.  Dunstani  et 
S.  Elpheei,  &c,  Adelaidi  Epistola  ad  Elphegum, 
Joannis  Sarisbur.  de  Vita  S.  Anselmi,  Eadmer  de 
Vitis  SS.  Anselmi,  Bregwyni,  &c.,  WilleLmus  War- 
ham  de  corpore  S.  Dunstani,  Monachus  Roffensis 
de  "NHta  Gundulphi,  Willielmus  de  Wycumba  de 
Episc.  Hereford.,  Ricardiis  Bardoniensis  de  Vita 
Rob.  Grosthead,  Alii  Scriptores  de  Rob.  Grost- 
head,  Giraldi  Cambrensis  Libri  diversL  Annales 
breves  Menevenses,  Radulphus  de  ukxxo  de 
Archiep.  Cantuar.,  Henrici  HuntingdonensisEpist. 
ad  Walterum  de  Epis.  illustribus. 

Hennr  Wharton  was  bora  in  1664  at  Wofistead, 
in  NoWolk,  where  his  father  was  vicar.  He  be- 
came chaplaun  to  Archbishop  Sancroft,  and  under 
his  atispices  he  commenced  his  ^reat  work  '*  Anglia 
Sacra/^  His  patron's  deprivation  snsraended  the 

Sublication,  and  his  own  death  occurred  in  1695,  he 
aving  wora  himself  out  by  intense  ai»pUcation,  and 
I  dying  before  he  had  completed  his  thirW-fint  year, 
leaving  behind  him  many  valuable  MSS.,  the  in- 
I  tended  bases  of  other  works. 


SECTION  V. 


The  Public  Records,  the  Record  Commission,  and  Reports 
AND  Catalogues  of  MSS.,  &c 


{a.)  Relating  to  the  Record  Commission, 

Reports  from  the  Select  Committee  of  the 
Public  Records     FoL,  1800. 

Reports  from  the  Commissioners  appointed 
to  execute  the  measures  Recommended. 
2  vols.,  fol.,  1800 — 19. 

The  Appendix  contains  facsimiles  of  charters 
from  Stephen  to  Mary,  with  the  seals.  A  fac- 
simile of  Magna  Charta  is  included  among  them. 


From  z8x9— 3x  the  proceedings  were  printed  for 
the  use  of  the  Commissioners  oxuy. 

Commissions  and  Abstracts,  or  Annual 
Report  of  Commissioners.     FoL,  1806. 

Reports  (i — 19)  from  Commissioneis  on 
the  Public  Records  of  Ireland.  4  vols., 
fol.,  1810 — 30. 

Report  of  Proceedings  of  Record  Commis- 
sioners.    Fol.,  1831—37. 

Report  on  Sub-Commissioners.  8vo.,  1832. 

Report  of  Committee  on  Publication  of 
Calendars  of  Proceedings  in  Chancery. 
8vo.,  1833. 

Proceedings  of  Commissioners  of  Public 
Records.     FoL,  1832 — 33. 

Report  of  the  Select  Committee  to  Inquire 
into  the  Affairs  of  the  Record  Com- 
mission.    1834. 

Handbook  to  the  Public  Records,  Royal 
8vo.,  1853. 

{h.)  Catalogues  and  Reports  on  MSS. 

Descriptive  Catalogue  of  MSS.  relating 
to  the  History  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  by  Sir  T.  DufTus  Hardy. 
VoL  I.,  in  2  pts.,  anterior  to  Norman 
invasion;  Vol.  11.,  1066 — 1200;  Vol. 
HI.,  1200 — 1327,  are  already  pub- 
lished (1862—71) ;  Vol.  IV.,  1327,  &c, 
is  in  preparation. 

Notice*  of  all  known  sources  of  British  history, 
Doth  printed  and  unprinted,  are  given  in  one  con- 
tinued sequence,  with  brief  analyses  of  the  more 
important,  in  which  the  original  matter  is  dis- 
tinguished from  mere  compilation.  Biographical 
sketches  of  the  authors  are  also  supplied. 

RcDort  to  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  upon 
the  Carte  and  Carew  Papers  in  the  Bod- 
leian and  Lambeth  Libraries.  Royal 
Svo.,  1864.    . 


Report  to  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  upon 
tne  Documents  in  the  Archives  and  Pub- 
lic Libraries  of  Venice.  Royal  8vo., 
1866. 

(e. )  Deputy  Keeper's  Reports. 

The  Annual  Reports  of  the  Deputy 
Keeper  of  the  Public  Records,  now  thirty- 
five  in  number,  may  be  most  advantage- 
ously consulted  by  the  historical  student. 
Many  of  them  contain  valuable  Appen- 
dixes :  of  which  may  be  mentioned : — 

1.  Baga  de  Secretis.  Calendar  of  trials  for 
high  treason,  &c.,  from  A.D.  1474  to 
18 13.  Among  the  trials  will  be  found 
those  of  Queen  Anne  Boleyn  (long  sup- 
posed to  have  been  destroyed),  the  duke 
of  Norfolk,  the  earl  of  Arundel,  Dr. 
Lopez,  the  earls  of  Essex  and  South- 
ampton, Guy  Fawkes  and  others,  the 
earl  and  countess  of  Somerset,  the 
Regicides,  the  rebels  of  17 15  and  1745 
and  other  adherents  of  the  House  of 
Stuart,  the  rioters  of  1766  and  1780, 
Governor  Wall,  and  the  machine-break- 
ing rioters  of  18 1 2.  [Third,  Fourth,  and 
Fifth  Reports.] 

2.  Calendar  of  Royal  Letters  in  the  Wake- 
field Tower.  These  documents  are  up- 
wards of  2,300  in  number,  and  range  in. 
date  from  A.  D.  11 89  to  about  the  end  of 
the  13th  century.  [Fourth,  Fifth,  Sixth, 
and  Seventh  Reports.] 

Since  this  calendar  was  prepared  many  of  the 
letters,  belonging  to  the  reign  of  Henry  III., 
have  been  printed.    See  anU,  Sect.  I. 

3.  Calendar  of  Letters  of  Privy  Seal  of 
Oliver  and  Richard  Cromwell.  [Fifth 
Report.*] 

4.  Inventory  of  Acknowledgments  of  the 
Royal  Supremacy  made  by  Religious 
Houses,  &c.,  A  Hen.  VIII.  [Seventh 
and  Eighth  Reports.] 

5.  Catalogues  of  Inventories  of  Church 
Goods,  /.  Edw.  VI.  [Seventh  and  Ninth 
Reports.] 

6.  Calendar  of  Ancient  Correspondence, 
/.  Edw.  I.,  Edw.  II.  [Eighth  Report.] 

7.  Catalogue  of  Deeds  of  Surrender  of 
Abbeys,  Chantries,  Hospitals,  &c.,  t. 
Hen.  VIIL  and  Edw.  VL  [Ibid.] 


590 


CATALOGUES  OF  MSS.,  &C. 


[sect.  v. 


S.  Calendar  of  Monastic  and  other  Chartu- 
laries.  [Ibid.] 

9.  Calendar  of  the  Patent  Rolls  of  Ed- 
ward V.  and  Richard  III.  [Ninlh  Re- 
port.] 

10.  Inventory  of  Particalars  for  Grants  of 
Monastic  Property,  /.  Hen.  VIII. 
[Ninth  and  Tenth  Reports.] 

i  I.  Calendar  of  ancient  Compotuses  of  the 
Exchequer.  [Tenth  Report.]  This 
calendar  gives  the  names  of  the  cs- 
cheators  of  counties  from  a.d.  1484  to 
161 1  in  one  instance,  but  in  few  cases 
does  it  reach  beyond  the  year  1600. 
The  escheators  were  persons  of  good 
position  in  their  distncts,  and  this  is 
the  first  list  of  them  that  has  been 
prepared. 

"With  this  Report  the  i^rinting  of  these  valnabk 
Appendixes  ceased,  an  objection  being  taken  by  the 
Oovcrnment  to  their  expence,  and  in  conseqtienca 
the  Reports  for  the  years  1849  to  1864  both  inclu- 
sive, are  merely  formal  documents  of  a  few  leares 
each.  I»  1863  the  original  plaa  was  again  sanc- 
tioned by  the  Treasury. 

12.  Chronological  List  of  Lords  High 
Treasurers  and  Chief  Commissioners  of 
the  Treasury,  from  A.D.  14S6  to  1862. 
[Twenty-fifth  Report.] 

13.  Lists  of  National  Doctmients  photo- 
zincographed.  [Twenty-sixth,  Twenty- 
seYenth,  Twenty-eighth,  Thirtieth,  TWrty- 
first,  Thirty-second,  Thirty-fourth  and 
Thirty-fifth  Reports.] 

14.  Table  of  Law  Terms  from  the  Norman 
Con<mest  to  iSjo.  [Twenty-eighth  Re- 
port.] 

15.  List  of  some  Printed  Books  containing 
State  Papers.    [Ibid.] 

16.  Calendar  of  Royal  Charters,  A.D.  605 
to  /.  Hen.  I.  [Twenty-ninth  and  Thir- 
tieth Reports.] 

17.  Calendar  of  Tower  Documents,  Ye- 
lating  to  State  Prisoners,  &c.  [Thirtieth 
Report.] 

18.  Report  on  the  Carte  Papers.  This 
furnishes  much  Information  on  the  state 
of  Ireland,  from  A.D.  1640  to  1690. 
[Ibid.] 

19.  Calendar  of  Duchy  of  Lancaster  Char- 
ters, William  II.  to  Richard  II.  [Thirty- 
first  and  Thirty-fifth  Reports.] 

20.  List  of  English  SheriflGs,  from  A.  D.  1 131 
to  1330.    [Thirty-first  Report.] 

21.  Final  Report  on  the  Carte  Papers. 
[Thirty-second  Report] 

22.  Durham  Records,  A.D.  1345  to  1388. 

[Ibid.] 


23.  Duchy  of  Lancaster  Records,  A.  D.  1 35$ 
to  1361 ;  and  from  A.D.  1377  to  1389. 

[Ibid.] 

24.  Dnrham  Records,  A.D.  138S  to  1437. 
[Thirty-third  Report.] 

25.  Duchyof  Lancaster  Records,  A.  D.  1400 
to  144a    [Ibid.] 

26.  The  Shaftesbury  Papcis.  AnongtiKse 
will  be  found  the  Constitution  for  Caio- 
lina,  drawn  up  by  John  Locke,  a  ▼ery 
curious  document.  [Thirty-third,  Thirty- 
fourth  and  Thirty-fifth  Reports.] 

27.  Durham  Records,  A.D.  1438  to  14S3. 
[Thirty-fourth  and  Thirty-fifth  Reports.] 

28.  Duchy  of  Lancaster  Records,  i.  Ric. 
IL  to  1867.  [Thirty-fifth  Report] 


(^)  The  mstorital  Afamtscr^  Cftm- 


In  April,  1869,  the  Historical 
scripts  Commission  was  appointed,  and  it 
has  issued  four  Reports,  which  contain 
detailed  accounts  of  about  250  public  or 
private  collections,  many  of  which  con> 
tain  documents  of  much  historical  ralne^ 
most  of  them  hitherto  unknown.  Anong 
these  may  be  mentioned,  many  important 
letters  of  Charles  I.,  forming  p^  of  lus 
cabinet  taken  at  Naseby,  which  it  dhi  not 
suit  the  policy  of  the  Parliamentary  party 
to  giTe  to  the  world ;  some  remaiKable 
papers  about  the  Gunpowder  plot ;  noCes 
of  cases  in  the  Starchamber ;  letters  to  and 
from  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  ;  notes  of  Parlia- 
mentary proceedings,  /.  Charles  I.  to  Wil- 
liam III.  ;  letters  and  poems  on  the  Re- 
storation ;  papers  about  Oates'  plot ;  the 
death  of  James  II.  ;  letters  to  and  from 
William  III.,  Queen  Anne,  and  regard- 
ing the  Hanoverian  succession.  Some  of 
these  documents  have  already,  by  the  per- 
mission of  the  owners,  hm.  transcribed 
and  placed  in  the  Public  Record  Office, 
and  the  drawing  up  of  Calendars  of  the 
inore  important  papers  is  strongly  recom- 
mended by  the  Commissioners. 


{e.)  Facsimiles  Issued* 
Domesday.    Vide  asOe^  S^ct  L 


National  MSS.     Pts. 


186S-& 


These  are  produced  by  the  photo-anoosiaphie 
process.  DomesdaT  is  without  note  or  comiBeat^ 
but  the  rest,  which  extend  from  William  I.  to 
Queen  Anne,  have  translations  and  notes.  AoaljpKS 
are  given  in  the  Deputy  Keeper's  Repasts. 

A   similar   series,   relating  to   Scotland. 
Pts.  I,  2,  3.     1867—1872. 


SECT,  v.] 


CATALOGUES  OF  MSS.,  &C. 


591 


{/.)  Miscellaneotu  Catalogues  of  MSS,, 
Jiolls,  dfc.f  not  printed  by  the  Govern- 
ment, 

A  Calendar  of  the  Antient  Charters,  and 
of  the  Scotch  and  Welsh  Rolls,  now  in 
the  Tower  (Aylofie).  4to.>  London^ 
1774. 

Sir  Thomas  Phillipps*  Catalogues  of  MSS. 
at  Middle  Hill. 

Catalogne  des  RoIIes  Gascons,  Normans, 
et  Francois,  conserve  dans  les  ArchiTes 
de  la  Tour  de  Londres.  2  vols,  folio, 
Londres,  1743. 

Index  to  the  OHginaKa  and  Memoranda  of 
the  Lord-Trensurer's  Remembrancer's 
side  of  the  Exchequer,  by  £.  Jones. 
2  vols,  foliov  London^  1693. 

Index  Loconim  ct  Rerum  to  the  Memoranda 
of  the  Exchequer,  Henry  III.  to  1831. 
Printed  by  thie  Benchers  of  the  Inner 
Temple. 

Account  of  all  Parliaments  from  49  Hen. 
IIL  to  end  of  Edw.  IV.,  in  Prynne's 
Breria  Parliamentaria  Rediviva.  4  vols. 
4to.,  LondmL,  i66a 

Dugdale's  Summons  to  Parliament,  49  Hen. 
IIL  to  1685.    Folio,  JUndon,  1794. 

Simms'  Manual  for  the  Genealogist  &vo.y 
London,  1856. 


{g.)  Catalogues  of  Historical  MSS,  in  th€ 
British  Museum. 

Cottonian  Library  MSS.  (Smith).  FoL» 
1696. 

Report  from  Committee  after  the  Fire  at 
Ashbumham  House  in  1 731,  on  MSS. 
injured  (Casley).    Fol.,  London,  1732. 

Cottonian  Library  Charters  (Astle).  FoL, 
1777. 

„  MSS.  (Planta).  FoL, 

1803. 

King's  Library,  with  account  of  boolcs  da* 
maged  by  173 1  fire  (Ctalcy).   4to. ,  1734. 

Harleian  MSS.  (Wanlev  and  Nares),  with 
indexes  of  persons,  pkces,  and  matters* 
4  vol&y  fol.,  1808—12. 

Lansdowne  MSS.  (Donee  and  EUis).  FoL, 
1819. 

Law  MSS.  (ElHs).    4ta,  1818. 
Arundel  MSS.     FoL,  1834. 
Bumey  MSS.     Fol.,  1840. 
Index  to  Arundel  and  Burney  MSS.    Fol.,  1840. 

Index  to  Additional  MSS.,  1783— 1835. 
Fol.,  1849. 

„  1836-42.  8vo., 

1841—45. 

MS.  Maps,  Charts,  and  Flans.  2to1&» 
Svo.,  1844. 


No.  11.  A  TABLE  OF  THE  KINGS  AND  QUEENS 
OF  ENGLAND; 

WITH   THE   EXACT    DATE    OF  THE    COMMENCEMENT   OF    EACH    REIGK 
SINCE  THE   NORMAN   INVASION. 


The  legal  maxim,  that  "  the  king  never 
dies,**  in  virtue  of  which  the  accession  of 
each  monarch  is  ascribed  to  the  same  day 
as  the  demise  of  his  predecessor,  was  un- 
known in  the  early  periods  of  our  history. 
From  William  I.  to  Henry  III.  inclusive, 
the  reign  of  each  king  was  considered  only 
to  commence  at  his  coronation,  the  doc- 
trine of  hereditary  right  not  being  fully 
accepted,  and  the  interregnum  thus  occa- 


sioned extended  from  three  days  in  the 
case  of  Henry  I.,  to  nearly  two  months  in. 
those  of  Henry  II.  and  Richard  L  From 
Edward  II.  to  Henry  VIII.  the  accession 
is  ascribed  to  the  day  following  the  death 
or  deposition  of  the  preceding  king,  (£xi- 
ward  I.,  Edward  III.,  Edward  vT,  and 
Richard  III.,  are  exceptional  cases);  but 
from  Edward  VI.  to  the  present  day  the 
above-cited  maxim  has  prevailed. 


SAXON  KINGS. 


£gbbst-< 


Ethblwulp.^ 
£thblbald<| 
Ethblbert-J 

Alfred. 

Edward    J 
THE  Elder  1 

Athblstanh 


Edmund  I.  < 

Edred<| 

Edwv. 

Edgar  •< 
Edward  II.  ? 

THE  J 

Martyr     ( 

Ethblrbd-/ 

II.   I 

Edmund f 
IbonsidbI 


'Son  of  Ealhmund,  sub- 
long  of  Kent,  began 
to  reign  over  Wessex 

Became  king  of  the 
English  . 

Died  .        . 

Son  of  Egbert,  began 
to  reign  . 

Died  Jan.  13       .       . 

Son  of  Ethelwulf,  be- 
gan to  reign    . 

Died  .... 

Son  of  Ethelwulf,  be- 
gan to  reign    . 

Died  .... 

Son  of  Ethelwulf,  be- 
gan to  xeign    . 

Died  .... 

Son  of  Ethelwulf,  be- 
gan to  rfign    . 

Died  Oct.  26 

Son  of  Alfred,  began 
to  reign   . 

Died  .... 

Son  of  EdwArd,  b^^an 
to  reign   . 

Died  Oct.  87      . 

Half-brother  of  Athcl- 
stan,  began  to  reign 

Died  May  96 

Brother  of  Edmund, 
began  to  reign 

Died  Nov.  23     . 

Son  of  Edreundy  be- 
san  to  reign    . 

Died  Oct-  1 

Brother  of  Edwy,  be- 
gan to  reign    . 

Died  July  8 

Son  of  Edgar,  began 
to  reign  . 

Died  March  x8  . 

Half-brother  of  Ed- 
ward II.,  began  to 
reign       .        .        . 

Died  April  23 

Son  of^  Ethelred,  be- 
gan to  reign    . 

Died  Nov.  30     , 


A.D. 

803 

827 
839 

839 
858 

858 
860 

858 
866 

866 
871 

871 
901 

901 
935 

940 

940 
946 

946 
955 


958 
975 

975 
979 


979 
X016 


1016 
zox6 


Dura- 
tion of 
reign. 
Years. 


30 


IS 
6 


37 


DANISH  KINGS. 

(  Son  of  Sweyn  of  Den- 
Canute  •<     mark,  began  to  reign  10x7 
\  Died  Nov.  xa  .  1035 

(  Son  of  Canute,  began 
Harold  I.  •<     to  reign  .       .       .  X035 
(  Died  Surch  X7  .        .  to4o 
Ha»t«a  (Half-brother   of   Ha- 
Q,j,!Jr"^rold^  begins  to  reign  1040 


LDied  june8 


SAXON  KINGS. 


1049 


Edward    (Son  of  Ethelred,  be- 
THB       <     fpn  to  reign    .        .  X04S 
CoNPESSOR  (  Died  Jan.  5  .  xo66 

"  "    '  Godwin, 
to      reign, 

.  X066 
.  X066 


Harold 


K>R  I  Died  Jan.  5 

/Son  of  Earl  ( 
T»  J     began     to 
"i     Jan.  6      . 
VDied  Oct  X4 


William  I. 


THB  HOUSE  OP  NORMANDY. 

/Son  of  Robert,  duke 
of  Normandy,  ob- 
tained the  Crown 
by  Conquest. 
His  reign  dates  from 
his  coronation,  Dec 
as  .  .  .  .  X066 
^Died  Sept.  9  .  X087 

(lliird  son  of  William 
William  II.  •<     I. ,  crowned  Sept.  a6  1087 
(Died  Aug.  9  .  xxoo 

(Youngest  son  of  Wil- 


Hbnry 


rJ       Hi 

'j     Au| 
(Died 


Ham     I.,    crowned 


JC)ec.x 


1x3s 


THE  HOUSE  OF  BXX>IS. 


Stbprbn 


Thitd  son  of  Stqphen. 

Count  of  Blob,  by 

Adela,  fifthdaughter 

ofWmiaml. 
CrowneQ(StStephen's 

Day)  Dec.  a6  .  1x35 

^DiedOctas      •       .  1x54 


Dma- 

tiODOf 

reign. 
Years. 

x8 


^y 


3S 


NO.  II.]  A  TABLE  OF  THE  KINGS  AND  QUEENS  OF  ENGLAND,  &C.    S95 


Hkcsy  II. 


TH£  HOUSE  OP  PLAN. 
TAGENET. 

^n  of  Geoffrey  Plan- 
tagenet»  count  of 
Aojou,  by  Matilda, 
only  daughter  of 
Henry  L 
Crowned  Sunday, 
Dec.  19   . 

^Died  July  6 

! Eldest  surviving  son 
of  Henry  II. 
Crowned  Sunday, 
DiedApriie  !  ! 
Fifth  and  youngest 
son  of  Henry  1 1. 
Crowned   (Ascension- 


JOHN 

Hbmky  hi. 


I      day)  May  37 
V^Died^ 


Edward  I. 


led  Oct.  19 

{^Eldest  son   of  John, 
crowned  Oct.  aS 
Died  Nov.  z6     . 
/•Eldest  son  of  Henry 
f     III. 
r  J  Proclaimed   Nov.  ao, 
Z973,  crowned  Aug. 
I      19    . 
^Diedjulyy 

{Eldest  surviving  son 
of  Edward  I. 
Succeeded  July  8 
Deposed  Jan.  20,  and 
murdered  Sept.  at  . 
Eldest  son  of  Edward 

U. 
Succeeded  Jan.  as     . 
' ,  Died  June  21 
^Son    of    the     Black 
Prince,  eldest  son  of 
Edward  III.,  began 
to  reign  June  a  a 
>eposed  Sept.  30 
Date    of    death    un- 
known. 


EOWAXDIIL 


RichaxdII.- 


THE  HOUSE  OP  LANCASTER. 


HbksyIV.- 


HbkryV. 


Hknsy  VI. 


'Son  of  John  of  Gaunt, 
fourth  son  of  Edw. 
III.,  began  to  reign 
Sept.  30  . 

Died  March  ao  . 

Eldest  son  of  Henry 
IV.,  began  to  reign 
March  ax 
,  Died  Aug.  31 

''Only  son  of  Henry  V. 
began  to  reign 
Sept.  z     .        . 

Deposed  March  4, 
1461 ;  restored  Oct. 
9,  1470 ;  again  de- 
posed April  14 

Date    of  death    un- 

,    known.       . 


THE  house;  op  YORK. 

/His  grandfather,  Ri- 
chard, was  son  of 
Edmund,  fifth  son 
of  Edw.  III. ;  and 
his  grandmother, 
Edward IV.  •<  Anne,  was  great- 
granddaughter  of 
Lionel,  third  son  of 
Edw.  III.  Began 
to  reign  March  4  . 
JDied  April  9 


Dura- 
tion of 

reign. 
Years. 

"54 

1x89 

as 

X189 

1x99 

xo 

"99 

X2l6 

«7 

1216 
idja 

56 

xa74 

1307 

35 

J307 

>3«7 

^ 

X327 
>377 

5x 

1377 
1399 

"3 

X399 
I4»3 

U 

«4»3 
X422 

9 

X4aa 

X471 

39 

X46X 
1483 

aa 

THE  HOUSE  OP  YORK  (con- 
tinned). 


(Eldest  son   of  Edw. 
IV.,  began  to  iftgn 
April  o    . 
Date    of    death    un- 
known. 
( Younger    brother    of 
Richard  J      Edw.  IV.,  began  to 
III.     <        -      '         - 


j     reign  June  26 
V  Died  August  aa 


1483 


1483 
1485 


THE  HOUSE  OP  TUDOR. 

/"His  mother  was  Mar- 
garet Beaufort, 
great-granddaugh  u  r 
of  John  of  Gaunt ; 
his  father  was  £d« 
Henry  VII. -{     mund,  eldest  son  of 
Owen    Tudor    and 
Queen      Catharine, 
widow  of  Henry  V. 
Succeeded  Aug.  aa     .  X485 
Died  April  ai     .         .  XS09 
/Only  sur\'iving  son  of 
TT.%,<>»  I      Henry  VII. 
Vlliy"^  Began  to  reign  ^ril 

*     '        23      .  .  •    X5O9 

Died  Jan.  a8  .  1547 

(Son  of  Henry  VIII. 
lane  Seymour. 
I  to  reign  Jan.  a8  X547 
July  6        .        .  1553 

{Documents  are  ^  ui 
existence  describing 
Jane  as  Queen, 
dated  as  early  as 
July  9,  and  as  late 


Edward  VI. 


f 

J     byja 

' ]  Began  t 

VDicdJu 


Lilv  9,  anc 
( July  19 


1553] 
ighter   of    Henry 
Vill.  by  Katharine 
of  Aragon 
Mary-{  Reign  reckoned  from 
July    6   (death    of 
Edw.  VI.)       .        .  XS53 
Died  Nov.  17     .        .  xssd 
'^laughter    of   Henry 
Vni.  by  Anne  Bo- 
ElizabethK     leyn. 

Began  to  reign  Nov.  17  X558 
Diod  March  34  .       .  1603 


rDa 

J  I 


THE  HOUSE  OP  STUART. 

fSon  of  Mary  Queen 
of     Scots,     grand- 
daughter of  James 
IV.  and  Margaret, 
James  I.-<     eldest   daughter  of 
^      Henry  VII. 
Beg.in  to  reign  March 

24    .  .        .  x6o3 

LDied  March  87  .        .  i6as 
^Only  surviving  son  of 
James  I. 
Charles  I.-^  Began  to  reign  March 

27    ,  .        .  i6a5 

.Died  Jan.  30  .  X649 

^Jan.  30,  1649  to  May 
8.  1660.  Oliver 
Cromwell.  Lord  Pro- 
tector, Dec.  x6, 1653 
to  SepL  3,  1658. 
Richard  Cromwell, 
Lord  Protector, 
SepL  3.  X658  to 
May   25.  .  XO501 


[Interreg- 
num. 


Dura- 
lion  of 
reign. 
Years. 


3» 


4S 


Qq 


594       A  TABLE   OF  THE   KINGS  AND  QUEENS   OF   ENGL.VND,  &C.      [nO.  H. 


THE  HOUSE  OP  STUART 
(continued). 

r Eldest  surviving  son 
of  Charles  I.,  king 
de  jure,    Jan.    30, 
649^  de/actff.  May 


Chaxlbs 


"If 


Died  Feb.  6 


x66o 

1685 


I  Dura- 
tion of 
reign. 
Years. 


37 


/Second  surviving  son 

T   .  -c  TT  J     of  Charles  I. 
James  11.  .  j.^^^  ^^  ^^j^^  p^.^  g  ^gg^ 

t  Abdicated  Dec.  11      .  x688 

V    rSon    of    William     of 
J      Nassau,    by   Mary, 
1      dau.  of  Charles  I. 
"William      ^  Began  to  reign  Feb.  13  J689 
III:      I    /Eldest     daughter    of 

f  (     James  II. 
Maky     J  Began  to  reign  Feb.  13  1689 
]  Mary  died    Dec.  37, 
1694 ;  William  died 
Mardi  8,  1702. 


; 


(Daughter  of  James  II., 
began  to  reign  Mar.  8  1703 
Died  Aug.  x       .       •17x4 


6 


13 


TH£  HOUSE  OF  HANOVBR. 


/'Eldest  son  of  the  Elec- 
tor of  Hanover,  by 
Sophia,  daughter  of 
Fred,  v..  King  of 
Bohemia,  and  ^ica- 
beth,  daoghter  of 
I     Jame^  I. 

I  Began  to  reign  Aug.  x  17x4 
I  Died  June  ir  .  .  1727 
^  Only  son  of  George  I., 

'1  June  XI  .  .  .  X7»7 
(  Died  Oct.  as  .  .  1760 
/  Gmnd<(on    M    Goorge 


Gboscb  I.h 


George  II. 


GfiORGElIl. 


(. 


II.,  began  to  reign 
Oct.  25    .        .        .  X760 
1.  Died  Jan.  29       .         .  i8ao 
\  Eldest  son  of  George 
III.,  began  to  reign 
Jan.  29    .        .        . 
\  Died  June  a6 
/Third  son  of  Goorge 
,  )     III.,  began  to  reign 
''\     June  26   . 
\  Died  Tunc  ao      . 
I  Daughter  of  Edward. 
VicTOBiA  J      ^"^c  of  Kent.fourth 
VICTORIA^      ^^  of  George  III. 

^  Began  to  reign  June  20  1837 
WHOM  God  pr 


Gborcb IV.  < 


WlLUAMlV.-^ 


1820 

1830 
1S37 


34 


Na  III.    INDEX  OF  STATUTES. 


The  following  summary  of  the  lead- 
ing features  of  the  Statute-book  may 
perhaps  assist  those  who  desire  to 
study  history  in  its  original  and  au- 
thentic form.    No  class  of  enactments 

Ahbtys  allowed  to  have  a  common  seal— 

35  Edw.  I.  c  4. 

Suppressed,    31   Hen.  VIII.  c.  13  ; 

32  Hen.  VIIL  c.  20;  33  Hen.  VIIL 

St  2,  c  5  (Ireland.) 

Abbey  lands  confirmed  to  the  holders— 

1  &  2  PhU.  &  Mar.  c.  8. 

Abjuration  and  oath  of  Thuva^^XJ^l,  temp. 

inccrt^ 
Acts  of  Parliament^  all  made  in  amend- 
ment of  the  law  to  be  duly  kept— 5'Edw. 
II.  c  31. 
Power  to  the  king's  successors  to  re- 
peal«  in  certain  cases^lS  Hen.  VIII. 
c  17 ;  this  statute  repealed,  I  Edw. 
VI.  cil. 
Acton  Burndy  Staimtes  of-^ii  Edw.  I. ; 
13  Edw.  I. 
Only  to  apply  between  merchant  and 
merchant— 5  Edw.  II.  c.  33. 
Administration^  fraudtdent^  of  Intestatti 

goods^  punished— 43  Eliz.  c  8. 
Admirals^  and  deputies,  their  jurisdiction 
limited— 13  Ric.  II.  cc  2,  5  ;  15  Ric.  II. 
c.  3;  2  Hen.  IV.  c.  11. 
Admiralty,  Commissioners  of,  appointed — 

2  Gul.  &  Mar.  sess.  2,  c.  2. 
Advowsons,  usuipations  of,  redressed— 15 

Edw.  I.  c  5. 
Relieved  from  chaiges  imposed  by  the 
late  usurped  powers — 14  Car.  1 1, 
c.  25. 
Rights  of  patrons  preserved— 7  Ann. 
c  18 ;  10  Ann.  c.  2i. 
Africa,  trade  to,  regulated — 9  Gul.  III. 

c.  26. 
African  and  Indian  Companies,  Scottish, 

claims  of,  adjusted — 6  Ann.  c.  51. 
Aids  granted  to  the  lord  to  make  a  son  a 
knight  or  to  marry  a  daughter — Magna 
Charta  ;  3  Edw.  I.  c  36 ;  25  Edw.  HI. 
St.  5,  c  II. 
No  extraordinary  aids  without  assent 
of    parliament  —  Magna    Charta  ; 
25  Edw.  I.  cc.  5, 6. 
How  to  be  'taxed— I  Edw.  III.  st.  2, 

€.6. 


of  historical  importance  it  is  believed 
has  been  left  unnoticed • ;  but  of  course 
only  a  selection  from  each  has  beea 
here  attempted. 


Alchemy  forbidden— 5  Hen.  IV.  c.  4 ;  te» 

pealed— I  GuL  &  Mar.  c  3a 
Alehouses,  regulation  of— 13  Edw.  I.  c.  5  ; 
5  &  6  Edw.  VI.  c.  2$ ;  I  Jac.  I.  c.  9  ; 
7  Jac  I.  c  10 ;  21  Ja&  L  c.  7 ;  I  Car.  L 
c.  4 ;  3  Car.  I.  c.  4. 
Aliens,  trade  and  conduct  of,  regulated— > 
9  Edw.  III.  St.  I,  c  I  ;  25  Edw.  III. 
St.  3,  c.  2  ;  St.  4,  a  2 ;  27  Edw.  III.  st.  2» 
c.  I ;  2  Ric.  II.  St.  I,  c  I ;  18  Hen.  VL 
c  4,  8 ;  32  Hen.  VIII.  c.  16.  See  also 
Merchattts, 

Forbidden  to  hold  benefices— 3  Ria 

11.  c.  3 ;  7  Ric  II.  c.  12. 
Protection  to,  and  remedy  for  injuries— 
27  Edw.  III.  St.  2,  cc  2, 17,  20,  26; 
a8  Edw.  III.  c  13 ;  2  Ric  II.  st  i, 
c  I ;   14  Ric  II.  c  9  J   5  Hen.  IV. 
cc  7,  9 ;  14  &  15  Hen.  VIII.  c  4. 
Taxation  of— ^  i  Hen.  I V.  c  7 ;  1  Hen. 
VII.  c  2 ;  II  Hen.  VII.  cc  14,  2tt 
22  Hen.  VIII.  c  8. 
Allegiance,  attempting  to  withdraw  subjects 
from,  declared  high  treason— 23  Eliz.  c  !• 
Ambassadors,  preservation  of  their  privi- 
leges— 7  Ann.  c  12. 
Amerciaments,  shall  be  reasonable^-Magiut 
CharU  J  3Edw.L  c.  6. 
Of  various  classes,  regulated— 35  Edww 
I.  c  14. 
American  Plantations,  trade   of-^  Amu 
c.  64 ;  9  Ann.  c  29. 

Preservation  of  ship-timber  in— ^  Amu 
c  22. 
Annates,  payment  of,  restrained — 23  HeiL 
VIII.  c  20 ;  forbidden— 25  Hen.  VIII. 
c  2a 
Offences   against  the   statute   to   be 
proved  by  two  witnesses  confronted 
with  the  accused — i  EUz.  c  i. 
Annuities  granted  for  raising  moneys  to 
carry  on  the  war  against  France — ^4  &  5 
Gul.  &  Mar.  c  8 ;   5  &  6  Gul.  &  Mar. 
cc  5,  20  ;  6  &  7  GuL  &  Mar.  c.  5  ;  8  Ik 
9  Gul.  III.  c  21 ;  9  Gul.  III.  c  44;  IK 
Gul.  III.  c  3 ;  3  &  4  Ann.  c  2;  6  Ann. 
cc  2,  39  ;  8  Ann.  c  12  ;  9  Ann.  c  15. 


*  Some  notice  of  the  Acts  and  Ordinances  of  the 
Parliament,  temff.  Car.  I.  and  Car.  II. ^  which  are 
aot  incorporated  in  the  Statute-book,  will  be  found  ■  p.  a^o. 


at  pp.  387,  388. 
^  Sututes  (Record 


Commission  editioo),  voL  L. 


Qq2 


596 


INDEX  OF  STATUTES. 


[no.  Ill* 


Provisions  for  payment  of  the  same — 

8  &  9  GuL  III.  c.  21 ;  9  Gul.  III. 
c.  5  ;  2  &  3  Ann.  c.  9 ;  4  &  5  Ann. 
c.  18;  6  Ann.  cc.  2,  39;  7  Ann.  c.  3 ; 

9  Aim.  c.  15 ;  10  Ann,  c.  19. 
Appard  regulated— 37  Edw.  III.  cc.  8— 

14;  3  Edw.  IV.  c.  5 ;  22  Edw.  IV.  c  I ; 
I  Hen.  VIII.  CI4 ;  6  Hen.  VIII.  c.  I ; 
7  Hen..  VIII.  c.  6;  24  Hen.  VIII.  c  13; 
X  &  2  Phil.  &  Mar.  c.  2 ;  5  Eliz.  c.  6. 
All  acts  relating  to  apparel  repealed — 
I  Jac.  I.  c.  25. 
Appeal  of  death  allowed  to  a  womxm  only 
for  the  death  of  her  husband — Magna 
Charta ;  25  Edw.  I.  c.  34. 
Appeals,  statutes  of— 3  Edw.  I.  c.  14 ;  13 
Edw.  I.  c.  12;   5  Edw.  II.  cc  34,  36; 
4  Hen.  IV.  c.  2 ;  18  Hen.  VI.  c.  12. 
Appeals  to  Ronw^x^^c^WsA — 24  Hen.  VIII. 

c.  12. 
Apprentices^  who  may  take — 7  Hen.  IV. 
c  17  ;  S  Eliz.  cc.  4,  5. 
Infant-  beggars  to  be  apprenticed — 

I  Edw.  VI.  c  3. 
Parish  apprentices — 7  Jac  I.  c.  3. 
Compelled  to  serve  m  harvest — 12 

Ric  IL  cc  3,  9. 
Exactions  and  impositions  on,  forbid- 
den—22  Hen.  VIII.  c  4 ;  28  Hen. 
VIII.  c  5. 
Custom  of  London  as  to,  confirmed — 
8  Hen.  VI.  c  ii. 
Approvers^  pardon  of,  regulated— 5  Hen. 

IV.  c  2.  .      ^ 

Archbishops  and  bishops^  the  election  of,  to 
be  free,  saving  the  king's  prerogative— 
9  Hen.  IV.  c  I. 

May  be  made  by  letters  patent — 31 
Hen.  VIII.  c  9 ;  I  Ed.  VI.  c  2  ; 
repealed,  i  Mar.  st  2,  c.  2. 
The  manner  of  making  and  consecrat- 
ing of,  declared  to  be  good,  lawful, 
and  perfect — 8  Eliz.  c  I. 
Archery  ordered  to  be  practised— 33  Hen. 

VIII.  c  9. 
Armed,  going,  except  on  the  king's  service, 
forbidden— 2  Edw.  III.  c.  3 ;  7  Ric.  II. 
c  13 ;  20  Ric.  II.  c.  I. 
Armour,  what  each  person  is  to  have — 13 

Edw.  I.  c  6. 

Artificers  and  artisans,  wages  of,  fixed — 

25  Edw.  III.  St.  2,  cc  3,  4,  5  ;  34  Edw. 

III.  c  9;   II  Hen.  VII.  c  22;   5  Eliz. 

c  4. 

Punishment  of,  for  neglect — 23  Edw. 

III.  c  5;  II  Hen.  VII.  c  6;  5  Eliz. 

Asstzeo/aJeandbread: — Stat.  temp.  incert.« 
Offences  against,  to  be  corporally  pun- 
ished—13  Ric.  II.  St.  I,  c  8. 
Assize    (or    wager)    of  battle  regulated— 
13  Edw:  I.  c  4;  abolished,  59 Geo.  III. 
c  46. 


Assize  of  wood  and  coal^  punishment  of 

offences— 34  &  35  Hen.  VIII.  c  3. 
Assizes^  holding  c^,  r^;ulated — 13  Edw.  I. 
c.  30;  42  Edw.  III.  c  II ;  6  Ric.  II. 
c  5;  II  Ric  II.  c  II;  6 Hen.  VL  c.2; 
21  Hen.  VIII.  c  3. 
Association  for  protection  of  Elizabeth — 
27  Eliz.  c  I. 

For  protection  of  William  III.— 7  &  S 

GuL  III.  c  27. 

Attainder,  power  of  reversing,  given  to 

Henry  VII.— 19  Hen.  VII.  c  28  ;   to 

Henry  VIII.— 14  &  15  Hen.  VIII.  c  2U 

Of  Regicides  (Cromwdl  and  others) — 

12  Car.  II.  c  30 ;  13  Car.  II.  c  15. 

Attaint,  process  in — 5  Edw.  IIL  cc  6,  7 ; 

19  Hen.  VII.  c  3. 
Attaint  of  jurors,  for  corrupt  verdicts — 1 1 

Hen.  VII.  c  24;  13  Eliz.  c  25. 
Attorneys  allowed  to  those  who  dwell  in. 
far  countries    from    the    chancery — ^27 
Edw.  I.  c.  5. 
The  multitude  and  misdemeanours  o^ 
reformed— 33  Hen.  VL  c  7;  3  Jac 
I.  c  7. 
Augmentations,  Court  of,  established — ^27 

Hen.  VIII.  c  27. 
Bachelors  and  widowers,  tax  imposed  on — 

6  &  7  GuL  &  Mar.  c  6. 
BaU,  who  entitled  to— 3  Edw.  I.  15. 

Powers  of  justices — I  Ric  IIL  c  3  ;. 

3  Hen.  VIL  c  3;   i  PhU.  &  Mar. 

c  13. 

Bank  of  England  established— 5  &  6  Gul. 

&  Mar.  c  20. 

Its  capital  enlarged— 8  &  9  GuL  III. 

c  20 ;  7  Ann.  cc  30,  31. 

Regulated — 6  Ann.  c  50;  9  Ann.  c  7. 

Bankrupts,  punishment  of— 34  &  35  Hen. 

VIII.  c  4;  13 Eliz.  c  7;  ijacl.  c  15;. 

21  Jac  I.  c   19;   14  Car.  IL  c  24; 

4  &  5  Ann.  c  4 ;  6  Ann.  c  22. 

Explanatory  acts — 14  Car.  IL  c.  24  ; 
o  Ann.  c.  22 ;  7  Ann.  c  25. 
Barretors  not  to  be  suffered  in  the  county 

courts— 3  Edw.  I.  c  33. 
Bastards  defined— 20  Hen.  IIL  c  9. 
Beacons,  destruction  of,  forbidden— 8  Eliz. 

c  13. 
Beggars.     See  Poor, 
Benefices  not  to  be  held  by  aliens-*  3  Ric  IL 

c  3  ;  7  Ric.  II.  c.  12. 
Benefit  of  clergy  taken  from  certain  per- 
sons—4  Hen.  VIL  c  13;  23  Hen.  VIIL 
c  I ;  I  Edw.  VL  c  12 ;  5  &6  Edw.  VL 
c  10 ;  8  Eliz.  c  4 ;  18  Eliz.  c  7  ;  39  Eliz. 
c  9  ;   22  Car.  IL  c  5 ;   3  GuL  &  Mar. 
C9. 
Bettevolences,  the  subject  freed  from — I  Ric 
IIL  c  2. 
Again  enforced,  and  n^de  recoverable 
by  imprisonment — 1 1   Hen.  VII. 


•  Sututes,  voL  i.  p.  903. 


NO.  III.] 


INDEX   OF  STATUTES, 


597 


Voluntary  presents  to  the  king  per- 
mitted, but  not  to  be  drawn  into 
example— 13  Car.  II.  st.  i,  c.  4- 
jBfrwicJi',   statutes  respecting — 15  Ric.  II. 
c  7  ;   22  Edw.  IV.  c.  8  ;    ii  Hen.  VII. 
c  18 ;   21  Hen.  VIII.   c.  6 ;    32  Hen. 
VIII.  c  27 ;  I  Jac.  I.  c.  28. 
£i6Uf  thi^  to  be  translated  into  Welsh— 

5  Eliz.  c.  28.     . 
JBigamy^    clerks    guilty    of,    deprived    of 
clergy — ^4  Edw.  I.  c.  3. 
To  be  tried  by  the  ordinary— I  Edw. 

VI.  c  2, 
Punishment  of— i  Jac.  I.  c.  11. 
Mirths,  duty  on,  granted— 6  &  7  Gul.  III. 

c  6. 
Bishops  rendered  incapable  of  sitting  in 
Parliament  or  being  members   of  the 
Privy  Council — 16  Car.  I.  c.  27;   re- 
pealed, 13  Car.  II.  c  2. 
Black  mail,  payment  of,   forbidden — 43 

Eliz.  c.  13. 
Blasphemy,  punishment  of— 9  Gul.   III. 

c.  35- 
Books,  licensing  of—l^  Car.  II.  c.  33  ;   17 
Car.  II.  c.  4 ;    I  Jac  II.  c.  17 ;   4  &  5 
Gul.  &  Mar.  c.  24. 
Bows,  price  of,  regulated— 22  Edw.  IV. 
c  4 ;  3  Hen.  VII.  c.  13  ;  8  Eliz.  c.  10. 
Cross-bows,  in  great  measure,  prohi- 
bited—19  Hen.  VII.  c.  4 ;   3  Hen. 
Vlil.  c  13  ;   6  Hen.  VIII.  c.  13 ; 
25  Hen.  VIII.  c.  17  ;  33  Hen.  VIII. 
c.  6. 
Bread,  price  of,  regulated — 8  Ann.  c.  19. 
Brelons,[not  denizened,  to  quit  the  realm — 

4  Hen.  V.  c.  3. 
Bullion  not  to  be  taken  out  of  the  realm — 

I  Hen.  VIII.  c.  13 ;  3  Hen.  VIII.  c.  I. 
The  export  allowed— 15  Can.  II.  c.  7. 

Bulls.     See  Borne, 

Burials,  duty  on,  granted — 6  &  7  GuL  III. 

C.6. 

To  be  in  woollen  only — 18  &  19  Car. 

II.  c.  4  ;   30  Car.  II.  c.  3  ;  32  Car. 

II.  CI. 

Burning  of  houses  and  barns,  penalty  of — 

8  Hen.  VI.  c  6;  32  Hen.  VIII.  C3. 
Bulchers,  regulation  of— Stat,  temp.incert.** ; 

4  Hen.  VII.  c  3  ;  22  Hen.  VIII.  c  6  ; 
27  Hen.  VIII.  c  9  ;    33  Hen.  VIII. 
c  II  ;  5  Eliz.  c  8 ;  15  Car.  II.  c.  8. 
Calais,  statutes  respecting— 43  Edw.  III. 
c.  I  ;  21  Ric.  II.  c  18  ;  I  Hen.  V.  c  9  ; 

9  Hen.  V.  st  I,  c  6 ;  10  Hen.  VI.  c  $  ; 

I I  Hen.  VII.  c.  16  ;  19  Hen.  VII.  c  27  ; 
21  Hen.  VIII.  c  6;  27  Hen.  VIII. 
c.  63;  32  Hen.  VIII.  c.  27;  2  &  3 
Edw.  VI.  c  38. 

Cambridge,   University  of,  incorporated — 

13  Eliz.  c.  29. 
Cation  law,  examination  of  the,  by  a  com- 


mission— 27  Hen.  VIII.  c.  15  ;  35  Hen. 
VIII.  c.  16. 
Castle  ward  regulated  —  Magna  Charta; 

25  Edw.  I.  c.  2a 
Cathedrals,  collegiate  churches,  and  schools^ 
the  sovereign  may  make  ordinances  for 
governing— I  Mar.  st.  3,  c  9 ;   I  Eliz. 
c  22  ;  6  Ann.  c  75. 
Champerty,  statutes  against — 28  Edw.   I. 
c.  II ;  7 Ric.  II.  c  15 ;  32 Hen.  VIII.  c  9. 
Chantries  dissolved  and    granted  to  the 
crown — ^37   Hen.   VIII.  c  4;    i  Edw. 
VI.  c  14. 
Chester,  county  of,  made  a  principality — 
21  Ric.  II.  c.  9 ;  repealed,  I  Hen.  IV. 
c  3. 
Chester,  see  of,  transferred  from  the  pro- 
vince of  Canterbury  to  that  of  York — 
33  Hen.  VIII.  c  31. 
Church,  t/ie,  its  peace  and  freedom  of  elec* 
tion  promised — Magna  Charta. 

Breakers  of  its  liberties  to  be  excom* 

municated — 37  Hen.  III. 
Its  liberties  confirmed — 5  Edw.    II. 

c.  I  ;  50  Edw.  III.  c  I. 
Statutes  against  provisions — 25  Edw. 

III.  St.  4 ;  13  Ric  II.  st  2,  c  2. 
The  king  supreme  head  —  26  Hen. 

VIII.  c  I. 
Uniformity  of  service  in  the — 2  &  3 
Edw.  VI.  c   I  ;  5  &  6  Edw.  VI. 
c  I  ;  I  Eliz.  c  2  ;  14  Car.  II.  c.  4. 
Security  of  the,  in  contemplation  of 
the  Union  with  Scotland — 6  Ann. 
c8. 
Prevention  of  schism — 13  Ann.  c  7. 
Better  maintenance   of  curates,    and 
prevention  of  traffic  in  benefices— 
13  Ann.  c  II. 
Cinque  Ports,   liberties    of,    confirmed  — 
Magna  Charta;  25  Edw.  I.  c.  9 ;   28 
Edw.  I.  c.  7. 
Circuits  of  Judges  appointed — 21  Edw.  I. 
Cities,   regulations    for    the   health   of  — 
12  Ric  II.  c   13;  4  Hen.  VII.  c  3; 
27  Hen.  VIII.  c.  9.     See  also  Towns. 
Clergy,  privileges  and  franchises  of,  con- 
firmed—25  Edw.  III.  st  6,  c  I  ;  4  Hen. 
IV.  c  2. 
Their  apparel  regulated— 37  Edw.  III. 

c  13  ;  24  Hen.  VIII.  c.  13. 
Not  to  be  arrested  during  divine  ser- 
vice—50  Edw.  III.  c  5  ;  I  Ric.  II. 
c  15. 
Submission  of  the— 22  Hen.   VIII. 
c.^5 ;  23  Hen.  VIII.   c   19  ;   2$ 
Hen.   VIII.    c.   19  ;    repealed    by 
I  &  2  Phil.  &  Mar.  c.  8 ;  re-enacted, 
I  Eliz.  c.  I. 
Clerks  breaking  prison  of  the  Ouiinary^ 
felons  without  benefit  of  clergy— 23  Hen. 
VIII.  c  II. 


'  Statutes,  vol.  L  pp.  aoa,  303. 


59« 


INDEX  OF  STATUTES. 


[so.  in. 


Cioths,  measure  and  assize  of,  regulated — 

2  Edw.  III.  c.  14;  37  Edw.  HI.  c  15 ; 

47  Edw.  III.  c  I. 
Cecils^  measure  and  price  of,  regulated — 

16  &  17  Car.  II.  c.  2. 
€^in  and  Coinage^  statutes  respecting  — 

4  Hen.  V.  St.  2,  c.  6 ;   i  Hen.  VIII. 

c.  13  ;  3  Hen.  VIII.  c.  I  ;  21  Jac.  I. 

c.  28 ;   18  &  19  Car.  11.  c.  5  ;  25  Car. 

II.  c.  8  J  I  Jac  II.  c.  7 ;  6  &  7  GuL  and 

Mar.  c.  17  ;  7  &  8  Gul.  III.  cc.  I,  13, 

19  ;  8  &  9  Gul.  III.  cc.  I,  2,  7,  8,  26 ; 

9  Gul.  III.  cc.  2,  21,  36 ;  I  Ann.  c  3  ; 

7  Ann.  cc.  24,  25. 
Coining  declared  treason^^  Hen.  V.  st.  2, 

c.  6. 
Colleges^  chantries^  and  kospitais,  dissolved 

and  granted  to  the  crown— 37  Hen. 

VIII.  c.  4  ;  I  Edw.  VI.  c.  14. 
Coming  into  the  realm,  limited  to  certain 

ports — Stat.  temp,  incert.  • 
Common  Prayer.     See  Divine  Service. 
Constabley  lord  kigk,  his  jurisdiction  defined 

— 8  Ric.  II.  c.  5 ;  i^  Ric  II.  cc  2,  5. 
CottventuUsy  laws  agamst — 35  Eliz.  c  I ; 

16  Car.  II.  c  4 ;  22  Car.  II.  c.  I. 
Convocation,  liberties  and  immunities  of 

the— 8  Hen.  VI.  c  i. 

Its  submission  to  the  crown — 25  Hen. 

VIII.  c.  19 ;  repealed,  i  &  2  Phil. 

&  Mar.   c   8;   re-enacted,   I  Eliz. 

c  I. 

Com,  exportation  of,  forbidden — Dictum 

de  Kenilworth ;    34  Edw.    III.   c.  20 ; 

regulated,  17  Ric  II.  c  7 ;  4  Hen.  VI. 

c.  5 ;    15  Hen.  VI.  c  2 ;  20  Hen.  VI. 

c  6 ;   23  Hen.  VI.  c  5  ;   3  Edw.  IV. 

c.  2  ;   25  Hen.  VIII.  c  2 ;   1  &  2  Phil. 

&  Mar.  c.  5  ;  5  Eliz.  cc.  5,  12 ;  13  Eliz. 

cc.  13,  2$  ;  35  Eliz.  c  7  ;  I  Jac  I.  c.  25  ; 

21  Jac  I.  c.  28 ;  3  Car.  I.  c  5 ;  15  Car. 

II.  c  7 ;   22  Car.  II.  c.  13 ;    I  Gul.  & 

Mar.  c.  12 ;  II  GuL  III.  c  I. 
Coronation  Oath,  new  form  of— I  Gul.  & 

Mar.  c.  6. 
Coroners,  office  of— 4  Edw.  I. ;  5  Edw.  II. 

c  27. 
Corporation  Act—i^  Car.  II.  st.  2,  c   I. 

See  also  17  Car.  II.  c.  2. 
Corpora/ions,  private  and  unlawful  statutes 

made  by,  forbidden — 15  Hen.  VI.  c.  6 ; 

19  Hen.  VII.  c  7. 
Cottages,  law  against  the  multiplication  of 

—31  Eliz.  c  7. 
Cottonian  Library,  settled  for  the  benefit 

of  the  public— 12  &  13  Gul.  III.  c  7. 
County  courts,    holding    of,    regulated^ 

25  Edw.  I.  c  36  ;  2  &  3  Edw.  VI.  c  25. 
Crosses,  lands  where  such  set  up  forfeited 

to  the  chief  lord  or  king— 13  Edw.  I. 

c  33. 
Croion,  succession  to  the,  regulated— 7  Hen. 

IV.  c  2;  26  Hen.  VIII.  c  2;  28  Hen. 


VIII.  c  7 ;  35  Hen.  VIII.  c  I.  See 
also  Protestant  Succession. 

Crows  and  rooks,  provision  for  the  destruc- 
tion of— 24  Hen.  VIII.  c  lO;  8  Eliz. 
C15. 

Cursing  and  swearing,  penalties  for  — 
21  Jac   I.  c  20;  6  &  7  GuL  &  Mar. 

c  II. 

Customs,   and  Customers,   regulated  — 16 

Edw.  II.  ;  28  Edw.  III.  c  13 ;  4  Hen. 

IV.  c.  20 ;  31  Hen.  VI.  c  5 ;   I  Hen. 

VIII.  c  5 ;   I  EUz.  c  II ;   12  Car.  IL 

c  19;  14  Car.  II.  c  II. 
Ctistoms  of  JCent-^XAi.  temp,  inceit.' 
Custos  Rotulorum,    ofRce   regulated  —  37 

Hen.   VIII.   c  I ;   3  &  4  Edw.  VI. 

c  I. 
Dthts  due  to  the  king,  to  be  levied  leniently 

—28  Edw.  I.  c.  12 ;  I  Edw.  III.  st  2, 

C4. 
Deer.     See  Gams. 
Defamation  to  be  tried  in  the  spiritual 

courts,  notwithstanding  the  king's  pro- 

hibition — 13  Edw.  I.  ;  9  Edw.  II.  c.  4. 
Denmark,  trade  with,  regulated — 8  Hen. 

VI.  c  2. 
Dictum  de  KeniltoortJk—Si  &  52  Hen.  III. 
Diet  and  Apparel  regulated— 37  Edw.  Ill 

cc.  8 — 14. 
Dissenters,  exempted  from  the  penalties  of 

certain  laws — I  GuL  &  Mar.  c.  18 ;   10 

Ann.  c  6. 
Divine  Service,  statutes  establishing    the 

reformed  mode  of— i  Edw.  VI.  cc  i,  2 ; 

2  Edw.  VI.  c.  I  ;  2  &  3  Edw.  VI.  c  21 ; 

3  &  4  Edw.  VI.  cc  10,  12 ;  5  &  6  Edw. 
VI.  cc.  I,  3,  12  ;  these  all  repealed  by 
I  Mar.  St.  2,  c  2. 

The    more  ancient    re-established  — 

I  Mar.  St.  2,  c.  3. 
The  reformed  service  again  set  np — 

—I  Eliz.  c  2. 
Punishment  for  refusal  or  neglect  to 
attend — i  Eliz.  c  2 ;  35  eEk.  c  i. 
See  also  Conventicles. 
Dover  castle  and  harbour,  statutes  respect- 
ing—28  Edw.  I.  c  7;  32  Hen.  VIII. 
c  48;    23  Eliz.   c   6;   35  Eliz.  c.  7; 

I  Jac.   I.  c  32;    14  Car.   II.  c  27; 

II  Gul.  III.  c  5  ;  2  &  3  Ann.  c  7. 
Drunkenness,   punishment  for — 4  Jac  I. 

c  5 ;  21  Jac  I.  c  7. 
Durham,  bishopric  of,  dissolved — 7  Edw. 
VI.  c.  17 ;  re-established,  i  Mar.  st.  3, 

I  city  and  county  palatine,  statutes 

regarding — 5  Eliz.  c  27  ;  18  Eliz.  c  13 ; 
31  Eliz.  c  9 ;  25  Car.  II.  c  9. 

Dwelling-houses,  duties  levied  on— 7  &  8 
GuL  in.  c  18;  6  Ann.  c  21. 

East  Indta  Company,  privileges  granted  to 
the — 9  Gul.  III.  c  44;  I  Ann.  st  i, 
c  6 ;  6  Ann.  c  71 ;  10  Ann.  c  35. 


*  Statutes,  vol  i.  p.  8x9. 


'  Ibid,  p.  mj. 


HO.  in.] 


INDEX  OF  STATUTES. 


59^ 


JBceUsiastieai  juHsdicHan   confirmed — 15 

£dw.  III.  St.  I,  c  6. 

Regulated— 37  Hen.   VIIL   c   17; 

16  Car.  I.  c.  II. 

EccUsiasHcal  lams^  commission  for  making 

--27 Hen.  VIIL  c.  IS  ;  3ft4Edw.VL 

c  II. 

Egyptians^  or  Gipsies^  pmudiraent  of — 

22  Hen.  VIII.  c  10;   i  &  2  PhiL  ft 

Mar.  c.  4 ;  5  Eliz.  c  20l 
JSUctions^  to  be  free->3  Edw.  I.  c  5. 
Elisabeth^  "calling  herself  queen  of 

land'*  [Elizabeth,  reKct  of  Edwaid  IV  .. 

all  letters  patent  to^  annnlled — i  Ric. 

III.  c  15. 
EngUskry^  and  preserUment  tkeraf,  abo- 
lished—14  Edw.  III.  st  i»  e.  4. 
Enghak  tomgut^  pleadings  to  be  in  the — 

36  Edw.  III.  St.  I,  c  15. 
EqukmUnt  wumey  to  ScoUand^  statutes  re* 

gaiding  the — 6  Ann.  c  51 ;    13  Ann. 

c  12. 
Esckeaiors,  the  office  oU  regulated — 3  Edw. 

L  c.  24 ;  29  Edw.  I.  ;  5  Edw.  III.  c  39 : 

14  Edw.  III.  St  I,  cc.  8,  13 ;  34  Edw. 

III.  cc.  13,  14 ;  9  Ric.  IL  c  1 ;  8  Hen. 

VI.  c  16;  12  Edw.  IV.  c  9;  I  Hen. 

VIII.  c.  8;  3  Hen.  VIIL  c  2;  2  &  3 

Edw.  VI.  c  8. 
Estreats^  statute  of— 16  Edw.  II. 
Exchange  of  gold  or  silver ^  only  to  be  made 

by  the  king's  officers— 25  Edw.  III.  st. 

5,  c.  12 ;  or  by  his  licence — 3  Hen.  VII. 

c  6. 
Exckoftges^  foreign^  regulated — 27  Edw.  I. 

St  3. 
Exchequer^  regulations  for  the — 3  Edw.  I. 

c  19 ;  12  Edw.  I.  ;  27  Edw.  I.  c  2 ; 

28  Edw.  L  c.  4 ;  20  Edw.  HI.  c.  2 ; 

5  Ric  IL  St.  I,  cc  10—16;  33  Hen. 

VI.  c  3  ;   I  Jac.  I.  c  26 ;  8  ft  9  Gul. 

IIL  a  28;  9  Gul.  in.  c.  3. 
Statutes  of  the — Stat  temp,  incert.* 
Excise  (imposed  by  the  Parliament,  temp. 

Car.   I.)  continued — 12  Car.  IL  c.  5; 

fresh  grant — 12  Car.  II.  c.  23. 

Additional  duties — ^29  Car.  II.  c  2 ; 
I  GuL  ft  Mar.  c.  24;  2  GuL  & 
Mar.  ses&  2,  cc.  3,  9;  5  GuL  & 
Mar.  c.  7 ;  6  &  7  Gul.  &  Mar.  c.  18 ; 
8  ft  9  Gul.  III.  c.  7 ;  4  ft  5  Ann. 
c.  23 ;  13  Ann.  c.  18. 
Executors  to  yield  their  accounts  to  the 

ordinaries — 4  Hen.  V.  St.  2,  c  8. 
Exile,  not  to  be,   but  by  law — Magna 

Charta ;  25  Edw.  1.  c.  29. 
Fairs  regulated— 1 3  Edw.  1. ;  2  Edw.  HI. 

c  15 ;  5  Edw.  III.  c.  5. 
Fabe  or  slanderous  news,  the  spreading  of, 

forbidden— 3  Edw.  L  c.  34. 


Fast  days  and  holy  days,  keeping  of— 5  ft  6» 

Edw.  VI.  c.  3. 
Fdons,  all  men  shall  be  ready  to  pursue — 
3  Edw.  I.  c.  9. 
Fresh  suit  shall  be  made  after,  fronb 
town  to  town — 13  Edw.  I.  cc  I,  2- 
Refusing  to  plead — ^3  Edw.  I.  c  12. 
Statutes  for  rewarding  the  apprehen- 
sion of— 10  GuL  III.  c  12  ;  6  Ann. 

C31. 
.^fw^ilmtffri' abolished — 12  Car.  IL  c.  24. 
Finez,  manner  of  levying — Stat.    temp. 

incert^ 
Ftrst'fruiis  and  Tenths,   granted  to   the 
crown— 26  Hen.  VIU.  c  3 ;  28  Hen- 
VIIL  c  II. 
Erection  of  a  court  for  their  mauge- 

ment— 32  Hen.  VIIL  c  5. 
Restored  to  the  Church— 2  ft  3  PhiL 

ft  Mar.  c  4. 
Again  appropriated  to  the  crowB — 

I  Eliz.  c  4. 
Again  restored  to  the  Church — 2  ft  5 
Ann.  c  20. 
Foreign  money,  circulation  of,  prohibited — 
II  Hen.  IV.  c  5. 

Protestants  naturalized  —  7    Ana. 


the 


c  5 ;  repealed,  10  Ann.  c  9. 
— ^—  spiritual  jurisdiction  (i.e.    of 

Papacy)  abolished — I  Eliz.  c.  I. 
Forest,  Ordinance  of  the — 33  Edw.  I. 

Customs  and  assize  of  the — Stat  tcmpu 

incert.  * 
Ordained  to  be  kept  in  every  article — 

I  Edw.  IIL  c  I. 
Proceedings    against     offenders  —  34. 
Edw.  L  c  I ;   I  Edw.  IIL  st  i, 
c  8 ;  I  Hen.  VII.  c  7. 
Forests,  boundaries  of,  to  be  ascertained — 

16  Car.  I.  c  16. 
Forestallers,   punishment  of — Stat.    temp, 
incert.^;  25  Edw.  IIL  st  3,  c  3  ;  5&^ 
Edw.  VL  c  14. 
Forma  pauperis,  suing  in,   admitted — ii 

Hen.  VIL  c  12. 
France,  all  trade  and  commerce  with,  pro- 
hibited—I  GuL  ft  Mar.  c  34 ;  2  Gul.  & 
Mar.  sess.  2,  c.  14 ;  4  GuL  ft  Mar.  c  25  ;. 
3  ft  4  Ann.  c  12. 
Frankpledge,  view  of,  when  to  be  held — 
Magna  Charta ;   25  Edw.  I.  c  35. 
Matters  to  be  inquired  of,  at — Stat, 
temp,  incert.* 
Friars,   mmors  not   to  be  received  into 
orders  of,  without  consent  of  parents,, 
friends,  or  euardians — 4  Hen.  I  v.  c  17- 
Fkei,  assize  of— 1  Edw.  VI.  c  7 ;  43  EJ«- 

c  14. 
Game,  destruction  of,  prohibited— 34  Edw- 
IIL  c  22;    13  Ric  IL  St.  I,  c  13 ;   K 


▼Ol.  L  p.  XQT* 

^IUd.,p.ao3. 


^  Ibid.|  p.  3X4* 


*  Ibid.,  p.  943. 
t  Ibid.,  p.  246. 


6oo 


INDEX  OF  STATUTES. 


[no.  III. 


Jac.  I.  c.  27 ;  7  Jac.  I.  c.  ii ;  4  GaL 
&  Mar.  c  23. 

Games^  unlaw/ui,  prohibition  of — 12  Ric. 
II.  c.  6;  II  Hen.  IV.  c.  4;  17  Edw. 
IV.  c.  3. 

Cao/s^  regulations  for — 14  Edw.  III.  st  I, 
c  10 ;  23  Hen.  VIII.  c.  2. 

Gloucester,  Statute  of,  for  the  better  ad- 
ministration of  justice — 6  Edw.  I.  c.  I. 

Gold  and  silver,  assay  of — 28  Edw.  I.  c.  20. 

Grants  by  the  king,  regulated — 17  Edw.  II. 
c.  IS  ;  J  Hen.  IV.  c  6 ;  2  Hen.  IV.  c 
2 ;   4  Hen.  IV.  c.  4 ;   18  Hen.  VI.  c.  I. 

Great  men,  penalty  for  slander  of— 2  Kic. 
II.  St.  I,  c.  5. 

Greenwich  Hospital,  provision  for  the  sup- 
port of — 10  Ann.  c  27. 

Guilds  and  fraternities,  regulated — 15  Hen, 

VI.  c.  6. 

Gunpowder  treason,  attainder  of  the  parties 

to  the— 3  Jac.  I.  c.  2. 
Habeas  Corpus  Act — 31  Car.  II.  c  2. 
Hampton  Court,  honour  of,  established — 

31  Hen.  VIII.  c  5. 
Handicraftsmen  restrained  to  the  practice 

of  one  trade  only — 37  Edw.  III.  c.  6. 
JIawks,  stray,  to  be  carried  to  the  sheriff— 
34  Edw.  Ill,  c.  22. 
Keeping  of,  regulated— 11  Hen.  VII. 

c.  17. 
Stealing  of,  declared  felony — 37  Edw. 
III.  c  19 ;  31  Hen.  VIII.  c.   I2 ; 
32  Hen.  VIII.  c.  u  ;  5  Eliz.  c.  21. 
Hearth-money  tax  imposed — 14  Car.  II.  c. 
10;    16  Car.  II.  c.  3  ;  repealed,  I  Gul. 
&  Mar.  c.  10. 
Heiresses,  punishment  for  abduction  of— 
4  &   5    Phil.    &  Mar.  c  8 ;    39    Eliz. 

C9. 

Heralds,  arms  of,  regulated — Stat.  temp, 
incert.  •" 

Heresy  and  Heretics — apprehension  of  here- 
tical preachers — 5  Ria  II.  st.  2,  c  5. 
Punishment  of  heresy — 25  Hen,  VIII. 
c.  14;  I  Eliz.  c  I. 

High  Commission  Court  established,  by  vir- 
tue of  I  Eliz.  c.  I,  s.  18;  abolished,  16 
Car.  I,  c.  II. 

Holydays  and  fast-days,  keeping  of— 5  &  6 
Edw.  VI.  c  3. 

Homage  and  fealty,  mode  of  doing — Stat, 
temp,  incert" 

Homage  from  Scotland  asserted  to  be  due — 
12  Hen.  VII.  c.  7. 

Horses  forbidden  to  be  exported — ii  Hen. 

VII.  c.  13. 

Allowed   in  certain  cases— 22  Hen, 

VIII.  c.  7 ;    I  Edw.  VI.  c.  5. 
Improvement  of  the  breed  of— 33  Hen. 
VIII.  c.  5. 
Hospitals,  reformation  of,  provisions  for — 
2  Hen.  V.  St.  I,  c.  i. 


Dissolved,  and  granted  to  the  crown 
—37  Hen.  VIII.  c.  4;  I  Edw.  VL 
c.  14. 
Hue  and  cry,  penalty  for  not  following  the 

— 13  Edw.  I.  c  4 ;  27  Elit  c  13. 
Impeachment,  pardon  by  the  crown  not 
pleadable   in  case  of— 12   &  13   GuL 
IIL  c  2. 
Imprisonment,  not  to  be  contrazy  to  law — 
Magna  Charta ;  25  Edw.  I.  c.  29. 
Beyond  sea  prohibited — 31  Car.  H. 
c.  2. 
Informers,  statutes  against^  18  Eliz.  c  $; 

31  Eliz.  c.  5. 
Insolvent  debtors  to  be  discharged,  if  willing 
and  able  to  serve  in  the  army  or  navy — 
2  &  3  Ann.  c.  10 ;  10  Ann.  c  29. 
Ireland,  statutes  respecting — ^20  Hen.  III. ; 
17  Edw.  II.  St.  I,  c.  I ;  31  Edw.  Ill.st. 
4,  cc.  I— 19;   34  Edw.  III.cc  17,  18; 

I  Hen.  V.  c  8 ;  4  Hen.  V.  st.  2,  c.  6  ; 
8  'Hen.  VI.  c.  2 ;  16  Car.  I.  cc.  28,  30^ 
33,  34,  35,  37;  x  Gul.  &  Mar.  c.  13; 
sess.  2,  c.  9 ;  3  &  4  GuL  &  Mar.  c.  2  ; 

II  Gul.  III.  c.  2 ;  I  Ann.  cc  25,  26^ 
Stat.  2,  c.  18 ;  6  Ann.  c  61. 

Irishmen  resident  in  England,  statutes  re- 
specting—i  Hen.  V.  c.  8;    i  Hen.  VL 

c.  3 ;  2  Hen.  VI.  c  8. 
Iron,  forbidden  to  be  exported — ^28  Edw. 

III.  c  5. 
Italian  merchants  regulated  as  to  the  sale 

of  their  goods — i  Ric.  III.  c  9. 
January  y}th,  solemn  service  on,  appointed 

—12  Car.  II.  c  30;    repealed,  22  Vict. 

c.  2. 
Jesuits,  act  against — 27  Eliz.  c  2. 
Jewry,  Statutes  of—SXsX.  temp,  incert.  • 
Jews  not  allowed  the  benefit  of  the  Statute 

of  Merchants — 13  Edw.  I.  c  3. 

Obliged  to  maintain  and  provide  for 

their  Protestant  children — i  Ann. 

c.  24. 

Judges,  duties  of,  declared — 8  Ric  IL  c  3. 

Judicial  proceedings,    certain,    under  the 

usurped  powers,   not  to  be  avoided — 

12  Car.  II.  c  12. 
Jurors,  in  London^ii  Hen.  VII.  c.  21 ; 

4  Hen.   VIII.    c   3  ;    5   Hen,   VIII. 

Punishment  of  corrupt— 34  Edw.  III. 
c.  8;  38  Edw.  III.  St.  i,  c  12;   11 
Hen.  VI.  c  4;    11   Hen.  VII.  c 
24 ;    13  Eliz.  c  25. 
Qualification  of — 21  Edw.  I.  ;  2  Hen. 
V.  St.  2,  c.  3 ;   27  Eliz.  c.  6  ;    16  & 
17  Car.  II.  c  3. 
Justices,  oaths  of — 5  Edw.  II.  c.  39;  20 
Edw.  III.  c.  6. 
Duty  of— 20  Edw.  III.  c  I ;  34  Edw. 
III.  c  I. 
Kenilworth,  Dictum  de—t^i  &  52  Hen.  IIL 


■  Statutes,  vol.  i.  p.  ajx. 


■  Ibid.,  p.  227. 


•  Ibid.,  p.  sax. 


NO.  III.] 


INDEX  OF  STATUTES. 


6oi 


King,  restrictions  on  the  power  of  the — 

5  Edw.  II.  cc.  9,  13. 
Knighthood^  no  person  to  be  compelled  to 
take  on  him  the  order  of— 10  Car.  I. 
c.  20. 
Knights  of  St,  John  of  Jerusaletn^  the  lands 
of  the  Templars  b^towed  on  the — 17 
Edw.  II. 
Their  incorporation  in  England  and 
Ireland  dissolved — 32  Hen.  VIII. 
c.  24. 
The  members  relieved  from  their  vow 
of  celibacy,  and  allowed  to  marry — 
37  Hen.  VIII.  c  22. 
Knights    Templars^   their  possessions  be- 
stowed on  the  Knights  of  St.  John  of 
Jerusalem— X  7  Edw.  II. 
Labourers^  Statute  of—zz  Edw.  III.  c.  1 ; 

31  Edw.  III.  St  I,  c.  6. 
^——  Wages  of,   regulated — 11   Hen. 
VII.   c   22;   repealed,    12   Hen.   VII. 

c-  3- 
Lancaster,  duchy  of  lands  annexed  to — 37 

Hen.  VIII.  c.  16;-  2  &  3  Pha  &  Mar. 

c.  20. 
Land-tax  first  imposed — ii  Gul.  III.  c  2. 
Lands  of  felons  to  be  held  by  the  king  for 

a  year  and  a  day — Magna  Charta;  25 

Edw.  I.  c.  22. 
Latin,  saying  prayers  in,  to  whom  allowed 

—2  &  3  Edw.  VI.  c.  I. 
Launcegays^  forbidden   to  be   carried — 7 

Ric.  II.  c.  13 ;  20  Ric.  II.  c.  I. 
Leap-year,  Statute  of—^o  Hen.  III. 
Leather,  statutes  respecting — 27  Edw.  III. 

St.   2,   c.  3 ;  3  Hen.  VIII.  c.   10 ;   24 

Hen.  VIII.  c.  I  ;  27  Hen.  VIII.  c.  14; 

2  &  3  Edw.  VI.  cc.  9,  1 1  ;   I  Mar.  st.  3, 
c,  8 ;    I  Eliz.  c.  9 ;   5  Eliz.  c.  8. 

Liberties,  confirmation  of — Magna  Charta ; 

25  Edw.  I.  c.  I. 
Liberty  of  the  subject,  the,  secured — 12  &  13 

Gul.  III.  c.  2. 
Liveries,  giving  of,  restrained — 13  Ric.  II. 

St.  3;    16  Ric.  II.  c.  4;   20  Ric.  II.  c. 

2 ;    I  Hen.  IV.  c  7  ;  13  Hen.  IV.  c.  3  ; 

8   Hen.  VI.  c.  4;  8  l^dw.   IV.  c.   2; 

3  Hen.  VII.  c.  I  ;   19  Hen.  VII.  c.  14. 
Loans  of  money  to  Henry  VLLL,  remitted 

—21  Hen.  VIII.  c.  24 ;  35  Hen.  VIII. 
c.  12. 
Lollards,  punishment  of— 5  Ric.  II.  st.  2, 
c.  5 ;  2  Hen,  IV.  c.  15  ;   2  Hen,  V.  st. 
I.  c.  7. 
Lombard  merchants,  the  company  of,  an- 
swerable for  the  debts  of  their  fellows — 
—25  Edw.  III.  St.  S,  c.  23. 
London,  state  of,  reformed — 51  &  52  Hen. 
III.  c.  II. 
Liberties  of,  confirmed — Magna  Charta; 

25  Edw.  I.  c.  9. 
Redress  of  errors  and  misprisions  in — 


28  Edw.  III.  c.  10;    I  Hen.  IV. 

c.  15. 
Custom  of,   as  to  apprentices,   con- 
firmed— 8  Hen.  VI.  c  11. 
Conservancy  of  the  Thames  confirmed 

to  the  mayor  of— 4  Hen.  VII.  c.  15. 
Jurors  in-^ii   Hen.    VII.  c.   21  ;    4 

Hen.  VIII.   c.   3;   5   Hen.  VIII. 

c.  5. 
Tithes  in,  r^ulated— 27  Hen.  VIII. 

c.  21. 
Conduits  of— 35  Hen.  VIII.  c.   10; 

37  Hen.  VIII.  c.  12. 
Rebuilding  of,  after  the  great  fire — x8 

&  X9  Car.  II.  c.  8 ;  22  Car.  II.  c.  1 1. 
Coal-duty  in,  its  application — 19  Car. 

II.  c.  3 ;   22  Car.  II.  c.  ii ;   I  Jac. 

II.  c.  II ;    I  Ann.  st  2,  c   12;    9 

Ann.  c.  17. 
London    and    Westminster,    against    new 

buildings  in — 35  Eliz.  c.  6. 
I^rds  of  Parliament,  places  of,  regulated — 

31  Hen.  VIII.  c.  10. 

Lotteries  established — 8  &  9  Gul.  III.  c  22. 

Magna  C/utrta,  confirmations  of — 37  Hen. 
III.  ;  25  Edw.  I.  c.  I ;  28  Edw.  I.  c.l ; 
5  Edw.  II.  c.  6 ;  2  Edw.  III.  c.  I ;  4 
Edw.  III.  c  I ;  5  Edw.  III.  c.  I ;  lo 
Edw.  III.  st  I,  c.  I ;    14  Edw.  III.  st 

I,  CI;    15  Edw.  III.  st  I,  cc.  I,  3 ; 
28  Edw.  III.  c.  I  ;  36  Edw.  III.  c  I. 

McUnpemors,  statute  of— 7  Ric.  II.  c.  17. 
Maintenance,  forbidden — 3  Edw.  I.  c.  28 ; 

I  Edw.  III.  St.  2,  c  14;   13  Ric.  II.  st 

3  ;  38  Hen.  VIII.  c  9. 
Marches,  order  for  the  government  of  the  . 

northern — 43    Eliz.  c.   13.       See    also 

Wales, 
Marlborough,  Statutes  of— $i  Hen.  III. 
Marlborough,  John,  duke  of,  grants  to— 

3  &  4  Ann.  c.  4  ;  6  Ann.  cc.  6,  7. 
Marriage,  statute  regarding  pre-contracts— 

32  Hen.  VIII.  c.  38 ;  repealed— 2  &  3 
Edw.  VI.  c.  23. 

Marriages,  those  irregularly  contracted 
during  the  troubles  confirmed^  12  Car. 

II.  c.  33. 

Duty  on — 6  &  7  Gul.  &  Mar.  c.  6. 

Marshal,  jurisdiction  of  the — 13  Ric.  II. 
cc.  2,  5. 

Marshal's  court  regulated — 28  Edw.  I.  c 
3;  5  Edw.  III.  c.  2;  3  Hen.  VII. 
c.  14. 

May  2gth,  anniversary  thanksgiving  on,  for 
the  restoration  of  the  Church  and  Mo- 
narchy, appointed — 12  Car.  II.  c.  14; 
repealed,  22  Vict.  c.  2. 

Merchant  Adventurers,  statute  of— 12  Hen. 
VII.  c.  6. 

Merchants,  protection  of  foreign — Magna 
Charta ;  25  Edw.  1.  c.  30 ;  9  Edw.  III. 
st  I,  c.  I. 


V  A  short  spear,  often  uicd  as  a  dart  or  javeKn. 


6o9 


INDEX  OF  STATUTES. 


[no. 


m. 


General  regulations—ii  Edw.  I. ;   13 

Edw.  I.  c.  3 ;   38  Edw.  III.  st.  i, 

c.  2  ;  14  Kic.  li.  c.  6  ;  9  Hen.  VI. 

c.  2 ;  14  Car.  II.  c.  23. 

MtrcMauU  of  the  Hanu  towns^  protection 

of— 19  Hen.  VII.  c.  23 ;   14  &  1$  Hen. 

vni.  c  29. 

Merton^  Provisions  of— 7a  Hen.  III. 
Military  seruice  regulated — I   Edw.    IIL 

St.  2,  c  5. 

tenures  abolished— 12  Car.  II.  c 

34. 
Militia,  sole  right  of  the,  declared  to  be  in 

the  king-— 13  Car.  II.  c  6. 
Militia  Acts,  the  earliest  annual — 2  Gul.  & 

Mar.   sess.   2,  c.   12;  3  GuL  &  Mar. 

c  7- 

Mint  and  Coinage  regnUUed—x  Hen.  VI. 
c  4 ;  2  Hen.  VI.  c.  15.  See  also  Coin 
and  Coinage, 

Missals  and  images  ordered  to  be  destroyed 
—3  &  4  Edw.  VI.  c.  la 

Monasteries,    Lesser,    suppression  of— 27 
Hen.  VIII.  c.  28. 
■■  Greater,   suppression  of — 31 

Hen.  VIII.  c.  13. 
Provisions  for  pensions  to  the  reli- 
gious—34  &  35  Hen.  VIII.  c  19. 

Money,  ordinances  for-^9  Edw.  UI.  st.  2, 
c  I ;  18  Edw.  III.  St.  2,  c.  6 ;  9  Hen. 
V.  St.  I,  c.  II ;  19  Hen.  Vll.  c.  5  ;  14 
&  15  Hen.  VIII.  c.  12;  18  Eliz.  c.  I ; 
14  Car.  II.  c.  31. 

false,  importation  of,  forbidden — 
27  Edw.  I.  St.  3. 

foreign,  forbidden — Stat  temp,  in- 
cert.  *» ;  2  Hen.  I V.  c.  6 ;  11  Hen.  IV. 
c  5  ;  17  Edw.  IV.  c.  I. 

Monopolies,  against — 21  Jac.  I.  c.  3. 

Mortmain,  statutes  of— Magna  Charta  ;  7 
Edw.  I.  c.  2;  13  Edw.  I.  c.  32;  25 
Edw.  I.  c  36 ;    IS  Ric.  II.  c.  2. 

Mortuaries,  concerning  the  taking  of— 21 
Hen.  VIII.  c.  6. 
Compensation  for,  in  certain  dioceses, 
13  Ann.  c.  6. 

Moss-troopers  sentenced  to  transportation — 
18  &  19  Car.  II.  c  3. 

Multiplying  gold  and  silver  [alchemy],  for- 
bidden —  5  Hen.  IV.  c.  4 ;  repealed, 
1  Gul.  &  Mar.  c.  30. 

Murage,  regulation  of— 3  Edw.  I.  c.  31. 

Murder,  restrictions  on  grants  of  pardon 
for— 13  Ric.  II.  st  2,  c  I. 

Musters,  statute  for  holding— 4  &  5  PhiL 
&  Mar.  c.  3. 

Mutiny  Act,  the  first— i  Gul.  &  Mar.  c.  5. 

National  Land  Bank,  statute  for  establish- 
ing—7  &  8  Gul.  III.  c.  31. 

Jfaiuralizatioti  granted  to  children  of  Eng- 
lishmen bom  beyond  the  seas— 33  Hen. 
VIII.  c  25 ;  29  Car.  II.  c.  6 ;  9  Gul. 
III.  c.  20. 


Oaths  to  be  taken  by  foreigners  na- 
turalized— 7  Jac  L  c.  2 ;  7  Ann. 

c-S- 
Navigation  Acts— ^2  Hen.  VIII.  c.  145 

12  Car.  II.  c.  ]8. 
Natfy,  maintenance  of  the — ^32  Hen.  VIII. 

c  14 ;  5  Eliz.  c  S- 

Articles   and   orders  for  its  gOfvcn»- 
ment— 13  Car.  IL  c  9 ;  5  &  6  GoL 
&  Mar.  c.  2S. 
Newspapers  and  pamphlets,  duty  impoGed 

on— 10  Ann.  c.  19. 
Night-walkers  and  suspected  persons,  statute 

against — 5  Edw.  III.  c.  14. 
Noble  ladies,  privil^e  of— 20  Hen.  VI. 

c.  9. 
Nonconformists,  certain  classes  of,  not  to 

inhabit  corporation  towns — 17  Cai:  II. 

c.  2.     See  also  13  Car.  II.  st.  2,  c.  I. 
Northern  borders,   provisions  for  goTem- 

ment  of— 43  Eliz.  c  13 ;    7  Jac  L  c  I  j 

14  Car.  II.  c  22  ;  18  &  19  Car.  IL  c  3  j 

29  &  30  Car.  II.  c  2 ;   I  Jac  II.  c  14  ; 

7  &  8  Gul.  III.  c  17 ;  12  &  13  GoL 

III.  c  6. 
Fortification  of— 2  &  3  PhiL  &  Mac 
c  I ;  23  Eliz.  c  4. 
November   Sth,  anniversary    fhank^ivii^ 

on,  appointed — ^3  Jac  I.  c  i ;  repealed, 

22  Vict  c  2. 
Nuisances,  punishment  of  those  who  cor- 
rupt the  air  near  cities  and  great  towns 

— 12  Ric.  IL  c  13. 
Nun,   punishment  for  canying   awaj  a, 

even  with  her  consent — 13  Edw.  I.  c  34. 
Oath,  breach  of,  to  be  tried  in  the  spiritual 

courts — 13  Edw.  I. 
Oath   of  allegianee,   administration  of — 7 

Jac.  I.  c  6. 
Oath  of  supremacy — i  Eliz.  c  I ;  5  Klia. 

c  I. 
Oaths  of  allegiance  and  supremacy,  34  &: 

35  Hen.  VIII.  c.  II  ;  repealed — i  &  « 

Phil.    &   Mar.   c  8;   this  repealed— I 

Eliz.  c.  I. 
New  oaths  appointed — I  GuL  &  Mar. 
c.  8. 
Oaths  of  succession  to  the  crown — 26  Hen. 

VIIL  c  2;   28  Hen.  VIIL  c  7;    3s 

Hen.  VIIL  c   I ;   13  &  14  Gul.  III. 

c6. 
Oblivion,  Act  of— 12  Car.  II.  c  1 1. 

Pains  on  persons  excepted  from — 15 
Car.  IL  c  15. 
Offices,  buying  and  selling  of,  prohibited — 

5  &  6  Edw.  VI.  c.  16. 
Outlaws  and  outlawry,  statutes  regarding — 

Stat  temp,  incert.';  5  Edw.  IIL  c  12  ;. 

37  Edw.  IIL  c  2;    7  Hen.  IV.  c  ii  ;. 

2  Hen.  VL  c  li ;  23  Hen.  VIIL  c.  14  ;. 

31  Eliz.  c  3. 
Overseers  of  the  Poor  appointed— 43  Klir 

c  2. 


t  Statutes,  ToL  L  p.  319^ 


»Ihid.,p.«34. 


NO.  III.] 


INDEX  OF  STATUTES. 


605 


Oxford  University^  confinnation  of  liberties 
and  statutes— 9  Hen.  IV.  c  i ;  13  Hen. 
IV.  c.  I. 
Disorders  of  many  clerks  and  scholars 

of— 9  Hen.  V.  St.  i,  c.  8. 
Incorporation  of— 13  EUz.  c  29. 
Oyer  and  terminer^  regulations  for  justices 
of— 2  Edw.  III.  c  2  ;  9  Edw.  III.  st.  I, 
c.  5 ;  20  Edw.  III.  c.  3. 
Papists^  acts  in  restraint  of— 13  Eliz.  cc. 

1,  2,  3 ;  23  Eliz.  c.  I ;  I  Jac  I.  c  4 ; 
3  Jac.  L  oc.  4,  5  ;  3  Car.  I.  c.  3 ;  30 
Car.  II.  St.  2 ;  I  Gul.  &  Mar.  cc.  9,  15, 
17,  26 ;  II  Gul.  III.  c.  4  ;  13  Ann.  c.  13. 

Pardon^  Acts  o/—z6  Edw.  III.  c.  16 ;  50 
Edw.  III.  c.  3  ;  6  Ric.  II,  c  13. 

Pardon  and  Indemnity^  Act  of—z  Gul.  & 
Mar.  c.  la 

Pardon  and  Oblhion^  Act  o/-^i2  Car.  II. 
c.  II. 

Partiament  to  be  held  once  a^jear,  or  twice 
—5  Edw.  II.  c.  29 ;   36  Edw.  III.  c.  la 
None  to  come  thereto  armed,  7  Ed.  II. 
No  longer  intermission  of  parliaments 
than  three  years — 16  Car.  I.  c.  I  ; 
16  Car.  II.  c.  I ;  6  &  7   Gul.  & 
Mir.  c.  a ;  repealed,  i  Geo.  1  st. 
2,  c  38. 
Who  shall  choose  and  who  shall  be 
chosen  members  of  parliament — 8 
Hen.  VI.  c.  7 ;  23  Hen.  VI.  c.  14 ; 
2  Gul.  &  Mar.  c  7 ;  9  Ann.  c.  5. 
Flrotection  of  members  and  their  ser- 
vants— 5  Hen.  IV.  c.  6;    ii  Hen. 
VI.  c.  II. 
Passage  between  Dover  and  Calais  regu- 
lated—4  Edw.  IV.  c.  10. 
Peers,   privileges  of— 15  Edw.  III.  st.  I, 

c.  2 ;  I  Edw.  VI.  c.  12. 
Penal  statutes^  informations  upon,  to  be 
made  within  three  years — I  Hen.  VI II. 
c  4. 
Perjury,   statutes  against — ii  Hen.  VII. 

c  25  ;   5  Eliz.  c.  9  ;  43  Eliz.  c  5. 
Peterpence  abolished— 25  Hen.  VIH.  c.  21. 
Pilgrims,  regulations  for — 9  Edw.  III.  st. 

2,  c  8;  12  Ric  II.  c.  7;  13  Ric  II. 
St.  I,  c.  20. 

Pillory — Stat.  temp,  incert.  ■ 

Pirates,  statutes  against — 27  Hen.  VI IF.  c. 
4;28Hen.  Vlll.  CIS;  uGul.  III.c  7. 
Relief  for  persons  taken  by — 16  Car. 
I.  c  24. 

Plague,  relief  and  ordering  of  persons  in- 
fected—i  Jac.  I.  c.  31. 

Plantation  trade,  encouragement  of— 15 
Car.  II.  c  7 ;  25  Car.  II.  c  7. 

Poisoning,  act  against — 22  Hen.  VIII.  c  9. 

Poll-tax  imposed— I  Gul.  &  Mar.  c.  13  ; 
sess.  2,  c  7. 

^oor,  relief  of— 22  Hen.  VIII.  c.  23 ;  37 
Hen.  VIII.  c  23;    I  Edw.  VI.  c  3;  5 


&  6  Edw.  VI.  c  2  ;  2  &  3  PhU.  &  Mar. 

c.  5  ;    5   Eliz.  c  3 ;   14  Eliz.  c.  5  ;    iS 

Eliz.  c.  3  ;   39  Eliz.  c.  3  ;  43  Eliz.  c.  2  ; 

14  Car.  II.  c.  12 ;   I  Jac  II.  c.  17 ;   x, 

Gul.  &  Mar.  c  ii ;  8  &  9  Gul  III.  c 

30 ;    12  Ann.  c  l& 
7W/-^rr  established— 12  Car.  II.  c.  35. 
One  general,  for  all  the  British  do» 
minions— 9  Ann.  c.  11. 
Preachers,  unlieenstd,   statutes  against — 5 

Ric  II.  St.  2,  c.  5 ;  2  Hen.  IV,  c.  15. 
Premunire,  statutes  regarding — 7  Ric.  il. 

c.  14;   16  Ric  II.  c  5  ;  22  Hen.  VI II. 

c.  16 ;   I  Mar.  st.  I,  c.  I  ;    I  Eliz.  c  I ; 

5  Eliz.  c  I.  See  Previsions,  Papain 
Pnrrogativi^^tAt  temp,  incert.  * 
Prescription  limited— 32  Hen.  VIII.  c  2. 
Priests,  statutes  respecting — 9  Ric.  II.  c  5  ^ 

2  Hen.  V.  St.  2,  c.  2  ;  27  Hen.  VI.  c  6  ; 

1  Hen.  VII.  c  2 ;  32  Hen.  VIII.  c  10; 

2  &  3  Edw.  VI.  c  21 ;  5  &  6  Edw.  VI. 
c.  12 ;  I  Mar.  st.  2,  c.  2  ;  i  Jac  I.  c  25. 

Printers  regulated — 14  Car.  II.  c  33 ;    r 

Jac  II.  c  17. 
Prisoners,  poor,   relief  of— l  Ann.  c.  19  ; 

10  Ann.  c  29. 
Privateers,   encouragement  of— 4  Gul.  & 

Mar.  c  25. 
Privy  councillors,  protection  of— 9  Ann. 

c  21. 
Proclamations  (in  certain  cases)  to  be  obeyed 

as  acts  of  parliament — 31  Hen.  VIII.  c 

8  ;  34  &  35  Hen.  VIII.  c  23  ;  repealed, 

I  Edw.  VL  c.  12. 
Prophecies  relating  to  arms,  names,  badges, 

Ac,  forbidden— 33  Hen,  VIII.  c.  14;  3 

6  4  Edw.  VI.  CIS;   5  Eliz.  c  1$. 
Protestant  Irish  clergy,  relief  of— I  Gul.  & 

Mar.  c  29. 
Protestant  succession,  statutes  relating  to — 

12  &  13  Gul.  III.  c  2  ;  13  &  14  Gul. 
III.  c  6;  4  &  5  Ann.  c  20;  6  Ann. 
cc.  41,  66 ;  8  Ann.  c  15. 

Provisions,  Papal,  statutes  against — 25  Edw. 
III.   cc    6,   22 ;  27  Edw.    HI.   c    I ; 

13  Ric.  II.  St.  2,  c  2  ;  16  Ric.  II.  cc. 
I,  5 ;  2  Hen.  IV.  c.  3 ;  9  Hen.  IV.  c  8. 

Purveyance  and  Purveyors,  statutes  regu- 
lating—Magna  Charta  ;  3  Edw.  I.  c  32  ; 
25  Edw.  I.  cc.  2,  19,  21 ;  28  Edw.  I.  c. 
2 ;  17  Edw.  II.  c  2  ;  4  Edw.  III.  c.  4  ; 
10  Edw.  III.  St.  2,  c.  I ;  14  Edw.  III. 
st  I,  c  19 ;  18  Edw.  III.  St.  3»  c-  4  J 
36  Edw.  III.  cc  2—5 ;  7  Ric  II.  c  8; 

1  Hen.  VI.  c  2 ;  2  &  3  Edw.  VI.  c.  3  j 

2  &  3  PhiL  &  Mar.  cc.  6,  15 ;  13  Eliz. 
c  21. 

i . abolished— 12  Car. 


II.  c  24. 
Quakers,  penalties  on — 14  Car.  II.  c  f. 
Their  affirmation  allowed  in  place  of 
an  oath— 7  &  8  Gul.  III.  c  34. 


■  StatutM^  vol  L  p.  aoo. 


*  Ibid.,  pp.  986,  aay» 


6o4 


INDEX  OF  STATtJTES. 


[no.  ni. 


Quarantine  enforced — 9  Ann.  c.  2. 
Quarter  sessions  appointed — 2$  Edw.  III. 

St  2,  c  7. 
Quia  emptoresy  statute  of— 18  Edw.  I.  c.  x. 
RagemaHy  a   statute    concerning  justices 

being  assigned — ^4  Edw.  I. 
Ransom — Dictum  de  Kenil worth,  51  &  52 

Hen.  III.  c  12. 
Resides  [Cromwell  and  others^  attainted — 

12  Car.  II.  c.  30 ;  13  Car.  II.  c.  15. 
Reliefs—ViziS^  Charta ;  25  Edw.  I.  c  2. 
Resumption^   Acts  of—^  Edw.  IV.  c.  4; 

II  Hen.  VII.  cc  29,  64 ;  6  Hen.  VIIL 
c.  25. 
Riots   and  unlawful  assemblitSy    statutes 
against— 17  Ric.  II.  c.  8;   13  Hen.  IV. 
c.  7 ;   2  Hen.  V.  st.  I,  c.  8 ;  31   Hen. 

VI.  c.  2 ;   II  Hen.  VII.  c.  7 ;   19  Hen. 

VII.  c.  13 ;  3  &  4  Edw.  VI.  c.  5  ;   I 
Mar.  St.  2,  c.  12. 

Rogues  and  vagabonds,  statutes  against — 
7  Ric.  II.  c  5 ;  I  Hen.  VII.  c.  2 ;  19 
Hen.  VII.  c.  12  ;  22  Hen.  VIII.  c.  12  ; 
27  Hen.  VIII.  c.  2$  ;  i  Edw.  VI.  c.  3  ; 
3  &  4  Edw.  VI.  c.  16;  14  Eliz.  c.  $; 
18  Eliz.  c.  3 ;  39  Eliz.  c.  4 ;  I  Jac.  I.  c 
7;   7  Jac.  I.  c.  4;    II  Gul.  III.  c.  18; 

13  Ann.  c.  26. 
Romanists.     See  Papists. 

Romey  See  of,  provisions  not  to  be  pur- 
chased from.     See  Provisiofts,  Papal. 
Appeals  to,  prohibited — 24  Hen.  VIII. 

c.  12. 
Payments  to,   prohibited  —  25   Hen. 

VIII.  c.  21. 
Authority  of,  in  England,  extinguished 

—28  Hen.  VIII.  cc.  10,  16. 
Statutes  against,  repealed — i  &  2  PhiL 

&  Mar.  c  8. 
Authority  of,   again    extinguished  — 

I  Eliz.  c.  I ;  5  Eliz.  c.  I. 
Putting  in  execution  bulls  from,   or 
being    reconciled    to,   forbidden  — 
13  Eliz.  c.  2 ;  23  Eliz.  c  I. 
Sacrament,  penalty  for  speaking  irrever- 
ently of  the — I  Edw.  Vl.  c.  I. 
Sacrilege,  statutes  against — ^4  Hen.  VIII. 
c.  2 ;   23  Hen.  VIII.  c.   I  ;   32  Hen. 

VIII.  c.  12 ;  I  Edw.  VI.  c.  12. 

Sailors.     See  Seamen,  Shipping. 

Salisbury  and  Worcester,  bishops  of,  de- 
prived " — 25  Hen.  VIII.  c.  27. 

Sanctuary,  statutes  respecting  —  $1  &  52 

Hen.  III.  c  20 ;   2  Ric  II.  St.  2,  c.  3 ; 

21  Hen.  VIIL  cc.  2.  14;  27  Hen.  VIII. 

c.  29 ;  28  Hen.  VIII.  c   I ;   32  Hen. 

VIII.  c.  12;   I  Edw.  VI.  c  12;   I  Jac. 

I.  c.  2$. 
Sc/iool,  every  one  allowed  to  put  his  child 

to— 7  Hen.  IV.  c.  17. 
Scots  banished  from  England — 7  Hen.  VII. 

c.  6. 


Declared  aliens — c  &  3  Ann.   c.  6; 
repealed,  4  &  5  Ann.  c  15. 
Scotland,  armour  and  victual  prohibited  to 
be  sent  into — 7  Ric.  II.  c  i6. 

Homage  claimed  from — 12  Hen.  VIL 
c  7. 

Acts  hostile  to,  repealed — 4  Jac  L 
c.  I. 

Pacification  with — 16  Car.  I.  cc.17, 18, 

Free  trade  and  intercourse — 19  &  20 
Car.  II.  c.  5. 

Commbsioners  for  union— 22  Car.  IL 
c.  9. 

Act  of  Union — 6  Ann.  c  11 ;  addi- 
tional provisions,  6  Ann.  cc.  40^  51, 

53.78. 
Episcopal  conununion  in,  protected — 
10  Ann.  c.  la 

Sea-marks  and  beacons^  penalties  for  de- 
stroying— 8  Eliz.  c.  13. 

Seamen  deserting  the  kin^s  service^  penalty 
on — 2  Ric.  II.  St.  I,  c.  4. 

Seditious  words  and  rumours,  punidunent 
of— I  &  2  Phil.  &  Mar.  c.  3 ;  i  Eliz. 
c  6. 

September  2nd  to  be  observed  for  a  fast  for 
ever,  as  the  anniversary  of  die  fire  of 
London — 18  &  19  Car.  IL  c  & 

Servants.     See  Labourers. 

Severn,  river,  its  commerce  interrupted  by 
the  foresters  of  Dean — 8  Hen.  VL  c  27 ; 
19  Hen.  VIL  c.  18. 
Regulations  for  the  ferrymen — ^26  Hen. 
VIIL  c.  5. 

Sewers,  commissions  of,  first  grant  of — 6 
Hen.  VI.  c.  5. 

Seymour,  Lord  Thomas,  attainder  of— 
2  &  3  Edw.  VL  c  18. 

Sheriffs,  statutes  relating  to— 43  Hen.  IIL 
c  21 ;  52  Hen.  III.  c  21  ;  3  Edw.  L 
c.  I ;    13  Edw.  I.  cc.  13,  39 ;   28  Edw. 

1.  cc.  8,  13 ;  9  Edw.  IL  ;  14  Edw.  IIL 
st  I,  c7 ;  I  Ric  II.  c.  11 ;  6  Hen.  IV. 
c.  3  ;  4  Hen.  VL  c  I  ;  23  Hen.  VL 
c.  9;  II  Hen.  VIL  c  15;  34  &  35 
Hen.  VIII.  c.  16 ;  I  Mar.  st.  2,  c  8 ; 
29  Eliz.  c.  4 ;  14  Car.  II.  c.  21  ;  i  Jac 
II.  c  17. 

Sheriffs  tourn,  persons  exempt  from  the 

—43  Hen.  IIL  c.  10 ;  52  Hen.  IIL  c  la 
Ship-money,  proceedings  on  the  writs  of, 

declared  unlawful  and  void— 16  Car.  I. 

c.  14. 
Shipping,  statutes  relating  to — 17  Edw.  IL 

c.  3 ;   5  Ric.   IL   St.   I,  c  3 ;   32  Hen. 

VIIL  c  14;    I  Eliz.  c  13;   12  Car.  IL 

c  18 ;   16  Car.  IL  c  6 ;   22  &  23  Car. 

II.  c.  II ;   I  Jac  II.  c  18;  I  Ann.  st 

2,  c  9 ;  6  Ann.  c.  65  ;  13  Ann.  c 
21. 

Six  Articles,  statute  of  the— 35  Hen.  VHL 
c.  5. 


«  Cardinal  Campeius  and  Jerome  de  Ghinucci.  1  isaa,  and  on  the  breach  with  Rome  they 
They  had  been  appointed  by  the  pope  in  1524  and  I  prived,  on  the  plea  of  non-reiideacc. 


werede* 


NO.  III.J 


INDEX  OF   STATUTES. 


60s 


Soldiers y  pay  of— I  Edw.  IIL  st.  2,  c.  7 ; 
18  Edw.  IIL  St.  2,  c.  7 ;  18  Hen.  VI. 
c  18 ;  7  Hen.  VII.  d  ;  3  Hen.  VIII. 

Desertion  of — 18  Hen.  VI.   c   19; 

7  Hen.  VII.  c.  i. 
Selling  their  horses,  &c.,— 2  &  3  Edw. 

VI.  c.  2. 

Relief  of — 35  Eliz.  c.  4  ;    39  Eliz. 

c  2 1 ;  43  Eliz.  c.  3  ;  14  Car.  II.  c.  9. 

South  Sea  Company  established — 9  Ann. 

c  15. 
Spiritual  courts  regulated — 2  Hen.  V.  st. 

I,  c,  3 ;  23  Hen.  VIII.  c.  9. 
Stage-playerSf  abuses  of,  restrained — 3  Jac. 

I.  c.  21. 
Stamp  duties  imposed — 22  &  23  Car.  II. 

c.  9 ;  revived,  and  extended — 5  &  6  Gul. 

&  Mar.  c.  21. 
Stannary  courts    regulated — 16  Car.   I. 

c  15. 
Staple,   statutes  relating  to  the — 2  Edw. 

III.  c  9 ;  27  Edw.  III.  st  2 ;  28  Edw. 

III.  cc  14,  15  ;  43  Edw.  III.  c.  I  ; 
15  Ric  II.  c.  9  ;  2  Hen.  VI.  c,  4  ; 
15  Hen.  VI.  c  8. 

Star-chambeTy  the  court  of,  established — 

3  Hen.  VII.  c.  i. 
Abolished — 16  Car.  I.  c.  10. 
Stock-brokers  restrained— 8  &  9  Gul.  III. 

c.  32. 
Strafford,  Earl  of,  attainted— 16  Car,  I. 

c.  38 ;  repealed,  14  Car.  II.  c.  29. 
Subsidies,    collectors    of,    restrained — 18 

Hen.  VI.  c  5. 
Succession  to  the  crown  regulated — 7  Hen. 

IV.  c  2 ;  26  Hen.  VIII.  c  2 ;  28  Hen. 
VIII.  c.  7 ;  35  Hen.  VIII.  c  I.  See 
also  Phftestant  succession. 

Suffragan    bishops,    appointment   of— 26 

Hen.  VIII.  c  14. 
Sumptuary  laws.     See  Apparel, 
Sunday,  statutes  for  proper  observance  of 

—27  Hen.  VI.  c  5 ;   I  Car,   I.  c  I ; 

3  Car.  I.  c  2 ;  29  Car.  II.  c  7. 
Superstitious  uses,  statute  against — 23  Hen. 

VIII.  c  la 
Supremacy,  the  Royal,  affirmed — 26  Hen. 

VIII.  c.  I ;  repealed,  I  &  2  PhiL  &  Mar. 

c  8 ;  aeain  amrmed,  I  Eliz.  c  I. 
Swans,  who  allowed  to  keep — 22  Edw. 

IV.  c.  6. 
Taking  their  eggs  prohibited — 1 1  Hen. 

VII.  c.  17. 

Templars,  lands  of  the,  given  to  the  Hos- 
pitallers—17  Edw.  II. 
Tenths  and  first-fruits,  to  be  paid  to  the 
crown — 26  Hen.  VIII.  c  3;  surren- 
dered by  2  &  3  Phil.  &  Mar.  c.  4 ;  re- 
claimed by  I  Eliz.  c.  4. 
Re-granted  for  the  augmentation  of 
poor  livings,  2  &  3  Ann.  c.  2a 


Terouenne,     See  Toumay. 

Thames,  conservancy  of  the— 4  Hen,  VIL 

c.  15. 
Tillage,  statutes  for  maintenance  and  in« 
crease  of— 4  Hen.  VII.  c.  19;  7  Hen. 
VIII.  c  I ;  27  Hen.  VIII.  cc  22,  28; 
5  Eliz.  c  2;  39  Eliz.  c.  2;  I  Jac  II.  c.  19. 
Timber,  preservation  of— i  EHz.  c  15. 
71/>4<tf,  payment  of— 27  Hen.  VIII.  c.  20; 
32  Hen.  VIII.  cc.  7,  22 ;   2  &  3  Edw. 
VI.  c  13  ;  7  &  8  GuL  III.  c.  6 ;  3  &  4 
Ann.  c.  16. 
Tourtuiments  regulated — Stat  temp,  in- 

cert.* 
Toumay  and  Terouenne,  ministration  of 
justice  in,   while  in  the  hands  of  the 
English— 5  Hen.  VIII.  c.  I. 
Tozons,  against  pulling  down  of— 6  Hen. 
VIII.  c.  5  ;  7  Hen.  VIII.  c,  I ;  39  Eliz. 
c.  I. 
Re-edifying   of  decayed  —  27    Hen. 
VIII.  c  I  ;  32  Hen.  VIII.  cc.  18, 
19  J  33  Hen,  VIII.  c.  36. 
Travellers,  at  what  ports  to  embark — 13 

Ric.  II.  st  I,  c.  20. 
Treason,  offences  adjudged — 25  Edw.  Ill, 
st  5,  c.  2. 
New  treasons  created — 21   Ric.    II. 
cc  3,  4;   26  Hen.  VIII.  c  13; 
1  Edw.  VI.  c  12  ;  5  &  6  Edw.  VI. 
c  II  ;   I  &  2  Phil.  &  Mar.  c.  10  ; 
I  Eliz.  c.  5  ;  13  Eliz.  c.  I ;  14  Eliz. 
c  2. 
New-made  treasons  abolished — i  Hen. 
IV.   c    10  ;    I   Edw.    VI.   c.   12 ; 
I  Mar.  st  I,  c  I. 
Trials  for,  and  for  misprision  of  treason^ 
regulated— 7  &  8  Gul.  III.  c  3. 
Treasonable  practices,    statute    against  — 

13  Car.  II.  c  I. 
Triennial  Parliaments,  provision  for  — 
16  Car.  I.  c  I ;  16  Car.  II.  c.  i  ;  6  &  7 
Gul.  &  Mar.  c.  2. 
Truces  and  safe  conducts,  observance  of— 
Magna  Charta;  14  Edw.  III.  st.  2, 
c.  5  ;  2  Hen.  V.  st  I,  c.  6 ;  4  Hen.  V. 
st  2,  c.  7 ;  15  Hen.  VI.  c.  3 ;  20  Hen. 
VI.  c  I ;   31  Hen.  VI.  c.  4 ;    14  Edw. 

IV.  c  4. 

Tunnage  and  poundage,  first  grant  of — 

12  Edw.  IV.  c  3. 
Tynedale,  repression  of  disorders  in — 2  Hen. 

V.  st  I,  c  5 ;  II  Hen.  VII.  c  9. 
Uniformity,   Acts  of-- 2  Sc  3  Edw.   VI. 

c   I ;   5  &  6  Edw.  VI.  c  i ;    i  Eliz. 
c  2 ;  14  Car.  II.  c  4. 
C/nion  with  Scotland,  preliminary  statutes 
— I  Jac  I.  c  2 ;  3  Jac.  I.  c  3  ;  4  Jac. 
I.  c.  I ;  22  Car.  II.  c  9 ;  I  Ann.  c  8. 
Act  of  Union — 6  Ann.  c.  n  ;  addi- 
tional provisions,  6  Ann.  cc  40,  51^ 
53,  78. 


«  Statutes,  vol.  L  p.  930. 


•6o6 


INDEX  OF  STATUTES. 


[no.  in. 


4/niversiiies,  poor  scholars  from,  T^la« 
tions  for — 12  Ric.  IL  c.  7;   22  Hen. 
VIII.  c  12. 
Unlawful  assemblies*     See  Rwts. 
Urban  VI,  ^  Pope,  recognition  of— 2  Ric 

U.  c.  7. 
UsurVj  laws  against — 15  Edw.  III.  St.  i, 
c.  4;   3  Hen.  VII,  c  7  ;    ii  Hen.  VII. 
c.  5 ;   37  Hen.  VIII.  c  9 ;   21  Jac.  I. 
c  17  ;  12  Car.  II.  c  13. 
Victuallers,  statutes  respecting — 6  Ric  II. 
St  I,  c.  9  ;  13  Ric.  II.  St.  I,  c.  8 ;  2&3 
Edw.  VI.  c  15. 
View  of  frankpledge.     See  Frankpledge. 
Visors^  the  wearing  of,  prohibited^ — 3  Hen. 

VIII.  c  9. 
Wa^es,  statutes  to  regulate  rates  of— 11 
Hen.  VII.  c  22 ;    repealed,  12  Hen. 
VII.  c  3 ;  I  Jac  L  c  6. 
Wales,  annexed  to  the  crown  of  England — 
12  Edw.  I.  cc.  I — 14. 
Trial  of  offences,  in  adjoining  English 

counties — 26  Hen.  VIII.  c.  6. 
English    laws   introduced — 27   Hen. 

VIII.  c  26. 
Division  into  shires— 27  Hen.  VIII. 

c  26 :  28  Hen.  VIII.  c  3. 
Ordinances  for— 34  &  35  Hen.  VIII. 
c  26  ;  power  to  alter  the  laws  given 
by  this  statute  relinquished  by  the 
king,  21  Jac  I.  c  la 
Divine  service  in  the  Welsh  tongue 

permitted — 5  Eliz.  c  28. 
Justices  for  circuits  in,  appointed — 

18  Eliz.  c  8. 
Court  of  the  Marches  abolished — i  Gul. 
&  Mar.  c  27.     See  also  Wdshmen. 
Warbeck,  Perkin,  and  his  adherents,  at- 
tainted—19  Hen.  VII.  c  34. 
Wards,  Court  of,  erected— 32  Hen.  VIII. 
c.  46  ;  regulated,  33  Hen.  VIIL  c  22  ; 
abolished,  12  Car.  II.  c  24. 
Weights  and  measures,  statutes  concerning 
—Stat  temp,  incert';  14  Edw.  III.  st  I, 
c.  12 ;  27  Edw.  III.  st  2,  c  10 ;  8  Hen. 

VI.  c  5  :    7  Hen.  VII.  c  3  ;    11  Hen. 

VII.  c  4 ;  12  Hen.  VII.  c  5  ;  16  Car.  I. 
c  19. 

.  Welsh,  service  in,  allowed— 5  Eliz,  c.  28. 
Welshmen^  statutes  in  restraint  of— 2  Hen. 


IV.  cc  II,  12,  16,  17,  19,  ao;  4  Hen. 

IV.  cc  26—34  ;   9  Hen.  IV.  cc  i — ^4 ; 

I  Hen.  V.  c  6 ;   2  Hen.  V.  st  2,  c  5  ; 

20  Hen.  VL  c  3 ;  25  Hen.  VL  c  I ;  26 

Hen.  VIII.  c  11. 
Westminster,  StatuUs  of— 13  Edw.  I. 
Wills,  statutes  of— 21  Hen.  VIIL  cc  4,  5 ; 

32  Hen.  VIII.  c  I ;  34  &  35  Hen.  VIIL 

C5. 
Wines,   prices  of,   regulated — 5  ^'C.  IL 
st  I,  c  4;  23  Hen.  VIII.  c  7;  28  Hen. 
VIIL  c  14 ;  7  Edw.  VL  c  5. 

Impoitation  of,  in  alien  ships,  forbid- 
den—I  Hen.  VIL  c  8 ;   4  Hen. 
VIL  c  10. 
Witcluraft,  penalties  on— 33  Hen.  VIIL 

c  8 ;  5  Eliz.  c  16  ;  I  Jac.  I.  c'  12. 
Wool,  exportation  prohibited — ii  Edw. 
IIL  c  I ;  6  Hen.  VIII.  c  12 ;  12  Car. 
II.  c  32  ;  14  Car.  IL  c  18  ;  7  &  8  GuL 
IIL  c  28 ;  9  Gul.  III.  c  40. 
Exportation  permitted  for  a  limited 
time— 31  Edw.  III.  st  1,  c  2 ;  36 
Edw.  IIL  c  II  ;   5  Ric  IL  st  2, 
c  2 ;  4  Edw.  IV.  c  I. 
Woollen  manufactures  r^ulated--^l  1  Hen. 
VIL  c  27;   5  Hen.  VIIL  c  4;  3*4 
Edw.  VI.  c  2  ;  I  Gul.  &  Mar.  c  32  ;  10 
Gul.  IIL  c  16;    II  GoL  IIL  c  13; 
9  Ann.  c.  32. 
Wreck,   what  adjudged,  and  what  not — 
3  Edw.  I.  c  4. 
Cognizance  of,  claim  of,  stealing  from 

— Stat  temp,  incert.* 
Preservation  ot  ships  and  goods  wrecked 
—13  Ann.  c  21. 
Yeomen,  apparel  o^  regulated— 37  Edw. 

IIL  c  9. 
York,  Edmund  of  Langley,  duke  of,  re* 
sumption  of  grants  to — 11  Hen.  VIL 
c  29. 

Heniy,  duke  of  (afterwards  Henrr 

VIII. ),  estates  granted  to— 1 1  Hen.  VIL 
c.  35 ;  those  grants  declared  void,  19  Hen. 
VII.  c  26. 

James,  doke  of  (afterwards  James  IL), 

provision  for— 1$  Car.  IL  c.  14;  18  & 
19  Car.  IL  c  II ;  22  &  23  Car.  IL  cc 
6,27. 


7  Statutes,  vol  i.  p.  aox. 


•  Ibid.,  pp.  234,  835,  837,  how 


No.  IV.    HIERARCHY  OF  THE  REFORMATION. 


The  very  numerous  changes  which 
<K:curred  among  the  rulers  of  the 
Church  in  the  brief  period  of  about 
fourteen  years,  from  the  death  of 
Henry  VIII.  to  the  fonnal  re-establish- 
ment of  Protestantism  by  the  filling 
up  of  the  vacant  sees  by  Queen  Eliza- 

Archbishops. 

Canterbufy. — Thomas    Cranmer,    conse- 
crated March  30,  1533 ;  deprived  Dec. 
1555  ;  burnt  March  21,  1550. 
Ranald  Pole,  consecrated  March  22, 

1556 ;  died  Nov.  18,  1558. 
Matthew  Parker,  consecrated  Dec.  17, 
1559;  died  May  17,  1575. 
Ytrk. — ^Robert  Holgate,   translated  from 
JLlandaff,  confirm^  Jan.  16,  1545  ;  de- 

? rived  March  23,  1554 ;  died  in  the 
'ower  before  Dec  4,  1556. 

Nicholas  Heath,  translated  from  Wor- 
cester, confirmed  by  the  pope  Tune 
21,  1555  ;  deprived  before  Feb.  3, 
1560 ;  died  at  Chobham  in  1579. 

"William  May,  elected  in  July,  1560 : 
died  Aug.  8,  1560,  before  conse- 
cration. 

Thomas  Young,  translated  from  St. 
David's,  confirmed  Feb.  25,  1561 ; 
died  June  26,  1568. 

Province  of  Canterbury.— Bishops. 

SL  Asaph. — Robert  Warton,   consecrated 
July  2,  1536  ;  translated  to  Hereford. 
Thomas   Goldwell,    consecrated    be- 
tween May  12,  I555»  and  Jan.  22, 
1556 ;  he  resigned  before  July  15, 
1559,   and  died    at    Rome    about 
1581. 
Richard  Davyes,  consecrated  Jan.  21, 
1560  ;  translated  to  St  David's. 
Bangor, — ^Arthur    Bulkeley,    consecrated 
Feb.  19,  1542  ;  died  March  14,  1553. 
William  Glyn,   consecrated  Sept.  8, 

1555;  died  May  21,  1558. 
Rowland   Meryck,   consecrated  Dec. 
21,  1559;  died  Jan.  24,  1566. 
Both  and  Ji^^//j.— William  Knight,  conse- 
crated May  29,   1541 ;    died  Sept.  29, 

1547. 

William  Barlow,  translated  from  St. 
David's,  Feb.  3,  1548 ;  resij;ned  in 
'553-  I^  ^559  he  was  appointed  to 
Chidiester. 


beth,  are  here  brought  into  one  view* 
The  dates  are  those  given,  from  public 
documents,  by  Mr.  (now  Sir  Thomas) 
Duffus  Hardy,  in  his  edition  of  the 
"Fasti  Ecclesiae  Anglicanae"  of  Le 
Neve,  and  by  the  Rev.  W.  Stubbs  in 
his  "  Registrum  Sacrum  Anglicanum." 

Gilbert  Bourne,  consecrated  April  i^ 
1554;  deprived ini559  ;  died  Sept. 
10,  1569. 
Gilbert  Berkeley,  consecrated  March 
24,  1560 ;  died  Nov.  2,  1581. 
Bristol, — Paul  Bushe,  consecrated  June  25, 
1542;  resigned  in  1554;  died  Oct.  IX» 
1558. 
John  Holyman,  consecrated  Nov.  18^ 

1554;  died  Dec.  20,  1558. 
Richard  Cheyney,  bishop  of  Glouces- 
ter,  held   Bristol   in  commendam^ 
from  April  29,  1562,  till  his  deaths 
April  25,  1579. 
Chichester,  —  George     Day,     consecrated 
May  6,  1543;   deprived  Oct.  10,   1551. 
John  Scory,  translated  from  Roches- 
ter, May  23, 1552;  deprived  in  1554. 
He  became  bishop  of  Hereford  in 
1559,  and  died  June  25,  1585. 
George  Day,  restored  in  1554;  died 

Aug.  II,  1556. 
John  Christopherson,  consecrated  Nov. 

21,  1557;  died  Dec.  1558. 
William  Barlow,  translated  from  Bath 
and  Wells,   Dec.   18,    1559;  died 
Dec  10,  1569. 
Coventry  and  Lichfield. — Richard  Samp- 
son,   translated    from  Chichester,    con- 
firmed March  9,  1543  ;   died  Sept.  25^ 

1554- 
Ralph  Bayne,   consecrated  Nov.  18, 
1554;  deprived  June,   I5S9 »  died 
Nov.  18,  1559. 
Thomas  Bentham,  consecrated  March 
24.  1560 ;  died  Feb.  21,  1579. 
St.  /?<n/ii^j.— William  Barlow,  consecrated 
June  II,  1536;  translated  to  Bath  and 
Wells. 
Robert  Ferrar,  consecrated  Sept  9, 
1548;  deprived   March  19,   1554; 
burnt  March  30,  1555. 
Henry  Morgan,  consecrated  April  I, 
1554  ;  deprived  about  Midsumner, 
1559  ;  died  Dec  23,  1559. 
Thomas  Young,  consecrated  Jan.  21^ 
1560;  translated  to  York. 


6o8 


HIERARCHY  OF  THE  REFORMATION. 


[no.  it. 


Ely. — Thomas  Goodrich,  consecrated  April 
21,  1534;  died  May  10,  IS54- 

Thomas  Thirlby,  translated  from  Nor- 
wich, Aug.  17,  1554 ;  deprived  in 
1559 ;  died  at  Lambeth,  Aug.  26, 
1570. 

Richard  Cox,   consecrated  Dec'  21, 
1559  ;  died  July  22,  1581. 
Exeter. — John  Voysey,  consecrated  Nov. 
6,  1519;  resigned  Aug.  14,  1551. 

Miles  Coverdale,  consecrated  Aug.  30, 
1551  ;  deprived  Sept.  28,  1553  J 
died  in  1568. 

John  Voysey,  restored  Sept  28, 1553 ; 
died  Oct.  23,  1554. 

James  Turberville,  consecrated  Sept. 
8,  1555;  deprived  in  1559;  died 
Nov.  I,  1559. 

William  Alley,  consecrated  July  14, 
1560;  died  April  16,  1570. 
Gloucester. — John  Wakeman,   consecrated 
Sept.  25,  1541 ;  died  Dec.  1549.         ^ 

John  Hooper,  consecrated  March  8, 
1551.     See  Worcester. 

James  Broks,  consecrated  April  I, 
1554;  died  Sept.  7,  1558. 

John  Bowsher,  named  as  bishop  in 
1558,  but  his  appointment  not  per- 
fected. 

Richard  Cheyney,  consecrated  April 
19,  1562;  died  April  25,  1579. 
Hereford.— ]^Vi  Skip,  consecrated  Nov. 
23*  1539  ;  died  March  30,  1552. 

John  Harley,  consecrated  May  26, 
'553 ;  deprived  March  19,  1554  ; 
died  1554. 

Robert  Warton,  translated  from  St. 
Asaph  in  1554 ;  died  Sept.  22, 
1558. 

Thomas  Reynolds  named  as  Bishop 
in  1558,  but  his  appointment  not 
perfected. 

Jonn  Scory  (formerly  bishop  of  Chi- 
chester) confirmed  Dec.  20,  1559  ; 
died  June  25,  1585. 
Lincoln. — John  Longland,  consecrated  May 
5,  1521  ;  died  May  7,  1547. 

Henry  Holbeacn,  translated  from  Ro- 
chester, confirmed  Aug.  20,  1547 ; 
died  Aug.  2,  1 551. 

John  Taylor,  consecrated  June  26, 
1552;  deprived  March  15,  1554; 
died  Dec.  1554. 

John  White,  consecrated  April  1, 1554 ; 
translated  to  Winchester. 

Thomas  Watson,  consecrated  Aug.  15, 
1557  ;  deprived  June  25, 1559 ;  died 
in  Wisbeach  castle  Sept.  1584. 


Nicholas  Bullingham,  consecrated  Jan. 
21,  1560 ;  translated  to  Worcester  ; 
died  April  18,  1576. 
LJandaff. — Anthony  Kitchin,  consecrated 

May  3,  1545  ;  died  Oct  31,  1565. 
London. — Edmund    Bonner,    consecrated 
April  4,  1540* ;  deprived  Oct.  I,  1549. 
Nicholas  Ridley,  translated  from  Ro- 
chester   April   I,    1550 ;    deprived 
Sept  1553 ;  burnt  Oct  16,  155$. 
Edmund   Bonner    restored.   Sept  5, 
»553;    displaced    May   30,   1559  j 
died  in  the  Marshalsea,   Sept  5» 
1569. 
Edmund  Grindal,  consecrated  Dec.  21, 
1559 ;  translated  to  York  in  1570, 
and  to  Canterbury  in  1576;  died 
July  6.  1583. 
Norwich. — ^William     Rugg,     consecrated 
June  IX,  1536  ;  resigned  Jan.  31, 1549; 
died  Sept.  21,  1550. 
Thomas    Thirlby  \    translated    from 
Westminster,  April  i,  1550 ;  trans- 
lated to  Ely. 
John  Hopton,   consecrated  Oct  28, 

1554 ;  died  about  Sept  1558. 

Richard  Cox,  elected  June  22, 1559  ; 

removed    before    consecration    to 

Ely. 

Oxford. — Robert    King,     appointed    (to 

Osney*)  Sept  i,  1542;   died  Dea  4, 

1557. 
Thomas  Goldwell,  bishop  of  St  Asaph, 
nominated,  but  the  appointment  not 
perfected**. 
Peterhorou^h. — ^John     Chambers,     conse- 
crated Oct  23,  1541 ;  died  Feb.  1556. 
David    Pole,    consecrated   Aug.    15, 
1557  ;  deprived  about  Midsummer, 
1559 ;  died  June,  1568. 
Edmund  Scambler,  consecrated  Feb. 
16,  1 561  ;  translated  to  Norwich  in 
1585  ;  died  May  7,  1594. 
Rochester. — Henry  Holbcach,  consecrated 
(as  suffragan  bishop  of  Bristol)  March 
24,  1538;  confirmed  to  Rochester  June 
9,  1544  ;  translated  to  Lincoln. 
Nicholas  Ridley,   consecrated    Sept 

25,  1547  ;  translated  to  London. 
John    Poynet,   consecrated  Jane  29, 

1550 ;  translated  to  Winchester. 
John    Scory,    consecrated   Aug.  30^ 

1551 ;  translated  to  Chichester. 
Maurice  Griffith,  consecrated  April  I,  . 

1554  ;  died  Nov.  20,  1558. 
Edmund  Gheast,  consecrated  March 
24,  1560;  translated  to  Salisbury; 
died  Feb.  28, 1577. 


•  The  we  of  Westminster  was  taken  out  of  that 
of  London,  by  letterspatent,  Dec.  17,  1540,  and 
was  held  by  Thomas  '^Tnirlby  until  its  suppression 
by  a  similar  instrliment,  Apnl  x,  \s^ 

^  He  was  consecrated  to  Westminster,  Dec.  xo, 
a54o. 


*  He  was  already  a  suffragan  bishop,  consecrated 
in  'Sa?* 

'  Tne  see  remained  vacant  upwards  of  nine  yean. 
Hugh  Curwen  (the  opponent  of  Peto,  and  after- 
wards archbishop  of  Dublin)  was  appointed  OcL  8, 
X567 ;  he  died  in  Oct.  1568. 


NO.   IV.] 


HIERARCHY  OF  THE   REFORMATION. 


609 


^isbury. — John  Salcote,  translated  from 
Bangor,  confirmed  Aug.  14,  1539  ;  died 
Oct  6, 1557 •. 
Francis  Mallet,  bishop  elect  Oct.  14, 

1558 ;  not  confirmed. 
John  Jewel,  consecrated  Jan.  21, 1560; 
died  Sept.  23,  1571. 
Winchester, — Stephen    Gardiner,     conse- 
crated Dec.  3,  1531  ;  deprived  in  1551. 
John    Poynet,   translated    from    Ro- 
chester, March  23,  1551  ;  withdrew 
"*  1553 ;  <^icd  ill  Germany,  August 

11.  1556. 

Stephen  Gardiner  restored,  July,  1553 ; 

died  Nov.  12,  1555. 
John  White,  translated  from  Lincoln, 

1556  ;  deprived  in  1559  ;  died  Jan. 

12,  1560. 

Robert  Home,  consecrated  Feb.  16, 
1 561 ;  died  June  i,  1580. 
Worcester, — Hugh   Latimer',   consecrated 
Sept    153s ;     resigned   July  1,    1539; 
burnt  Oct  16,  1555. 

John  Bell,  consecrated  August  17, 
1539;  resigned  Nov.  17,  1543 ;  died 
Aug.  II,  1556. 

Nicholas  Heath,  translated  from  Ro- 
chester, confirmed  Feb.  20,  1544; 
deprived  Oct  10,  1551. 

John  Hooper  (as  bishop  of -Worcester 
and  Gloucester)  appointed  May  20, 
1552  ;  deprived  in  1553  ;  burnt 
Feb.  9, 1555. 

Nicholas  Heath  restored;  translated 
to  York  in  1555. 

Richard  Pate  appointed  about  Feb. 
1555 '  ;  deprived  in  1559  ;  died 
abroad. 

Edwin  Sandes,  consecrated  Dec  21, 
1559  ;   translated    to    London    in 


1570,  and  to  York  in  1577;  died 
July  10,  1588. 

Province  of  York.— Bishops. 

Carlisle, — Robert    Aldridge,    consecrated 
Aug.  19,  1537 ;  died  March  5,  1556. 
Owen  Oglethorpe,  consecrated  Aug. 
15,  1557;  deprived  in  1559;  died 
Dec.  31,  1559. 
John  Best,  consecrated  March  2,  1561 ; 
died  May  22,  1570. 
Chester,  — John    Birde,    translated    from 
Bangor,   appointed   by  the  foundation 
charter  Aug.  4, 1 541 ;  deprived  in  1554; 
died  in  1556. 

George   Cotes,  consecrated   April  I, 
1554 ;  died  about  the  beginning  of 
Dec.  1555. 
Cuthbert  Scott,  appointed  about  April, 
1556**;  deprived  in  1560;  died  at 
Lou  vain. 
William  Downham,  consecrated  May 
4,  1 561  ;  died  Dec.  3,  1577. 
Durham. — Cuthbert  Tunstall,   translated 
from  London,   by  papal  bull,  Feb.  21, 
1530;  deprived  in  1551,   and  the  see 
suppressed  ;  restored  in  1554  ;  again  de- 
prived in  1559 ;  died  at  Lambeth,  Not. 
18,  1559. 
James  Pilkington,  consecrated  March 
2,  1561  ;  died  Jan.  23,  1576. 
Sodor  and  Man. — Thomas  Stanley,   con- 
secrated in  1530;  deprived  in  1545. 
Robert    Ferrar,    appomted  in  1545, 
but  probably  not  consecrated ;  ap- 
pointed to  St  David's  in  1548. 
Henry  Man,    consecrated    Feb.   14, 
1546 ;  died  Oct  19,  1556'. 


•  William  Pelo,  the  friar  who  rqiroached  Henry 
VT1I.  to  his  face  for  hb  conduct  in  the  matter  of 
the  divorce  of  Katharine  of  Araeon,  (see  a.d  153^,) 
was  appointed  by  the  Pope  bishop  of  Salisbury  in 
March,  1543,  on  the  death  of  Cardinal  Contarini, 
who  had  succeeded  Campeius,  deprived  by  act  of 
Parliament.  On  the  death  of  Salcote,  Peto  was 
named 'to  succeed  him,  but  died  before  consecra- 
tion. 

'  Latimer  is  too  closely  connected  with  the  afuurs 


of  the  time  to  be  omitted,  although  he  had  resigned 
his  see  before  the  death  of  Henry  VIII. 

f  He  had  been  appointed  by  the  Pope  in  Z54X  oa 
the  death  of  Cardinal  Ghinucci,  and  was  probably 
consecrated  abroad. 

^  The  date  of  his  consecration  is  not  known. 

*  On  his  death  Thomas  Stanley  became  bishop, 
but  whether  he  was  the  prelate  deprived  in  1545  la 
uncertaia. 


Rr 


No.  V.    HIERARCHY  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


The  fate  of  each  member  of  the 
hierarchy  from  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Civil  War  to  the  Restoration  is  here 
briefly  stated.     Some  particulars  con- 

Archbishops. 

Ctf/i/^^«ry.-r William  Laud;  long  im- 
prisoned ;  beheaded,  Jan.  lo,  1645. 

yiifrk.  — John  Williams ;  imprisoned  *  ; 
made  his  peace  by  espoasins^  the  parlia- 
mentary side  ^  ;  died  at  Glotnaeth,  Caer- 
narvonshire, March  2$,  165a 

Province  op  Canterbury.— Bishops. 

St.  Asaph, — ^John  Owen ;  imprisoned  ;  died 
Oct:  IS,  1651. 

Bangor. — William  Roberts  ;  restored  to 
his  see;  died  Aug.  12,  1665. 

Bath  and  ^ifiZr.— William  Pierce;  im- 
prisoned ;  restored  to  his  see  ;  died 
April,  167a 

j9wA?/.— Thomas  Westfield;  died  June 
25,  1644. 

Thomas  Howell ;  died  1646. 

Chichester, — Heniy  King ;  restpred  to  his 
see ;  died  Sept.  30,  1&9. 

St.  David's. — Roger  Mainwaring ;  died  at 
Caermarthen  July  i,  1653. 

Ely. — Matthew  Wren ;  long  imprisoned  ; 
restored  to  his  see  ;  died  April  24,  1667. 

Exeter. — Ralph  Brownrigg ;  died  Dec.  7, 
1659. 

Gloucester. — Godfrey  Goodman ;  impri- 
soned ;  died  a  Romanist,  Jan.  19,  1656. 

Hereford. — George  Coke ;  imprisoned ; 
died  at  Quedgeley,  Dec.  10,  1646. 

Lkhfidd. — Rol^rt  Wright;  imprisoned; 
died  Aug.  1643. 


ceming  the  treatment  of  several  of 
them  will  be  found  in  the  Notes  (pp. 
391—394),  under  the  head  of  **  Puritan 

Ascendancy." 

Accepted  Frewen ;  on  the  Restora- 
tion was  translated  to  York;  died 
March  28,  1664. 

Lincoln. — ^Thomas  Winnifie;  died  Sept. 
19,  1654. 

Uandaff. — Morgan  Owen;  imprisoned; 
died  March  4,  1645. 

London. — William  Juxon  ;  oft  the  Resto- 
ration was  translated  to  Canterbniy;  died 
June  4,  1663. 

Norwich.  —  Joseph  Hall  ;  imprisoned ; 
died  Sept.  8,  1056. 

Oxford. — Robert  Skinner  ;  imprisoned  ; 
restored  to  his  see ;  translated  to  Wor- 
cester, 1663  ;  died  June  14,  167a 

Peterborough. — John  Towers;  imprisoned; 
died  Jan.  10, 1649. 

Rochester. — John  Warner  ;  restored  to  his 
see ;  died  Oct.  14,  1666. 

Salishury. — Brian  Duppa;  on  the  Resto- 
ration was  translateid  to  Winchester; 
died  March  26,  1662. 

Winchester.— ^tXXsx  Curie;  died  in  1647. 

Worcester. — ^John  Prideaux ;  died  July  19, 
1650. 

Province  of  York.— Bishops. 

Carlisle.^imcs  Usher  (archbishop  o£ 
Armagh) ;  died  March  2 1,  1656. 

Chester. — ^John  Bridgman  ;  died  1652. 

Durham. — ^Thomas  Morton;  imprisoned; 
died  Sept  22,  1659. 

Sodor  and  Man. — ^Richard  Pair^  died 
1643. 


^  His  imprisonment  was  in  the  Tower,  alone 
with  the  other  protesting  bishops  (see  a.  0.1641) 
where,  as  one  of  their  number  (Bishop  Hall)  says, 
they  "  by  turns  preached  every  Lord's  Day  to  a 
large  auditory  of  citizens." 

^  For  this  discreditable  fact  we  have  the  un- 
exceptionable testimony  of  Whitelock,  who«  under 


the  date  of  July  a,  1646,  writes  : — "  Letters  tram. 
Major-gen.  Mitton  informed  the  readiness  and 
assistance  of  Bishop  Williams  to  promote  the  Par- 
liament's affairs,  and  particularly  for  the  reducing 
of  the  castle  of  Conway,  giving  his  advice,  and 
being  very  active  in  that  and  all  other  matten  for 
the  Parliament.'' 


No.  VI.    THE  SCOTTISH  HIERARCHY  EXPELLED  IN  1689. 


St.  Andrew* s^  {Archbishop) — Arthur  Ross, 
ibrroerly  bishop  of  Gla^ow  ;  died  June 

I3»  1704- 
Aberdeen. — George  Haliburton ;  died  Sept 

29,  1715. 
Brechin. — James  Drammond  ;  died  1695. 
Caithness. — Andrew  Wood  ;  died  1695. 
Duniblane. — Robert  Douglas  ;  died  Sept. 

22,  1 7 16. 
Dunkdd. — ^John  Hamilton  ;  became  a  mi- 
nister in  Edinburgh,  and  subdean  of  the 

chapel  royal. 
Edinburgh. — Alexander  Rose;  died  March 

20,  1720. 
Moray. — William  Hay;  died  March  17, 

1707. 


Orkney. — Andrew    Bruce;    died   March, 

1700. 
^wj.— James  Ramsay ;  died  Oct  22, 1696* 


Glasgow   (Archbishep)  — John   Fatosoa; 

died  Dec.  9,  1708. 
A r gyle. — See  vacant*. 
Ga/iinvay.— John  Gordon,  retired  to  King 

James  in  France ;  date  of  death  uncer- 

tain. 
The  Zr/^j.— Archibald  Graham;   date  of 

death  uncertain. 


^  Alexander  Monro  was  nominated  Oct  34,  x688,  but  he  did  not  obtain  poiViaoQ. 


Rr2 


INDEX. 


Abbot,  George,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  379. 

Robert,  bishop  of  Sa- 
lisbury, 379. 

Aberdeen,  sack  of,  429. 

Aberfraw,  kings  of,  42. 

Abhonrers,  the,  477. 

Abraham,  bishop  of  St. Da- 
vid's, 91. 

Abyngton,  Edward,  357. 

Acadia,  capture  of,  538. 

Acre,  siege  of,  128,  133. 

Adam,  a  justiciary,  93. 

Adda,  29. 

Addressers,  the,  477. 

Adela,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam I.,  86. 

Adelais  of  Louvain,  wife  of 
Henry  I.,  103,  106,  no. 
■         daughter  of  Louis 
VII.,  127. 

Adeliza,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam I.,  86. 

Adelulf,  first  bishop  of  Car- 
lisle, 107. 

Adelwald  of  Bemicia,  32, 

33- 

Adminius,  a  fugitive  Briton, 
II. 

Admonition  to  Parliament, 
a  Puritan  publication,  and 
its  Answers,  350. 

Adrian  IV.,  pope,  118, 123. 

Adwalton  moor,  battle  of, 
426. 

Aegelric,  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham, 88. 

Aegelwine,  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham, 90. 

iElfgive  :  see  Emma, 

AelSner,  an  abbot,  59. 

Aelfwald  of  East  Anglia, 
36. 

.^c,  son  of  Hengist,  22, 
28. 

Aghrim,  battle  of,  504. 

Aglncourt,  battle  of,  227. 

Agricola,  13,  14. 

■  Calphumius,    lieu- 

tenant in  Britain,  15. 

Aidan,  28,  31,  32. 

Aids,  feudal,  83;  levy  of, 
by  James  Ly  380. 


Aigueblanche,  Peter,  bishop 

of  Hereford,  158. 
Alaeddin,  a  Saracen,  100. 
Alan,   earl    of   Richmond, 

94. 
Alaric,  21. 
A  Lasco,  John,  320. 
Alban,  St.,  18. 
Alban's,  St. ,  battles  of,  239, 

242. 
Albany,  John,  duke  of,  254, 

255. 

Robert,    duke    of. 


207. 
Albemarle,  William  de  For- 

tibus,  earl  of,  147. 
George  Monk, 

duke  of,  467,  471,  472. 

Arnold    Joost 

van  Keppel,  earl  of,  495. 

Albinus   Clodius,    emperor 

in  Gaul,  1$. 
Alchemy    declared    felony, 

221. 
Alchred    of   Northumbria, 

36. 

Alcock,    John,    bishop    of 

Ely,  276. 
Aldbriht,  the  atheling,  35. 
Aldfrith    of    Northumbria, 

34,35- 
Aldgitha,    wife  of  Harold 

II.,  70. 

Aldred,  bishop  of  Worces- 
ter, 66,  67,  68  ;  becomes 
ardibishop  of  York,  71, 
87. 

Alen9on,  Francis,  duke  of : 
see  Anjou, 

Alexander  I.  of  Scotland, 
104,  106. 

II.  of  Scotland, 

142,  147,  150. 

III.   of  Scotland, 

I45»  154,  ISS.  170. 
• prince    of   Scot- 
land, 251. 

■  lord  of  the  Isles, 


233- 


•III.,   pope,    64, 
119,  124. 

IV.,   pope,    155, 

157. 


Alexander,  bishop  of  Lin* 

coin,  no. 
Alfenus  Senecio,  16. 
Alfgar,  brother  of  Harold 

II.,  97. 
Alford,  battle  of,  429. 
Alfred  the  Great,  reign  of, 

44—49. 
son  of   Ethelred  II., 

56,  60,  63. 
Alfwold    of   Northumbria, 

36,  37. 
Algiers,  attack  on,  381, 475. 
Algitha,  widow  of  Siferth, 

80,  61. 
Alicante,  capture  of,  533. 
Alice,  daughter  of  Humbert, 

count  ofSavoy,  136. 
Allectus,  the  usurper,  19. 
Allen,  John,  archbishop  of 

Dublin,  299. 
William,  336;  his  Ad- 
monition, 359. 

a  Jesuit,  352,  353. 

Alleyn,  Henry,  41 1. 

All  Souls'  College,  Oxford, 

foundation  of,  236. 
Almanza,  battle  of,  535. 
Almenara,  battle  of,  538. 
Almeric  of  Pavia,  193,  194. 
Alphonso,  son  of  Edward 

I.,  166. 
brother    of    the 

king  of  France,  151. 

IV.    of  CastUe, 


154. 
a  Spanish  friar, 

33' • 
Alric  the  cook,  94. 
Alva,  Ferdinand  Alvarez  de 

Toledo,  347- 
Alveva,  mother  of  Edwin 

and  Morcar,  94. 
Alypius,   vicar  in  Britain, 

20. 
Amboise,     pacification    o^ 

344* 
Amboyna,  373,  381,  450- 
Ambrosius,  22. 
Anabaptists,  305,  306,  32a 
Anarawd,  42,  51. 
Anastasius  III.,  pope,  50. 
Ancalites,  a  British  tribe,  lo. 


6i4 


INDEX. 


Ancillse,  of  the  Domesday 

Book,  95. 
Anderson,  a  seminary  priest, 

366. 
Anderton,  William,  510. 
Andreds-cester,  28. 
Andrews,  St.,  foundation  of 

the  University,  223. 

■  Sir  Matthew,  503. 
"eriff, 


-Thomas,  a sheri 


358. 

Anglesey  occupied  by  the 
Normans,  98 ;  recoveied 
by  the  WeUJi,  ib,  ;  re- 
occupied  by  the  Nor- 
mans, icx> ;  ravaged  by 
Magnus  III.  of  Norway, 

lOI. 

James  Annedey, 
earl  of,  484. 
Anglo-Danes,  the,  47. 
Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle,  i, 

79. 

-^  hierarchy,  78. 

laws  and  go- 
vernment, 72. 

Anjou,   Francis,   duke   of, 

338,  353.  354- 
Geoffrey  of,  brother 

of  Henry  II.,  118. 
Philip,     duke     of, 

521. 
Aniaf  Cuarao,  53,  54,  S5, 

56. 

—  king  of  Norway,  57. 

son  of  Godfrey,  53. 

the    White,    39,    42, 

43»  44,  45. 

Tr^gveson,  37. 

Anna,  of  East  Anglia,  32. 
Annapolis,    foimdation   o( 

538. 
Anne  (Boleyn),    queen    of 
Henry  VIIL,  284,  296, 
301. 

—  queen  of  James  I.,  370. 
queen  of  Richard  III., 

234,  253,  261,  264. 
queen,  reign  of,  524 — 

542.  • 
of  Bohemia,  wife   of 

Richaitl  II.,  201. 

—  of  Cleves,  queen  of 
Henry  VIIL,  284,  306, 

325- 

daughter  of  Richard, 

duke  of  York,  245. 

daughter  of  Edward 

IV.,  24«. 

daughter  of  Charles  I., 

395- 

—  daughter  of  James  IL, 
484,  490,  502,  523 :  see 
Anne,  quetn, 

Anselm,  archbishop  of  Can* 


terbury,  97,  98,  100,  103, 
104. 

-  son  of  William  Mar- 


shal, 152 

Anstruther,  Mr.,  451. 

Antigone,  natural  daughter 
of  Humphrey,  duke  of 
Gloucester,  215. 

Antioch,  capture  of,  loa 

Antoninus,  emperor,  14, 15. 

Antonio,  heir  to  the  crown 
of  Portugal,  5S2,  361- 

Antrim,  Randal  McDonald, 
earl  of,  428. 

Antwerp,  defence  of,  354. 

Apollinaris,  Sidonius,  his 
account  of  the  Saxons,  26. 

Apprentices,  barbarous  con- 
demnation of  some  Ixm- 
don,  364. 

Arbofi^tes,  21. 

Arcaaius,  the  emperor,  21. 

Archseologia,  list  of  histo- 
rical papers  in  the,  576. 

Archs^logical  Journal,  list 
of  historical  papers  in 
the,  577. 

Archdale,  John,  a  quaker, 
520. 

Archil,  94. 

Arden,  Edward,  354. 

Argyle,  Archibald  Camp- 
bell, earl  and  marquis  of, 
428,  462. 

Archibald      Camp- 


beU,  earl  of,  478,  486. 
John       Campbell, 


duke  of,  538. 
Ariminium,  council  of,  2a 
Aristobulus,  8,  12. 
Aristotle,  his  notice  of  the 

Cassiterides,  2. 
Aries,  council  of,  19. 
Arlington,  Henry  Bennett, 

lord,  472. 
Armada,  the  Spanish,  358. 
Armagh,  plunder  of,  51. 

Narcissus      Marsh, 


archbishop  of,  542. 
Armagnacs,  faction  of  the, 

228. 
Armorica,  32. 
Armstrong,     Sir   Thomas, 

480. 
Arnold,  Sir  Nicholas,  327. 
Arran,    James    Hamilton, 

earl  of,  308. 
James  Stuart,   earl 

of,  352,  353,  356. 
Arra%  congress  at,  235. 
Arsouf,  battle  of,  130. 
Arteveldt,  Jacob  van,  193. 
Arthington,  a  Puritan,  361. 
Arthur,  King,  his  presumed 

era,  29. 


Arthur,  son  of  Geoffrey  and 
Constance  of  Bretagne, 
116,  132,  137,  138. 

of  r 


•  son  of  Hemy  VII., 
271,  277,  278. 
Articles   of  Religion,    the 
Forty-two,  32a 

the 


of 


Thirty-nine,  345,  341 
Articles  of  the  Chore 

Ireland,  408. 
Arundel,  William,  earl  of, 

141. 
— —  Henry  Fitzalan, 

«rl  of,  325,  338. 
— — ^   John     Fitzalan, 

earl  of,  158. 

Richard     Fitz- 


Alan,  earl  of,  202. 

Philip   Howard, 


earl  of,  356. 

.  Thomas  Howard, 


earl  of,  397,  416, 
Th< 


lomas,  ardibi- 
shop  of  Canterbury,  20S, 
210,  217. 

Humphrey,      a 


leader  of  the  Conush  in- 
surgents, 318. 

Sir  Thomas,  32a 

Lord,  47^  48a 


Arviragns,  14. 

Asaph,  St,  early  founda- 
tion of  the  see  of,  8. 

Ascham,  an  envoy,  444. 

Ascough,  William,  bishop 
of  Salisbury,  238. 

Ashdown,  Berks.,  battle  of, 
44. 

Ashley,  Lord:  see-Si^i^r- 
hury, 

Ashton,  Mr.,  504. 

Aske,  Robert,  302,  303. 

Assassination     Plot,     the, 

Asser,  46. 

Assingdon,  battle  of,  61. 

Associated    counties,    the, 

425. 

Association  for  the  protec- 
tion of  Elizabeth,  355; 
for  the  protection  of  Wil- 
liam III.,  516. 

Astwode,  Thomas,  28a 

Atheling,  meaning  o^  35. 

Athelney,  the  monastery  of, 
founded,  48. 

Athelstan,  reign  of,  52,  53. 

brother  of  Ethel- 

wulf,  41,  42. 

Athelswith,  sister  of  Alfred, 
42,  48. 

Athenree,  battle  of,  184. 

Athlone,  capture  of,  504. 

Athol,  the  earl  o(  176* 


INDEX. 


615 


Atrebiitesy  a  Bxitiah  trlie, 
5,9.        ^    ,.,    ^ 

Attainder,    without    tnal, 

under  Henry  VIL,  274  ; 

under  Henry  VIIL,  305  ; 

under  William  UL,  517. 
-^— —   proceeding    by, 

witlMMit  trial,  forUddeDy 

Atterbury,  Francis,  bishop 

of  Rochester,  529. 
Anbin,  St.»  battle  o^  274. 
Andley,  Junes,  lord,  276. 
Sir  Tbomas^  loid 

keeper,  296. 
Anfrica,  heiress  of  the  Isle 

of  Man,  193. 
Augmentations,    conit    of, 

established,  301. 
Au^sbuxg^  the  leagpie  ol^ 

w. 

Augustine,  3a 
Anfi[ustus,  10^  II. 
Auldearn,  battle  at,  429. 
Anlns  DkUns,  12. 

Platorius  Nepo^  14. 

Plautius,  II. 

Anrdian,  emperor,  !& 
Austen,    Coloael    Robert, 

503. 
Auveranerqne,  Henry  Nas- 
sau d',  496. 
Avenues,  James  of^  13a 
Axholme,  isle  of,  123, 
Aylesboiy,  Thomas  Bmce^ 

earl  of,  514. 

Aylmer,  Sir  Lawrence,  27& 

Aymar,    half  -  brother    of 

Henry  UL,  152, 153, 154. 

Ayscue,  an  admiral,  446, 

Azores,  fruitless  expedition 
to  the,  364. 

Sabjrngton's      oon^niBcy, 

357. 
Baccancelde,  council  of^  35. 
Bacon,    Sir  Frauds,  372, 

381. 

Sir  Nicholas,  341, 

342. 

Badajoz,  siege  of,  $33- 
Badby,  Thomas,  a  LoUaid, 

223. 
Badlesmere,  lord,  185. 
Baldock,  Ralph,  bishop  of 

London,  182. 

Robert,  lord  chan- 
cellor, 186. 

Baldred  of  Kent,  4a 
Baldwin  IV.,  king  of  Jeru- 
salem, 124. 
v.,  king  of  Jeru- 
salem, 124. 


Baldwin  V.,  count  of  Flan- 
ders, 63,  69. 

son   of  Stephen, 


10& 


-  a  Norman,  87. 


Baldwin's  Castle,  88, 98, 99. 
Bale,  John,  bishop  of  Os- 

«wy,  3i9»  3^^ 
Bales,  Christopher,  a  pdest, 

Balfour,  Sir  William,  416. 

Balliol,  £dward,  191,  193, 

195. 

John,  15s,  158. 

John,    king,     172, 

173,  174- 

Bamboroug^CsBdc^99, 183. 

Bancroft,    Richard,     arch- 
bishop   of    Canterbury, 

373- 
Ba^or,  early  foundation  of 

theseeo(& 
Bank  of  England,  anpn  of 

the,  512. 
Bannatyne  Club^  historical 

publications  of  the,  577. 
Bannockbam,  battle  o^  183. 
Bantiy  bay,  battle  in,  50a 
Barbadoes,  446^  451. 
Barbary  States,  378,  40G. 
Barcelona,  capture  o^  533, 

541. 
Barclay,  Sir  George,  517. 
Bardolf,  Thomas,  lord,  222. 
Barebones  Parliaunent,  449. 
Barfaam  down,  camp   on, 

159- 
Bamardiston,   Sir  Samuel, 

480,  S03. 
Bame,  George^  lord  mayor, 

325- 

Bamet,  battle  of,  252. 

Bamewell,  Robert,  357. 

Baronets,    order   o^    esta- 
blished, 379. 

Barrow,  Henry,  362. 

Barry,  lord,  275, 

Bartholomew     Confessors, 

463. 
llassacie,  the, 

350- 
Barton,    Elizabeth,    styled 
the  Holy  Maid  of  IGmt, 

300- 
Bartons,  the,  Scottish  naval 

adventurers,  278,  287. 
Bastwick,  Robert,  409, 410. 
— —  Susanna,  415. 
Bates,  Charles,  512. 
—  Thomas,  a  gunpowder 

plotter,  374,  377. 
Bath,  a  Roman  colony,  6 ; 

made  a  bishop's  see,  91 ; 

capture  of,  4^. 
Battle    Abbey,   foundation 


of,  82,  87 ;  the  Ron  of, 

82. 
Baug^  battle  o^  229. 
Baxter,  Ridiard,  462,  486. 
Bayneham,    Sir    Edmund. 

366. 
Beadiy  Head,  battleof,5o3. 
B^am,  Gaston  de,  155. 
Beaton,  Cardinal,  3c3^3lo. 
Beatrice,  dauditer  of  Hexny 

in.,  145. 

Beauchamp  Tower,  the,3il. 

Beaufort,  Henry,  rarHinal^ 
215,  230,  233,  235.  237. 

Beauforts,  the,  212. 

Beanlieu  Abbey,  142,  277, 
306. 

Beaumont,  John  de^  186. 

Beck,  Anthony,  bishop  of 
Duriiam,  179. 

BedLCt,  Thomas,  chancel- 
lor, 119;  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,     119^     120^ 

122,  147,  30s. 

Bedc,  I,  28,  35. 

Bedford,  John,  duke  oC  215^ 

232,235. 
Jacquetta,  duchess 

ot,  215,  225. 

-  Jasper  Tudor,  duke 


of,  22s,  269. 

-  George,  duke  of^  soa 


ofEdwardlV.,  248. 

George      Neville, 


duke  of^  240. 

-John   Russell,  earL 


Heniy, 


of,  318. 
William     RnsseD, 

earl  of,  423. 
Bedingfield,     Sir 

329,  335- 
Bedloe,  476. 
Beggsurs,   merciless   statute 

against,  350. 
Belasyze,  lord,  476,  48a 
Belesme,   Robert,    carl   of 

Shrewsbury,  104,  105. 
Belgse,  a  British  tribe,  5. 
Belknap,  Robert,  a  judge,-. 

207,  208. 
Bellamy,  Elizabeth,  Jerome,-. 

Katherine,  357. 
Bdlarmine,  CnnlinaT,  377. 
Bellingham,    Sir    Edward,. 

319- 
Benbow,  Commodore  John,. 

511,  523,  528. 
Boiedict  Biscop,  34. 
Benevolences,  253, 263, 264,. 

274,380- 
Benson,  Samuel,  505. 
Bentinck  :  see  Portlands 
Beorht,  35. 

Beorhtwulf  ofMeicia94i9  4a* 
Beom,  65. 


6i6 


INDEX. 


Beomred,  the  usurper,  36. 

Beomwulf  of  Mercia,  40. 

Berengaria,  queen  of  Ri- 
chard  I.,  127,  129. 

daughter  of  Ed- 
ward I.,  1 6a 

Berhtwald,  archbishop,  35. 

Bericus,  a  British  fugitive, 
II. 

Berkeley,  Sir  Maurice,  328. 

Berkley,  Sir  Robert,  a 
judge,  416. 

Berknolles,  Roger,  89. 

Bermudas,  resort  of  Puri- 
tans to,  408. 

Bernard,  bishop  of  Bayonne, 
128. 

of  Clairvaux,  ill. 

the  falconer,  94. 

Bemardi,  John,  516. 

Bemicia,  kingdom  of,  27. 

Bertha,  queen  of  Ethelbert, 

30- 
Berwick,   capture  of,  191 ; 

surrendered    by     Henry 

VI.  to  the  Scots,  250; 

recaptured    by     Richard 

duke  of  Gloucester,  255  ; 

privileges  granted,  ib, 
James,   duke  of, 

natural  son  of  James  II., 

484,  503,  534,  535. 
Bible,  in  English,  set  up  in 
each    church,    305 ;    the 
Geneva,  its  peculiarities, 
344 ;    new     translation, 

351- 
Bibroci,  a  British  tribe,  10. 
Biddle,  John,  451. 
Bieda,  29. 
Bimg,  what,  304. 
Bifort,  Lewis,  a  bishop,  221. 
Bigod,    Roger,    earl    mar- 
shal, 152. 
Bigot,  Sir  Francis,  303. 
Bingham,  Sir  Richard,  356. 
Birchall,  Thomas,  329. 
Birinus,  31. 
Biron,  Sir  John,  424. 
Biscop,  Benedict,  34. 
Bishoprics,     foundation    of 

six  new,  298. 
Bishops,  twelve,  sent  to  the 

Tower,  420;   seven  sent 

there,  489. 
Bishops'  Book,  the,  299. 
Blackbume,    Nicholas,    an 

admiral,  217. 
Blackheath,  battle  of,  276. 
Black    mail,    payment    of, 

prohibited,  366. 
Black    mm.  Black  money. 

Black  rent,  what,  304. 
Blackwater,  battle  of,  365. 
Blair,  Brice,  516. 


Blake,  Robert,  428. 

Thomas,  charged  with 

magic,  254. 
Blanche,   daughter  of  Ed- 
ward III.,  189. 
■  daughter  of  Henry 

IV.,  215. 
— ^—  wife    of  John    of 

Gaunt,  189. 
Blenheim,  battle  of,  531. 
Blethgent,  brother  of  Griffin, 

68. 
Blethin    of   North  Wales, 

51.90. 
Bloet,   Robert,    bishop    of 

Lincoln,  106. 
Blois,  Stephen  of,  86. 
Stephen  of,  son  of  the 

above:  stt Stephen, king. 
Blome,  John,  8. 
Blood,  Colonel,  473. 
Bloreheath,  battle  of,  241. 
Blount,  Sir  Thomas,  218. 
Bluet,  Walter,  280. 
Blunt,      Sir     Christopher, 

366. 
Boadicea :  see  Boudkea, 
Bodley,  an  admiral,  449. 
Bohun,  Humphrey  de,  earls 

of  Hereford  and  Essex, 

174,  185. 

Mary  de,  215. 

Boleyn,   Aime,    284,    296, 

301. 
Bolingbroke,     Henry     St 

John,  viscount,  530,  536, 

537.  539. 

■Robert,  apnest. 


237. 

Bolland,  Jean,  585. 

Bombay,  acquisition  of, 
466  ;  granted  to  the  East 
India  Company,  473. 

Boniface  VIII.,  pope,  174. 

IX.,  pope,  209. 

of  Savoy,  archbishop 


of  Canterbury,  150. 

Bonner,  Edmund,  bishop  of 
London,  295,  316,  317, 
318,  327,  330,  333,  346. 

Book  of  Sports,  King 
James's,  381  ;  statute  di- 
rected against  it,  396. 

Books  set  forth  by  Henry 
VIIL,  299. 

Booth,  Sir  George,  454. 

Bora,  Catherine,  292. 

Boroughbridgc,  battle  of, 
185. 

Bosworth,  battle  of,  264. 

Bote,  what,  78. 

Bothwell-bridge,  battle  of, 
477. 

Bothwell,  James  Hepburn, 
earl  of,  346. 


Bothwell,    John    Ramsay, 
lord,  274. 

Patrick  HepbuxD, 


earl  of,  274. 
Boudicea,  12. 
Boufflers,  Marshal,  47a 
Boulogne,   309,   310,   318, 

319. 
Bouquet,  Dom  Martin,  585. 
BourDon,  Charles,  duke  of^ 

291. 
Bourchier,  Sir  Robert,  192. 
Thomas,     arch- 


bishop of  Canterbury,  25a 
■  Elizabeth,  mfe  of 


Cromwell,  440. 
Bourn,   Bonner's  chaplain, 
326. 

an  admiral,  448. 


Bouvines,  battle  of,  140. 
Bowes,  Sir  George,  347. 
Sir  Robert,  307. 


Boyd,  lord,  and  his  brother 
Alexander,  251,  252. 

Boyle,  Mr.,  468. 

Boyne,  battle  of  the,  503. 

Bradford,  John,  a  martyr, 
326,  331. 

Bradshaw,  John,  a  r^dde, 

437.  438,  443. 
Braiose,  Philip,  104. 
Brakenbury,    Sir    Robert, 

260. 
Bramhall,  John,  bishop  of 

Deny,  462. 
Bramham  moor,  battle  of, 

223. 
Bran,  father  of  Caractacus, 

12. 
Brandon,  Charles,  duke  of 

Suflfolk,  287,  291. 

Thomas,  264, 265. 


Braose,  William  de,  139. 
Braybroke,  Henry  de^  146, 

148. 
Breaute,  Fulk  de,  141,  142, 

148. 

WiUiam  de,  14& 


Breda,  dedatationfrom,  359. 

Brehon  law,  upheld  by  the 
Anglo-Irish  lords,  304. 

Brembre,  SirNichola^  206, 
207. 

Brentford,  battle  at,  425. 

Brereton,  William,  301. 

Brett,  Alexander,  328. 

Bretwaldas,  the,  28. 

Brian,  Sir  Edward,  296. 

Bridges,  Simon,  535. 

Bridget,  daughter  of  Ed- 
ward IV.,  248. 

daughter  of  Oliver 

Cromwell,  440. 

Bridgewater,  capture  of^ 
429. 


INDEX. 


617 


Brien  Boru,  of  Mnnster,  57, 
60. 

Brigantes,  a  British  tribe, 
5»  12,  15. 

Brihtnoth,  the  ealdorman, 
56. 

Brihaega,  battle  of,  538. 

Bristol,  see  of,  founded,  298. 

capture  of,  429. 

John  Digby,  earl  of, 

382,  397. 

Britain  described,  i ;  legend 
of  its  first  peopling,  ib. ; 
classical  notices  of,  2  ; 
strange  fable  of  Proco- 
pius,  23. 

Bntannia  Prima,  4,  27. 

Secunda,  5,  27. 

Britannicus,  title  assumed 
by  Claudius,  1 1 ;  by  Corn- 
modus,  15  ;  by  Severus, 
16. 

Britanny,  Arthur  of,  227. 

Brithric  of  Wessex,  37,  39. 

British  Church,  the,  pro- 
bably founded  by  St  Paul, 
8  ;  story  of  King  Lucius, 
15  ;  the  Diocletian  per- 
secution, 19  ;  the  Welsh 
sees,  8. 

Brito,  Richard,  122. 

Britons,  the,  incorrectly  de- 
scribed by  Caesar,  2 ; 
other  descriptions,  3,  4. 

Broc,  Ranulf  and  Robert 
de,  122. 

Brocas,  Sir  Bernard,  218. 

Brocmail,  30. 

Broghill,  lord,  455. 

Bromley,  Sir  Thomas,  lord 
chancellor,  357,  358. 

Mr.,       chosen 

Speaker,  538. 

Bronholme,  a  priest,  306. 
£rooke,  George,  372. 
Brookesby,     Bartholomew, 

372. 

Brown,  Thomas,  505. 

Browne,  Sir  George,  an  in- 
surgent, 263. 

George,  archbishop 

of  Dublin,  319,  326. 

■  Robert,   a   sectary, 
354. 

£rowmsts,  or  Barrowists, 
362. 

Bruce,  Alexander,  176. 

Edward,  183,  184. 

Nigel,  176. 

Robert,  158. 

—  Robert,  earl  of  Annan- 
dale,  171,  174. 

Robert,    son    of  the 

above,  174,  I7S- 

—  Robert,  grandson,  1 75, 


176:  see    Robert   1.    of 

Scotland, 
Bruce,  Thomas,  176. 
Brunanburg,  battle  of,  52, 
Buccaneers,  the,  406. 
Bucer,  Martin,  317. 
Buchan,  the  countess  of,  176. 
Buckhurst,  lord,  366. 
Buckingham,   earl  of:  see 

Thomas  of  Woodstock, 

Edmund   Staf- 


ford, earl  of,  221. 

-Humphrey  Staf- 


ford, earl  and  duke  o(  238. 
-  Henry  Stafford, 


duke  of,  248,  257,  263. 
•  Henry,  his  son, 


291. 


-  George  Villiers, 
duke  of,  370,   382,  397, 

399. 

-  George,  his  son, 


John  Sheffield, 


472. 

Tol 

duke  of,  4B4. 

Buckingham  Collie,  Cam- 
bridge, foundation  of,  291. 

Buckinghamshire,  freehold- 
ers, their  resort  to  the 
king  (Charles  I.)>  421. 

Bueles,  William  de,  152. 

Bulmer,  Sir  John,  303. 

Bunduica  :  see  Boudicea, 

Burchet,  Peter,  350. 

Burdett,  Thomas,  254. 

Bures,  of  the  Domesday 
Book,  94. 

Burgesses  mentioned  in  the 
Domesday  Book,  their 
condition,  94. 

Buigh  castle,  5. 

Hubert  de,  141,144, 


a  judge,  207,  208. 

Burghersh,   Henry,   bishop 

of  Lincoln,  186. 
Burghley,   William    Cecil, 

lord,  335,  341. 
Burgred  of  Mercia,  42,  45. 
Burgundy,  John  sans  Peur, 

duke  of,  222,  229. 

Philip  the  Good, 


Butler,  Lady  Eleanor,  248. 
Sir  Pierce,  291. 


duke  of,  229,  235. 

Philip,  duke  of, 


276,  278. 
Burley,  Sir  Simon,  206,  207. 
Captam,  433, 


Bumell,  Robert,  chancel- 
lor, 167. 

Burnet,  Gilbert,  bishop  of 
Salisbury,  477,  492,  532. 

Burntisland,  attack  on,  471. 

Burton,  Henry,  409. 

Bury,  an  insurgent,  318. 

Bushbridge,  John,  307. 


BycrahCf  what,  304. 
Byng,  Sir  George,  535. 

Cade,  John,  238. 

Cadel,  42,  49. 

Cadiz  captured  by  the  Eng- 
lish and  Dutch,  364; 
fruitless  expeditions  a- 
gainst,  397,  528. 

Cadwalader,  a  British  chiefs 

31. 

brotherofOwen 


Gwynneth,  118. 
Caerleon,  a  Roman  colony, 

6  ;  an  early  British  see,  8. 
Caesar,  Julius,  i,  3,  9,  10. 
Caius  Volusenus,  9. 
Calais    taken   by    Edward 

in.,  193  ;  capture  of,  by 

the  duke  of  Guise,  333 ; 

taken  by  the   Spaniards, 

364. 

Calamy,  Edmund,  464. 

Caligula,  the  emperor,  1 1. 

Calixtus,  pope,  105. 

Calphiimius  Agricola,  15. 

Cambray,  peace  of,  294; 
conferences  at,  334. 

Cambridge,  said  to  be  a 
Roman  colony,  6 ;  Puri- 
tan  visitation  of  the  Uni- 
versity, 431. 

Richard,    earl 


of,  227. 
Cambuskenneth,  battle  o^ 

'74- 

Camden,  William,  585. 

■  Society,     lustorical 
publications  of  the,  579. 

Cameleac,  bishop  of  Llan- 
daff,  45,  51. 

Cameron,  Richard,  a  rebel, 
478. 

Campbell  of  Glenlyon,  509. 

Campegius,  Laurence,  car- 
dinal, 290,  293. 

Campion,  Edward,  337, 352, 

353- 
Camville,  Richard  de,  128, 

129. 
Canada,  expedition  against, 

538. 

Cangii,  a  British  tribe,  12. 

Cannc,  what,  304. 

Canons  of  1604,  373. 

Scottish,    of  1637, 

412. 

of  1640,  414,  415. 

Canterbury,  a  stipendiary 
town,  6 ;  desecration  of 
the  cathedral,  390. 

and  York  con- 
test the  primacy,  89. 


6i8 


INDEX. 


Ciuitii,  a  British  tribe,  5. 
Canute,  son  of  Swevn,  reign 

of,  60-63. 
^—  II.,    of  Denmark, 

91,  92. 
Capel,  lord,  443. 
Henry,  lord,  lord-de- 

pnty  of  Ireland,  515* 

—  Sir  William,  278. 
Caracalla,  son  of  Sereius, 

16,  17. 

Caractacns,  king  of  the  Si- 
lures,  12. 

Caradoc  of  Llancanran,  29. 

son  of  Griffin,  68. 

lord  of  Moxganwg, 

88. 

■  Owen  ap,  105. 

Carausius,  18,  19. 

Carbry  Riada,  I,  27. 

Cardinal  CoU^e,  Oxford, 
310. 

Cardonel,  536,  539. 

Carew,  Sir  Nicholas,  305. 

Sir  Peter,  327. 

a  regicide,  461. 

Cargill,  a  rebel,  478. 

Carinas,  emperor,  18. 

Carisbrooke  castle,  Cfaaries 
I.  imprisoned  at,  434. 

Carlaverock,  siege  o(  174, 

177. 
Carlisle,  a  Latian  dty,  6; 
capture  of,  429. 

—  the  see  of,  founded, 
107. 

CaiT,  Robert,  37a 

Carter,  William,  a  printer, 
354. 

O^&agena,  capture  of,  533. 

Carthusians  executed  for 
denying  the  king's  su- 
premacy, 300. 

Cartwright,  Thomas,  348. 

Thomas,  bishop 

of  Chester,  482. 

Carus,  emperor,  18L 

Case,  Thomas,  392. 

Cassi,  a  British  tribe,  10. 

Cassilis,  John  Kennedy, 
earl  of,  453. 

Cassiterides  (Scilly  Isles), 
mention  of,  in  classical 
writers,  2,  3. 

Cassivellaunus  (or  Casso- 
laulus),  9,  10. 

CasUemaine,  Robert  Pal- 
mer, lord,  477,  500,  502. 

Catesby,  Robert,  366,  374, 
375.  376. 

William,  26a 

Catherine,  daughter  of 
Henry  III.,  145. 

daughter  of  John 


of  Gaunt,  189. 


Catherine  Hall,  Cambridge, 

founded,  253. 
Catus  Dedanos,  the  procu- 
rator, 12. 
Catyeuchlani,      a     British 

tribe,  5. 
Cautionary  towns,    in   the 

Netherlands,    356,    373, 

380. 
Cavaliers  and  Roundheads, 

rise  of  the  appellations, 

420. 
Caxton,  WilKam,  S5a 
Ceadwalla,  34. 
Ceawlln    (Bretwalda),    29, 

30- 

Cecil,  William,  320,  341  : 
see  Burghley, 

Cecilia,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam I.,  86. 

Celestine  III.,  pope,  132. 

Cenim^[ni,  a  British  tribe, 
la 

Cenred  of  Northumbria,  35. 

Centwine  of  Wessex,  34. 

Cenwalch  of  Wessex,  32, 

33- 
Cenwulf  of  Merda,  40. 
Ceol,  brother  of  Ceawlin, 

30. 
Ceolred  of  Merda,  35. 
Ceolwulf  of  Merda,  40. 
— ' usurper  in  Merda, 

45- 

of  Northumbria, 


35,  36. 


of  Wessex,  3a 


Cerdic,  29. 

Cerdic*s  ford,  battle  of,  29. 

Ceremonies,  seyeral  accus- 
tomed, prohibited  by  pro- 
clamation, 317. 

Chaceporc,  Peter,  153. 

Chalgrove,  skirmish  at,  426. 

Chamberlain,  or  Constable, 
William,    an    impostor, 

332. 
Chamberlaitty    Sir    Ralph, 

342. 
Chamberleyn,  Sir  Robert, 

274. 
Chambers,  Alderman,  399, 

415. 
Chambres,  John,  274. 
Champagne,     Henry    H., 

count  of,  129,  131,  132. 
Champneys,  Justinian,  523. 
Chancellor,   Richard,   330, 

333- 
Charke,  a  Puritan,  35a 
Charlemagne,  39,  40. 
Charles    v.,   tfie  emperor, 

290,  291,  292,  294. 
VL,  emperor,  539, 

540. 


Charles,  son  of  James  L, 

371,     382,     383  J     «« 
Charia  /. 
I.,  reign  ot  384— 

437. 

II.,  reign  ot  43S— 

-  the  Bald,  of  Fraaec^ 

42. 
the     Simple^      cf 

France,  49,  52. 
IV.  of  France^  185, 


48a 


19a 


■  V.  of  France,  203. 

VI.  of  France^  203, 

221,  222,  229. 

VIL  of  France^  ajJV 

234,  236. 

the  Bad,  of  N«Tanc^ 

i94t  I95»  202. 

II.  of  Spain,  522- 

.  IIL  of  Spain,  529, 


533.  534.  538.  539: 

Charles  VL,  emperor. 
XII.    of    Sweden, 

522. 
of  Blois,  192,  I93» 

196. 

-Louis,    the   dector 


paUtine,  424,  43^. 
Chamock,  John,  357. 

Robert,  514,  Si6l 


Charolois,  Philip,  count  of, 

228. 
Charter  RoUs,  notice  of  tbe, 

551- 
Chatham,    ships  banft  at, 

Chaucer,  Geoffiey,  205. 
Cheke,  Sir  John,  315. 
Chelsea  College,  371,  479- 
Chester,  a  Roman  c»lony, 

6 ;   a  bishop's  see,  91 ; 

diocese  of,  307. 
Hugh,  earl  oX^  98; 

loi. 

Ralph  de  Genoo, 


earl  of,  1 10. 

■  Ralph,  earl  of,  148^ 

Chester-le-Street,  a  bishop's 
see,  45. 

Chicheley,  Henry,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbuiy, 
226. 

Chichester  made  a  bishop's 
see  01. 

Child',  Sirjosiah,  511. 

China,  attempt  to  open  a 
trade  with,  364. 

Chlorus,    Constantinsy    18, 

19. 

Christ  Church  College^  Ox- 
ford, founded,  310. 

Christ'sCollege,Cambrid|^ 
founded,  278. 


INDEX. 


6l(^ 


Christian,  William,  447. 

Christiem,  a  Danish  bi- 
shop, 89. 

Christina,  sister  of  Edgar 
AthcHng,  94,  95. 

Chrysanthus,  21. 

Church,  care  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  legislators  for  the, 

75- 

'   its  deplorable  state 
in  Ireland  in  the  time  of 
Heniy  VIIL,  289. 
Churches,    desecration    of, 

3«9. 

Churchill,  Charles,  54a 

George,  540. 

John,   475.  483: 

sec  Marlborough. 

Miss,  484,  S40^ 

Churl-king,  meaning  of, 
61. 

Cicely,  daughter  of  Edward 
IV.,  248. 

Cinobellinus,  king  of  Bri- 
tain, II. 

Cinque  Ports,  probably  of 
Roman  origin,  112  ;  their 
fleet,  ib. ;  present  state, 

113. 
Cirencester,  a  Latian  citj, 

6 ;  skirmish  at,  218. 
Clapa,  Osgod,  65,  67. 
Clare,  Gilbert  de,  146^ 
—  Richard  de,  121,  122. 

Roger  de,  119. 

Clarence,  George,  duke  of, 

244,  252,  254. 
— —  Thomas,  duke  of, 

215,  229. 
Clarendon,  Constitutions  of, 

119. 
Edwaid      Hyde, 

earl  of,  396, 409, 441, 445, 

452,  464,  472. 
Henry  Hyde,  earl 

of;  485,  488. 

Sir  Roger,  220. 

■  Press  at  Oxford, 


Cleymound,    Robert,   280, 

281. 
Clifford,  John,  lord,  241. 

Henry,  lord,  241. 

Thomas,  lord,  241. 

Sir    Robert,    241, 


275.  281. 

.  Sir  Thomas,  472. 


Clinton,  lord,  319,  334. 

Clodins  Albinns,  15. 

Clontarf,  battle  of,  6a 

Close  Rolls,  notice  of  the, 
551. 

Cloveshoo,  synod  of,  36. 

Clubmen,  the,  429. 

Clyderow,  Richard,  an  ad- 
miral, 217. 

Cobham,   George   Brooke, 
lOTd,  329. 

Henry     Brooke, 


lord,  372.   ^ 

Cock,  John,  Lancaster  he- 
rald, 313. 

Cody,  what,  304. 

Coelestius,  21.  , 

Coenred  of  Mercia,  35. 

Coimbra,  galleys  burnt  at, 
366. 

Coin,  tampering  with,  un- 
der Edward  VL,  314; 
remedied  by  Elizabeth, 
344  ;  its  state  in  the  time 
ofWilliamllL,  516. 

Coin     and    livery^    what, 

304. 

Coins,  British,  2,  10. 

Coke,  Sir  Edward,  372, 
38a 

Colbert,  Jean  Baptist,  469. 

Colchester  said  to  be  a  Ro- 
man colony,  6  ;  siege  of, 

435- 

William       de. 


esUblished,  541. 

Chirges,  Sir  Thomas,  503. 

Clarke,  William,  a  priest, 
372. 

Claudius,  emperor,  11,  12. 

II.,  emperor,  17, 

18. 

•  Panlinns,  17. 

Clement  VL,  pope,  192. 

VIL,      anti-pope, 

203. 

VIL,  pope,  293. 

VIIL,  pope,  36s. 

Clergy,  their  high  conside- 
ration in  Saxon  times, 
75 ;  sufferings  under  the 
Puritansy  391. 


abbot    of    Westminster, 

218. 
Coleman,  secretary  to  James, 

duke  of  York,  476. 
Colepeper,  colonel,  488. 

Thomas  and  Wil- 


earl  of  Northumberland,. 

87,  88. 
Committees,  the  parliament- 

ary,  their  constitution  and 

proceedings,  388. 
Commius,  king  of  the  Atre» 

bates,  9,  la 
Commodus,    the   emperor^ 

IS- 
Compton,  Henry,  bishop  of 

London,  482,  488,  490. 
Compurgators,  77. 
Comyn,  John,  earl  of  Bade* 

noch,  171, 174,  175,  176. 
Conan,  97. 
Congregation  of  the  Lord» 

308. 

•  lords  of  the^. 


343. 

Coningsby,     Sir    Thomas, 
514. 

Conrad,   emperor  of  Ger- 
many, III. 

Consilt,  battles  at,  iii,  118. 

Constable,  Sir  Robert,  303. 

Constance,  council  of,  227. 

Constance,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam L,  86. 

natural   daughter^ 

of  Henry  I.,  103. 


■  wife 


liam,  523,  524. 
Coligny,  the  admiral,  350. 
Colleges,     chantries,     and 

hospitals  granted  to  the 

crown,  310,  316. 

plate  of  the  Ox 


ford,  voted  to  the  king, 

(Charles  L),  425- 
Colleton,  Sir  Peter,  503. 
Collier,  Jeremy,  a  nonjuring 

divine,  506,  516. 
Collins,  a  priest,  305. 
Colman,  33. 
Colonies,  Roman,  6. 
Columba,  30. 
Comin,  a  Norman,  made 


Prince 
Geoffrey,  116. 

-  daughter  of  Ed- 


mund, earl  of  Cambridge, 
189,  221. 
Constans,  the  emperor,  2a 
son  of  the  usurper 


Constantine,  21. 
Constantia,  wife  of  John  of 

Gaunt,  189. 
Constantine  the  Great,  18, 

19,20. 

the  younger,  20. 

. the  usurper,  21. 

-IL,    of   Scot- 


land, 45,  47.        ,    „ 
IIL    of    Scot- 
land, 52. 
the   leader 


of 


the  Londoners,  147. 
Constantius,  emperor,  20. 
a    general     of 

Honorius,  21. 

-Chlorus,  18,19. 


Consuls  first  appointed  by 
Richard  IIL,  262. 

Convocation  relieved  irom 
the  jurisdiction  of  the 
secular  courts,  264. 

of  1640,   pxo» 


ceedings  of  the,  414. 
Conway,  lord,  414- 
Cook,   Laurence,   prior  of" 

Doncaster,  306. 
— ^  a  regicide,  461. 


620 


INDEX. 


Cook,  a  plotter,  514,  516. 

a  nonjuror,  516. 

Cooke,   Sir  Thomas,  511, 

5I2»  513. 

Cooper,  Sir  Anthony  Ash- 
ley, 452:  %^^  Shaftesbury, 

Coote,  colonel,  455. 

Coping,  John,  354. 

Coppinger,  a  Puritan,  361. 

Copsi,  a  partisan  of  the 
Normans,  87. 

Coritavi,  a  British  tribe,  5. 

Comavii,   a    British  tribe, 

Combury,  lord,  483. 

Cornish,  Henry,  478,  487. 

Cornish  insurrections,  276, 
277,  318. 

Cornwall,  a  bishop  s  see 
founded  in,  50. 

and  Devon,-  in- 
surrection in,  318. 

Richard,  earl  of. 


son  of  John,  136,  148, 
iSOf  151.  ^55  '"  see  Ri- 
chard, King  of  the  Ro- 
matis, 

Coscets,  of  the  Domesday 
Book,  94. 

Cosher,  what,  304. 

Cosin,  bishop,  460. 

•■  John,  constable  of  Ci- 
rencester, 218. 

Cospatric,  earl  of  North- 
umberland, 87. 

Cottington,  lord,  396,  409. 

Cotton,  Sir  Robert,  his  li- 
brary, 522. 

Council  of  the  North  esta- 
blished, 303  ;   abolished, 

417. 

of  State  under  the 

Commonwealth,  438 ; 
remodelled,  449. 

Counter,  James,  527. 

Courteney,  Peter,  bishop  of 
Exeter,  263. 

Covenant,  the,  drawn  up, 
413  ;  accepted  with  some 
modifications  by  the  Eng- 
lish parliament,  426. 

Coventry,  Sir  John,  473. 

Sir  William,  472. 

Coverdale,  Miles,  320. 

Cowell's  "Interpreter," 

379. 

Cowper,  William,  earl,  $33, 
538. 

Craggs,  James,  512,  513. 

Cranbourn,  a  plotter,  516. 

Cranmer,  Thomas,  arch- 
bishop, 294,  296,  307, 
314.  3I5»  317,  321.  323* 

_  326,  327,  329.  332. 

Crecy,  battle  of,  193. 


Creighton,  a  Scottish  Jesuit, 

355- 
Cressingham,    Hugh,    173, 

174- 

Creton,  201. 

Crewe,  Nathaniel,  bishop  of 
Durham,  482,  502. 

Crida,  30. 

Crispin,  William,  105. 

Croft,  Elizabetl^  an  im- 
postor, 327. 

Croflon,  Zachary,  464. 

Crofts,  Sir  James,  327,  330. 

a  priest,  305. 

Cromlechs,  4. 

Cromwell,  Edward,  lord, 
366. 

Oliver,  399,  429, 

436  ;    his  Protectorship, 

438—453. 

•  Richard,  440,453, 


454- 


-  Thomas,  286, 294, 


302,  305,  3o6< 

Cropredy-bridge,  battle  of, 
428. 

Cross,  Godfrey,  503. 

Crowbrough,  Samuel,  505. 

Crusades,  the,  99. 

Cuffe,  Henry,  366. 

Culnac,  Philip,  lord  of,  na- 
tural son  of  Richard  I., 
127. 

Culmer,  Richard,  464,  465. 

Culpeper,  307. 

Cumberland,  George  Clif- 
ford, earl  of,  361,  364. 

Richard,  bishop 


of  Peterborough,  504- 
Cunobelin,  10,  1 1. 
Curie,  a  secretary,  357. 
Cutha,  30. 

Cuthbert,  St.,  34,  57. 
Cuthred  of  Kent,  40. 
■  of  Mercia,  36. 
— —  of  Wessex,  31. 

II.  of  Wessex,  36. 

Cwichelm,  30. 

— ^—  son  of  Cynegils  of 

Wessex,  31. 
Cwichelm's  hlaew,  58. 
Cynegils  of  Wessex,  30,  31. 
Cyneheard  of  Wessex,  37. 
Cynewulf  of  Wessex,   36, 

37. 

the  atheling,  35. 

Cynric,  king  of  Wessex,  29. 
the  atheling  of  Wes- 


sex, 35,  36. 
Cynulf  of  Mercia,  39. 
Cyprus,  conquest  of,  129. 

Dacre,  Leonard,  348. 

of  the  South,  Tho- 


mas Ficnnes,  lord,  307. 


D'Adda,   Francisco,   papal 

nuncio,  489. 
Dalreodi,  I. 
Dalrymples,  the,  491. 
Damietta,  capture  of,  147. 
Damnii,  a  British  tribe,  5. 
Danby,   Thomas   Osborne, 

earl  of;  474,   476^   480, 

485  :  see  Leeds. 
Danigdd,  the,  87. 
Dandfagh,  the,  47. 
Danes  in  England,  72. 
Dangerfield,  477,  486. 
Danvers,  Sir  Charles,  366. 
Darcy,  lord,  303. 
Darien  settlement,  the,  518. 
Damley,  Henry,  lord,  345, 

346. 
Dartmouth,  George  L^g^, 

carl  of,  490,  504. 
Dathi,  an  Irish  king,  28. 
Daubeney,  lord,  277. 

William,  275. 

David,   St.,   early  founda- 
tion of  the  see  of,  91. 
David  I.  of  Scotland,  106, 

109,  in. 

II.  of  Scotland,  19a 

prince   of   Scotland, 

123 ;  another,  219. 
prince       of      North 

Wales,  122,  132. 
—  prince  of  Wales,  150^ 

I5i»  152. 
brother  of  Llewelyn, 

of  Wales,  167,  169. 
bishop     of    Bangor, 

106. 
Davison,  a  secretary,  358. 
Day,    George,    bishop    of 

Chichester,  320. 
Deal  castle,  built,  298 ;  oc- 
cupied by  the  royalists, 

408. 
Dean  forest,  riots  in,  401. 
Dean,    Henry,    archbishop 

of  Canterbury,  282. 
Colonel,    named    an 

admiral,  443,  449. 
Debenham,  Sir  Giles,  275. 
Decius,  emperor,  17. 
Defoe,  Daniel,  533. 
Deira,  kingdom  of,  27. 
Delamere,   George    Booth, 

lord,  487. 
Delvin,    Richard    Nugent, 

lord,  291. 
Demetae,  a  British  tribe,  5. 
Denbigh,  William  Feilding, 

earl  of,  398. 
Bisil      Feilding. 

earl  of,  429,  438. 
Derby,  Robert  Ferrers,  carl 

of,  160. 
Henry,  earl  of,  213. 


INDEX. 


621 


Derby,  James  Stanley,  earl 

of,  446. 
•^—  the  countess  of,  427, 

447. 
Derby  House,  London,  388. 
Dereham,  307. 
Dering,  Edward,  a  Puritan, 

350- 
Sir    Edward,    421, 

427. 
Dermot,  king  of  Leinster, 

120,  121. 
Desborough,  brother-in-law 

of  Cromwell,   439,  440, 

449.  453.  454- 

Desmond,  Maurice  Fitz- 
gerald, carl  of,  275  ;  an- 
other, 292. 

Gerald  Fitzgerald, 

earl  of,  346,  354. 

Despenser,  Hugh,  181,  183, 
184,  185,  186. 

Thomas,       lord, 

208,  209,  218. 

D'Este,  Mary,  wife  of  James 
II.,  484- 

Desticius  Juba,  17. 

Devon,  a  bishop's  see 
founded  in,  50. 

Edward  Courteney, 

earl  of,  325,  329. 

Devonshire,  William  Ca- 
vendish, earl  of,  488,  490, 
50a 

Dhu,  Philip,  223. 

DicaJidonse,  the,  2a 

Didius,  15. 

I^igby,  lord,  416. 

Sir  Everard,  a  gun- 
powder plotter,  375,  376, 

377. 

'         Sir  Simon,  277. 
Digges,   Sir  Dudley,   382, 

397. 

Dighton,  an  alleged  mur- 
derer, 275. 

Dio  Cassius,  on  Britain,  2, 
II. 

Diocletian,    emperor,     18, 

19. 

Diodoms  Siculus,  on  Bri- 
tain, 2. 

Divines,  the  Assembly  of, 
426. 

Divitiacus,  a  Gaulish  king, 

1.9. 
Dobuni,  a  British  tribe,  5. 
Dodwell,  Henry,  505. 
Dolben,  Mr.,  537. 
Dolfin,  a  Northman,  98. 
Domesday  Book,  notice  of 

the,  92. 
Dominis,  Mark  Antony  de, 

380. 
Domitian,  emperor,  13. 


Domnoc,  the  see'  of,  found- 
ed, 33. 

Donald,  lord  of  the  isles, 
240,  254. 

Bane,  98,  99. 


Dorchester,    a    stipendiary 
town,  6. 

in  Oxfordshire, 


see  of,  founded,  31 ;  re- 
founded,  48. 

Dorislaus,  Dr.,  444. 

Dorset,  Edmund  Beaufort, 
marquis  of,  23 1. 

Thomas     Beaufort, 


earl  of,  227,  228. 

•  Thomas  Grey,  mar- 


quis of,  248,  273. 

Dort,  synod  of,  381. 

Douay,  seminary  at,  found- 
ed. 337.  347 ;  its  proto- 
™artyr,  352. 

Douglas,  Archibald,  earl 
of,  regent  of  Scotland, 
191. 

Archibald,  earl  of. 


221. 


207. 


-  James,    earl    of, 

-  lady      Margaret, 
302,  309. 

Dover,  affiray  at,  65  ;  attack 
on,  87;  a  Cinque  Port, 
112  ;  sieges  of,  142,  159 ; 
battle  off,  448. 

Downing,  Sir  Geoi^  461. 

Downs,  battles  in  the,  414, 

471. 
Dowsing*s  Journal,  389. 
Drake,   Sir    Francis,   352, 

356,  358.  361,  364. 
Dreux,  battle  of,  344. 

John    de,    earl    of 


Richmond,  182. 
Drogheda,  storming  of,  444. 
Droeo,   count  of   Mantes, 

Druids,  the,  3,  4. 

Drumclog,  skirmish  at,  477. 

Drury,  Sir  Drew,  348. 

Dubhgalls,  the,  38. 

Dublin,  possessed  by  the 
Northmen,  41,  51 ;  re- 
gained by  the  Irish,  53, 
57 ;  seized  by  the  Nor- 
mans, 122 ;  made  a  staple 
town,  194  ;  Trinity  Cfol- 
lege  founded,  362. 

Dubritius,  29. 

Dudley,  Edmund,  270,  278, 
286. 

Sir  Ambrose,  327, 


344- 


330- 


•  Sir    Andrew,    326, 


■  Sir  Henry,  327. 


Dudley,  John,  313  :  see 
Northumberland,  John 
Dudley  duke  of, 

ford  Guilford,  314, 


327. 


Sir  Robert,  327. 


Dufliis,  Kenneth  Suther- 
land,  lord,  539. 

Dumnonii,  a  British  tribe,  9. 

Dunbar,  battle  of,  445. 

Patrick,  a  claimant 

of  the  Scottish  crown, 
172. 

Dunbarton,  a  Latian  city. 
6. 

George  Doug- 
las, lord,  488. 

Duncan  obtains  the  crown 
of  Scotland,  98 ;  killed, 

99. 

Duncanson,  Major,  508. 

Dundee,  storming  of,  447. 

John  Graham,  vis- 
count, 491,  499,  501. 

Dunne,  Henry,  357. 

Dun-Seatas,  Ordinance  of 
the,  76. 

Dunstan,  53,  54,  55,  56. 

Durand,  a  Knight  Hos- 
pitaller, 139. 

Durham,  see  of,  established, 
57  ;  suppressed,  321 ;  re- 
established, 326. 

Durotriges,  a  British  tribe^ 

9- 
Dursley,  lord,  536. 
Dynwal  Moelmud,  32,  5a 

EadbaldofKcnt,  31. 
Eadbert  of  Kent,  35,  36. 

of  Northumbria,  36. 


Eadsige,  archbishop,  64. 

Eadulf,  earl  of  Northumbrian 
64. 

Eadulf  s  ness,  67. 

Ealdorman,  the,  76. 

Ealdred,  ^2. 

Ealdulf  of  Bamborough,  52. 

Ealhere,  ealdorman  of  Kent, 
42. 

Ealstan,  bishop  of  Sher- 
borne, 42. 

Eanfleda,  31,  32. 

Eanfrith  of  Bemicia,  31. 

Eardwulf  of  Northumbria, 

39,40. 

Earl  Marshal's  court  abo- 
lished, 418. 

East  Anglia,  kingdom  of, 
27. 

East  India  Company,  origin 
of  the,  365. 

Eboracum,  16,  19. 

Edbert  (Prion)  of  Kent,  39^ 

Edburga,  queen,  37,  39. 


-€23 


INDEX. 


Edgar,  reign  of,  54,  S5- 

king   of  Scotland, 

loi,  104. 

Atheling,    64,     69, 

71,  87,  8S,  90,  95,  104. 

Edgecote,  battle  of,  251. 

£dgehill,  battle  of,  424. 

Edgith,  daughter  of  Ethel- 
red  II.,  56. 

Edgitha,  wife  of  Edward 
the  Confessor,  64,  91. 

Edgiva,  daughter  of  Ed- 
ward the  Elder,  49. 

Edinburgh  captureid  by 
Henry  IV.,  219  ;  by  the 
earl  of  Hertford  and  lord 
Lisle,  316. 

treaty  of,  its  pro- 
visions, 344. 

bishopric  of, 

founded,  402. 

Edith,  daughter  of  Edward 
the  Elder,  49. 

daughter  of  Edgar, 

54. 
Edmund  of   East  Anglia, 

43- 

sonofEthelredll., 

56,  62. 

I.,  reign  of,  53. 

II.  (styled  Iron- 
side), reign  of,  61. 

—  son  of  Harold  II., 


7a 


•  of  Woodstock,  son 
of  Edward  I.,  166,  185, 
190. 

•  duke  of  York,  189, 


209. 


>  earl    of    Rutland, 
241,  244. 

•  son  of  Henry  VII., 


271. 

Ednoth,  bishop,  59. 

the  stallere,  88. 

Edred,  son  of  Edward  the 

Elder,  reign  of,  53,  54. 
Edric,  of  Kent,  34. 
ealdonnan  of  Mercia, 

58,  59,  60,  61,  62. 

the  Forester,  87,  90. 

Edward  I.  (the  Elder),  reign 

of,  49,  $2. 
II.,     the     Martyr, 

reign  of,  55. 
the  Confessor,  reign 

of,  64—69. 

I.,  reign  of,  164 — 


179. 
186. 


II.,  reign  of,  180— 


III.,   reign  of,  187 
-198. 

IV.,   reign  of,   247 


—255. 


Edward  V.,  nominal  reign 
of,  256 — 258. 

VI.,  reign  of,  312 


—321. 


-  son  of  Ethelred  II., 
56,  60,  63,  64 :  see  £d' 
ward  the  Confessor, 

-  son  of  Edmund  Iron- 


side, 6k,  68. 

•  son  of  Henry  III., 


145.  150*  i55i  157.  158, 
159,  160,  161 :  see  Ed- 
ward L^  king. 

■  of  Caernarvon,  son 


of  Edward  I.,  1 66,  173, 
174,  175,  176  :  see  Ed- 
ivard  II, 

'  son  of  Edward  II., 


181,  185,   186 :  see  Ed- 
ward III, 

>  the    Black   Prince, 


son  of  Edward  III.,  188, 

193.  195.  196,  198- 

earl  of  Rutland,  189, 

208. 

-  son  of  Henry  VL, 


232,  241,  252,  253. 

•  son  of  Richard  UL, 


261,  264. 

-  son  of  Malcolm  of 


Scothind,  98. 

•  son  of  John  Balliol, 


173,  191.  193.  195 
Edwin  of  Northumbrian  30, 

31- 

son  of  Edward  the 


Elder,  49,  52. 
brother  of  Leofric, 

63. 

>  brother  of  Morcar, 


earl  of  Northumbria,  69, 

70,  71,  90. 
Edwy,  reign  of,  54. 
son  of  Ethelred  II., 

56,  62. 
the    Churl   king,   61, 

62. 
Effingham,  Charles  Howard, 

eari  of,   359  :    see  Noi- 

tingham, 
Egbert  of  Kent,  33. 

of  Wessex,  37,  39, 


40,  41 


35. 


a    priest    of  lona, 

•  of  York,  hb  Peni- 
tential, 78. 
Egerton,  Sir  Thomas,  365. 
Egferth  of  Mercia,  39. 
Egfrid  of  Northumbria,  33, 

34. 
Egremont,  Sir  John,  274. 
Egyptians  (or  Gipsies),  295, 

Einion  of  Dyved,  97,  98. 


Ela,  heiress  of  William  Fitz- 
Patrick,  earl  of  Salisboxy, 
116. 

Elba,  battle  off,  449. 

Elbot,  36. 

Eleanor  of  Guienne,  wife  of 
Louis  VII.  of  France, 
III  ;  divorced,  and  mar- 
ried to  Henry  II.,  115; 
123,  129,  138,  399. 

of  Provence,  queen 

of  Henry  III.,  144,  150, 

155.  159.  171. 
of  Castile,  qaeen  of 

Edward    I.,    155,    166, 

167. 
daughter  of  Hemr 

II.,  116. 
daughter  of  Geofirey 

of  Bretagne,  116,  138. 
daughter  of  John, 


136,149,150,153.       _, 
—  daughter  of   Edward 
I.,  166. 

-  daughter  of  Edward 


II.,  181. 

-  co-heiress  of  theetil 


of  Gloucester,  183,  184. 
duchess    of    Glou- 
cester, 189. 

-  (Cobham),  duchess 


of  Gloucester,  215,  23^ 
236,  237. 

Elfgar,  son  of  Elfnc,  ^7. 

son  of  Leofric  01  Mer- 
cia, 67,  68. 

Elfget,  63. 

Elfgina,  daughter  of  Ethel- 
red IL,  56. 

Elfhere,  the  ealdorman,  56. 

Elfhun,  bishop,  59. 

Elfnoth,  the  shire-reeve,  68. 

Elfric,  ealdonnan  of  Merda, 

56.  57. 

of  Wiltshire,   arch- 


bishop of  Canterbury,  57. 
Elfrida,  daughter  of  Alfred 

the  Great,  45. 
Elfritha,  wife  of  Edgar,  54, 

55. 
Elfwine,  34. 

Elgiva,  wife  of  Edwy,  54. 
wife    of    Ethelred 


IL,  56. 
Eliot,  Sir  John,  397,  399, 

40a 
Eliza,  half-sister  of  Henry 

IlL,  152. 
Elizabeth,  queen  of  Edward 

IV.,  248,  251,  252,  256, 

257.  259,  260,  263,  264, 

273- 

of  York,  queen  of 


Henry  VIL,   248,   257, 
260,  271,  272. 


INDEX. 


62$ 


Blizabeth,  queen,  reign  of, 
335-366. 

— ^-^^  natural  daughter 
o£  Henry  I.,  103. 

daughter  of  Ed- 
ward I.,  166. 

' —  daughter  of  Ri- 
chard,   duke    of    York, 

245. 

natural   daughter 

of  Edward  IV.,  249. 

daughterof  Henry 

VII.,  271. 

'  daughterofHenry 


VIII.,285,317,321,323, 
325,  329 :  see  ElizoBah, 
qtisen. 

'  daughter  of  James 


L.  371,  380.  381. 

-  daughter    of 


Charles!.,  395,  445- 

•  wife    of   Lionel, 


duke  of  Clarence,  188. 

•  daughterof  Crom- 


well, 440. 
Ella,   the  first  Bretwalda, 

28. 
of  Northumbria,   29, 

30- 

an  usurper,  43. 

Elphege,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, 57,  59,  62. 
Elswitha,  queen  of  Alfred, 

44*  5^' 
Ely,   the  see  of,  founded, 

104. 

House,  392, 

Emeric,  brother,  master  of 

the  Temple,  141. 
Emma,  wifeof  Ethelred  II., 

56,  58,  61,  62,  63,  65, 

68. 
Emmanuel  College,   Cam- 
bridge, 355,  410. 
Empson,  Richard,  270,  278, 

286. 
English   great  captains  in 

Ireland,  289. 
-^— ^  Historical    Society, 

publications  of  the,  580. 

Pale,  the,  288. 

school  at  Rome,  40. 


■  ships  lent  to  France, 

396. 
Eohric,  a  Danish  king,  50. 
Eoppa,  33. 
Eorpwald  of  East  Anglia, 

31- 

Ercombert  of  Kent,  31. 
Eric  of  Northumbria,  54. 

XIII.,   of  Denmark, 

215. 

king  of  Norway,  171. 

-        king  of  Sweden,  338. 
'         the  ealdorman,  60,  62. 


Eric,  the  earl,  62. 

Erkenwin,  29. 

Esc,  son  of  Hengist,  28. 

Escwin  of  Wessex,  33. 

Essex,  kingdom  of,  founded, 
27. 

GeoflFrey   de    Magna- 

ville,  earl  of,  1 10. 

Henry  of,  119. 

—  Robert  Devereux,  earl 
of,  361,  364,  365,  366. 

Robert  Devereux,  earl 

of,  the  parliamentary  ge- 
neral, 397,  413,  418, 423, 
4^4,  425,  426,  428,  429. 

Arthur  Capel,  earl  of, 

479. 

Ethandun,  battle  of,  47. 

Ethelbald,  reign  of,  43. 

of  Mercia,  35,  36. 

Ethelbert,  reign  of,  43. 

I.,  of  Kent,  Bret- 


walda, 30,  31. 

II.  of  Kent,  36. 

of  East    Anglia, 

37. 
Ethelburga,  queen,  31. 
Ethelileda,  the  lady  of  the 

Mercians,  49,  50,  51. 

wife    of  Edgar, 


;the'' 


Ethelfrith  of  Bemicia,  30, 

31. 

Ethelgiva,  daughter  of  Al- 
fred the  Great,  45. 
Ethelheard  of  Wessex,  36. 
Ethelred,  reign  of,  43,  44. 
II.,  reign  of,   56 


■of Mercia,  33,35. 
-  of  Northumbria, 


— 60. 


36,  39. 

archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, 44. 

Ethelwald  (Moll)  of  North- 
umbria, 36. 

the  Atheling,  $0. 


Ethelward,  the  ealdorman, 

57. 
Ethelwerd,    the    historian, 

43. 

Ethelwold,  bishop  of  Win- 
chester, 55,  56. 

Ethelwulf,  reign  of,  41,  42. 

Eton  College  founded,  236. 

Evelyn,  John,  459,  471, 
486,  496,  502,  511. 

Eudo,  the  steward,  93. 

Eugene,  Prince,  531,  535, 
537,  540. 

Eustace  of  Boulogne,  56, 
65. 

son     of    Stephen, 

loS,  III. 

the  monk,  146. 


Evesham,  battle  of,  159. 
Evil  May-day,  290. . 
Exeter,  a  stipendiary  town, 

6  ;  sieges  of,  58,  87,  109, 

277,  318- 
Henry       Holland, 

duke  of,  245,  250. 

-  John  Holland,  duke 


of,  228,  238. 
Henry     Courteney, 

marquis  of,  305. 
Exmew,  a  Carthusian,  30OL 
Exurgat  money,  425. 
Eystein,  king  of  Norwaj, 

III. 
Eyton,  Roger,  235. 

Fagius,  Paul,  317. 
Fairfax,    Ferdinand,    loid^ 

425,  426,  428. 
Sir    Thomas,    425, 

427,  428,  429,  430,  433, 

434,  435.  436,  438,  444» 

445,  454,  456. 
Falconbridge,    Thomas^ 

lord,  222. 

William  Ne- 


ville,  lord,  242. 

■the    Bastard 


of,  242. 
Falmouth,   Charles  Berke* 

ley,  earl  of,  468. 
Family  of  Love,  fanatics  so 

called,  351. 
Fane,  Sir  Ralph,  329. 
Farmer,  Anthony,  488. 
Fauconberg,  Thomas  Bela* 

syze,  earl,  440. 
Faversham,    Louis  Duns^ 

earl  of,  486,  488. 
Fawkes,    Guy,    374.   375, 

377. 
Fawley  Court,  devastation 

of,  424. 
Feakes,  an  Anabaptist,  450. 
Feckenham,    or  Howman, 

John,  333. 
Felix,  a  missionary,  31. 
Fell,  Dr.  Samuel,  431. 
Felton,    John,     348;    «&• 

other,  399. 
Fenwick,  a  Jesuit,  476, 477. 
Sir    John,     500, 


503,  516,  517.      ^       ^ 
Ferguson,  Robert,  485, 487, 

516. 
Feriby,  a  chaplain,  218. 
Feringdon,  Hugh,  abbot  of 

Reading,  306. 
Ferrar  family,   their   estar 

blishment,  403. 
Ferrers,  Henry  de,  93. 

Walter    Deverenz,. 


lord,  260. 
Ferrour,  John,  204. 


624 


Fenybridge,    skirmish    at, 

249. 
Feudal  burdens,  attempt  to 

redeem  them,  379. 
system,     notice    of 

the,  83. 
Finan,  32. 
Finch,  Sir  John,  Speaker, 

399,  415. 
Finngalls,  38. 
Fire  of  London,  the  great, 

471. 

Firebrace,  Sir  Bazill,  512. 

Fisher,  John,  bishop  of  Ro- 
chester, 283,  300. 

Fitzgerald,  Maurice,  121. 

Fitzgeralds,  power  of  the, 
in  Ireland,  273  ;  their 
fall,  299. 

Fitzhamon,  Robert,  88. 

Fitzosbcrt,  William,  132. 

Fitz-Peter,    Geoffrey,    137, 

139. 

Fitzstephen,  Robert,  121. 

Fitz-Symonds,  Walter,  arch- 
bishop of  Dublin,  275. 

Fitzurse,  Reginald,  122. 

Fitz-Walter,   Robert,    139, 

141,  147. 
John    Ratcliff, 

lord,  249 ;  another,  275. 
Five  Burghs,  the,  53. 
Flambard,  Ralph,  84,  96, 

107. 
Flammock,  Thomas,  276. 
Flanders,    William,    count 

of,  86. 
■  William      Clito, 

count  of,  106,  107. 
Baldwin, 


count  of,  65,  86. 
Baldwin 


v., 

IX.. 
count  of,  132. 

Flavia  Caesariensis,  5,  27. 

Fleetwood,  Charles,  440, 
453.  454,  461. 

George,     453, 

461. 

Flemings  in  Wales,  89, 
118. 

Flemmyng,  Richard,  bi- 
shop   of   Lincoln,    227, 

233. 
Flodden,  battle  ot,  287. 
Florence,  count  of  Holland, 

171,  172. 
Florianus,  emperor,  18. 
Flower,  William,  331. 
Floyd,  a  barrister,  381. 
^ogge,  Sir  John,  263,  265. 
■  Richard,  389,  442. 

Foley,  Paul,  503,  513,  515. 
Fohot,   Gilbert,  bishop  of 

London,  120. 
I^olkmote,  74. 


INDEX. 


Forbes,  Alexander,  lord, 
274. 

Foreign  congregations  in 
England,  320,  329,  408. 

Forrest,  an  alleged  mur- 
derer, 275. 

Fortescue,  Sir  John,  249. 

Fortresses  and  camps,  Ro- 
man, 5,  7. 

Fortz,  William  de,  128. 

Foss-way,  its  presumed 
course,  6, 

Fotheringhay  Castle,  the 
peculiar  seat  of  the  House 
of  York,  245 ;  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots  executed 
at,  358- 

Fowler,  Edward,  bbhop  of 
Gloucester,  504. 

Fox,  Richard,  bishop  of 
Winchester,  287. 

Foxe,  John,  the  Martyrolo- 
gist,  349,  351- 

Foy  and  pay ^  what,  304. 

Frampton,  Robert,  bishop 
of  Uloucester,  499,  504, 
505. 

France,  notices  of  the  afiairs 
of,  190,  226,  343. 

Francis  I.  of  France,  288, 
290,  291,  292,  293,  294, 

309,  315. 
—  II., 


duke    of  Bii- 
tanny,  254,  273. 

a  lawyer,  486. 

Alban,  488. 

Frankpledge,  view  o^  74. 
Fraomarius,  2a 
Eraser,  Simon,  176. 

%t,^Lovat^  Si- 


mon Fraser^  lard, 
Frederic  I.,  emperor,  125. 
II.,  emperor,  149, 

155. 


Elector  Palatine, 
371,  380,  381. 

Frena,  an  Anglo-Dane,  57. 

French  Protestants,  338, 
343,  344. 

Frewen,  Accepted,  arch- 
bishop of  York,  460. 

Fridulfsen,  Sigge,  25. 

Friend,  Sir  John,  514,  516. 

Frobisher,  Martin,  340, 359, 

363. 
Frost,  Walter,  438. 
Frythogith,  queen,  36. 
Fuentes,  count  de,  363. 
Fulham,  the  Northmen  at, 

47. 
Fulk  of  Anjou,  105,    106, 

107. 
Fullofaudes,  20. 
Fuhnan,  William,  586. 
Fulthorp,  a  judge,  207. 


of  Winchester,  295,  317, 

6,  328, 
330,  331- 


320,  325,  326, 


329, 


G^ett,  Henry,  a  Jesuit, 

^  375,  377. 

Gate,   Sir  Henry  and  Sir 

John,  326. 
Gauden,   John,   bishop  of 

Exeter,  460. 
Gaultier,  a  French  priest, 

539. 
Gaveston,  Piers,  176,  180, 

182,  183. 
Genson,  Sir  David,  307. 
Geoffrey  of  Anjou,  106, 107,. 

Ill,  114. 
brother    of    Heniy 

IL,  118. 
son  of  Henry  IL, 

u6,  123,  125. 

natural  son  of  Henxy 


II.,  117,  125,  128,  158. 
George  of  Denmark,  Prince, 

490,  S2I,  525,  536. 
Louis,    Eiecto 


ouis.    Elector    of 

Hanover,  525,  542. 
Gerard,  archbishop  of  Aiz, 

128. 
^—  Colonel,  451. 
of  Brandon,  Charles, 

lord,  487. 
Gerberoi,  siege  of,  91. 
Germanus,  bishop  of  Aox- 

erre,  23. 
Gerontius,  21. 
Gerrard,    John,    a   Jesuit, 

375. 

Sir  Thomas,  357. 


Gesiths^  what,  76. 
Gessoriacum,  18. 
Geta,  son  of  Sevems,  16, 

17. 
Geynesbuig,    William    de, 
bishop     of     Worcester^ 
175. 


Gadeni,  a  British  tribe,  5. 

Gage,  Sir  John,  328. 

Robert,  a  conspirator,.         , 

357-  ! 

Galba,  emperor,  13. 
Gale,  Thomas,  586. 
Galerius,  emperor,  19.  1 

Galgacus,  14I 
Gallienus,  emperor,  17. 
Galloglasses,  289. 
Galloway,    Alaji    of,    con* 

stable  of  Scotland,  14. 
Gallus     Hostilianus,     em* 

peror,  17. 
Galway,  capture  of,  504. 
Gam,  David,  219. 
Gama,  Stephen  Ferrara  da, 

363. 
Game-laws,  early,  73,  83. 
Gardiner,   Stephen,  bishop^ 


INDEX* 


625 


Chinucci,    Jerome,  bishop 

of  Worcester,  296. 
Gibbons,  Mr. ,  446. 
Gibraltar,  capture  of,  531. 
Giddily,   establishment   of 

the  Ferrars  at,  403. 
Giffiuxl,  Walter,  archbishop 

of  York,  167. 

■  '  William,  bishop  of 

Winchester,  104. 
Gilbert,  natural  son  of  Henry 
L,  102. 

■  bishop  of  St.  Asaph, 
III. 

father   of   Thomas 

Becket,  119. 
— —  of  Gand,  88,  93. 
Gildas,^,  22. 
GinkeU,  Godert  de,  earl  of 

Athlone,  496^  503,  504, 

Gipsies,  295,  351. 

Githa,  mother  of  Harold, 

70,  87. 
'  daughter  of  Harold 

II.,  70. 
Glamorgan,  conquest  of,  by 

the  Normans,  88. 

■  Edward  So- 
merset, earl  of,  42a 

Glasgow,  University  o^ 
founded,  239. 

Glass  and  pottery,  Roman, 
7. 

Glencoe,  massacre  of,  506. 

Gloucester,  a  Roman  co- 
lony,  6 ;  see  of,  founded, 
298  ;  suppresseid,  but  re- 
established under  Mary, 
321. 

•  Robert  of  Caen, 

earl  of,   102,    106,    109, 
no.  III. 

-Gilbert    de 


Clare,  earl  of,  159,  160, 
161,  167. 

•  Richard    de 


Clare,  earl  o^  156,  159. 
•  Humphrey, 


duke  of,  215,  233,  235, 

237- 

•  Richard,  duke 


of,   244,   25s,  257:   see 
Richard  II L 

Henry,      duke 

of,  395.  448. 

William,  duke 


of,  522,  526. 

•  Eleanor,  duch- 


ess of,   215,    233,    236, 

237* 
Glyn,    one   of  Cromwell's 

peers,  453. 
Glyndwr,  Owen,  218,  219, 

020^  221,  222,  223. 


Gn.  Lucilianu5,  17. 
Goda,  a  Devonshire  thane, 

56. 
daughter  of  Ethelred 

II.,  56. 
Godfrey    of  Bouillon,  99, 

100. 
Sir  Edmund  Berry, 

476. 

Colonel,  540. 

Godolphin,    Sidney,    lord, 

528,  540. 
Godred,  king  of  the  Isle  of 

Man,  no,  in,  118. 
Cronan,  king  of  the 

Isle  of  Man,  87,  ^,  97. 
Godwin  the  earl,   57,   65, 

66,67. 

son  of  Harold  II., 


70. 
Gondomar,     the    Spanish 

ambassador,  380,  382. 
Goodenough,  an  insurgent, 

487. 
Goodman,  a  plotter,  514, 

517. 

Gordian  the  Younger,  em- 
peror, 17. 

Gordon,    George    Gordon, 
duke  of,  499. 

lady  Katherine,  276, 


277,  28a 

lord  Lewis,  499. 

Goring,  Charles,  421,  425, 

429. 
Gormo  III.   of  Denmark, 

49. 
Gower,  John,  206. 
Gowrie,   Alexander   Ruth- 

ven,  earl  o^  353,  354. 

plot,  the,  365. 

Grafton,     Henry    Fitzroy, 

duke  of,  503. 
Graham    of    Claverhouse, 

477,  4S5  :  see  Dundee, 
Grant,  Jfohn,  a  gunpowder 

plotter,  374,  377. 
Gratian,  emperor,  20. 

usurper,  21. 

Gravelines,  battle  of,  334. 
Gray,   Walter,  archbi^op 

of  York,  151. 
Green,  476. 

Greenfield,  Richard,  89. 
Greenwich  Hospital,  516. 
Greenwood,  John,  362. 
Gregg,  William,  535. 
Gregory  the  Great,   pope, 

30. 

IX.,  pope^  148b 

XIII.,   pope,  350, 

352. 
Grenville^  Sir  Bevil,  426. 

Sir  John,  455. 

'     Denis,  505. 

S8 


Gresham,  Sir  Thomas,  359. 

Grey,  lord,  an  envoy  to 
France,  226. 

lord     Leonard,     299, 

303,  307. 

lord    Thomas,     327, 

328. 

of  Groby,  Henir  Grey, 

lord,  (also  earl  of*^  Stam- 
ford), 426,  435,  438. 

of    Werke,    WUliam 

Grey,  lord,  425,  438. 

-—  Forde  Grey, 

lord,  487. 

Sir  John,  248. 

Sir  Thomas,  227  ;  an« 

other,  248. 

John    de,    bishop   of 

Norwich,  138. 

Walter  de,  the  chan- 
cellor, 139, 

Lady  Jane,  314,  321, 

323.  327,  328. 

Lady  Katherine,  341. 

Lady  Mary,  341. 

Griffin,  the  Welsh  king,  51, 

67,68. 
son    of    Rhys    ap 


Tudor,  105. 
—  ap  Conan,  of  North 
Wales,  90,  91,  105,  109. 
-of  Wales,  150,  151, 


152. 

Grimston,  Edward,  342. 

Grimstone,  Sir  Harbottle, 
452. 

Grindal,  Edmund,  arch- 
bishop    of    Canterbury, 

35^  354- 
Grith^  what,  75.      . 
Grossteste,  Robert,  bishop 

of  Lincoln,  153,  154, 155. 
Grotius,  Hugo,  405. 
Groyne,  siege  of  the,  361. 
Guader,  Ralph  de,  90. 
Guai,  du,  Trouin,  470,  537. 
Gualo,    the   papal  legate, 

143»  147. 
Guesdm,  Bertrand  du,  195, 

196,  197.  .    ^ 

Guiscard,  the  marquis  de, 

534*  538* 
Guise,  the  family  of,  343, 

361. 
Guisnes,  capture  of,  334. 
Guitmond,  the  monk,  84. 
Gundrcd,  allied  daughter 

ofWiUiaml.,  86. 
Gunhilda,  sister  of  Sweyn, 

58. 

daughter   of  Ca- 


nute, 62. 

•  widow  of  Hacon 


and  niece  of  Canute,  62^ 
65, 


€26 


INDEX. 


Canhilda,  sister  of  Harold 
II.,  7CX 

daughter  of  Ha- 
rold II.,  70. 

Oonpowder  Plot,  the,  374. 
•  plots ' 


history,  374. 
C^aorthemir,  2Z. 
GnoTthigim,  2X 
<^uthrerth,  son  of  Sihtric  of 

Northumbria,  52. 
-Guthrie,  a  preacher,  462. 
Cruthrum,  47,  48. 
Owynneth,  a  Wdbh  state, 

42-        ^ 

Owen,  109,  III, 

118,  119,  122. 
OwytMan,    St,    an    Irish 

missionary,  8. 
'Gyrth,  brother  of  Harold 

II.,  71. 


Habeas  Corpus  Act;  476. 

Hacker,  Colonel,  a  regi- 
cide, 461. 

Hacket,  William,  361. 

Haco  V.  of  Norway,  158. 

the  earl,  91. 

-Hacon,  a  Christian  North- 
man, 37. 

the  eari,  6x 

Hadrian,  emperor,  I4. 

Hakluyt  Society,  historical 
publications  of  the,  581. 

Hales,  Sir  Edward,  487, 
501,  502. 

Sir  Robert,  204, 

Halfdane,  a  Nortlunan,  45, 
46. 

llalidon-hill,  battle  of,  191. 

Jialifax,  George  Savile, 
marquis  of,  478, 480^  487, 
492,  495»  522. 

•  William^      marquis 


of,  522. 

Charles 


Montagu, 


earl  of,  522. 
Hall,  John,  209,  217. 

Joseph,  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich, 390,  42a 

Timothy,  483. 

Ilalloway,  a  traitor,  480. 

Hamilton,  James  Hamilton, 
marquis  and  duke  of,  402, 

435»  443. 
William    HamU- 

ton,  duke  of,  402. 

Lieut. -Col.,  509. 

-  William,  523. 


Hammond,  Colonel,  434, 
ll.uiiond,  MattheM',  352. 
Hampden,  John,  407,  409, 

421,  426. 
Mr.,  480,  487. 


Hampton  Court,  residence 
of  Charies  I.  at,  434. 

Conferences, 


the,  373. 
Hance,  Edward,  353. 
Harcla,  Sir  Andrew,  185. 
Harcourt,      Simon,     lord, 

38. 
Hardicanute :  see  Hiartka- 

cnut. 
Harfleury  nege  o(  227. 
Harington,  Sir  James,  463. 
Harieston,  John,  342. 

Sir  Richard,  275. 


Harley,  Robert,  503,  521, 

523.  529,  535.  537.  538  : 
see  Oxford^  Robert  ffar- 
ley,  earl  of, 

Hannan,  Sir  John,  471. 

Harold  I.,  reign  of,  63. 

II.,  reign  of,  69— 

71. 

king  of  the  Isle  of 


Man,  150. 

son  of  earl  Godwin, 

65,    66,     67,     68  :    see 
Harold  IL 

>  son  of  Harold  II. , 


70. 


•  Hardrada,  70. 


Harper,  Sir  George,  330. 
William,   a   priest. 


317 

Harrington,  a  priest,  363. 
Harrison,  the  Anabaptist, 

439.  449,  450.  461. 
Harthacnut,   reign  of,  63, 

64. 
Hasilrigge,  Sir  Arthur,  388, 

421,  438,  452,  453- 
Hastings  a  Northman,  48. 
Hastings,     John,     lord   of 

Abergavenny,  171. 

lord,  222. 

William,       lord, 


257. 


'  Colonel,  513. 


Hatton,  Sir  Christopher, 
350,  358- 

Haute,  an  attendant  on  Ed- 
ward v.,  257. 

Hawes,  Christopher,  an 
alderman,  278. 

Hawise :  see  habd. 

Hawkins,    Sir  John,   340, 

350.  361.  364. 

Peter,  382- 


Haydock,  Richard,  a  Puri- 
tan impostor,  374. 

Hayes,  John,  attainted  with- 
out trial,  274. 

Heahmund,  bishop  of  Sher- 
borne, 44. 

Hearda-Cnut :  see  Hartha- 
cnut, 


Heath,  Nidiolas,  bishop  of 

Worcester,     319,      320^ 

326. 
Heathfield,  synod  at;  54. 
Hebrides,   conquest  o^  bf 

the  Northmen,  49. 
Hedgley-moor,    battle  93t^ 

250. 
HeemsJbericy  Laurence  vaiiy 

471. 
Helena,  a  British  princess^ 

t8. 
Heliogabahxsy  empexor,  17. 
Hengist,  24. 
Henrietta  Maria,  qneen  of 

Charles  I.,  395,396,402. 

422,  426,  428. 


of  Charles  I.,  395. 
Henrietta,  natirral  daughter 

of  James  II.,  484. 
Henry  III.,  emperor,  65. 
v.,   emperox;   104^ 


106. 


132. 


107. 


125. 


-161 


■VL,  emperor,  131, 

•  I.,  reign  o(  102 — 

'  IL,  reign  o^  115 — 

HI.,  reign  of,  143 


-223. 


■  IV.,  rdgn  of,  213 


— 229. 


■  v.,    reign  of,   224 


-242. 


'VI.,  reign  of,  230 


-281 


VIL,  reigD  of,  269 


•  Vin.,     reign     c^ 
282 — 311. 

III.  of  France,  361. 

•IV.  of  France,  361, 


362,  363*  364- 

*  son  of  William  I., 


86,    97,    98*    99 

Henry  I. 
grandson    of    Wil- 
liam I.,  86. 
natural  son  of  Heniy 

I.,  103. 
prince,  son  ofMaud, 

III  :  see  Henry  IL 
son  of  Henry  H., 

116,  122,  123,  125. 
son  of  John,    136 : 

see  Henry  III, 

■  son  of  Henry  IIL, 


145. 


-  son  of  Richard,  eail 
of  Cornwall,  136,  158^ 
159,  161. 

•  son  of  Edward  L, 


166. 


INDEX. 


627 


Henry,  son  of  the  king  of 
Castile,  207. 

son  of  Henry  IV., 

215,  221,  223  :  see  Hen- 
ry y. 

•  son  ofRichard,  duke 


of  York,  245. 

■  son  of  Henry  VII., 


271,    278  :    see    Hmry 
VIII. 

-  natural  son  of  Henry 


vni.,  285. 

•son   of  James    I., 


371,  38a 

•  son  of  Charles  I., 


395,  448. 

-of  Blois,  bishop  of 


Winchester,    107,     no, 

lit,  118. 
Heptarchy,  the,  27,  40.  ^ 
Herbert  the   chamberlain, 

94. 
Arthur,    489  :    see 

Torrington.   ■ 

Sir   Edward,    420, 


421. 

Hereford,  the  see  of,  33. 

Hereward,  89,  90. 

Herick,  what,  304. 

Hermin  Street,  the,  6. 

Herodian,  3,  15. 

Herodotus,  2. 

Hertford,  synod  of,  33. 

Hervey,  first  bishop  of  Ely, 
104. 

Hewitt,  Dr.,  453. 

Hexham,  battle  of,  250. 

Heyron,  John,  275. 

Hickes,  Dean,  505. 

Hierarchy  of  the  Civil  War, 
6ia 

of  the  Reforma- 
tion, 607. 

-  the    ejected,     of 


Scotland,  611 
High  Commission,  court  of, 

341,  401,  414,  417. 
Court    of    Justice, 

436. 
Hii    (lona),    a   monastery 

built  in,  30. 
Hill,  476. 

general,  538. 

IIogg»  Stephen,  456. 
Holland,    Sir   John,    188, 

205. 

Sir  Thomas,  188. 

^——^  a  mariner,  305. 
Henry  Rich,  earl 

of.  435.  443. 
Holies,  Denzil,  421. 
Holm,    battle    at    the,    in 

Kent,  50. 
Holmby,    residence   of 

Charles  I.  at»  433 ;  he  is 


seized   there   by  Joyce, 

ib. 
Holmes,  Sir  Robert,  468. 
Holt,  a  judge,  207,  208. 

Sir  John,  498. 

Holy  Island,  250. 

Holy  Land  :  see  Crusada, 

Homildon-hill,    battle    of, 

221. 
Homilies,  book  of,  set  forth, 

316. 
Honorius,  emperor,  21. 

III.,  pope,  148. 

archbishop        of 


Canterbury,  32. 
Hood,  Paul,  432. 
Hooker,  Richard,  339. 
Hooper,  John,    bishop  of 

Worcester,  319,  321, 329, 

331- 

Hopkins,  Nicholas,  a  Car- 
thusian, 291. 

Hops,  John,  abbot  of  Wo- 


bum,  J03. 

n-heath, 
426. 


Hopton-1 


battle    of. 


Horesti,  a  British  tribe,  14. 

Home,  a  lay  brother  of  the 
Charterhouse,  306. 

Horsa,  22. 

Horsey,  Dr.,  297. 

Hotham,    Sir   John,    407, 
421,  422,  428. 

Hotspur :  see  Percy,  Henry. 

Hough,    John,    bishop    of 
Worcester,  488,  533. 

Houghton,     a     Carthusian 
prior,  300. 

Hounslow-heath,  camp  at, 
488. 

Housecarles,  what,  76. 

Howard,  John :   see  Nor- 
folk, Surrey. 

Sir  Edward,  287. 

Lord  Thomas,  302. 
Lord  William,  307, 


328. 


■  Sir  Robert,  415. 

viscount,      one     of 

CromwelPs  peers,  453. 
•  of  Esknck,  Edward 


Howard,  lord,  418,  444. 
Waiiam 


Howard,  lord,  479. 

Howe,  John,  530. 

Howel  Dda,  32,  42,  50. 

Howman,   or   Feckenham, 
John,  333. 

Hris,  brother  of  the  Welsh 
king,  67. 

Hubha,  the  Dane,  46. 

Hubert,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, 132,  137,  138. 

Huda,  ealdorman,  42. 

Hugh  of  the  Temple,  107. 
SS2 


Hugo,  a  traitor,  58. 

abbot  of  Clugny,  96. 

Hull,  gates  of,  shut,  422. 
Humfreville,  Gilbert,  88. 
Humphrey,  dean  of  Win* 

Chester,  345. 
Hnnfrid  the  cook,  94. 
Hungerford,  Edward  Hast« 

ings,  lord,  257. 
Hunne,  Richard,  297. 
Huntingdon,  John  Holland, 

earl  of,  205,   208,   217, 

218. 


'  John  Holland, 
earl  of,  afterwards  duke 
of  Exeter,  228. 

William    Her- 


bert, earl  of,  261. 
Huntington,  Major,  430. 
Huntley,   George  Gordon, 

marquis  of,  428,  444. 

a  •Kentish    clergy- 


man, 401,  402. 

Hunton,  Philip,  441. 

Hurst  Castle,  Charles  L 
imprisoned  at,  435. 

Huss,  John,  227. 

Hussey,  lord,  303. 

HusHng,  what,  74. 

Hutchins,  Sir  George,  502. 

Hutchinson,  Colonel,  437, 
438,  460,  467. 

Huwal,  king  of  the  West- 
Welsh,  52. 

Hwiccians,  the,  40. 

Hyde,  Edward,  423,  445, 
452  :  see  Clarendon,  Ed- 
ward Hyde,  earl  of. 

Anne,  wife  of  James 

II.,  484. 

Henry  :  see  Claren- 
don. 

^—  Lawrence  :  see  Ro- 
chester. 


la,  St.,  an  Irish  missionary, 

8. 
lago,  of  Gwynneth,  51. 
I  hernia  :  see  Ireland. 
Iceni,  a  British  tribe,  5. 
Ictis,  described  by  Strabo, 

3. 

Ida,  29. 

Ikenild  Street,  its  presumed 
course,  6. 

Imanuantius,  king  of  the 
Trinobantes,  10. 

Impropriations,  feoffees  for, 
censured  in  the  Star- 
chamber,  402. 

Ina  of  Wessex,  34,  35. 

Indulf,  of  Scotland,  55. 

Ingwair,  a  Dani^  chie^ 
44- 


628 


INDEX. 


Innbkillen,  or  Enniskillen, 
492. 

lord,  419. 

Innocent  III.,  pope,  138, 
139,  140,  142. 

IV.,  pope,  152. 

VIII.,  pope^  297. 

XI.,  pope,  485. 

Ireland,  notices  of  the  af- 
fairs of,  38,  121,  195, 
220,  272,  288,  303,  307, 
319.  363.  365*  378>  4x8, 
444,  448,  466,  490,  492, 

499,  S^h  507,  S14,  541. 
-  title    of   duke    of. 


given  to  Robert  de  Vere, 

199. 
Ireton,   Hemry,    440,   445, 

448. 
Irish  Archaeological  Society, 

historical  publications  of 

the,  581. 

chief  captains,  288. 

chieftains  made  peers 

of  parliament,  307. 
Irishman,      Cornelius,      a 

priest,  348. 
"  Irish     massacre,"     the, 

419. 
Irish  money  forbidden  to 

be  circulated  in  England, 

254. 
names  adopted  by  the 

English,  289. 
scholars  at  the  Uni- 
versities, 232. 
Isaac,  ruler  of  Cyprus,  129. 
Isabel  of  Angouleme,  136, 

137. 

• natural    daughter    of 

Richard  I.,  127. 

daughter  of  William 

Marshal,  earl  of  Pem- 
broke, 136. 

daughter  of  John,  136, 

149. 
^—  daughter  of  Edward 

III.,  189. 
—  daughter  of  Richard, 

earl  of  Cambridge,  227. 
(or  Hawise),  wife  of 

John,  136,  137. 
Isabella,    wife   of  Edward 

II.,  181,  182,   185,  186, 

191. 
wife  of  Richard  II., 

201,  208,  214. 
dudiess  of  Clarence, 

251,  253,  254. 
Itinerary  of  Antoninus,  2. 
Itius  Portus,  9. 

Jamaica,  conquest  of,  452. 
ames  I.  of  Scotland,  221, 
«29,  232,  233,  236. 


James  II.  of  Scotland,  236, 

238,  241. 
III.  of  Scotland,  241, 

251,  274. 
IV.  of  Scotland,  274, 

276,  277,  280,  287. 
— —  V.  of  Scotland,  301, 

307. 
VI.  of  Scotland,  346, 

353,  356,  365. 
I.  (James  VI.  of  Scot- 

land),  reign  of,  369—383. 
^—^  II.,   reign  of,   481 — 

490. 
Francis  Edward,  son 

of  James  II.,  484,  489, 

490»  523*  S^  527.  540. 
prince    of    Scotland, 

264. 
James-town,    in    Virginia, 

founded,  378. 
Jane,  queen  of  Henry  VII L , 

284,  301,  303. 

Dr.,  502. 

Jaqueline  of  Holland,  215, 

233- 
"Jasper,   Perkin's  tailor," 
277. 

{efferies,  George,  lord,  473. 
ehmarc,  a  Scottish  chief, 
62. 

Jenkins,  Judge,  391. 

Jennings,  Sarah,  483,  525  : 
see  Afarl^nmgJkf  SaruA, 
duchasof. 

Jerusalem,  Latin  kingdom 
of,  established,  100 ;  sub- 
verted, 125. 

Jestyn,  lord  of  Glamorgan, 

97. 
Jesus  College,  Cambridge, 
founded,  276. 

Oxford, 

founded,  349. 

Jewel,  John,  bishop  of  Sa- 
lisbury, 359. 
}ews>  the,  in  England,  162. 
oan,  daughter  of  John,  136, 
147. 

natural    daughter    of 

John,  136,  139. 

-  of  Acre,  daughter  of 
Edward  I„  166. 

daughter   of  Edward 

II.,  181,  190. 
— ^daughter  of  Edward 

III.,  189. 
of  Kent,  wife  of  the 

Black  Prince,  188. 

(Beaufort),  queen   of 

Scotland,  232,  236. 

Dare,  234,  235. 

Joanna,  daughter  of  Henry 

II.,  u6,  129,  131. 
of  France,  173. 


John,  reign  o^  135 — 142. 

—  II.  of  France*  194, 
I95t  196. 

—  I.  of  Portugal,  206. 

—  son  of  Henry  IL,  1 16, 
124,  125  :  stejohn^  Jang, 

—  son  of  Henry  III., 
145. 

—  son  of  Edward  I., 
166. 

—  of  Eltham,  son  of  Ed* 
ward  II.,  181. 

—  of  Gaunt,  son  of  Ed- 
ward III.,  189,  193,  197. 
198,  202,  203,  204,  205, 
206,  207,  209. 

—  son  of  Richard,  duke 
of  York,  245. 

—  XVI.,  pope,  57. 

—  lord  of  the  Isles,  25a 

—  John,  St,  lord,  173, 

177. 

Oliver,     88 ;     an* 


a   lawyer. 


other,  38a 
•  Henry, 


438,  446,  447. 

530.  536; 

see  Bolingbroke, 

John's  College,  St.,   Cam- 
bridge, founded,  287. 

Oxford, 


founded,  338. 

Johnson,  John,   name   as* 

sumed  by  Guy  Fawkes, 

375- 

Rev.  Samuel,  4S0. 


Jones,  Edward,  a  conspira- 
tor, 357. 

Walter,  375. 

a  regicide,  461. 

Jorwerth,   prince  of  South 
Wales,  104. 

Joseph,  St.,  of  Arimathea, 
8. 

Michael,    a    rebel» 

276. 

Jourdain,  Margaret,  237. 

Jovian,  emperor,  20. 

Jovinus,  prsefect,  20. 

Joyce,  a  comet,  433. 

Judith,  queen,  41,  42,  43. 

wife  of  Tostig,  68, 

70. 

■  niece  of  William  I., 

89,91. 
Julian,  emperor,  20. 
son  of  Constantine, 


Juliana,  natural  daughter  of 

Henry  I.,  1 03. 
Julius  Frontinus,  propraetor, 

13. 
Junius,  M.  D.,  propraetor. 

Justice-seat,  cottrts  of,  402. 


INDEX. 


629 


Juxon,   Bishop,  403,  436; 
abp.,  4^»  467- 

Katherine,  queen  of  Henry 

v.,  225. 
of  Aragon,  queen 

of   Henry    VIIL,    277, 

278,  285,  293,  294,  295, 

296,  301. 
(Howard),  queen 

of   Henry    VIIL,    284, 

306,  307. 

-(Parr),   queen  of 


Henry  VIIL,  285,  309, 

317. 

•  daughter  of  Ed 


ward  IV.,  249. 

natural   daughter 


of  Richard  III.,  261 

daughterofHenry 

Medicis, 


VIL,  271. 
-de 


queen-mother  of  France, 

344* 

—  of  Portugal,  queen 


ofCharlesIL,  458,  499. 
Keck,  Anthony,  a  lawyer, 

498. 
Keeblc,  Richard,  a  lawyer, 

443. 
Kelsey,  major-general,  432, 

452. 
Kempe,     Cardinal     John, 

233*  235- 
Kcm,    Thomas,    bishop  of 


Kidd,  William,    a  pirate, 

521,  523»  533.        , 
Kidder,  Richard,  bishop  of 

Bath  and  Wells,  504. 
Kildare,  Gerald  Fitzgerald, 
^  earl  of,  272. 

Gerald,  son  of  the 


Bath    and   Wells,    489, 

499.505-     .  ,     ^ 

Kenilworth,  siege  of,  loo ; 

Dictum  de,  ib, 
Kenneth  11. ,  of  Scotland, 

42. 
Kent,  kingdom  of,  27,  40. 
Thomas,  earl  of,  208, 

209,  217,  218. 
Edmund       Holland, 

earl  of,  221. 
WilUam  Neville,  earl 

of,  242. 
Henry  Grey,  carl  of, 

357,  358. 

Kentigem,  29. 

Kentish  rising,  the,  435. 

Petition,  the,  523. 

Kernes,  289. 

Ket  (or  Kmght),  a  Norfolk 
insurgent,  318. 

Ketil,  son  of  Tostig,  70. 

Keting,  James,  prior  of  Kil- 
mainham,  275. 

Kett,  Francis,  361. 

Keys,  Robert,  a  gunpowder 
plotter,  374,  376,  377. 

Thomas,  341  ;  an- 
other, 516. 


above,  299;  his  son, 
"Silken  Thomas,"  ib.  ; 
his    grandson,     Gerald, 

299,  329. 

Kilkenny,  Assembly  of,  424. 

Killiecrankie,  battle  of,  501. 

Kilsyth,  battle  of,  429. 

Kimbolton,  lord,  421, 439  : 
see  Manchester,  earl  of. 

King  amoDg  the  Anglo- 
Saxons,  75. 

of   Ireland,  the  title 

assumed,  307. 

—-  a  plotter,  516. 

King's  College,  Cambridge, 
founded,  237. 

King  Henry's  College,  310. 

Kingston,     Sir     Ainthony, 

331- 

Kinsale  fortified  by  the 
Spaniards,  366. 

Kirk,  Colonel  Percy,  486, 
501. 

Knesworth,  Sir  Thomas, 
278. 

Knight,  various  meanings 
oi  the  term,  94. 

Knighthood,  fines  for  de- 
clining, 401. 

Knightly,  convicted  of  trea- 
son, 516. 

Knights'  fees,  tlicir  nature 
and  number,  83. 

of  St  John  of  Jeru- 


salem,   106,    182,    306, 
333,342. 

■  Templars,  the  order 


Lamplugh,  Thomas,  bishop 
of  Exeter,  and  archbishop 
of  York,  490,  502. 

Lancaster,  House  of,  21a 
Edmund,  earl  of^ 


son  of  Henry  III.,  145, 
I55»  156.  »6i,  173. 

-  Thomas,  earl  o^ 


145,  178,  182,  183,  184, 
185. 

-  Henry,    earl   of. 


178,  186,  190. 

•  Henry,  duke  of. 


209,  210  :  see  Henry  IV. 
-  James,  his  voyage 


of;  105,  182. 
Knollys,  Sir  Robert,  204. 

Sir  William,  366. 

Knox,  John,  notice  of,  308. 
Kyntroiskj  what,  304. 

Laberius,  9. 

Lacy,   Hugh,  governor  of 

Ireland,  123,  124. 
Hugh  and  Walter  de, 

139- 

Lot,  a  class  so  termed,  74. 

La  Hogue,  battle  of,  506. 

Lake,  John,  bishop  of  Chi- 
chester, 489,  499. 

Lamb,  Dr.,  398,  402* 

Lambert,  John,  305. 

General,  435,  439, 

440,  449,  453»  454,  455» 
460,  466. 

Lambeth  Articles,  364. 


to  India,  365. 
Landen,  battle  of,  511. 
Landois,    minister    of  the 

duke  of  Britanny,  270. 
Landrecy,  siege  of,  540. 
Lanfranc,     archbishop     of 

Canterbury,  89,  91,  97. 
Langdale,  Sir  Marmaduke, 

435-      ^     ^ 

Langley,  Geoffrey,  155. 

Langside,  battle  of,  346. 

Langton,  Stephen,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury, 
138,  140,  147.     ^      ^ 

Lansdown,  battle  of,  426. 

La  Rochelle,  siege  and  cap- 
ture of,  398,  399- 

Latham  House,  siege  of, 
427,  428. 

Latian  cities,  6. 

Latimer,  Hugh,  bishop  of 
Worcester,  298,  305, 306, 

326,  331- 
Laud,  William,  archbishop 

of  Canterburv,  385,  399, 

401,  403,  408,  409.  4I4> 

415.  416,  427,  428,  429. 
Lauderdale,  John  Maitland, 

earl  of,  462,  472. 
Laurentius,  archbishop,  31. 
Lauzun,  the  duke  of,  502. 
Lawrens,  a  Carthusian  prior, 

300. 
Lawson,  Sir  John,  468. 
Layfield,  Dr.,  393. 
Leake,  Sir  John,  532. 
Learning,  patronized  by  the 

House  of  York,  245- 
Lee,  Edward,  archbishop  of 

York,  302. 
Leeds,    Thomas   Osborne, 

duke  of,  513. 
Legate,  Bartholomew,  380. 
Leger,   St.,   Sir  Anthony, 

303,  319-  ^.        ^^ 

Sir      Thomas^ 


245,  263. 
Legras,  John,  157. 
Leicester,      a     stipendiary 

town,  6. 


630 


INDEX. 


Leicester,  Robert  de  Bello- 
mont,  earl  of,  123. 

Simoa  de  Mont- 
ford,  earl  of:  see  Moni- 
fort, 

•  Robert    Dudley, 


carl  of,   327,  337,   356, 

357.  358.  ^ 

•  Robert    Sydney, 


earl  of,  423. 
Lenox,  John  Stoart,  ead  ol^ 

274. 
Matthew       Stnart, 

earl  of,  309,   345,  348, 

Lenthall,  William,  the 
Sneaker,  414,  434,  455, 

Leo%ar,  bishop  of  Here- 
ford, 67. 

Leofric  of  Mercia,  66,  68. 

Leofwin,  brother  of  Ha- 
rold IL,  66,  71. 

Leopold  I.,  emperor,  522. 

v.,  duke  of  Austria, 

131.  I3«- 
LeveUers,    the,  434,   443, 


Leyen,   Alexander  Lesley, 
earl  of,  418,  427. 

Levenmaur:  set  Lucius. 

Leverous,  Thomas,  bishop 
of  Kildare,  299. 

Levison,  Sir  Richard,  366. 

Lewes,  battle  of,  158. 

Lewis,  John,  354. 

Libellers,  the,  and  the  Star- 
chamber,  409. 

Licinius,  emperor,  19. 

Italicus,  14. 

Lilbume,  John,  411,  443, 
448,449. 

Colonel    Robert, 

446. 

Limerick,  siege  of,  505. 

Lincoln,  a  Roman  colony, 
6;  made  a  bishop's  see, 
91  ;  batUe  of,  146. 
■  Henry    de    Lacy, 

earl  of,  172. 

John   de   la   Pole, 

earl  of,  245,  264,  273. 

John,  a  rioter,  290. 

•  College,       Oxfotd, 


Liskr,  Sir  Geoige,  435. 

John,  a  lawyer,  443. 

viscount,     one     of 


founded,  233. 
Lincolnshire,     insurrection 

in,  302. 
Lindisfame,    the    see    of, 

founded,  31. 
Liofa,  an  outlaw,  53. 
Lionel,  son  of  Edward  HL, 

188,  196. 
Lisle,  Ahcia,  443. 
Arthur  Plantagenet, 

•viscount,  249. 


Cromwell's  peers,  453, 
Litster,  John,  a  rioter,  204. 
Littleton,  Sir  Edward,  415. 
Sir   Thomas, 


Speaker,  518. 
Liturgy,    the   new,    intro- 

du^  into  Ireland,  319  ; 

attempt  to  introduce  in 

Scotland,  412. 
Llandaff,  foundation  of  the 

see  of,  ascribed  to  Lucius, 

8. 
Llewelyn  Bren,  183. 
ap  Jorwerth,  king 

of  North    Wales,    132, 

139,  148,  149,  15a 


of    Wales,    152, 

157,  15^  iw,  160,  16s, 
167,  168,  169. 


-  ap  Sitsylht,  51. 


lioyd,  William,  bidiop  of 
St  Asaph,  489. 

■  William,  bishop  of 

Norwich,  499^  504,  505, 

Lollards,  the,  205,  219, 
2261 

Lollius  Urbicus,  15. 

London  (Londinium)  Ro- 
man colony,  6;  see  of, 
founded,  30;  the  plague 
in,  468;  the  great  &re^ 
47a 

"London  Gazette,"  th^ 
established,  468. 

Londondeny,  siege  of,  492, 
501. 

Longchamp,  William  de, 
bishop  of  Ely,  128,  132. 

Longespee,  William,  earl 
of  Salisbury,  natural  son 
of  Henry  11^  116,  139, 
140,  141. 

William,  earl  of 


Salisbury,  153. 
Longstrother,  John,  233. 
Loppei,  Roger,  363. 
Lothaire  of  Kent,  34,  72. 
Lothen,  a  Danish  diief,  65. 
Loudoun,   lord,  a  Scottish 

commissioner,  414,  418. 
Louis  VL  of  France,  105, 

106. 
Vn.  of  France,  iii, 

119,  120,  124. 
VIII.  of  France,  147, 

148. 
IX.    of  France,   151, 

I53»  157,  158.  161. 
—  X.  of  France,  183. 
— —  XI.   of  France,   254, 

255- 
XIL  of  France,  288. 


Louis    XIII.    of    France^ 

398. 
XIV.  of  France,  468, 

469,  472»  474,  47$. 

son    of    Charles   the 

Simple,  52. 

-^—  tne  dauphin,  142,  1461 
see  Lams  VI I L 

Louisa  of  Savoy,  queen- 
mother  of  France^   292, 

293- 
Louvois,  the  mimster,  469. 
Lovat,  Simon  Eraser,  lord, 

529. 
Love,  Christopher,  446. 
Lovd,  lord,  260,  272,  273. 
Lovelace,  lord,  490. 
Lowick,  516. 
Lucas,  Sir  Charles,  435. 
Ludlianus,  Gn.,  propraetor, 

17. 

Lucius,  king,  15. 

■  Verus,  emperor,  15* 
Lndeca  of  Merda,  4a 
Ludlow,     Edmund,     438, 

44a 
Lusdutram,  battle  of,  15. 
Lmdhaid,  a  bishop,  3a 
Lumley,  Sir  Ralph,  218. 

■  Richard      Lnmley, 
viscount,  489,  49a 

Lundy,  colond,  492. 

Island,     186,    317,, 

406. 

Lunsford,  colonel,  420^  421- 

Lupicinus,  a  Roman  gene- 
ral, 2a 

Lupus  Virius,  propnetor, 
15,  16, 

Lusignan,  Guy  de,  king  of 
Jerusalem,  125, 128, 13a 
half-bco- 


ther  of  Henry  IIL,  152. 
Luther,  Martin,  29X 
Luxembourg,     Maishal, 

469. 

Lympne,  a  Roman  for- 
tress, 5. 

Lyttelton,  Stephen,  a  gun- 
powder plotter,  376. 

Mabel,  wife  of  Robert,  earl 

of  Gloucester,  102. 
Macaulay,  Lord,  508. 
Macbeth,  a  Scottish  chief, 

62,  67. 
Macdonald,     Duncan,     an 

English  partisan,  176. 

of Glencoe,  507. 

M'Donough,      dynast      of 

Leinster,  22a 
Mackay,  General,  500^  501, 

507. 
Mackerdl,  Matthew,  abbot 

of  Barlings,  303. 


INDEX. 


631 


Macrinns,  emperor,  17. 
liadoc,  prince  of  Powys, 

III. 
■  a     Welsh     prince, 

alleged    voyage    of,    to 

America,  122. 
an  insuigent,   172, 

173. 

Useatse   and    Caledonians, 

3,6. 
Mi^la,  29. 
Msenius  Agrippa,  14. 
Hagdalen  College,  Oxford, 

founded,  240 ;  attack  on 

its  rights,  4£8. 
Magna  Charta,  14a 
Magnentios,  2a 
Magnus  I.  of  Norway,  65. 
— ^-^  III.     of    Norway, 

201,  104. 
-^—  V.  of  Norway,  i  la 
VII.     <rf   Norway, 

158. 
— —  son  of  Harold  IL, 

7Q. 
Maidstone,     storming    of, 

435. 

Maitland  Club,  historical 
publications  of  the,  581. 

Malcolm  of  Scotland,  53. 

IL,  62, 

III.,    88,    90,   91, 

98. 

IV.,  118,  123,  276. 

Maldon,  a  Roman  colony, 
6. 

Mallet,  William,  104. 

— —  Dr.,  a  chaplain, 
320. 

Malplaquet,  battle  of,  537. 

Man  and  the  Isles,  no- 
tices of,  31,  87,  101, 
147,  160,  171,  193,  217, 

447. 

Manchester,  Edward  Mon- 
tague, earl  of,  428,  453. 

Manfred,    king    of   SicUy, 

154. 
Manning,  a  spy,  452. 
Manny,  Sir  Walter,  192. 
Mansel,    John,    153,    157, 

158. 

Sir  Robert,  366. 

Mansfeldt,  count,  383. 
Manwaring,     Dt.     Roger, 

384,399. 
Mar,  earl  of,  254. 
—  John  Erskine,  earl  of, 

349,  369. 
March,    Roger    Mortimer, 

earl    of,     190 ;  another, 

206,  209. 
— — ^—  Edmund  Mortimer, 

earl    of,   206 ;   another, 

321,  243. 


March,     George    Dunbar, 

eari  of,  235. 
Marche,   Hus^h   Lusignan, 

count  de  ht,    136,   137, 

138,  151. 
Marchmont,  Patrick  Home, 

earl  of,  521. 
Marcianus  Heracleota,  2. 
Marcus,  21. 
Marcus  Aurellus,  emperor, 

IS- 
Margaret,  sister  of  Edgar 
Atheling,  90,  98. 

queen  of  Edward 


I.,  165,  166,  181. 

•  of  Norway,  170, 


•  of  Anjou,  queen 


171. 


of  Henry  VI.,  231,  237, 
240,  241,  242,  249,  250, 
252,  253,  254. 
queen    of    Scot- 
land, 251. 

'  daughter  of  Louis 


VIL,  116,  119. 

daughter     of 

Henry  III.,    I45,    154, 


155. 


-daughter  of  Ed- 


ward I.,  166. 

■  daughter  of  Ed- 


ward III.,  189. 

daughter     of 

Richard,  duke  of  York, 
245,  251,  273,  275. 

daughter  of  Ed- 
ward IV.,  248. 

-  daughter 


of 
Henry  VII.,  271,  277, 
288,  290. 

•  daughter  of  James 


I.,  371. 
II. ,    countess    of 

Flanders,  167. 
Maria,    the    infanta,    382, 

,  384. 
Marian     persecution,    the, 

330. 

Marius  Valerianus,  17. 

Mark,  bishop  of  Sodor,  174. 

Markham,  Sir  Griffin,  372. 

Marlborough,  James  Ley, 
earl  of,  468. 

John  Churchill, 

earl  and  duke  of,  499, 
S03»  504.  506,  523,  525, 
528,  529,  531,  532,  534, 
535,  536,  537,  538,  539, 
540. 

Sarah,  duchess 


of,  525,  540. 
Mar- Prelate  tracts,  the,  359. 
Marsh,  Geoffrey,  149. 

Stephen,  450. 

William,  151. 


Marshal,  Willhim,  137. 
Richard,  earl : 


Pembroke, 
Marston-moor,    battle    of» 

428. 
Marten,  Sir  Henry,  402. 
Martin  IV.,  pope,  168. 

Master,  152. 

Martinus,  prsefect,  20. 
Martyr,  Peter,  317,  326. 
"Martyrdom"  of  Charles. 

I.,    the    commemorative 

service,  395. 
Mary  Magdalene  College, 

St.,  Cambridge,  founded, 

291. 
Mary  I.,   reign  of,   322 — 

334. 
IL,    reign  of,   494— 

512.      • 
— —  of  Guise,    queen-m<K 

ther    of  Scotland,   308, 

343. 

—  queen  of  Scots,  308, 
309,  344.  345,  346,  349,. 
357,  358,  368. 

daughter  of  Stephen, 

109. 
daughter    of  Edward 

I.,  166. 
daughter   of  Edward 

IIL,  189. 
daughter   of  Edward 

IV.,  248. 
daughter     of    Henry 

VIL,  271,  288,  290. 
'—  daughter     of    Henry 

VIIL,    285,    302,    316, 

318,      320,      321  :     see 

Mary  I, 
daughter  of  James  I., 

371. 
daughter  of  Charles  I. , 

395»  422. 
daughter    of    James, 

duke  of  York,  475,  484, 

496 :  see  J/:/ry  //,  qutm. 
Masham,  Mrs.,  favourite  of 

Queen  Anne,  534,   538, 

539. 

Stephen,  539. 

Massey,  John,  487,  488. 
Mathraval,  kings  of,  42. 
Matilda  of  Flanders,  wife 

of  William  L,    85,  87, 
92. 

wife     of    Stephen, 


108,  no. 

-  daughter  of  William 


L,  86. 


daughter   of   Fulk, 
earl  of  Anjou,  105. 

■  daughter  of  Henry 


IL,  117. 
Matucof,  Andrew  Artemo- 


63  a 


INDEX. 


nowitz,   an   ambassador, 

537. 
Maud,   wife  of  Henry  I., 
102,  103,  105. 

—  daughter  of  Henry  I., 
102,  104,  106,  107,  109, 
no,  III. 

two  natural  daughters 

of  Henry  I.,  103. 

—  daughter  of  Stephen, 
108. 

—  wife  of  David  of  Scot- 
land, 106. 

Maudelyn,  a  chaplain,  200, 

2lg. 

Maurice^  bishop  of  London, 

'°3.        ^     .       .    . 

the  justiciary, 
149. 


pnnce,  424,  445. 

Maxentius,  emperor,  19. 

Maxima  Caesanensis,  27. 

Maximian,  18,  ^9. 

Maximilian,  the  emperor, 
i287. 

Maximinus  I.,  emperor,  17. 

II.,  emperor,  18. 

Maximus,  emperor,  20,  21, 

»  Clemens,  20. 

Maychell,  John,  251. 

Maynard,  Sir  John,  496. 

Mayne,  Cuthbert,  a  semi- 
nary priest,  352. 

Mayo,  colonel,  451. 

Mazarin,   Julius,    cardinal, 

439. 
Mead,  a  quaker,  473. 
Meatae,  a  British  tribe,  16. 
Medeshamstede,  the  abbey 

of;  founded,  32. 
Medina,  Sir  Solomon,  539. 
Sidonia,       Alfonso 

Peresius,  duke  of,  359. 
Meesters,  a  Dutch  engineer, 

512. 
Melaghlin,  king  of  Ireland, 

56. 
Melbethe,  a  Scottish  chief, 

62. 
Mellilus,  archbishop,  31. 
Menapii,  the,  18. 
Mercia,    the    kingdom  of, 

founded,  30. 
Meredith  of  Dynevor,  51. 
Merefield,  George,  402. 
Merks,  Thomas,  bishop  of 

Carlisle,  210,  218. 
Merlesuain,  87. 
Merrick,  Sir  Gellis,  366. 
Merton,  Walter  de,  167. 
Mertyeght,  what,  304. 
Mervin,   prince  of  Powys, 

42,  49. 
MichaePs  Mount,  St.,  253, 

2'//. 


Middle  class,  rise  of  the,  in 

England,  267. 
Mlddlemore,  a  Carthusian, 

300. 
Middlesex,    Lionel    Cran- 

feild,  earl  of,  382. 
Middleton,    general,    450 ; 

made  an  earl,  462. 

■  Sir  Thomas,  429, 

454. 
Mid    Saxon  kingdom, 

founded,  27. 
Mildmay,  Sir  Henry,  463. 

Sir  Walter,  355. 

Millenary  Petition,  the,  372. 
Milo  the  porter,  94. 
Milton,    John,    426,    440, 

441. 
Minocynobellinus,   a   fugi- 
tive Briton,  II. 
Mitchell,  Sir  Francis,  381. 
Moelmud,     Dynwal,    laws 

ascribed  to,  32. 
Mohun,  Charles,  lord,  504. 
Moleyne,  Adam,  bishop  of 

Chichester,  238. 
Mompesson,  Sir  Giles,  381. 
Mona,  4,  12,  13. 
Monasteries,  suppression  of 

the,  298,  301,  305  ;  some 

few      refounded,     325  ; 

again  suppressed,  342. 
Monastics,  treatment  of  the 

expelled,  298,  303,  316. 
Money,  Saxon,  76. 
Monk,  George,   427,   440, 

446,  447,  4Si>  455  •"  see 

Albemarle, 
Monmouth,  Geoffrey  of,  29. 
James,  duke  of. 


natural  son  of  Charles  11. , 
459,  473,  479,  480,  481, 

Monson,  William,  lord,  463. 

Sir  Richard,  366. 

Sir    William,    361, 

408. 
Montacute,    Anthony 

Browne,  lord,  331. 

Henry  Pole, 


lord,  283,  305. 
Montague,  lord,  374. 
Charles,  522,  524. 

Christopher,  523. 

Edward,    455, 


456  :  see  Sandwich^  earl 

■  John  Nevile,  lord, 

250,  252. 
Dr.  Richard,  385, 

396,  397. 
Monteai^'le,  William  Parker, 

lord,  374,  375- 
Montferrat,  Conrad  of,  125, 

130,  131. 


Montferrat,     William     o( 

125. 
Montfort,   Simon  de,    144, 

153,  154.  156.  157.  I58,. 

159. 
Simon   de,   the 

younger,  158. 

Almeric  de,  168. 

Eleanor    de,     i68y 


169. 


-  Sir  Simon,  275. 

JohnllL  de,  dnke 

of  Britanny,  192,  193. 
-John  IV.,  196,197, 


203. 


-  Jane  de,  192. 


Montgomery,  castle  o(  87, 
88,  99,  147. 

Roger,     eazi 


of  Shrewsbury,  97. 

•  Lord,  514. 


Montrose,  James  Graham, 
earl  and  marquis  of,  428, 
429,  430,  444,  445. 

Monumenta  Historica  Bri- 
tannica,  571. 

Moore,  John,  bishop  of 
Norwich,  504. 

Morcar,  the  thane,  6a 

earl  of  Northumbrian 

68,  70,  71,  87,  90,  97- 

Mordaunt,  lord,  374. 

General,  537. 

More,  Sir  Thomas,  283, 
294,  296,  300,  301. 

Roger,  419. 

MoreviUe,  Hugh  de,  122. 

Morgan,  bishop  of  St.  Da- 
vid's, 57. 

natural  s4n  of  Henxr 

IL,  117. 

a  \\  elsh  chieftain. 


172. 

Morland,  Samuel,  452. 
Morley,  bishop,  460. 
Mortimer,  Ralph  de,  9a 

Hugh,     loni    of 

Wigmorc,  118. 
Roger, 


lord    ot 
Wigmore,  156. 

Roger,  185,  186, 


187  :  see  March^  earl  of , 
Mortimer's  Cross,  battle  ofi 

241. 
Morton,    James    Douglas, 

eari  of,   346,   350,   353, 

353- 

John,  bishop  of  Ely, 

257,  265;  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  274,  297. 

Morton,  Dr.  Nicholas,  347. 
Thomas,  a  laceman. 


537. 

Mountjoy,  Charles  Blount, 
lord,  365,  372. 


INDEX, 


63$ 


Mountsorrel,  sieg^  of,  146. 
Mowbray,  Roger  de,  123. 
'  John,    Thomas  : 

see  Nottingham, 
Mul  of  Wessex,  34. 
Mnlfiave,    Edmund    Shef- 

fidd,  earl  of,  438,  453. 

—  John  Sheffield, 
earl  of,  491. 

Mund^  what,  74. 
Mnnden,  Sir  John,  528. 
Murray,  James  Stuart,  earl 

ot  345i  346,  348. 
Mnskerry,  bid,  468. 
Mustrons^  what,  304. 

Najara,  battle  of,  196. 
Naiifan,  Sir  John,  ^2. 
Nantwich,  battles  at,  427, 

Narborough,  Sir  John,  475. 
Naseby,  battle  of,  429. 
Nan,  a  secretary,  357. 
Navarre,  Joan  o^  215,  227, 

228. 
Naylor,  James,  452. 
Nectaridus,  20. 
Neerwinden,  battle  of,  511. 
Nelson,  John,  352. 

Robert,  505. 

Neot,  St.,  46. 
NeratiusMarcellus,  prsefect, 

14. 

Nero,  emperor,  12,  13. 

Nerva,  emperor,  14. 

Nesta,  a  Welsh  princess, 
102. 

Netherlands,  protection  of 

>  the,  accepted  by  Eliza- 
beth, 356;  truce  with 
Spain,  its  consequences, 

378. 
Neuimarche,    Bernard    of, 

98. 
Nevil,    Thomas,    dean    of 

Canterbury,  372. 
Neville,     Ralph,     earl    of 

Westmoreland,  209,  216. 
(Jeorge,  archbishop 

of  York,  251,  253. 

Sir    George,    264, 

275. 
Neville's   cross,   battle  of, 

Newbum,  skirmish  at,  414. 
Jicwbury,    first    battle    of, 

426  ;    second  battle  of, 

428. 
New   Caledonia    (Darien), 

519. 

Newcastle,  William  Caven- 
dish, earl  and  marquis  of, 
425,  428. 

Newdygate,  a  Carthusian, 
300. 


New  England,  Puritan  set- 
tlement in,  381. 

New  Forest,  formation  of 
the,  91. 

Newfoundland,  colonization 
of,  378. 

Newland,     Sir    Benjamin, 

503- 
"  New  Model "  of  the  army, 

428,  429. 
Newport,  treaty  of,  435. 
New     York,     capture    of, 

468. 
Nice,  Council  of,  19. 
Nicholas  IV.,  pope,  170. 
Nicholson,     or     Lambert, 

John,  305. 
Nijlhdmy  what,  26. 
Nigel,  bishop  of  Ely,  no. 
Ninias,  21,  27. 
Nonjurors,  the,  505. 
Norfolk,    insurrection     in, 

318  ;  attempted  rising  in, 

445- 
— —  Hugh  Bigod,    carl 

of,  XI 8. 
Roger  Bigod,   carl 

of,  173- 

Thomas  Mowbray, 


duke  of,  209. 
—  John  Howard,  duke 
of,  2^0,  262,  265. 

-  Thomas,    duke    of. 


son  of  the  above,   263, 
274,  287. 

•  Thomas,   duke    of. 


son  of  the  above,   291, 
292,294,  3*0,  311,  328. 
•  Thomas,    duke  of. 


grandson  of  the  above, 
328,  347,  348,  349. 

Norman  era,  the,  82. 

Norris,  Sir  John,  361,  365. 
-  an    admi- 


ral, 537. 

Sir  William,  263, 

•  Henry,   an  alleged 


{>aramour  of  Anne  Bo- 
eyn,  301. 
North,  insurrections  in  the, 

302,  303.  347- 
Northampton,     battle    at, 
241. 

— — John  of,  205. 

William 


Parr,    marquis    of,   309, 

329. 

Northamptonshire,     insur- 
rection in,  378. 

Northmen,  the,  37. 

Northumberland,      Robert 
Mowbray,  earl  of,  99. 

Henry 


Percy,  earl  of,  207,  214, 
217,  221,  222,  223. 


Northumberland,  Henry- 
Percy,  earl  of,  grandson 
of  the  above,  214,  238, 

239- 

^—      Henry 

Percy,  earl  of,  son  of  the 
above,  252,  264,  265, 
274. 

Thomas 


Percy,  earl  o(  grandson 
of  the  above,  347,  350. 

Henry 


Percy,  earl  of,  brother  of 
the  above,  356. 

Henry 


Percy,  earl  of,  374,  380, 
382- 

•John  Ne- 


ville, earl  of,  251,  252: 
see  Montagu, 

-  John  Dud- 


ley, duke  of,  309,  313, 

315,  318.  3I9»  320,  321, 

325*  326. 
Northumbria,  kingdom  of,. 

founded,  29. 
Norwich,  see  of,  founded, 

98. 

George     Goring, 


carl  of,  435,  443. 
Nottingham,      the      rojral 
standard  set  up  at,  423. 
Thomas  Mow- 


bray, earl  of,  208,  209. 
-John  Mowbray, 


earl  of,  221. 


Charles 
Howard,    earl    of,    365, 

366,377.  ^.    ^ 

-HeneageFmch, 


earl  of,  472. 

-  Daniel   Finch, 


earl  of,  492,  506,  528. 
Nova  Scotia,  538. 
Novantge,  a  British  tribe,  5. 
Numerianus,  emperor,  18. 

Gates,  Titus,  475,  480, 485. 
O'CoUun,  Patrick,  363. 
O'Conor,  Charles,  587. 
Odo,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, 54. 
of    Bayeux,    87,    92, 

94»97. 
Odoacer,  23. 

O'Dogherty,  rising  of,  378. 
0£[a  of  East  Anglia,  3^. 
IL  of  Mercia,  36,  37, 

39. 
Oglethorpe,  Gwen,  bishop 

of  Carlisle,  341. 
Olaf  of  Norway,  62,  70, 
—  III.  of  Norway,  92. 
son  of  Godred  Cronan, 

104,  no. 


«34 


INDEX. 


Ola^  king  of  the  Isles,  147, 

148*  149,  150- 
^—  son  of  Harold  Har- 

drada,  71. 
Oldcastle,  Sir 'John,  (styled 

Lord  Cobham),  226,  228. 
Old  Hall  green,  337. 
Old  SanixDy  a  Latian  city, 

6. 
Oliyer,  natural  son  of  King 

John,  136. 
O'Neal,  Con,  an  Irish  chief- 

toin.  307,  346. 
—  Hug^,    363  :     see 

Tyrofu. 
■  Sir  Phelim,  419. 

Onslow,    Sir   Richard, 

Speaker,  537. 
Open  morth^  what,  77. 
Orange,  WUliam  I.,  prince 

of,  330- 
■■  IIL,    prince 

ot  395.  47S»  489.  490, 

491,  492 :    see   WUliam 

IIL 
Orcades,    period    of   their 

discovery  by  die  Romans 

doubtful,  II. 
Ordeal,    three    kinds    of, 

77. 
— ^—  trial    by,    formally 

abolished,  147. 
Ordgar,  the  ealdorman,  55. 
Ordinances  of  the  Houses 

of   Pariiament,    abstract 

of,  387. 
Ordovices,  a  British  tribe, 

Orford,  Edward  Russell, 
earl  of,   506,  512,   522, 

523. 

Orkney  and  Shetland  is- 
lands surrendered  to  Scot- 
land, 251. 

Elizabeth    ViUiexs, 

countess  of,  498,  521. 

Orleans,  si^e  of,  234. 

^— -  Charles,  duke  of, 
228,  236. 

Orleton,  Adam,  bishop  of 
Hereford,  186. 

Ormond,  James  Butler, 
duke  of,  419,  423,  427, 

430.  435.  467,  485. 
James  Butler,  duke 

of,  grandson  of  the  above, 

528,  S40,  542. 
O  Rurke,  Sir  Bryan,  362. 
Osbald,  a  usurper,  39. 
Osbaldistone,  Dr.,  412. 
Osbem,   son  of  Siward  of 

Northumbria,  67. 
Osbert  of  Northumbria,  43. 
Osburga,  wife  of  Ethel  wulf, 

41. 


Osep  Napea,  a  Russian  am- 

•^ssador,  333. 
Osgod  Clapa,  64. 
OsUc,  41. 

earl  of  Northnmber- 


3I1 


land,  5S< 
Osred  I.,  of  Northumbria, 

35. 
IL,  of  Northumbria, 

37. 
OsricofDeira,  31. 

—  of  Northumbria,  35. 

the  ealdorman,  42. 

Ostmen,  the,  39,  121. 
Dstorius  SG4>ula,  1 1,  12. 
Ostrith,  queen,  35. 
O&wald    (BretwaUa), 

32. 
Oswine  of  Deira,  32. 

a  noble,  30. 

Oswulf  of  Northumbria,  361 
Oswy     of     Northnmbna, 

(Bretwalda),  32,  33. 
Otho,  emperor,  13. 
— ^  the  Great,  49. 

—  cardinal,  papal  legate, 
iSa 

Ottadeni,  a   British  tribe, 

Otterbum,  battle  of,  207. 
Oudenarde,  battle  of,  536. 
Overbury,  Sir  Thomas,  380. 
Owen  ap  Edwin,  loi. 
Gwynneth,    89,    109, 

III,  118,  119,  122. 

Sir  John,  443. 

Oxford,      Parliaments    at, 

427,  478. 

Provisions  o(  156, 


157,  158. 

•  Thomas   de 


earl  of,  199. 
Robert 


Vere, 


de     Vere, 
earl  of,  199,  206,  207. 
Isabella    de    Vere, 


countess  of,  221, 
—  John  de  Vere,  earl 
of,  250. 

■  John  de  Vere,  earl 


of,  son  of  the  above,  252, 
264,  265. 

•  Margaret  de  Vere, 


countess  of,  253,  265. 
OyUgeag^  what,  304. 

Pacatianus,  propraetor,  19. 
Palmer,  Sir  Thomas,  326. 
Pandulph,  a  cardinal,  139, 

141,  147. 
Papianus,  prsefect,  17. 
Paris    places    itself    under 

English  government,  229 ; 

recovered  by  the  French, 

234. 
Parisii,  a  British  tribe,  5. 


Paricer,   *Matthew»     ac^ 
bishop    of    CantertMiy, 

336,  339.  344, 35«- 

Samuel,  bishop  oT 


Oxford,  483. 

Colonel  John,  512: 

Society,     histoiical 

publications  of  th^  581. 
Parliament,  bugesws  igsJL 

summoned  to^  157. 

theLan^4M» 


433>  434»  443»  449»  4SV 

459- 
Parma,   Hercoks  Fww, 

duke  of,  359. 
Parre,  George  Van,  32a 
Parry,  William,  35$. 
P&rsons,  Robert,  352L 
Partridge,  Sir  Miles,  32L 
Paslew,   John,    abboK    cf 

Whalley,  303. 
Passelew,  Simon,  156L 
Patay,  battle  o^  234. 
Patent  Rolls,  551. 
Paterson,   WilUam,   m/Sat 

of,  519. 
Patridk,  St.,  28. 
.  Sunon,    bishop  cf 

Chichester,  504. 
Pat^ :  see  We^^m^ldi, 
Paul,  St,  8. 

ly.,  pope,  331. 

M.  St.,  533. 

Paulet,  governor  of  Dttij» 

378. 
Paolinus,  bishops  31,  32. 
Claudius^ 


pnetor,  17. 
Pauncefort,  Traqr*  51^ 
Pavia,  battle  of,  293. 
Peachell,  John,  vice-chm- 

cellor  of  Cambridge^  489. 
Peacock,  Reginald,  hisbnp 

of  Chichester,  297. 
Peada  of  Mercia,  32,  35. 
Pechy,  John,  275. 
Peckham,  John,  ardibiafap 

of  Canterbury,  168L 
Pedro  the  Cruel,  of  Caslfle» 

196. 
Pelagius,  8,  21. 
Pembroke  Castle,  aege  o( 

434. 
CoUege,  OAmAy 

founded,  383. 

William 


earl  of,  143. 

•  William  de  Va- 


lence,  earl  of,  152^  156^ 

159. 

Aymer  de  Va- 
lence, earl  of,  178^  i8a^ 
183. 

John      Hastiap^ 

earl  of,  189,  197. 


INDEX. 


«3? 


Pembroke^    William   Her- 
bert, earl  of,  251,  269. 

—  Jasper       Tudor, 
earl  of,  225,  251,  269. 

William  Herbert, 


carl  of,  32a 
Philip     Herbert, 

earl  o^  438. 
Thomas  Herbert, 

lord  high  admiral,  537. 
Penda  of  Mercia,  31,  32. 
Pendleton,  Dr.,  329. 
Penn,  Admiral  Sir  William, 

448,  449»  4Si»  452,  489. 

William,  473.  489. 

Pennington,  a  member  of 

the  counal  of  state,  438. 
Penredd,  Timothy,  340. 
Penruddock,  Colcmeljolm, 

451. 

Penry,  Henry,  359,  36a. 

Pentecost's  Castle,  67. 

Pentknd  hills,  battle  on 
the,  471. 

Penzance  burnt  by  the 
Spaniards,  364. 

Perche,  coimt  of,  146. 

Per^,  Henry  de,  176. 

^—  Henry,  called  Hot- 
spur, 207,  214,  221. 

—  Sir  Thomas,  303. 
^—  Thomas,  a  gunpowder 

plotter,  374,   375,   376: 

see  also  Northumberiand, 

Perennis,  praetorian  praefect, 

15. 

Perkins,  Sir  William,  514, 

516. 
Penran-zabuloe  :     see    Si, 

Piran, 
Perrers,  Alice,  198,  202. 
Perrott,  Sir  John,  354,  362. 
Perth,  Articles  of,  381. 
Pertinax,  Helvius,  15. 
Peter,  St.,  8,  12. 

the  Hermit,  99. 

I.,  duke  of  Britanny, 

148,  149. 

—  of  Savoy,  earl  of  Rich- 
mond, 150. 

— »—  of    Spain,  the  papal 

legate,  176. 
Peter   the    Great,  czar   of 

Russia,  517. 
Peterborough,      monastery 

of,  burnt,   105 ;    see  of, 

founded,  298. 
— Henry  Mor- 

daunt,  earl  of,  500,  501. 
Charles  Mor- 


daunt,  earl  of,  532, 
Peters,  Hugh,  434,  461. 
Petilius  Cerealis,  12,  13. 
Peto,    William    or    Peter, 

a  Frandscan,  298,  302. 


Pette,  lord,  478,  48a 

Edward,  a  Jesuit,  482, 

488,  490,  491. 
Petronius  Tuipilianus,  12. 
Peverel,  William,  86. 
Phelps,  John,  463. 
Philip,  emperor,  17. 

I.,  king  of  France, 


95- 


XL 


(Augustus)    of 

France,    124,    125,   129, 

IZO,  132,  133,  137,  138, 

139,  140,  147. 
IIL,     of    France, 

190. 
IV.,  of  France  172, 

182. 
VI.,  of  France  190, 

192,  194. 
IL,  of  Spain,  323, 

329,  330t  333.  334,  358. 

359.  3fP.  363.  365. 
v.,  of  Spain,  522, 

534.538.541. 
-^—  son  of  John  II.  of 

France,  195. 
'^^—  bishop  of  Beanvais, 

132.  140. 
Philiphaugh,  battle  of,  429. 
Philippa  of  Hainault,  queen 

of  Edward  IIL,  188, 193. 
-^—  daughter  of  Lionel, 

duke  of  Clarence,    188, 

243- 

daugfaterofHenry 


IV.,  215. 
Philpot,  John,  202,  203. 
Pickering,  Sir  William,  338. 
Picts,  the,  I,  II,  34.  35. 

42. 
Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  the, 

302. 
Pincanheale,  synod  at,  37. 
Pindar,  Sir  Paul,  401. 
Pinkie,  battle  of,  316. 
Piran,  St.,  8. 
Piiates,  350,  378,  381,  405, 

418. 
Pius  v.,  pope,  337,  348. 
Plantagenets,      the,      1 14 ; 

House  of  Lancaster,  211 ; 

House  of  York,  243. 
Poer,  Lady  Katherine,  304. 
Poitiers,  battle  of,  195. 

William  de,  131. 

Pole,  Michael  de  la,  200, 

206. 

Anne  de  la,  264. 

Sir  Geoffrey,  298,  305. 

Reginald,    302,    330, 

331.  332.  334.    ^^        ^ 
—  Arthur  and  Edmund, 

345. 
Richard  de  la,  styled 

the  White  Rose  of  Eng- 


land, 245,  278,  287,  29a, 

293- 
Pol,  Waleran,  count  of^  St^ 

217. 
Polhill,  David,  523. 
Polybitts,  his  notice  of  the 

Cassiterides,  2. 
Pontefract,  siege   o(  435* 

443- 
Pooley,  a  spy,  357. 
Pope,  Sir  Thomas,  332. 
Popham,  colonel,  443. 

-^—  Sir  John,  366. 

Pormorte,  Thomas,  362. 
Port,  29. 

Porter,  a  plotter,  514. 
Portion  canctij  wluit,  305. 
Portland,   ravaged   by  the 

French,  228. 

Richard  Weston, 


earl  of,  396, 
■CI 


earl  of,  468. 
WiUiam 


harles  Weston,. 


Ben- 

tinck,  earl  o^  495,  497, 
522. 
Henry,  duke  of, 

495- 

Portsmouth,  surrendered  to 
the  Parliament,  424. 

Pottery,  Roman,  examples 
of,  7. 

Pouch,  Captain,  an  insur- 
gent, 378. 

Powell,  an  anabaptist,  45a 
Vavasour,  393. 


Powick,  William  de,  152. 
Powys,   William    Herbert, 

lord,  476,  480. 
Poyer,  colonel,  434,  435. 
Poynings,  Sir  Edward,  275. 
Prasutagus,     king    of    the 

Iceni,  12. 
Pratellis,  William  de,  130. 
Prerc^tive    under    EUza- 

beth,  340 ;  under  James 

I-.  370.      , 
Preston,  battle  at,  435. 
John,     a    Puritan, 


Richard     Graham, 


402. 


viscount,  490,  504. 

Price,  Robert,  497. 

Pride,  Thomas,  435,  453. 

Prideaux,  bishop,  392. 

Prior,  Matthew,  539. 

Probus,  emperor,  18. 

Procopius,  23. 

Promoters,  false  witnesses 
so  called,  278. 

Prophesyings,  puritanical 
meetings  so  called,  for- 
bidden, 352. 

Protestants,  German,  305, 
317. 


636 


INDEX. 


Provertuides,  20. 

Prynne,  William*  385,  402, 

409,  410,  415. 
Public   Records,    notice  of 

the,  570. 
Purbeck,  viscountess,  415. 
Puritan  ascendancy,  388. 
Puritans,  the,  337,  350,  352, 

359.  362,  372,  373.  402, 

426. 
Pybush,  John,  366. 
Pym,  John,  415,  421. 

Queens'  College,  Cam- 
bridge, founded,  237. 

Queensberry,  James  Mur- 
ray, marquis  of,  533. 

Quenburga,  Queen,  31. 

Quentin,  St.,  battle  *of, 
333. 

Quiutin,  St.,  Robert,  89. 

'*  Rabbling  the  ministers," 

493- 
Kadcliff,  Egremond,  347. 

Robert,  275. 

Radcot  Bridge,   battle  of, 

207. 
Ralegh,    Sir  Walter,   338, 

355,  359.  372,  380.  381- 

Raleigh,  William  de,  bishop 
of  Winchester,  152. 

Ralf,  the  earl,  67. 

Ralph,  (or  Ranulph,)  bi- 
shop of  Durham  :  see 
Flambard, 

Ramillies,  battle  of,  534. 

Ramsay,  John,  255. 

Rastell,  John,  564, 

Ratcliff,  Sir  Richard,  260, 
265- 

Rawfinson,  Sir  William, 
a  judge,  498,  502. 

Rawson,  Sir  Jolm,  306. 

Raymond  of  Tripoli,  124. 

of  Toulouse,  131. 

— — —  v.,  count  of  Pro- 
vence, 144. 

Rayner  the  carpenter,  94. 

Read,  Richard,  309. 

Redburga,  queen,  40. 

Redwald  (Bretwalda)  of 
East  Anglia,  30,  31. 

Reformation,  the,  in  Eng- 
land, 296;  in  Scotland, 
308  ;  in  Ireland,  319. 

Regicides,  the,  460. 

Reginald,  earl  of  Cornwall, 
natural  son  of  Henry  I., 
102. 

• of  Man,  147, 148. 

the      sub  -  prior, 

elected  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  138. 


Regni,  a  British  tribe,  5. 

Regnold,  a  Danish  king, 
52,  53. 

Relief,  feudal,  what,  83. 

Remigius,  bishop  of  Lin- 
coln, 93. 

Remonstrance  of  the  Com- 
mons in  1 641,  420. 

Reoda,  a  leader  of  the  Scots, 
I,  27. 

Reymund,  bishop  of  Sodor 
and  Man,  loi. 

Re3aiardson,  Sir  Abraham, 

443- 

Revnelm,  bishop  of  Here- 
ford, 1 04. 

Reynolds,  Dr.,  a  Puritan, 
373. 

John,    an   insur- 


gent, 378. 
Edward,     bishop 

of  Norwich,  462. 
Rhe,  isle  of,  39S. 
Rhys  ap  Owen,  of  South 

Wales,  90,  91. 

Tudor,   of  South 


Wales,  91,  97. 

■  Meredith,  170. 


Ricaldi,  Don  Martinez  de. 


,359., 
lich. 


Rich,  Sir  Robert,  503. 
Ridiard  II.,  duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, 58. 

I.,  reign  of,  126 — 


134. 


2ia 


•  II.,  reign  of,  199 — 


■  III.,  reifjn  of,  259 
— 264  ;  documentary  evi- 
dence in  his  favour,  265. 
king    of  the    Ro- 


illiam  I., 


mans,  156,  157,  158, 
son  of  Wi" * 

86. 
natural  son  of  Henry 

I.,  102. 
son  of  Henry   II., 

116,  123,  124,  125:  see 

Richard  I, 

-  natural  son  of  John, 


136,  146. 

•  son  of  Richard,  earl 


of  Cornwall,  136. 

•  son  of  Edward  the 


Black  Prince,  188,  198 
see  Richard  II. 

earl  of  Cambridge, 

189,  227. 

•  duke  of  York,  son 


of  the  above,  227,  235, 
236,  237.  238,  239,  240, 
241,  243. 

■  duke  of  York,  son 


of  Edward  IV.,  248,  256, 
257,  26a 


Richard,  alleged  duke  of 
York,  275,  276,  277, 
279. 

son  of  George,  doke 

of  Clarence,  254. 

of  Cirencester,  6. 

— «—  the  forester,  94. 

priorof  Dover,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury, 
123. 

Cromwell,  440, 453, 

454. 

Richborough,  a  Roman  for- 
tress, 5  ;  a  colony,  6. 

Richelieu,  Cardinal,  398. 

Richmond,  Henry,  earl  of, 
242,  254,  263,  264  :  sec 
Henry  VII, 

Peter   of  Savoy, 

earl  of,  150. 

■  Margaret, 

countess    of,    212,    260, 


265,  269. 


•  park,    formation, 

of,  409. 
Rickhill,  William,  a  judges 

208. 
Ridley,  Nicholas,  bishop  of 

London,   316,  317,  319, 

320,  325,  329. 
Ridolfi,  a  Florentine,  347. 
Right,  Petition  and  Bill  of, 

399. 
— -  Declaration  of,  492, 

498,  501. 
Rigwatla,  brother  of  Griffin, 

68. 
Riot  act,  the,  318. 
Ripon,  cessation    of  anns 

agreed  on  at,  414. 
Risby,    John,    a    Lollard, 

308. 
Rivers,  Baldwin  de,  109. 

Richard  WoodviUe, 


earl,  241,  247,  251. 

Anthony  WoodviUe, 

earl,  son  of  the  above, 
245.  254,  256,  257. 

•  Richard,  brother  of 


the  above,  274. 
Richard 


Savage, 


eari,  534. 
Rizzio,  David,  346. 
Roads,   Roman,   presumed 

course  of  the  great,  6. 
Robartes,  lord,  466.         ' 
Robert  I.  of  Scotland,  176, 

183,  184,  19a 

II.  of  Scotland,  197, 


207. 
III.    of    Scotland, 

207,  219,  221,  222. 
son  of  William  L, 

86,   91,  95.  97.  98,  99^ 

103,  104,  107. 


INDEX. 


^37 


Robert,  natural  son  of 
Henry  I.,  102  :  see  Glou- 
cester. 

•  son  of  Henry  III., 


J45. 
371. 
92. 


son   of   James   I., 

count  of  Flanders, 

earl  of  Mortain,  93. 

son  of  the  count  de 

Dreux,  14JO. 

•  of  Tumieges,   arch 


bishop  ot  Canterbury,  65, 
67,  87. 

bishop  of  Glasgow, 


176. 


the  steward,  94. 


Robert's  Castle,  67 
Robinson,  John,  bishop  of 

Bristol,  539.     ^  ^ 
Rochelle,  siege  of  La,  396, 

398*  399- 
Roches,  Peter  des,  bishop 

of  Winchester,  139,  144, 

147,  148,  149. 
Rodiester,     a    stipendiary 

town,  6  ;  see  of,  founded, 

30- 

Castle,  sieges  of, 

97'  '58. 
. Lawrence  Hyde, 

earl  of,  485,  522. 

-  Sir  Robert,  320. 


Romilly,  Sir  John,  572. 
Romish  priests,  banishment 

of,  355.       ^ 
Rooke,    Sir    George,   510, 

528,531-      ,    , 
Rookwood,     Ambrose,     a 
gunpowder  plotter,  375, 

376,377.   , 

a  plotter,  516b 


Rochford,  George  Boleyn, 

lord,  301. 

Lady,  307. 

William     Henry 

Zuleistein,  earl  of,  496. 
Roderic   (the    Great),    41, 

46. 
king  of  Connaught, 

"3- 

Roc,  Sir  Thomas,  380. 

Roger  of  Bishopsbridge, 
archbishop  of  York,  122, 
123. 

— —  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
104,  105,  110. 

the  farrier,  94. 

Rogers,  John,  326,  331. 

Ro&,  or  Rollo,  47,  82. 

RoUes,  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  State,  438. 

Roman  provinces  in  Bri- 
tain, 4  ;  roads,  their  pro- 
bable course,  6;  cities, 
*J.;camps,7. 

Romanists,      severe     laws 

Xinst,  in    consequence 
the  gunpowder  plot, 
?77;   laws    against,    in 
reland,  51$. 
Rome,  capture  of,  by  the 
imperialists,  293. 


Ros,  Robert  de,  155, 

William  de,  a  com- 
petitor for  the  crown  of 
Scotland,  172. 

Rose,  Alexander,  bishop  of 
Edinburgh,  499. 

Roses,  War  of  the,  estimate 
of  the  slaughter,  246. 

Ross,  Margaret,  492. 

Rosse,  Richard,  295.   , 

Rotbeard:  see  Jiodert  of 
yumuges, 

Rotherham,  Thomas,  arch- 
bishop of  York,  233,  257. 

Roundheads  and  Cavaliers, 
42a 

Roundway  down,  battle  of, 
426. 

Rous,  Francis,  449- 

John,     of    Warwick, 

261. 

Roxburgh,  sieges  o^  236, 
316. 

Royal  household,  expenses 
of  the,  276,  345. 

Rupert,  Prince,  371,  4241 
426,  428,  429,  444,  445» 
468.  471.  473.  ,    ^ 

Russell,  William,  lord,  475, 

479- 

Admiral,  489,  506  : 

see  Or/ord,  earl  of. 

Russia  company  mcorpo- 
rated,  321. 

Rustand,  a  Gascon,  155. 

Ruth,  St.,  a  French  gene- 
ral, 504-     ,    ^ 

Ruthven,  raid  of,  353. 

Alexander,  365. 


Sa,  Don  Pantaleon,  451. 
Sabloil,  Robert  de,  128. 
Sacheverell,  Henry,  537. 
Saintlo,  Sir  John,  265. 
Saladin,     124,    125,    130, 

131- 

Salisbury  made  a  bishop's- 
see,  91. 

William  Longes- 


Rutland,  Edmund,  earl  of, 
241,  244,  245. 

Edward,  earl  of. 


189,  208,  209,  227. 

—  Roger   Manners, 


pee,   earl  of,    116,    139,. 
140,  141. 

William    Monta* 


cute,  earl  of,  193. 

-John  Montacute, 


earl  of,  208,  217,  218. 

-  Thomas    Monta- 


cute, earl  of,  232,  334. 

.  Richard  Neville,. 


earl  of,  237,  241. 

■  Margaret      Pole, 


countess    of;    245,    305, 

307' 

■  Robert  Cecil,  earl 


of.  338»  365,   370,   376, 
379,  380. 

-  WilUam      CecU, 


earl  of,  438,  444-    , 

James  Cecil,  earl 


of,  5«)»  502. 
Sallee,  expedition  agamst, 

407. 
Sallustius  Lucullus,  14. 
Salmon,  William,  275. 
Saltoun,  Andrew  Fletcher 

^^'529.     ^ 
Salysburye,  Owen,  306. 

Thomas,  357. 


Sampson  and  Humphrey, 
nonconformists,  345,  349* 

Sanchia,  wife  of  Richard, 
earl  of  Cornwall,  136. 

Sancroft,  William,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury, 
460,  475.  487.  489.  498» 
504,505.    .^ 

Sanderson,  bishop  01  Lm- 

coln,  460. 
Sandwich,   numerous  sects 
in,  408. 

Edward    Monta- 


eari  of,  366. 

Ruvigny,  Henry  de  Mas- 
sue,  marquis  of,  (earl  of 
Galway),  496. 

Ruytcr,  De,  448,  468,  47 1- 

Rye-house  Plot,  the,  479. 

Ryswick,  peace  of,  517. 

Rytherch,  sovereign  of 
South  Wales,  51  ;  an- 
other, 90. 

Rywallon,  prince  of  Powys, 

51. 


gue,  earl  of,  474. 
Sandys,  Edwin,  archbishop 

ofYork,  325,  342. 

Colonel,  390,  424. 

William,  lord,  366. 


Saphadin,  131. 

Sapor,  17. 

Sarsfield,  Patrick,  502,  5x1. 

Sarus,  21. 

Saunders,   a  papal  l^ate, 

3S2>  353.  „  ^^ 
Savage,  Sir  H.,  275. 
,  John,  a  conspiAitor, 

356. 
Savoy,  Boniface  of,  150. 


€38 


Savoy,  Peter  of,  isa 

« •  Victor  AmadeasII. , 

duke  of,  507,  517. 
Sawtre,  William,  219. 
&y  and  Sele,  James  Fien- 

nes,  lord,  238. 
William 

Fiennes,    viscount,  407, 

409,453-     ^     ,       . 
Scarborough   Castle,  si^e 

of,  183. 
Scarle,  John,  21a 
Schoml>crg,   Frederic    Ar- 

mand  de,  496,  499,  501, 

503- 

Scilly  Isles,  2,  53,  363. 

Sclater,  Edward,  487. 

Scot,  John  le,  173. 

Scotland,  notices  of  the  af- 
fairs of,  27,  41,  123,  171, 

191,  307.  343»  4«,  447» 
462,  471,  491,  493,  507, 

519,  534- 
Scott,  a  regicide,  461. 
Scottish    bishops    ejected, 

611. 
Scroop,  a  regicide,  461. 
Scrope,     Richard,    archbi- 

shop  of  York,  210,  222. 

William,  208. 

of   Masham,    lord, 

227. 
Scudamore,  Philpot,  223. 
Sebastian,  king  of  Portugal, 

352- 
Sedbar,  or  Sedlar,  Adam, 

abbot  of  Jervaux,  303. 
Sedgmoor,  battle  of,  486. 
Sedley,  Katherine,  484. 
Segontiaci,  a  British  tribe, 

10. 
Segrave,  John  de,  175. 
Seius  Satuminus,  15. 
Selden,  John,  399,  405. 
Self-denying  Ordinance,  the, 

429,  439- 
Selgovae,    a    British  tribe, 

5- 

Selred  of  Mercia,  36. 

Seminary  priests  executed, 
352,  350,  363,  364,  366. 

Seneca,  12. 

Sepulchral  urns,  Roman,  7. 

Servi,    of   the    Domesday 
Book,  95. 

Seton,     brother-in-law    of 
Robert  Bruce,  176. 

Seven  bishops,  the,  489. 

Seven  Burghs,  the,  60. 

Severus,  emperor,  16. 

' Alexander,     empe- 
ror, 17. 

•  a  general,  20. 


INDEX. 


Seymour,  Lord  Thomas, 
302,  317. 

Shaftesbury,  Anthony  Ash- 
ley Cooper,  earl  of,  454, 
472,  473,  474,  475,  476, 

477.  478,  479- 
Shales,  a  commissary,  501. 
Sharp,     John,     afterwards 

archbishop  of  York,  487. 
Shaw,  Ralph,  257. 
Shaxton,  Nicholas,  bishop 

of  Salisbttxy,  310. 
Sheemess,     the    fort     of, 

472. 
Sheldon,     Gilbert,     arch- 
bishop   of    Canterbury, 

467. 
Shelley,  Sir  Benet,  and  Sir 

Thomas,  218. 


•  Richard,  355. 
■  William,  356. 


Shepey,  the  Northmen  in, 

41,42. 
Sherborne,  see  of,  founded, 

43- 
Sherley,  Sir  Thomas,  379. 
Sherwood,  Thomas,  352. 
Shetland  isles  acquired  by 

Scotland,  251. 
Ship-money  writs,  405. 
Shovel,  Sir  Cloudesley,  475, 

534,  535- 
Shrewsbury,  parliament  at, 
209  ;  battle  of,  221. 

Hugh      Mont- 


gomery, earl  of,  loi, 

-  John     Talbot, 


earl  of,  234,  239. 

.  George  Talbot, 


eari  of,  357. 

-Charles  Talbot, 


Sexburga,  Queen,  35. 
Sexby,  Colonel,  452,  453. 


duke  of,  541 

Sibthorp,  Dr.,  384. 

Sibylla,  sister  of  Baldwin 
IV.  of  Jerusalem,  124, 
125,  130. 

Sidonius  Apollinaris,  26. 

Siferth,  the  thane,  60. 

Sigebcrt  of  Wessex,  36. 

Sigeric,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, 57. 

Sigfrid,  bishop  of  Chiches- 
ter, III. 

Sigge,  or  Woden,  25,  26. 

Sigillo,  Robert  de,  bishop 
of  London,  no. 

Sigismond,  king  of  the  Ro- 
mans, 228. 

Sihtric     of    Northumbria, 

52. 
"  Silken  Thomas,"  299. 
Silures,  a  British  tribe^  5, 

12. 
Simcock,  Robert,  500. 
Simnel,  Lambert,  273. 


Simon,  Ridiard,  a  priest* 

273- 

Zclotes,  II. 

Sinclair,  Oliver,  307. 
Siric  of  East  Anglia,  39. 
Siricius,  pope,  21. 
Sitric  Silkenbeard,  63. 
Siward  of  Northumbria,  €6, 

67- 

nephewof the  above^ 


•  abbot  of  Abingdon, 


67. 
65. 


■  Bam,  90,  97. 
Richard  de,  89. 


Snatt,  a  nonjunng  divme, 
516. 

Snelling,  Laurence,  403. 

Soc,  what,  76. 

Socmen,  their  state,  94. 

Solebay,  battle  of,  468. 

Solemn  League  and  Cove- 
nant, 426. 

Solmes,   Count,  491,   507, 
511. 

Somers,  John,   lord,   5ic\ 
517,  521,  522,  523. 

Somerset,   John   Beaufort, 
earl  of,  212. 

Edmund      Bean- 


fort,  duke  of,  212,  231, 
237,  239,  243;  another, 
253. 

Henry  Beanfort, 

duke  of,  250. 

Edward  Sey- 
mour, duke  of,  301,  309. 
William    Sey- 


mour, duke  of,  379. 

■  Robert  Carr,  earl 


of,  370. 
Somersetshire,  insurrectioa 

in,  303- 
Somerville,  John,  354. 
Soore,  Peter  le,  89. 
Sophia,  daughter  of  James 

U  371. 

the  Electress,  523, 

542. 
Soules,  Nicholas  de,  172. 


Six  Articles,  statute  of  the, 

305- 
Sixtus  v.,  pope,  337. 
Skeffington,    Sir  WHIiam, 

lord-deputy,  299. 
Skippon,  Philip,  387,  421,  I 

^5-  ,_     .  I 

Skule,  son  of  Tostig,  7a 
Slingsby,  Sir  Henry,  453. 
Smeaton,  Mark,  301.  1 

Smerwick,    the    Spaniards 

at,  352. 
Smith,  Aaron,  512. 

John,  Speaker,  533, 


INDEX. 


639 


:Soathamptoii,  Thomas 

Wriothesley,  earl  of^  315, 
318. 

— — — —  H  e  n  r  V 
Wriothesley,  earl  of,  366. 

Southfield,  Walter  de,  bi- 
shop of  Norwich,  153. 

South  Sea  Company,  the, 

538. 
Southwell,  Robert,  363. 
Southwold-bay,    battle  of, 

474. 

Spanish  Armada,  the,  358. 

Spearfaafoc,  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, 66. 

Spcke,  Hugh.  486. 

Spenser,  Henry,  bishop  of 
Norwich,  204,  205. 

Sports,  Book  of,  381,  403. 

Spiague,  Sir  Edward,  472, 

474- 
Sprat,   Thomas,  bishop  of 

Rochester,  482,  488. 
Squycr,  Edward,  365. 
Smif,  what,  304. 
Stacy,  John,  254. 
Stafford,  John,  archbishop 

of  Canterbury,  238. 
'  William,    viscount, 

476,  478. 
'  Sir  Humphrey,  238. 

Humphrey,  272. 

-Thomas,  272;  an- 


other, 333- 
Stair,     Johp     Dalrymple, 

master  of,  491,  508,  514. 
Stamford,  Henry  Grey,  earl 

of,  426. 
Thomas       Grey, 

earl  of,  487. 
Stamford-bridge,  battle  of, 

71- 
Standard,    battle    of  the, 

109. 
Standish,  Dr.,  297. 
Stanhope,  Sir  Michael,  321. 
Stanley,  Thomas,  lord,  264, 

265,  269. 

Sir  John,  222. 

Sir  William,   275  ; 

another,  358,  36a 
Stapledon,  Walter,  bishop 

of  Exeter,  186. 
Starchamber,  the,  and  the 

Libellers,  409. 
Steenkirke,  battle  of,  507. 
Stephen,  reign    of,    108 — 

III. 
Stephens,    William,     521, 

536. 
Sterne,  Dr.  Richard,  392. 
Stigand,   62,   65  ;    archbi- 

Aop  of  Canterbuiy,  67, 

87,89. 
Sdlicho,  21. 


Stilllngfleet,  Edward,  bi- 
shop of  Worcester,  504. 

Stillington,  Robert,  bishop 
of  Bath  and  Wells,  273. 

Stipendiary  cities,  6. 

Stirling;  sieges  of,  175, 
183. 

Stonehenge,  4. 

Stoiy,  Dr.  John,  331,  349. 

Strabo,  on  Britain,  2. 

Strafford,  Thomas  Went- 
worth,  earl  of,  386,  403, 
405,  408,  414,  415,  416, 
417. 

WiUiam     Went- 


worth,  earl  of,  386. 
Strang,  Alexander,  433. 
Strange,  lord,  264,  265. 
Stratford,    Robert,    bishop 

of  Chichester,  192. 
Stratheam,  Malise  Graham, 

earl  of,  235. 
Strigul,  Richard  of,  121. 
Strode,  William,  421. 
Strongbow,  12 1. 
Strozzi,  Lorenzo,  a  consul, 

262. 
Stuart,  Lady  Arabella,  372, 

379,  380- 

Sir  James,  of  Lorn, 

236. 

Stuarts,  the,  367. 

Stubbe,  John,  his  "Gap- 
ing Gulf,"  338. 

Stuf,  29. 

Stukeley,  Thomas,  an  ad- 
venturer, 352. 

Suaebhard,  35. 

Submission  of  the  clergy, 

form     of,     for 


Protestant  non-conform- 
ists  and  Romish  recu- 
sants, 362. 

Succession  to  the  throne 
regulated  by  parliament, 
206,  211,  222,  241,  300, 
302,  309,  492,  495i  498, 
523,  524. 

Sudbury,  Simon  of,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury, 
204. 

Suetonius,  4,  12. 

Suffolk,  Michael  de  la  Pole, 
earl  of,  200,  206 ;  an- 
other, 227. 

William  de  la  Pole, 


earl,  marquis,  and  duke 
of,  230,  237,  238. 

-John    de    la    Pole, 


duke  of,  245. 

Edmund  de  la  Pole, 


Suffolk,  Henry  Grey,  duke 

of,  314,  327,  328. 
Suffragan  bishops,  3(XX 
Sulby,  Reginald  de,  89. 
Snmerleid,  lord  of  Aigyll, 

118. 
Sumnur  oats,  what,  304. 
Sunderland,   Robert  Speilp 

ser,   earl    of,   482,   490^ 

51a 
Supremacy,   oath  of^   300^ 

341. 

number  of  exe* 


cutions  for  denying  the 

queen's,  352. 
Supreme     Head     of    the 

Church,  the  title  of,  30a 
Surat,  English  factory  esta- 
blished at,  380. 
Surrey,    Thomas  Howard, 

earl  of,  263,  274,   287 : 

see  Norfolk, 
•^—  Henry  Howard,  earl 

of,  284,  310,3". 
Surtees  Society,   historical 

publications  of  the,  583. 
Sussex,  kingdom  of,  27. 

Thomas       Ratdif^ 


earl  of,  326,  347. 
Sweyn,  kmg  of  Denmark, 
57,58,59,60. 

-  son  of  earl  Godwin, 


65,  66;  79. 
Swinford,   Catharine,   wife 

of  John  of  Gaunt,  189, 

212. 
Sydney,  Sir  Henry,  346. 

Sir  Philip,  356. 

Viscount,  lord-lieu- 


tenant of  Ireland,  514. 
■  Algernon,  479. 


Sydney     Sussex     College^ 
Cambridge,  founded,  364. 
Sylvester,  pope,  19. 
Syndercombe,  453. 

Tacitus,  3,  13. 

emperor,  18. 


Talbot  :  see  Shrnvsbury, 
Peter,  485. 


earl  of,  277,  278,  287. 

Charles      Brandon, 

duke  of,  288,  292,  314. 


Talboys,  lady,  wife  of  Sir 
Peter  Carew,  327. 

Talmash,  General,  512. 

Tancred,  129. 

Tangier,  acquisition  of, 
466  ;  abandoned,  479. 

Tasciovanus,  10. 

Taunton,  siege  of,  428,  429. 

Taylor,  Jeremy,  bishop  of 
Down  jtnd  Connor,  462. 

Templars,  Knights,  the 
order  of,  105,  182. 

Tenison,  Thoinas,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury, 
488,  512. 


£40 


INDEX. 


Tenths  and  first-fruits,  331, 

529. 
Terouanne,  captare  of,  287. 
TcrVoort,  Hendrick,  351. 
Xesmondy  Oswald,  a  Jesuit, 

^375. 

Tetzel,  a  Dominican,  292. 
Tewkesbury,  battle  of,  253. 
Tezelin  the  cook,  94. 
Thacker,  Elias,  354. 
Thanet,  the  Korthmen  in, 

Thangbrand,  37. 
Theobald     archbishop     of 

Canterbury,     1 1 1,     118, 

119. 
Theodore  of  Tarsus,  33,  34, 

Theodonc,  23. 

Theodosius,  a  general,  20. 

■        emperor,  20. 

'■■  II.,     emperor, 

21. 

Thetford  made  a  bishop^s 
see,  91 ;  the  see  removed 
to  Norwich,  98. 

Thieves,  Anglo-Saxon  laws 
a^nst,  70. 

T^tngamtn,  what,  76. 

Thirlby,  Thomas,  bishop  of 

^Ely,  330. 

Thomas  of  Brotherton,  son 
of  Edward  I.,  166. 

of  Woodstock,  (earl 

of  Buckingham  and  duke 
of  Gloucester),  son  of 
Edward  III.,  189,  203, 
206,  207,  208,  209. 

son  of  Richard,  duke 

of  York,  245. 

William,  327. 

bishop    of 

Worcester,  499. 

Thored,  a  Northman,  55. 

Thorold,  abbot  of  Peter- 
borough, 90. 

Thriske,  William,  abbot  of 
Fountains,  303. 

Throckmorton,  Sir  Nicho- 
las, 327,  328,  330. 

Francis,  35$. 

John,     331, 

332 ;  another,  348. 

Thurkill,  earl  of  East  An- 

^glia,  59^  62,  63. 

Thurkytel,  the  Northman, 

Thurloe,  John,  450. 

Thurstan,  abbot  of  Glaston- 
bury, 92. 

archbishop    of 

York,  105,  106. 

Thyra,  daughter  of  Edward 
the  Elder,  49. 

Tiberius^  emperor,  11, 


Tilbury,  camp  at,  359. 

Tillotson,  John,  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  502,  504, 
512. 

Tinchebrai,  battle  of,  104. 

Tindal,  William,  32a 

Tippermuir,  battle  of,  428. 

Tiptoft,  Robert,  the  justi- 
ciary, 170. 

John :     see     Wor^ 

cester. 

Tithes,  probable  origin  of, 
in  England,  72. 

Titus,  emperor,  13. 

Tocotes,  Sir  Roger,  254, 
265. 

Todd,  Sir  Thomas,  274. 

Tofi  the  Proud,  64. 

Toleration  Act,  the,  500. 

Tomlinson,    colonel,    449, 

453. 
Tonstall,    Cuthbert,  bishop 

of  Durham,  320,  326. 
Torrington,    Arthur    Her- 
bert, earl  of,  500,  503. 
Torture,  34a 
Tostig,   earl  of  Northum- 

bria,  67,  68,  69,  70,  71- 
Toumay,  capture  of,  287 ; 

surrendered  to  the  French, 

291. 
Tourville,  comte  de,  470. 
Towns,  British,  4. 
Towton,  battle  of,  249. 
Tracy,  William,  122. 
Trafford,  William,  abbot  of 

Sawley,  303. 
Trahem,  of  North  Wales, 

90,91. 
Traquair,  John  Stuart,  earl 

of,  413- 
Traves,  John,  357. 
Trebellius    "'    " 

Trela^ 


Maximus,     12, 


wney.  Sir  Jonathan, 
bishop  of  Bristol,  489. 

Trenchard,  John,  512. 

Trent,  battle  of,  34. 

Council  of,  310,  345. 

Tresham,  Sir  Thomas,  lord 
prior  of  the  order  of  St 
John  of  Jerusalem,  333. 

Francis,  a  gun- 
powder plotter,  366,  374, 

_  375.  377. 

Tresilian,  Sir  Robert,  207. 

Trevor,    John,    bishop    of 

St  Asaph,  221. 

Sir  John,  $02,.  513. 

Triennial  parliaments,  acts 

for,  416,  512. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 

founded,  310. 

D  a  b  11  n. 


founded,  362. 


Trinity  Collie,  Oxford, 
founded,  332, 

House,  the,  esta- 
blished, 287. 

Trinobantes,  a  British  tribe, 
5,  la 

Trinoda    necessitas,    what, 

TroUope,  Sir  Andrew,  241, 

25a 
Trompi  a  Dutch  admiral, 

449. 
Trumwine,  a  bishop,  34. 
Tudor,    Edmund,    earl    of 

Richmond,  225,  269. 
'  Henry,  earl  of  Rich* 

mond,    251,    254,  •  263, 

264:  sx^  Henry  VII. 
Jasper,  earl  of  Pern* 

broke,    225,    242,    254, 

269. 
Owen,     225,    242, 

267. 
Tudors,  the,  267. 
Tunnage   and     poundagje^ 

373- 
Turberville,  Payen  de,  89. 
Turgesius,  40,  42. 
Turner,  Francis,  bisiiop  of 

Ely.  489.  499,  504»  505- 
Archdeacon,  505. 

Tumham,  Robert  de,  129. 

Tutt,  Robert,  505. 

Tweeddale,  John  Hay, 
marquis  of,  509. 

Tychbome,  Chidiock,  357. 

Tylnev,  Charles,  357. 

Tynedale  annexed  to  North- 
umberland, 276. 

Tynoco,  Emanuel  Louis, 
barbarous   execution   o( 

363- 
Tyrconnel,  Roderic  0*000- 

nell,  earl  of,  378. 
Richard    Talbot^ 

earl  of,  485,  488,  490, 

492.  503- 
Tyrell,  Sir  James,  275,  278. 
Tyrone,  Hugh  O'NeaJ,  eari 

of,  363- 
Tyssen,  Frauds,  513. 

Ubba,  a  Danish  chief,  44. 

Uffa,  29. 

Uhtred,  the  ealdorman,  56, 

6a 
Ulf,  bishop  of  Dorclxester, 

Ulfl^el,  ealdorman  of  East 

Anglia.  58. 
Ulpius  Marcellus,  15. 
Ulster,  British  colonizatioa 

of.  378.  379. 

king  of  amu^   ap- 


pointed, 321. 


INDEX. 


641 


Uniformity,  act  of,  463. 

Union  of  England  and 
Scotland,  373,  378,  534. 

Universities  of  Oxford  and 
Cambridge  incorporated, 
^9  ;  the  Puritan  visita- 
tion of,  431. 

Upnor  Castle,  attack  on, 
472. 

Urban  IV.,  pope,  159. 

v.,  pope,  196. 

VI.,  pope,  203. 

Urns,  Roman  sepulchral, 
7- 

Ursula,  daughterof  Richard, 
duke  of  York,  245. 

Usher,  James,  archbishop 
of  Armagh,  441. 

Utrecht,  treaties  of,  540. 

Uvedale,  Richard,  332, 

Uwen,  of  Gwent,  52. 

Uxbridge,  conferences  for 
peace  at,  429. 

Valence,  Aymer  de,  Wil- 
liam de :  see  Pembroke, 

Valens,  12. 

emperor,  2a 

Valentia,  a  Roman  pro- 
vince, 5 ;  its  tribes,  u>, 

Valentinian,  emperor,  2a 

the      younger, 

emperor,  21. 

HI.,  emperor, 

23. 
Valentintis,   a  conspirator, 

20. 
Valerian,  emperor,  17. 
Valerius  Pansa,  15. 
Valhalla,  26. 

Vane,  Sir  Henry,  413,  416. 
the  younger, 

416,  438,  459,  460,  466. 
Vaughan,  Sir  Thomas,  256, 

257,  260. 
Vavassors,  94. 
Vecturiones,  the,  20. 
Venables,  general,  451, 452. 
Vendome,    duke  de,  470, 

,535.538;        ^ 
Veneti,  a  Gaulish  tribe,  9. 
Tenner,     an     Anabaptist, 

461. 
Venusius,  12,  13. 
Veranius,  propraetor,  12. 
Vere,  Aubrey  de,  250. 
■        Robert  de :   see  also 

Oxford, 
Vemeuil,  battle  of,  233. 
Vemey,  Sir  Edmund,  424. 
Verulamium,  10,  12. 
Vescy,  John,  172. 
Vespasian,  11,  13. 
Vettius  Bolanus,  lieutenant, 

'3- 


Veysey,  bishop  of  Exeter, 

320,  327. 
Victor,    son    of  Maximus, 

21. 

IV.,  anti-pope,  119. 

Victormus,  a  Moor,  18. 
Vigo  burnt  by  the  English, 

361  ;  fleet  destroy^  at, 

528. 
Villa   Viciosa,    battle    of, 

538. 
Villars,  Marshal,  470,  535, 


539. 
'illeins  of 


Villeins  of  the  Domesday 

Book,  9S. 
Villenage,  the  origin  of  the 

copyhold  tenure,  95. 
Villeroy,  Marshal,  470,  515, 

534. 
Viliiers,  George,  370:  see 

Buckingham, 
Violante,    wife  of   Lionel, 

duke  of  Clarence,  188. 
Virginia,     settlement     of, 

founded,  355,  356,  378. 
Virius  Lupus,  15,  16. 
Vitellius,  emperor,  13. 
Volusianus,  emperor,  17. 
Vortigem,  22. 
Vowell,  Mr.,  451. 

Wada,  39. 

Wade,  an  insurgent,  487. 

Wadham  College,  Oxford, 
founded,  379. 

Wager,  Commodore,  536. 

Wagstaff,  Sir  Joseph,  451. 

Wag§taffe,  Thomas,  505. 

Waiid,  General,  406. 

Wakefield,  battle  of,  241. 

Walcher,  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham, 92. 

Wald^rave,    Sir    Henry, 

484.     . 

Waldcn,  Roger,  archbi- 
shop of  Canterbury,  208, 
218. 

Waleran,  earl,  107. 

Wales,  notices  of  the  af- 
fairs of,  27,  32,  41,  50, 
88,  97,  156,  157,  160, 
167,  169,  218,  301,  309, 
491. 

Walker,  George,  492,  503. 

Henry,  421. 

Obadiah,  487,  501, 

502. 

Wallace,  Sir  William,  16$, 
174,  175,  176. 

Waller,  Edmund,  the  poet, 
426,  439. 

Wallingford  House,  447. 

Wallington,        Nehemiah, 

415. 
Wallop,  Robert,  463. 

Tt 


WaUs,  Roman,  enumerated, 

Walpole,  a  priest,  365. 

Robert,  539,  542. 

Walsh,     Sir     Richard,     a 

sheriif,  376. 
Walsingham,   Sir  Francis, 

336. 
Walter,    son     of    William 

Martial,  152. 

the    cross-bowman. 


94* 

— —  the  Pennyless,  90. 
Waltheof,    earl,    87,    89, 

91. 

Walton,  Bryan,  bishop  of 
Chester,  460. 

Walworth,    William,   202, 
205. 

Wandsworth,  Puritan  pres- 
bytery at,  350. 

Warbeck,  Perkin :  see  Ri* 
chard. 

Ward,  Margaret,  359. 

Thomas,    a   priest, 

28a 

name 


sumed  by  Sir  John  Fen- 
wick,  510. 

Warham,  Thomas,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury, 
287,  296. 

Warrenne,  William,  86. 

William,       earl. 


141. 


•  John,     earl     of, 
159,  161,  173,  174,  178. 
Warwick,    Thomas    Beau- 
champ,  earl  of,  207,  209. 
Richard     Beau- 


champ,  earl  of,  230. 

■Henry    Beau- 


champ,  duke  of,  23S. 

•  Richard  Neville, 


earl  of  (the  King-Maker), 
240,  241,  242,  251,  252. 
•  Edward,  earl  of. 


245,  272,  277. 

John  Dudley,  earl 

of:  see  Northumberland, 
John  Dudley,  duke  of, 

'  Ambrose  Dudley, 


eari  of,  327,  344- 
Rob      ~ 


obert  Rich,  earl 


of,  427,  453. 

Wat,  the  tyler,  203. 

Water,  John,  275,  280. 

Waterford,  see  of,  founded, 
100. 

Watling  Street,  its  pre- 
sume course,  6. 

Watson,  William,  a  priest, 
372. 

Wayneflete,  William,  bi- 
shop  of  Winchester,  249. 


<643 


INDEX 


IVeaiJk^  QIC  fQreigQ«r$|  Z9^ 

76. 
\Vebh«ftrdQfKeut.3S, 

300L 

m'(/,  or  pledg«»  75. 
^\>lch,  Rob«rt,  494, 
Wells,  Sir  Robert,  2^9. 
\Velsh«  the  Bible  traKslated 

into,  345. 
AVenghaw,  Henry  d^  pi- 

shop  of  London,  157. 
Wenlock,  John^  l«pd,  253. 
Wentworth,  Thomas*  loSi, 

333»  342.  ^.       ^^ 
'—  Sir     Thomasj 

386,  398,  4W:  s^Sliv/ 

W. 
AVesscx,  kingdom.. of, 

founded,  29. 
Westmoreland,  illYftge-  pf, 

55< 
Weston,  Sir  Francis,  301. 

Sir  William,  306. 

AVest  Wales,  4a 
Weyland,  Thomas  de,.  171. 
Wharton,      Philip,      lord, 

453* 
Thomas,  earl  of, 


541- 
Wliitbri 


liitbread,  a  Jesuit,  476, 

477. 
"VVliite,    John,     bishop    of 

Winchester,  334. 
Thomas,  bishop  of 

Peterborough,  489,  499, 

504,  SOS- 
White  Leaf  cross,  49. 
Whitelock,  Bulstrode,  438, 

443.  453.  454. 
Whitgift,  John,  archbishop 

of  Canterbury,  354,  373. 
W  lilting,  Richard,  abbot  of 

Glastonbury,  306. 
WicklifTe,  John,  196. 
Wielinacher,  John,  351. 
W'igheard,  33. 
Wight,  Isle  of,  29,  A34, 
Wightman,  Edmund,  380. 
Wiglaf  of  Mercia,  40,  41. 
\\'igmore,  Hugh  Mortimer, 

lord  of,  118. 

■  Roger  Mortimer, 

lord  of,  156. 
Wihtgar,  29. 
Wihtred  of  Kent,  35,  72. 
AN'ilde,  one  of  the  Council 

of  State,  438. 
Wilferth,  33. 

Wilford,  Sir  Thomas,  364, 
Wilfrid,  archbishop  of  York, 

33»  34*  35. 
William  the  Bastard,  duke 
of  Normandy,  63,  66,  70, 
71 :  see  William  /, 


William  I„  reign  of,  85— » 

95- 
-"         IJ.,  reign  of,  96— 

lOI. 

-« IIL,  reign  of,  494 

-^5!ton  Qf  WiUiam  I., 
-  son    of  Robert    of 


Normandy,  86,  io6,  107, 

son    of   Henry    L, 

102,  IP5,  106, 

-  natural  son  of  Henry 


X.,  J02. 
son  of  Stephen,  109, 

U8.  ^ 

natural  son  of  Henry 

^  n.,  116  :  see  Salisbttry, 
-^^-^ —  son  of  Henry  JIL, 

145. 


-  of  Hatfield,  and  of 
Windsor,  sons  of  Edward 
IIL.  189. 

of  Ypres,  84,  1 10. 

son  of  Richaxd,  duke 

of  York,  245. 

count   of  IfoUand, 


earl     oC    Mortain, 


»S5. 


104. 


•  prince   of  Orange, 

474,  475.  483,  489,  490, 
491  :  see  William  IIL 

•  bishop  of  London, 


66. 


-  the  Easterling,  89. 

of  London,  89. 

Williams,  John,  archbishop 
of  York,  381,  386,  397, 
408,  412,  415.  420- 
Willoughby     of    Parham, 
Charles,  lord,  361. 

Francis, 


lord,  446,  452. 

Wiltshire,  Thomas  Boleyn, 
earl  of,  294. 

WMmbledon,  Edward  Cecil, 
lord,  397, 

Winchelsey,  Robert,  arch- 
bishop    of    Canterbuxy, 

173.  174,  175. 
Winchester,  6,  35,  64. 

Book  of,  93. 

William  Paulct, 


marquis  of,  320. 

-  Richard  NeUe, 


bishop  of,  399. 
Windebank,    Sir 

396,415. 
Windsor,     Andrew, 

298. 

Edward,    a   sea< 


Francis, 
lord. 


captain,  536. 
W'infrid,  bishop  of  Mercia, 
33. 


Winter,    William^   an  adv 

miral.  344. 
—  Robert  and  The 

mas,  gnnpQwder  plotten, 

374.  376. 
Wishart,  Qeoigc^  308L 
WiU,  mt€-tk€Ow^  what,  74. 
WtUnagemot^   its   constita^ 

tion,  75. 
Witikind  of  Corbie,  25. 
Witt,  John  and  Comdim 

de,  4i58,  471,  474. 
Woden,  or  Sigge,  25,  96L 
Wogan,  captain,  45a 
Wolsey,  Cardinal,  282, 286^ 

287,  290,  291,  W2.  ^3. 

294,295.     ^     .„. 
Wood,  prior  of  Bndlmgtoii» 

303. 
Woodcock,  366, 
Woodville  family,  the,  247^1 

John,  251. 

Lionel,  bishop  of 


Satisbury,  248,  263. 

-r  Sir  Riphard,  248^ 


257,  263,  265. 
Worcester,  battle  of,  447. 


•  Thomas      Percy; 
earl  of,  209,  214,  221. 

-  John  Tiptoft,  cart 


of,  252, 


William    Somer- 
set, earl  of,  35a 
Wren,  Matthew,  bishop  of 

Norwich,  408,  410. 
Wright,    Christopher    and 
John,    gunpowder    plot- 
ters,  366,  374,  376. 
-  Henry,  ; 


376. 


Sir   Nathan,    loKd^ 

keeper,  522. 

Sir  Robert,  5aa 


Writhe,  John,   Garter  king 

of  arms,  264. 
Wrotham,  William  of,  gnar- 

dian  of  the  Cinque  Ports, 

139. 
Wulfhere  of  Mereia,  33. 
Wulfnoth,  fiather  of  Godt 

win,  59. 
^n  of  Harold  n,^ 

Wulstan,      archbishop     o^ 

York,  53,  5A. 
Wyatt,   Sir  Thomas,   327, 

328. 
Wykeham,  William  of,  f97. 
Wyndsore,  Edward,  357. 

Xiphilinus,  3,  16. 

Yates,  Sir  John,  520. 
Ylla,  29. 

Yonge,  Richard,  bishop  of 
Bangor,  221. 


York,  a  Roman  municipal- 
ity, 6;  conferences  at, 
347  ;  council  of  peers  at, 
414;  siege  of,  428. 

House  of,  244. 

Edmund,     duke     of, 

189,209. 

Edward,     duke     of, 

189,  217,  227. 


INDEX. 


York,    Richard,    duke   of, 

227  :  see  Richard, 
James,  duke  of,  son  of 

Charles  L,  395,435.471. 

474,  476,  477,  478,  479. 

480 :  see  Jamis  II. 
—  Constance  of,  221. 
Cicely,     duchess    ci, 

244,  26a 


«4S 

York,  Sir  Ednnmd,  3<S2. 
Young,  Robert,  506. 
Ypres,  William  of,  84,  iiol    , 
Yrling,  a  Danish  chief.  65. 
Ytene,  a  forest,  91. 

Zouche,   Alan  de  h,  151^ 

161  ;  another,  179. 
Zutphen,  battle  of,  252. 


.'oh  Ha/^. 


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